CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/xmlrpc.php" /> <script type="text/javascript"> document.documentElement.className = 'js'; </script> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin /><style id="et-builder-googlefonts-cached-inline">/* Original: https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Cinzel:regular,500,600,700,800,900|PT+Serif:regular,italic,700,700italic&subset=latin,latin-ext,cyrillic,cyrillic-ext&display=swap *//* User Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Unknown; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/538.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Safari/538.1 Daum/4.1 */@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-tbnfYPlCA.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 500;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-uTnfYPlCA.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 600;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-gjgfYPlCA.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 700;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-jHgfYPlCA.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 800;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-lbgfYPlCA.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 900;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-n_gfYPlCA.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'PT Serif';font-style: italic;font-weight: 400;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v18/EJRTQgYoZZY2vCFuvAFT_rO1dw.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'PT Serif';font-style: italic;font-weight: 700;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v18/EJRQQgYoZZY2vCFuvAFT9gaQZyffpQ.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'PT Serif';font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v18/EJRVQgYoZZY2vCFuvAFYzro.ttf) format('truetype');}@font-face {font-family: 'PT Serif';font-style: normal;font-weight: 700;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v18/EJRSQgYoZZY2vCFuvAnt66qcVy4.ttf) format('truetype');}/* User Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:27.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/27.0 */@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-tbnfYPlCw.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 500;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-uTnfYPlCw.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 600;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-gjgfYPlCw.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 700;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-jHgfYPlCw.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 800;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-lbgfYPlCw.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 900;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-n_gfYPlCw.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'PT Serif';font-style: italic;font-weight: 400;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v18/EJRTQgYoZZY2vCFuvAFT_rO1dA.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'PT Serif';font-style: italic;font-weight: 700;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v18/EJRQQgYoZZY2vCFuvAFT9gaQZyffpg.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'PT Serif';font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v18/EJRVQgYoZZY2vCFuvAFYzrk.woff) format('woff');}@font-face {font-family: 'PT Serif';font-style: normal;font-weight: 700;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v18/EJRSQgYoZZY2vCFuvAnt66qcVy0.woff) format('woff');}/* User Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; rv:39.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/39.0 */@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-tbnfYPlDQ.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 500;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-uTnfYPlDQ.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 600;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-gjgfYPlDQ.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 700;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-jHgfYPlDQ.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 800;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-lbgfYPlDQ.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'Cinzel';font-style: normal;font-weight: 900;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/cinzel/v23/8vIU7ww63mVu7gtR-kwKxNvkNOjw-n_gfYPlDQ.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'PT Serif';font-style: italic;font-weight: 400;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v18/EJRTQgYoZZY2vCFuvAFT_rO1cg.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'PT Serif';font-style: italic;font-weight: 700;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v18/EJRQQgYoZZY2vCFuvAFT9gaQZyffoA.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'PT Serif';font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v18/EJRVQgYoZZY2vCFuvAFYzr8.woff2) format('woff2');}@font-face {font-family: 'PT Serif';font-style: normal;font-weight: 700;font-display: swap;src: url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/ptserif/v18/EJRSQgYoZZY2vCFuvAnt66qcVys.woff2) format('woff2');}</style><meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/selected-further-reading/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/fr/pour-aller-plus-loin/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/es/selected-further-reading/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/selected-further-reading/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> let jqueryParams=[],jQuery=function(r){return jqueryParams=[...jqueryParams,r],jQuery},$=function(r){return jqueryParams=[...jqueryParams,r],$};window.jQuery=jQuery,window.$=jQuery;let customHeadScripts=!1;jQuery.fn=jQuery.prototype={},$.fn=jQuery.prototype={},jQuery.noConflict=function(r){if(window.jQuery)return jQuery=window.jQuery,$=window.jQuery,customHeadScripts=!0,jQuery.noConflict},jQuery.ready=function(r){jqueryParams=[...jqueryParams,r]},$.ready=function(r){jqueryParams=[...jqueryParams,r]},jQuery.load=function(r){jqueryParams=[...jqueryParams,r]},$.load=function(r){jqueryParams=[...jqueryParams,r]},jQuery.fn.ready=function(r){jqueryParams=[...jqueryParams,r]},$.fn.ready=function(r){jqueryParams=[...jqueryParams,r]};</script>  <title>Selected further reading - The Tolkien Estate</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/selected-further-reading/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Selected further reading - The Tolkien Estate" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.tolkienestate.com/selected-further-reading/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="The Tolkien Estate" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-06-16T16:52:01+00:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="31 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.tolkienestate.com/selected-further-reading/","url":"https://www.tolkienestate.com/selected-further-reading/","name":"Selected further reading - The Tolkien Estate","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.tolkienestate.com/#website"},"datePublished":"2021-07-26T12:33:28+00:00","dateModified":"2022-06-16T16:52:01+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.tolkienestate.com/selected-further-reading/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.tolkienestate.com/selected-further-reading/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.tolkienestate.com/selected-further-reading/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.tolkienestate.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Selected further reading"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.tolkienestate.com/#website","url":"https://www.tolkienestate.com/","name":"The Tolkien Estate","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.tolkienestate.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>  <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="The Tolkien Estate » Feed" href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="The Tolkien Estate » Comments Feed" href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/comments/feed/" /> <meta content="Herd Child Theme v.1.0" name="generator"/><style id='wp-block-library-theme-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:#ffffffa6}:root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme :root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer,.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-right){border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-center){border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote:where(.is-style-plain){border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}:root :where(.wp-block-template-part.has-background){margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: 823px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 1080px; }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpml-blocks-css' href='https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/dist/css/blocks/styles.css?ver=4.6.15' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpml-legacy-horizontal-list-0-css' href='https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/templates/language-switchers/legacy-list-horizontal/style.min.css?ver=1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpml-menu-item-0-css' href='https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/templates/language-switchers/menu-item/style.min.css?ver=1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ccpdrc-style-css' href='https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/plugins/content-copy-protection-disable-right-click/assets/style.css?ver=1.0.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='divi-style-parent-inline-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! Theme Name: Divi Theme URI: http://www.elegantthemes.com/gallery/divi/ Version: 4.27.4 Description: Smart. Flexible. Beautiful. Divi is the most powerful theme in our collection. Author: Elegant Themes Author URI: http://www.elegantthemes.com License: GNU General Public License v2 License URI: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html */ a,abbr,acronym,address,applet,b,big,blockquote,body,center,cite,code,dd,del,dfn,div,dl,dt,em,fieldset,font,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,html,i,iframe,img,ins,kbd,label,legend,li,object,ol,p,pre,q,s,samp,small,span,strike,strong,sub,sup,tt,u,ul,var{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;outline:0;font-size:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;vertical-align:baseline;background:transparent}body{line-height:1}ol,ul{list-style:none}blockquote,q{quotes:none}blockquote:after,blockquote:before,q:after,q:before{content:"";content:none}blockquote{margin:20px 0 30px;border-left:5px solid;padding-left:20px}:focus{outline:0}del{text-decoration:line-through}pre{overflow:auto;padding:10px}figure{margin:0}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}article,aside,footer,header,hgroup,nav,section{display:block}body{font-family:Open Sans,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;color:#666;background-color:#fff;line-height:1.7em;font-weight:500;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}body.page-template-page-template-blank-php #page-container{padding-top:0!important}body.et_cover_background{background-size:cover!important;background-position:top!important;background-repeat:no-repeat!important;background-attachment:fixed}a{color:#2ea3f2}a,a:hover{text-decoration:none}p{padding-bottom:1em}p:not(.has-background):last-of-type{padding-bottom:0}p.et_normal_padding{padding-bottom:1em}strong{font-weight:700}cite,em,i{font-style:italic}code,pre{font-family:Courier New,monospace;margin-bottom:10px}ins{text-decoration:none}sub,sup{height:0;line-height:1;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}sup{bottom:.8em}sub{top:.3em}dl{margin:0 0 1.5em}dl dt{font-weight:700}dd{margin-left:1.5em}blockquote p{padding-bottom:0}embed,iframe,object,video{max-width:100%}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{color:#333;padding-bottom:10px;line-height:1em;font-weight:500}h1 a,h2 a,h3 a,h4 a,h5 a,h6 a{color:inherit}h1{font-size:30px}h2{font-size:26px}h3{font-size:22px}h4{font-size:18px}h5{font-size:16px}h6{font-size:14px}input{-webkit-appearance:none}input[type=checkbox]{-webkit-appearance:checkbox}input[type=radio]{-webkit-appearance:radio}input.text,input.title,input[type=email],input[type=password],input[type=tel],input[type=text],select,textarea{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #bbb;padding:2px;color:#4e4e4e}input.text:focus,input.title:focus,input[type=text]:focus,select:focus,textarea:focus{border-color:#2d3940;color:#3e3e3e}input.text,input.title,input[type=text],select,textarea{margin:0}textarea{padding:4px}button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit}img{max-width:100%;height:auto}.clear{clear:both}br.clear{margin:0;padding:0}.pagination{clear:both}#et_search_icon:hover,.et-social-icon a:hover,.et_password_protected_form .et_submit_button,.form-submit .et_pb_buttontton.alt.disabled,.nav-single a,.posted_in a{color:#2ea3f2}.et-search-form,blockquote{border-color:#2ea3f2}#main-content{background-color:#fff}.container{width:80%;max-width:1080px;margin:auto;position:relative}body:not(.et-tb) #main-content .container,body:not(.et-tb-has-header) #main-content .container{padding-top:58px}.et_full_width_page #main-content .container:before{display:none}.main_title{margin-bottom:20px}.et_password_protected_form .et_submit_button:hover,.form-submit .et_pb_button:hover{background:rgba(0,0,0,.05)}.et_button_icon_visible .et_pb_button{padding-right:2em;padding-left:.7em}.et_button_icon_visible .et_pb_button:after{opacity:1;margin-left:0}.et_button_left .et_pb_button:hover:after{left:.15em}.et_button_left .et_pb_button:after{margin-left:0;left:1em}.et_button_icon_visible.et_button_left .et_pb_button,.et_button_left .et_pb_button:hover,.et_button_left .et_pb_module .et_pb_button:hover{padding-left:2em;padding-right:.7em}.et_button_icon_visible.et_button_left .et_pb_button:after,.et_button_left .et_pb_button:hover:after{left:.15em}.et_password_protected_form .et_submit_button:hover,.form-submit .et_pb_button:hover{padding:.3em 1em}.et_button_no_icon .et_pb_button:after{display:none}.et_button_no_icon.et_button_icon_visible.et_button_left .et_pb_button,.et_button_no_icon.et_button_left .et_pb_button:hover,.et_button_no_icon .et_pb_button,.et_button_no_icon .et_pb_button:hover{padding:.3em 1em!important}.et_button_custom_icon .et_pb_button:after{line-height:1.7em}.et_button_custom_icon.et_button_icon_visible .et_pb_button:after,.et_button_custom_icon .et_pb_button:hover:after{margin-left:.3em}#left-area .post_format-post-format-gallery .wp-block-gallery:first-of-type{padding:0;margin-bottom:-16px}.entry-content table:not(.variations){border:1px solid #eee;margin:0 0 15px;text-align:left;width:100%}.entry-content thead th,.entry-content tr th{color:#555;font-weight:700;padding:9px 24px}.entry-content tr td{border-top:1px solid #eee;padding:6px 24px}#left-area ul,.entry-content ul,.et-l--body ul,.et-l--footer ul,.et-l--header ul{list-style-type:disc;padding:0 0 23px 1em;line-height:26px}#left-area ol,.entry-content ol,.et-l--body ol,.et-l--footer ol,.et-l--header ol{list-style-type:decimal;list-style-position:inside;padding:0 0 23px;line-height:26px}#left-area ul li ul,.entry-content ul li ol{padding:2px 0 2px 20px}#left-area ol li ul,.entry-content ol li ol,.et-l--body ol li ol,.et-l--footer ol li ol,.et-l--header ol li ol{padding:2px 0 2px 35px}#left-area ul.wp-block-gallery{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style-type:none;padding:0}#left-area ul.products{padding:0!important;line-height:1.7!important;list-style:none!important}.gallery-item a{display:block}.gallery-caption,.gallery-item a{width:90%}#wpadminbar{z-index:100001}#left-area .post-meta{font-size:14px;padding-bottom:15px}#left-area .post-meta a{text-decoration:none;color:#666}#left-area .et_featured_image{padding-bottom:7px}.single .post{padding-bottom:25px}body.single .et_audio_content{margin-bottom:-6px}.nav-single a{text-decoration:none;color:#2ea3f2;font-size:14px;font-weight:400}.nav-previous{float:left}.nav-next{float:right}.et_password_protected_form p input{background-color:#eee;border:none!important;width:100%!important;border-radius:0!important;font-size:14px;color:#999!important;padding:16px!important;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}.et_password_protected_form label{display:none}.et_password_protected_form .et_submit_button{font-family:inherit;display:block;float:right;margin:8px auto 0;cursor:pointer}.post-password-required p.nocomments.container{max-width:100%}.post-password-required p.nocomments.container:before{display:none}.aligncenter,div.post .new-post .aligncenter{display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-caption{border:1px solid #ddd;text-align:center;background-color:#f3f3f3;margin-bottom:10px;max-width:96%;padding:8px}.wp-caption.alignleft{margin:0 30px 20px 0}.wp-caption.alignright{margin:0 0 20px 30px}.wp-caption img{margin:0;padding:0;border:0}.wp-caption p.wp-caption-text{font-size:12px;padding:0 4px 5px;margin:0}.alignright{float:right}.alignleft{float:left}img.alignleft{display:inline;float:left;margin-right:15px}img.alignright{display:inline;float:right;margin-left:15px}.page.et_pb_pagebuilder_layout #main-content{background-color:transparent}body #main-content .et_builder_inner_content>h1,body #main-content .et_builder_inner_content>h2,body #main-content .et_builder_inner_content>h3,body #main-content .et_builder_inner_content>h4,body #main-content .et_builder_inner_content>h5,body #main-content .et_builder_inner_content>h6{line-height:1.4em}body #main-content .et_builder_inner_content>p{line-height:1.7em}.wp-block-pullquote{margin:20px 0 30px}.wp-block-pullquote.has-background blockquote{border-left:none}.wp-block-group.has-background{padding:1.5em 1.5em .5em}@media (min-width:981px){#left-area{width:79.125%;padding-bottom:23px}#main-content .container:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;height:100%;width:1px;background-color:#e2e2e2}.et_full_width_page #left-area,.et_no_sidebar #left-area{float:none;width:100%!important}.et_full_width_page #left-area{padding-bottom:0}.et_no_sidebar #main-content .container:before{display:none}}@media (max-width:980px){#page-container{padding-top:80px}.et-tb #page-container,.et-tb-has-header #page-container{padding-top:0!important}#left-area,#sidebar{width:100%!important}#main-content .container:before{display:none!important}.et_full_width_page .et_gallery_item:nth-child(4n+1){clear:none}}@media print{#page-container{padding-top:0!important}}#wp-admin-bar-et-use-visual-builder a:before{font-family:ETmodules!important;content:"\e625";font-size:30px!important;width:28px;margin-top:-3px;color:#974df3!important}#wp-admin-bar-et-use-visual-builder:hover a:before{color:#fff!important}#wp-admin-bar-et-use-visual-builder:hover a,#wp-admin-bar-et-use-visual-builder a:hover{transition:background-color .5s ease;-webkit-transition:background-color .5s ease;-moz-transition:background-color .5s ease;background-color:#7e3bd0!important;color:#fff!important}* html .clearfix,:first-child+html .clearfix{zoom:1}.iphone .et_pb_section_video_bg video::-webkit-media-controls-start-playback-button{display:none!important;-webkit-appearance:none}.et_mobile_device .et_pb_section_parallax .et_pb_parallax_css{background-attachment:scroll}.et-social-facebook a.icon:before{content:"\e093"}.et-social-twitter a.icon:before{content:"\e094"}.et-social-google-plus a.icon:before{content:"\e096"}.et-social-instagram a.icon:before{content:"\e09a"}.et-social-rss a.icon:before{content:"\e09e"}.ai1ec-single-event:after{content:" ";display:table;clear:both}.evcal_event_details .evcal_evdata_cell .eventon_details_shading_bot.eventon_details_shading_bot{z-index:3}.wp-block-divi-layout{margin-bottom:1em}*{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}#et-info-email:before,#et-info-phone:before,#et_search_icon:before,.comment-reply-link:after,.et-cart-info span:before,.et-pb-arrow-next:before,.et-pb-arrow-prev:before,.et-social-icon a:before,.et_audio_container .mejs-playpause-button button:before,.et_audio_container .mejs-volume-button button:before,.et_overlay:before,.et_password_protected_form .et_submit_button:after,.et_pb_button:after,.et_pb_contact_reset:after,.et_pb_contact_submit:after,.et_pb_font_icon:before,.et_pb_newsletter_button:after,.et_pb_pricing_table_button:after,.et_pb_promo_button:after,.et_pb_testimonial:before,.et_pb_toggle_title:before,.form-submit .et_pb_button:after,.mobile_menu_bar:before,a.et_pb_more_button:after{font-family:ETmodules!important;speak:none;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;-webkit-font-feature-settings:normal;font-feature-settings:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;line-height:1;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;text-shadow:0 0;direction:ltr}.et-pb-icon,.et_pb_custom_button_icon.et_pb_button:after,.et_pb_login .et_pb_custom_button_icon.et_pb_button:after,.et_pb_woo_custom_button_icon .button.et_pb_custom_button_icon.et_pb_button:after,.et_pb_woo_custom_button_icon .button.et_pb_custom_button_icon.et_pb_button:hover:after{content:attr(data-icon)}.et-pb-icon{font-family:ETmodules;speak:none;font-weight:400;-webkit-font-feature-settings:normal;font-feature-settings:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;line-height:1;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-size:96px;font-style:normal;display:inline-block;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;direction:ltr}#et-ajax-saving{display:none;-webkit-transition:background .3s,-webkit-box-shadow .3s;transition:background .3s,-webkit-box-shadow .3s;transition:background .3s,box-shadow .3s;transition:background .3s,box-shadow .3s,-webkit-box-shadow .3s;-webkit-box-shadow:rgba(0,139,219,.247059) 0 0 60px;box-shadow:0 0 60px rgba(0,139,219,.247059);position:fixed;top:50%;left:50%;width:50px;height:50px;background:#fff;border-radius:50px;margin:-25px 0 0 -25px;z-index:999999;text-align:center}#et-ajax-saving img{margin:9px}.et-safe-mode-indicator,.et-safe-mode-indicator:focus,.et-safe-mode-indicator:hover{-webkit-box-shadow:0 5px 10px rgba(41,196,169,.15);box-shadow:0 5px 10px rgba(41,196,169,.15);background:#29c4a9;color:#fff;font-size:14px;font-weight:600;padding:12px;line-height:16px;border-radius:3px;position:fixed;bottom:30px;right:30px;z-index:999999;text-decoration:none;font-family:Open Sans,sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}.et_pb_button{font-size:20px;font-weight:500;padding:.3em 1em;line-height:1.7em!important;background-color:transparent;background-size:cover;background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;border:2px solid;border-radius:3px;-webkit-transition-duration:.2s;transition-duration:.2s;-webkit-transition-property:all!important;transition-property:all!important}.et_pb_button,.et_pb_button_inner{position:relative}.et_pb_button:hover,.et_pb_module .et_pb_button:hover{border:2px solid transparent;padding:.3em 2em .3em .7em}.et_pb_button:hover{background-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.2)}.et_pb_bg_layout_light.et_pb_button:hover,.et_pb_bg_layout_light .et_pb_button:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05)}.et_pb_button:after,.et_pb_button:before{font-size:32px;line-height:1em;content:"\35";opacity:0;position:absolute;margin-left:-1em;-webkit-transition:all .2s;transition:all .2s;text-transform:none;-webkit-font-feature-settings:"kern" off;font-feature-settings:"kern" off;font-variant:none;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;text-shadow:none}.et_pb_button.et_hover_enabled:hover:after,.et_pb_button.et_pb_hovered:hover:after{-webkit-transition:none!important;transition:none!important}.et_pb_button:before{display:none}.et_pb_button:hover:after{opacity:1;margin-left:0}.et_pb_column_1_3 h1,.et_pb_column_1_4 h1,.et_pb_column_1_5 h1,.et_pb_column_1_6 h1,.et_pb_column_2_5 h1{font-size:26px}.et_pb_column_1_3 h2,.et_pb_column_1_4 h2,.et_pb_column_1_5 h2,.et_pb_column_1_6 h2,.et_pb_column_2_5 h2{font-size:23px}.et_pb_column_1_3 h3,.et_pb_column_1_4 h3,.et_pb_column_1_5 h3,.et_pb_column_1_6 h3,.et_pb_column_2_5 h3{font-size:20px}.et_pb_column_1_3 h4,.et_pb_column_1_4 h4,.et_pb_column_1_5 h4,.et_pb_column_1_6 h4,.et_pb_column_2_5 h4{font-size:18px}.et_pb_column_1_3 h5,.et_pb_column_1_4 h5,.et_pb_column_1_5 h5,.et_pb_column_1_6 h5,.et_pb_column_2_5 h5{font-size:16px}.et_pb_column_1_3 h6,.et_pb_column_1_4 h6,.et_pb_column_1_5 h6,.et_pb_column_1_6 h6,.et_pb_column_2_5 h6{font-size:15px}.et_pb_bg_layout_dark,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark h1,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark h2,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark h3,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark h4,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark h5,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark h6{color:#fff!important}.et_pb_module.et_pb_text_align_left{text-align:left}.et_pb_module.et_pb_text_align_center{text-align:center}.et_pb_module.et_pb_text_align_right{text-align:right}.et_pb_module.et_pb_text_align_justified{text-align:justify}.clearfix:after{visibility:hidden;display:block;font-size:0;content:" ";clear:both;height:0}.et_pb_bg_layout_light .et_pb_more_button{color:#2ea3f2}.et_builder_inner_content{position:relative;z-index:1}header .et_builder_inner_content{z-index:2}.et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough{mix-blend-mode:unset!important}.et_pb_image_container{margin:-20px -20px 29px}.et_pb_module_inner{position:relative}.et_hover_enabled_preview{z-index:2}.et_hover_enabled:hover{position:relative;z-index:2}.et_pb_all_tabs,.et_pb_module,.et_pb_posts_nav a,.et_pb_tab,.et_pb_with_background{position:relative;background-size:cover;background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat}.et_pb_background_mask,.et_pb_background_pattern{bottom:0;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.et_pb_background_mask{background-size:calc(100% + 2px) calc(100% + 2px);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:50%;overflow:hidden}.et_pb_background_pattern{background-position:0 0;background-repeat:repeat}.et_pb_with_border{position:relative;border:0 solid #333}.post-password-required .et_pb_row{padding:0;width:100%}.post-password-required .et_password_protected_form{min-height:0}body.et_pb_pagebuilder_layout.et_pb_show_title .post-password-required .et_password_protected_form h1,body:not(.et_pb_pagebuilder_layout) .post-password-required .et_password_protected_form h1{display:none}.et_pb_no_bg{padding:0!important}.et_overlay.et_pb_inline_icon:before,.et_pb_inline_icon:before{content:attr(data-icon)}.et_pb_more_button{color:inherit;text-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;margin-top:20px}.et_parallax_bg_wrap{overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0}.et_parallax_bg{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:top;background-size:cover;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;display:block}.et_parallax_bg.et_parallax_bg__hover,.et_parallax_bg.et_parallax_bg_phone,.et_parallax_bg.et_parallax_bg_tablet,.et_parallax_gradient.et_parallax_gradient__hover,.et_parallax_gradient.et_parallax_gradient_phone,.et_parallax_gradient.et_parallax_gradient_tablet,.et_pb_section_parallax_hover:hover .et_parallax_bg:not(.et_parallax_bg__hover),.et_pb_section_parallax_hover:hover .et_parallax_gradient:not(.et_parallax_gradient__hover){display:none}.et_pb_section_parallax_hover:hover .et_parallax_bg.et_parallax_bg__hover,.et_pb_section_parallax_hover:hover .et_parallax_gradient.et_parallax_gradient__hover{display:block}.et_parallax_gradient{bottom:0;display:block;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.et_pb_module.et_pb_section_parallax,.et_pb_posts_nav a.et_pb_section_parallax,.et_pb_tab.et_pb_section_parallax{position:relative}.et_pb_section_parallax .et_pb_parallax_css,.et_pb_slides .et_parallax_bg.et_pb_parallax_css{background-attachment:fixed}body.et-bfb .et_pb_section_parallax .et_pb_parallax_css,body.et-bfb .et_pb_slides .et_parallax_bg.et_pb_parallax_css{background-attachment:scroll;bottom:auto}.et_pb_section_parallax.et_pb_column .et_pb_module,.et_pb_section_parallax.et_pb_row .et_pb_column,.et_pb_section_parallax.et_pb_row .et_pb_module{z-index:9;position:relative}.et_pb_more_button:hover:after{opacity:1;margin-left:0}.et_pb_preload .et_pb_section_video_bg,.et_pb_preload>div{visibility:hidden}.et_pb_preload,.et_pb_section.et_pb_section_video.et_pb_preload{position:relative;background:#464646!important}.et_pb_preload:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;background:url(https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/themes/Divi/includes/builder/styles/images/preloader.gif) no-repeat;border-radius:32px;width:32px;height:32px;margin:-16px 0 0 -16px}.box-shadow-overlay{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none}.et_pb_section>.box-shadow-overlay~.et_pb_row{z-index:11}body.safari .section_has_divider{will-change:transform}.et_pb_row>.box-shadow-overlay{z-index:8}.has-box-shadow-overlay{position:relative}.et_clickable{cursor:pointer}.screen-reader-text{border:0;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px;word-wrap:normal!important}.et_multi_view_hidden,.et_multi_view_hidden_image{display:none!important}@keyframes multi-view-image-fade{0%{opacity:0}10%{opacity:.1}20%{opacity:.2}30%{opacity:.3}40%{opacity:.4}50%{opacity:.5}60%{opacity:.6}70%{opacity:.7}80%{opacity:.8}90%{opacity:.9}to{opacity:1}}.et_multi_view_image__loading{visibility:hidden}.et_multi_view_image__loaded{-webkit-animation:multi-view-image-fade .5s;animation:multi-view-image-fade .5s}#et-pb-motion-effects-offset-tracker{visibility:hidden!important;opacity:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0}.et-pb-before-scroll-animation{opacity:0}header.et-l.et-l--header:after{clear:both;display:block;content:""}.et_pb_module{-webkit-animation-timing-function:linear;animation-timing-function:linear;-webkit-animation-duration:.2s;animation-duration:.2s}@-webkit-keyframes fadeBottom{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(10%);transform:translateY(10%)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0);transform:translateY(0)}}@keyframes fadeBottom{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(10%);transform:translateY(10%)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0);transform:translateY(0)}}@-webkit-keyframes fadeLeft{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-10%);transform:translateX(-10%)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}}@keyframes fadeLeft{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-10%);transform:translateX(-10%)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}}@-webkit-keyframes fadeRight{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(10%);transform:translateX(10%)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}}@keyframes fadeRight{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(10%);transform:translateX(10%)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}}@-webkit-keyframes fadeTop{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-10%);transform:translateY(-10%)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}}@keyframes fadeTop{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-10%);transform:translateY(-10%)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}}@-webkit-keyframes fadeIn{0%{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}@keyframes fadeIn{0%{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}.et-waypoint:not(.et_pb_counters){opacity:0}@media (min-width:981px){.et_pb_section.et_section_specialty div.et_pb_row .et_pb_column .et_pb_column .et_pb_module.et-last-child,.et_pb_section.et_section_specialty div.et_pb_row .et_pb_column .et_pb_column .et_pb_module:last-child,.et_pb_section.et_section_specialty div.et_pb_row .et_pb_column .et_pb_row_inner .et_pb_column .et_pb_module.et-last-child,.et_pb_section.et_section_specialty div.et_pb_row .et_pb_column .et_pb_row_inner .et_pb_column .et_pb_module:last-child,.et_pb_section div.et_pb_row .et_pb_column .et_pb_module.et-last-child,.et_pb_section div.et_pb_row .et_pb_column .et_pb_module:last-child{margin-bottom:0}}@media (max-width:980px){.et_overlay.et_pb_inline_icon_tablet:before,.et_pb_inline_icon_tablet:before{content:attr(data-icon-tablet)}.et_parallax_bg.et_parallax_bg_tablet_exist,.et_parallax_gradient.et_parallax_gradient_tablet_exist{display:none}.et_parallax_bg.et_parallax_bg_tablet,.et_parallax_gradient.et_parallax_gradient_tablet{display:block}.et_pb_column .et_pb_module{margin-bottom:30px}.et_pb_row .et_pb_column .et_pb_module.et-last-child,.et_pb_row .et_pb_column .et_pb_module:last-child,.et_section_specialty .et_pb_row .et_pb_column .et_pb_module.et-last-child,.et_section_specialty .et_pb_row .et_pb_column .et_pb_module:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.et_pb_more_button{display:inline-block!important}.et_pb_bg_layout_light_tablet.et_pb_button,.et_pb_bg_layout_light_tablet.et_pb_module.et_pb_button,.et_pb_bg_layout_light_tablet .et_pb_more_button{color:#2ea3f2}.et_pb_bg_layout_light_tablet .et_pb_forgot_password a{color:#666}.et_pb_bg_layout_light_tablet h1,.et_pb_bg_layout_light_tablet h2,.et_pb_bg_layout_light_tablet h3,.et_pb_bg_layout_light_tablet h4,.et_pb_bg_layout_light_tablet h5,.et_pb_bg_layout_light_tablet h6{color:#333!important}.et_pb_module .et_pb_bg_layout_light_tablet.et_pb_button{color:#2ea3f2!important}.et_pb_bg_layout_light_tablet{color:#666!important}.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_tablet,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_tablet h1,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_tablet h2,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_tablet h3,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_tablet h4,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_tablet h5,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_tablet h6{color:#fff!important}.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_tablet.et_pb_button,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_tablet.et_pb_module.et_pb_button,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_tablet .et_pb_more_button{color:inherit}.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_tablet .et_pb_forgot_password a{color:#fff}.et_pb_module.et_pb_text_align_left-tablet{text-align:left}.et_pb_module.et_pb_text_align_center-tablet{text-align:center}.et_pb_module.et_pb_text_align_right-tablet{text-align:right}.et_pb_module.et_pb_text_align_justified-tablet{text-align:justify}}@media (max-width:767px){.et_pb_more_button{display:inline-block!important}.et_overlay.et_pb_inline_icon_phone:before,.et_pb_inline_icon_phone:before{content:attr(data-icon-phone)}.et_parallax_bg.et_parallax_bg_phone_exist,.et_parallax_gradient.et_parallax_gradient_phone_exist{display:none}.et_parallax_bg.et_parallax_bg_phone,.et_parallax_gradient.et_parallax_gradient_phone{display:block}.et-hide-mobile{display:none!important}.et_pb_bg_layout_light_phone.et_pb_button,.et_pb_bg_layout_light_phone.et_pb_module.et_pb_button,.et_pb_bg_layout_light_phone .et_pb_more_button{color:#2ea3f2}.et_pb_bg_layout_light_phone .et_pb_forgot_password a{color:#666}.et_pb_bg_layout_light_phone h1,.et_pb_bg_layout_light_phone h2,.et_pb_bg_layout_light_phone h3,.et_pb_bg_layout_light_phone h4,.et_pb_bg_layout_light_phone h5,.et_pb_bg_layout_light_phone h6{color:#333!important}.et_pb_module .et_pb_bg_layout_light_phone.et_pb_button{color:#2ea3f2!important}.et_pb_bg_layout_light_phone{color:#666!important}.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_phone,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_phone h1,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_phone h2,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_phone h3,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_phone h4,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_phone h5,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_phone h6{color:#fff!important}.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_phone.et_pb_button,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_phone.et_pb_module.et_pb_button,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_phone .et_pb_more_button{color:inherit}.et_pb_module .et_pb_bg_layout_dark_phone.et_pb_button{color:#fff!important}.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_phone .et_pb_forgot_password a{color:#fff}.et_pb_module.et_pb_text_align_left-phone{text-align:left}.et_pb_module.et_pb_text_align_center-phone{text-align:center}.et_pb_module.et_pb_text_align_right-phone{text-align:right}.et_pb_module.et_pb_text_align_justified-phone{text-align:justify}}@media (max-width:479px){a.et_pb_more_button{display:block}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:980px){[data-et-multi-view-load-tablet-hidden=true]:not(.et_multi_view_swapped){display:none!important}}@media (max-width:767px){[data-et-multi-view-load-phone-hidden=true]:not(.et_multi_view_swapped){display:none!important}}.et_pb_menu.et_pb_menu--style-inline_centered_logo .et_pb_menu__menu nav ul{-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}@-webkit-keyframes multi-view-image-fade{0%{-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1);opacity:1}50%{-webkit-transform:scale(1.01);transform:scale(1.01);opacity:1}to{-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1);opacity:1}} </style> <style id='divi-dynamic-critical-inline-css' type='text/css'> @font-face{font-family:ETmodules;font-display:block;src:url(https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/themes/Divi/core/admin/fonts/modules/all/modules.eot);src:url(https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/themes/Divi/core/admin/fonts/modules/all/modules.eot?#iefix) format("embedded-opentype"),url(https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/themes/Divi/core/admin/fonts/modules/all/modules.woff) format("woff"),url(https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/themes/Divi/core/admin/fonts/modules/all/modules.ttf) format("truetype"),url(https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/themes/Divi/core/admin/fonts/modules/all/modules.svg#ETmodules) format("svg");font-weight:400;font-style:normal} @media (min-width:981px){.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column{margin-right:5.5%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_4_4,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_4_4{width:100%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_module,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_module{margin-bottom:2.75%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4{width:73.625%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_module,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_module{margin-bottom:3.735%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3{width:64.833%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_module,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_module{margin-bottom:4.242%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_5,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_5{width:57.8%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_module,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_module{margin-bottom:4.758%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2{width:47.25%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_module,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_module{margin-bottom:5.82%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_5,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_5{width:36.7%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_5 .et_pb_module,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_5 .et_pb_module{margin-bottom:7.493%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_3,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_3{width:29.6667%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_module,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_module{margin-bottom:9.27%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_4,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_4{width:20.875%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_module,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_module{margin-bottom:13.174%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_5,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_5{width:15.6%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_5 .et_pb_module,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_5 .et_pb_module{margin-bottom:17.628%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_6,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_6{width:12.0833%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_6 .et_pb_module,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_6 .et_pb_module{margin-bottom:22.759%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_full_width_page.woocommerce-page ul.products li.product{width:20.875%;margin-right:5.5%;margin-bottom:5.5%}.et_pb_gutters3.et_left_sidebar.woocommerce-page #main-content ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3.et_right_sidebar.woocommerce-page #main-content ul.products li.product{width:28.353%;margin-right:7.47%}.et_pb_gutters3.et_left_sidebar.woocommerce-page #main-content ul.products.columns-1 li.product,.et_pb_gutters3.et_right_sidebar.woocommerce-page #main-content ul.products.columns-1 li.product{width:100%;margin-right:0}.et_pb_gutters3.et_left_sidebar.woocommerce-page #main-content ul.products.columns-2 li.product,.et_pb_gutters3.et_right_sidebar.woocommerce-page #main-content ul.products.columns-2 li.product{width:48%;margin-right:4%}.et_pb_gutters3.et_left_sidebar.woocommerce-page #main-content ul.products.columns-2 li:nth-child(2n+2),.et_pb_gutters3.et_right_sidebar.woocommerce-page #main-content ul.products.columns-2 li:nth-child(2n+2){margin-right:0}.et_pb_gutters3.et_left_sidebar.woocommerce-page #main-content ul.products.columns-2 li:nth-child(3n+1),.et_pb_gutters3.et_right_sidebar.woocommerce-page #main-content ul.products.columns-2 li:nth-child(3n+1){clear:none}} @media (min-width:981px){.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1 .et_pb_post:last-child,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of2 .et_pb_post:last-child,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of3 .et_pb_post:last-child,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1 .et_pb_post:last-child,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of2 .et_pb_post:last-child,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of3 .et_pb_post:last-child{margin-bottom:30px}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_widget,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_widget{width:20.875%;margin-right:5.5%;margin-bottom:5.5%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of3,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of3{width:29.667%;margin-right:5.5%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of3 .et_pb_post,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of3 .et_pb_post{margin-bottom:18.539%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_widget,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_widget{width:28.353%;margin-right:7.47%;margin-bottom:7.47%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of2,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of2{width:46.265%;margin-right:7.47%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of2 .et_pb_post,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of2 .et_pb_post{margin-bottom:14.941%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_widget,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_widget{width:45.758%;margin-right:8.483%;margin-bottom:8.483%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of2,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of2{width:45.758%;margin-right:8.483%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of2 .et_pb_post,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of2 .et_pb_post{margin-bottom:16.967%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_widget,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_widget{width:45.242%;margin-right:9.516%;margin-bottom:9.516%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1{width:100%;margin-right:0}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1 .et_pb_post,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1 .et_pb_post{margin-bottom:9.516%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_widget,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_widget{width:44.18%;margin-right:11.64%;margin-bottom:11.64%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1{width:100%;margin-right:0}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1 .et_pb_post,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1 .et_pb_post{margin-bottom:11.64%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_5 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1 .et_pb_post,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_5 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_5 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_5 .et_pb_widget,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_5 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1 .et_pb_post,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_5 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_5 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_5 .et_pb_widget{width:100%;margin-bottom:14.986%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1 .et_pb_post,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_widget,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1 .et_pb_post,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_widget{width:100%;margin-bottom:18.539%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1 .et_pb_post,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_widget,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1 .et_pb_post,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_widget{width:100%;margin-bottom:26.347%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_5 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1 .et_pb_post,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_5 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_5 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_5 .et_pb_widget,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_5 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1 .et_pb_post,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_5 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_5 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_5 .et_pb_widget{width:100%;margin-bottom:35.256%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_6 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1 .et_pb_post,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_6 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_6 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_6 .et_pb_widget,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_6 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of1 .et_pb_post,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_6 .et_pb_grid_item,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_6 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_6 .et_pb_widget{width:100%;margin-bottom:45.517%}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(4n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(4n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(4n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(4n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(4n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(4n){margin-right:0}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(4n+1),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(4n+1),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(4n+1),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(4n+1),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(4n+1),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(4n+1){clear:both}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of3:nth-child(3n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_grid_item.last_in_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of3:nth-child(3n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_grid_item.last_in_row{margin-right:0}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_4_4 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row{margin-bottom:0}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(3n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(3n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(3n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(3n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(3n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(3n){margin-right:0}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(3n+1),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(3n+1),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(3n+1),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(3n+1),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(3n+1),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(3n+1){clear:both}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_grid_item.last_in_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_grid_item.last_in_row{margin-right:0}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row{margin-bottom:0}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(2n){margin-right:0}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(odd),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(odd),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(odd),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(odd),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(odd),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(odd),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(odd),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(odd),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(odd),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(odd),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(odd),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(odd){clear:both}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_grid_item.last_in_row,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_grid_item.last_in_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_grid_item.last_in_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_grid_item.last_in_row{margin-right:0}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row{margin-bottom:0}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(2n){margin-right:0}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(odd),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(odd),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(odd),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_grid_item.et_pb_portfolio_item:nth-child(odd),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_shop_grid .woocommerce ul.products li.product:nth-child(odd),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_widget:nth-child(odd){clear:both}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_grid_item.last_in_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_grid_item.last_in_row{margin-right:0}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_5 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_6 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_5 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_6 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row{margin-bottom:0}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of2:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of3:nth-child(3n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_grid_item.last_in_row,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of2:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of3:nth-child(3n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_grid_item.last_in_row,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of2:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of3:nth-child(3n),.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_grid_item.last_in_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of2:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of3:nth-child(3n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_grid_item.last_in_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of2:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of3:nth-child(3n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_grid_item.last_in_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of2:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_blog_grid .column.size-1of3:nth-child(3n),.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_grid_item.last_in_row{margin-right:0}.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3 .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row,.et_pb_gutters3.et_pb_row .et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_grid_item.on_last_row{margin-bottom:0}} #et-secondary-menu li,#top-menu li{word-wrap:break-word}.nav li ul,.et_mobile_menu{border-color:#2EA3F2}.mobile_menu_bar:before,.mobile_menu_bar:after,#top-menu li.current-menu-ancestor>a,#top-menu li.current-menu-item>a{color:#2EA3F2}#main-header{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.4s, color 0.4s, opacity 0.4s ease-in-out, -webkit-transform 0.4s;transition:background-color 0.4s, color 0.4s, opacity 0.4s ease-in-out, -webkit-transform 0.4s;transition:background-color 0.4s, color 0.4s, transform 0.4s, opacity 0.4s ease-in-out;transition:background-color 0.4s, color 0.4s, transform 0.4s, opacity 0.4s ease-in-out, -webkit-transform 0.4s}#main-header.et-disabled-animations *{-webkit-transition-duration:0s !important;transition-duration:0s !important}.container{text-align:left;position:relative}.et_fixed_nav.et_show_nav #page-container{padding-top:80px}.et_fixed_nav.et_show_nav.et-tb #page-container,.et_fixed_nav.et_show_nav.et-tb-has-header #page-container{padding-top:0 !important}.et_fixed_nav.et_show_nav.et_secondary_nav_enabled #page-container{padding-top:111px}.et_fixed_nav.et_show_nav.et_secondary_nav_enabled.et_header_style_centered #page-container{padding-top:177px}.et_fixed_nav.et_show_nav.et_header_style_centered #page-container{padding-top:147px}.et_fixed_nav #main-header{position:fixed}.et-cloud-item-editor #page-container{padding-top:0 !important}.et_header_style_left #et-top-navigation{padding-top:33px}.et_header_style_left #et-top-navigation nav>ul>li>a{padding-bottom:33px}.et_header_style_left .logo_container{position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%}.et_header_style_left #et-top-navigation .mobile_menu_bar{padding-bottom:24px}.et_hide_search_icon #et_top_search{display:none !important}#logo{width:auto;-webkit-transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out;margin-bottom:0;max-height:54%;display:inline-block;float:none;vertical-align:middle;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0)}.et_pb_svg_logo #logo{height:54%}.logo_container{-webkit-transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out}span.logo_helper{display:inline-block;height:100%;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.safari .centered-inline-logo-wrap{-webkit-transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0);-webkit-transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out}#et-define-logo-wrap img{width:100%}.gecko #et-define-logo-wrap.svg-logo{position:relative !important}#top-menu-nav,#top-menu{line-height:0}#et-top-navigation{font-weight:600}.et_fixed_nav #et-top-navigation{-webkit-transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out}.et-cart-info span:before{content:"\e07a";margin-right:10px;position:relative}nav#top-menu-nav,#top-menu,nav.et-menu-nav,.et-menu{float:left}#top-menu li{display:inline-block;font-size:14px;padding-right:22px}#top-menu>li:last-child{padding-right:0}.et_fullwidth_nav.et_non_fixed_nav.et_header_style_left #top-menu>li:last-child>ul.sub-menu{right:0}#top-menu a{color:rgba(0,0,0,0.6);text-decoration:none;display:block;position:relative;-webkit-transition:opacity 0.4s ease-in-out, background-color 0.4s ease-in-out;transition:opacity 0.4s ease-in-out, background-color 0.4s ease-in-out}#top-menu-nav>ul>li>a:hover{opacity:0.7;-webkit-transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out}#et_search_icon:before{content:"\55";font-size:17px;left:0;position:absolute;top:-3px}#et_search_icon:hover{cursor:pointer}#et_top_search{float:right;margin:3px 0 0 22px;position:relative;display:block;width:18px}#et_top_search.et_search_opened{position:absolute;width:100%}.et-search-form{top:0;bottom:0;right:0;position:absolute;z-index:1000;width:100%}.et-search-form input{width:90%;border:none;color:#333;position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;right:30px;margin:auto;background:transparent}.et-search-form .et-search-field::-ms-clear{width:0;height:0;display:none}.et_search_form_container{-webkit-animation:none;animation:none;-o-animation:none}.container.et_search_form_container{position:relative;opacity:0;height:1px}.container.et_search_form_container.et_pb_search_visible{z-index:999;-webkit-animation:fadeInTop 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1);animation:fadeInTop 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1)}.et_pb_search_visible.et_pb_no_animation{opacity:1}.et_pb_search_form_hidden{-webkit-animation:fadeOutTop 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1);animation:fadeOutTop 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1)}span.et_close_search_field{display:block;width:30px;height:30px;z-index:99999;position:absolute;right:0;cursor:pointer;top:0;bottom:0;margin:auto}span.et_close_search_field:after{font-family:'ETmodules';content:'\4d';speak:none;font-weight:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;line-height:1;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-size:32px;display:inline-block;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}.container.et_menu_container{z-index:99}.container.et_search_form_container.et_pb_search_form_hidden{z-index:1 !important}.et_search_outer{width:100%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0}.container.et_pb_menu_hidden{z-index:-1}form.et-search-form{background:rgba(0,0,0,0) !important}input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button{-webkit-appearance:none}.et-cart-info{color:inherit}#et-top-navigation .et-cart-info{float:left;margin:-2px 0 0 22px;font-size:16px}#et-top-navigation{float:right}#top-menu li li{padding:0 20px;margin:0}#top-menu li li a{padding:6px 20px;width:200px}.nav li.et-touch-hover>ul{opacity:1;visibility:visible}#top-menu .menu-item-has-children>a:first-child:after,#et-secondary-nav .menu-item-has-children>a:first-child:after{font-family:'ETmodules';content:"3";font-size:16px;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;font-weight:800}#top-menu .menu-item-has-children>a:first-child,#et-secondary-nav .menu-item-has-children>a:first-child{padding-right:20px}#top-menu li .menu-item-has-children>a:first-child{padding-right:40px}#top-menu li .menu-item-has-children>a:first-child:after{right:20px;top:6px}#top-menu li.mega-menu{position:inherit}#top-menu li.mega-menu>ul{padding:30px 20px;position:absolute !important;width:100%;left:0 !important}#top-menu li.mega-menu ul li{margin:0;float:left !important;display:block !important;padding:0 !important}#top-menu li.mega-menu>ul>li:nth-of-type(4n){clear:right}#top-menu li.mega-menu>ul>li:nth-of-type(4n+1){clear:left}#top-menu li.mega-menu ul li li{width:100%}#top-menu li.mega-menu li>ul{-webkit-animation:none !important;animation:none !important;padding:0px;border:none;left:auto;top:auto;width:90% !important;position:relative;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none}#top-menu li.mega-menu li ul{visibility:visible;opacity:1;display:none}#top-menu li.mega-menu.et-hover li ul{display:block}#top-menu li.mega-menu.et-hover>ul{opacity:1 !important;visibility:visible !important}#top-menu li.mega-menu>ul>li>a{width:90%;padding:0 20px 10px}#top-menu li.mega-menu>ul>li>a:first-child{padding-top:0 !important;font-weight:bold;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.03)}#top-menu li.mega-menu>ul>li>a:first-child:hover{background-color:transparent !important}#top-menu li.mega-menu li>a{width:100%}#top-menu li.mega-menu.mega-menu-parent li li,#top-menu li.mega-menu.mega-menu-parent li>a{width:100% !important}#top-menu li.mega-menu.mega-menu-parent li>.sub-menu{float:left;width:100% !important}#top-menu li.mega-menu>ul>li{width:25%;margin:0}#top-menu li.mega-menu.mega-menu-parent-3>ul>li{width:33.33%}#top-menu li.mega-menu.mega-menu-parent-2>ul>li{width:50%}#top-menu li.mega-menu.mega-menu-parent-1>ul>li{width:100%}#top-menu li.mega-menu .menu-item-has-children>a:first-child:after{display:none}#top-menu li.mega-menu>ul>li>ul>li{width:100%;margin:0}#et_mobile_nav_menu{float:right;display:none}.mobile_menu_bar{position:relative;display:block;line-height:0}.mobile_menu_bar:before,.et_toggle_slide_menu:after{content:"\61";font-size:32px;left:0;position:relative;top:0;cursor:pointer}.mobile_nav .select_page{display:none}.et_pb_menu_hidden #top-menu,.et_pb_menu_hidden #et_search_icon:before,.et_pb_menu_hidden .et-cart-info{opacity:0;-webkit-animation:fadeOutBottom 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1);animation:fadeOutBottom 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1)}.et_pb_menu_visible #top-menu,.et_pb_menu_visible #et_search_icon:before,.et_pb_menu_visible .et-cart-info{z-index:99;opacity:1;-webkit-animation:fadeInBottom 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1);animation:fadeInBottom 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1)}.et_pb_menu_hidden #top-menu,.et_pb_menu_hidden #et_search_icon:before,.et_pb_menu_hidden .mobile_menu_bar{opacity:0;-webkit-animation:fadeOutBottom 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1);animation:fadeOutBottom 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1)}.et_pb_menu_visible #top-menu,.et_pb_menu_visible #et_search_icon:before,.et_pb_menu_visible .mobile_menu_bar{z-index:99;opacity:1;-webkit-animation:fadeInBottom 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1);animation:fadeInBottom 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1)}.et_pb_no_animation #top-menu,.et_pb_no_animation #et_search_icon:before,.et_pb_no_animation .mobile_menu_bar,.et_pb_no_animation.et_search_form_container{animation:none !important;-o-animation:none !important;-webkit-animation:none !important;-moz-animation:none !important}body.admin-bar.et_fixed_nav #main-header{top:32px}body.et-wp-pre-3_8.admin-bar.et_fixed_nav #main-header{top:28px}body.et_fixed_nav.et_secondary_nav_enabled #main-header{top:30px}body.admin-bar.et_fixed_nav.et_secondary_nav_enabled #main-header{top:63px}@media all and (min-width: 981px){.et_hide_primary_logo #main-header:not(.et-fixed-header) .logo_container,.et_hide_fixed_logo #main-header.et-fixed-header .logo_container{height:0;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out}.et_hide_primary_logo #main-header:not(.et-fixed-header) .centered-inline-logo-wrap,.et_hide_fixed_logo #main-header.et-fixed-header .centered-inline-logo-wrap{height:0;opacity:0;padding:0}.et-animated-content#page-container{-webkit-transition:margin-top 0.4s ease-in-out;transition:margin-top 0.4s ease-in-out}.et_hide_nav #page-container{-webkit-transition:none;transition:none}.et_fullwidth_nav .et-search-form,.et_fullwidth_nav .et_close_search_field{right:30px}#main-header.et-fixed-header{-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.1) !important;box-shadow:0 0 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.1) !important}.et_header_style_left .et-fixed-header #et-top-navigation{padding-top:20px}.et_header_style_left .et-fixed-header #et-top-navigation nav>ul>li>a{padding-bottom:20px}.et_hide_nav.et_fixed_nav #main-header{opacity:0}.et_hide_nav.et_fixed_nav .et-fixed-header#main-header{-webkit-transform:translateY(0px) !important;transform:translateY(0px) !important;opacity:1}.et_hide_nav .centered-inline-logo-wrap,.et_hide_nav.et_fixed_nav #main-header,.et_hide_nav.et_fixed_nav #main-header,.et_hide_nav .centered-inline-logo-wrap{-webkit-transition-duration:.7s;transition-duration:.7s}.et_hide_nav #page-container{padding-top:0 !important}.et_primary_nav_dropdown_animation_fade #et-top-navigation ul li:hover>ul,.et_secondary_nav_dropdown_animation_fade #et-secondary-nav li:hover>ul{-webkit-transition:all .2s ease-in-out;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}.et_primary_nav_dropdown_animation_slide #et-top-navigation ul li:hover>ul,.et_secondary_nav_dropdown_animation_slide #et-secondary-nav li:hover>ul{-webkit-animation:fadeLeft .4s ease-in-out;animation:fadeLeft .4s ease-in-out}.et_primary_nav_dropdown_animation_expand #et-top-navigation ul li:hover>ul,.et_secondary_nav_dropdown_animation_expand #et-secondary-nav li:hover>ul{-webkit-transform-origin:0 0;transform-origin:0 0;-webkit-animation:Grow .4s ease-in-out;animation:Grow .4s ease-in-out;-webkit-backface-visibility:visible !important;backface-visibility:visible !important}.et_primary_nav_dropdown_animation_flip #et-top-navigation ul li ul li:hover>ul,.et_secondary_nav_dropdown_animation_flip #et-secondary-nav ul li:hover>ul{-webkit-animation:flipInX .6s ease-in-out;animation:flipInX .6s ease-in-out;-webkit-backface-visibility:visible !important;backface-visibility:visible !important}.et_primary_nav_dropdown_animation_flip #et-top-navigation ul li:hover>ul,.et_secondary_nav_dropdown_animation_flip #et-secondary-nav li:hover>ul{-webkit-animation:flipInY .6s ease-in-out;animation:flipInY .6s ease-in-out;-webkit-backface-visibility:visible !important;backface-visibility:visible !important}.et_fullwidth_nav #main-header .container{width:100%;max-width:100%;padding-right:32px;padding-left:30px}.et_non_fixed_nav.et_fullwidth_nav.et_header_style_left #main-header .container{padding-left:0}.et_non_fixed_nav.et_fullwidth_nav.et_header_style_left .logo_container{padding-left:30px}}@media all and (max-width: 980px){.et_fixed_nav.et_show_nav.et_secondary_nav_enabled #page-container,.et_fixed_nav.et_show_nav #page-container{padding-top:80px}.et_fixed_nav.et_show_nav.et-tb #page-container,.et_fixed_nav.et_show_nav.et-tb-has-header #page-container{padding-top:0 !important}.et_non_fixed_nav #page-container{padding-top:0}.et_fixed_nav.et_secondary_nav_only_menu.admin-bar #main-header{top:32px !important}.et_hide_mobile_logo #main-header .logo_container{display:none;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out}#top-menu{display:none}.et_hide_nav.et_fixed_nav #main-header{-webkit-transform:translateY(0px) !important;transform:translateY(0px) !important;opacity:1}#et-top-navigation{margin-right:0;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none}.et_fixed_nav #main-header{position:absolute}.et_header_style_left .et-fixed-header #et-top-navigation,.et_header_style_left #et-top-navigation{padding-top:24px;display:block}.et_fixed_nav #main-header{-webkit-transition:none;transition:none}.et_fixed_nav_temp #main-header{top:0 !important}#logo,.logo_container,#main-header,.container{-webkit-transition:none;transition:none}.et_header_style_left #logo{max-width:50%}#et_top_search{margin:0 35px 0 0;float:left}#et_search_icon:before{top:7px}.et_header_style_left .et-search-form{width:50% !important;max-width:50% !important}#et_mobile_nav_menu{display:block}#et-top-navigation .et-cart-info{margin-top:5px}}@media screen and (max-width: 782px){body.admin-bar.et_fixed_nav #main-header{top:46px}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){#et-top-navigation{margin-right:0}body.admin-bar.et_fixed_nav #main-header{top:46px}}@media all and (max-width: 479px){#et-top-navigation{margin-right:0}}@media print{#top-header,#main-header{position:relative !important;top:auto !important;right:auto !important;bottom:auto !important;left:auto !important}} @-webkit-keyframes fadeOutTop{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translatey(0);transform:translatey(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translatey(-60%);transform:translatey(-60%)}}@keyframes fadeOutTop{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translatey(0);transform:translatey(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translatey(-60%);transform:translatey(-60%)}}@-webkit-keyframes fadeInTop{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translatey(-60%);transform:translatey(-60%)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translatey(0);transform:translatey(0)}}@keyframes fadeInTop{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translatey(-60%);transform:translatey(-60%)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translatey(0);transform:translatey(0)}}@-webkit-keyframes fadeInBottom{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translatey(60%);transform:translatey(60%)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translatey(0);transform:translatey(0)}}@keyframes fadeInBottom{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translatey(60%);transform:translatey(60%)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translatey(0);transform:translatey(0)}}@-webkit-keyframes fadeOutBottom{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translatey(0);transform:translatey(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translatey(60%);transform:translatey(60%)}}@keyframes fadeOutBottom{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translatey(0);transform:translatey(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translatey(60%);transform:translatey(60%)}}@-webkit-keyframes Grow{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:scaleY(.5);transform:scaleY(.5)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1)}}@keyframes Grow{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:scaleY(.5);transform:scaleY(.5)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1)}}/*! * Animate.css - http://daneden.me/animate * Licensed under the MIT license - http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT * Copyright (c) 2015 Daniel Eden */@-webkit-keyframes flipInX{0%{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px) rotateX(90deg);transform:perspective(400px) rotateX(90deg);-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-timing-function:ease-in;opacity:0}40%{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px) rotateX(-20deg);transform:perspective(400px) rotateX(-20deg);-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-timing-function:ease-in}60%{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px) rotateX(10deg);transform:perspective(400px) rotateX(10deg);opacity:1}80%{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px) rotateX(-5deg);transform:perspective(400px) rotateX(-5deg)}to{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px);transform:perspective(400px)}}@keyframes flipInX{0%{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px) rotateX(90deg);transform:perspective(400px) rotateX(90deg);-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-timing-function:ease-in;opacity:0}40%{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px) rotateX(-20deg);transform:perspective(400px) rotateX(-20deg);-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-timing-function:ease-in}60%{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px) rotateX(10deg);transform:perspective(400px) rotateX(10deg);opacity:1}80%{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px) rotateX(-5deg);transform:perspective(400px) rotateX(-5deg)}to{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px);transform:perspective(400px)}}@-webkit-keyframes flipInY{0%{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px) rotateY(90deg);transform:perspective(400px) rotateY(90deg);-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-timing-function:ease-in;opacity:0}40%{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px) rotateY(-20deg);transform:perspective(400px) rotateY(-20deg);-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-timing-function:ease-in}60%{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px) rotateY(10deg);transform:perspective(400px) rotateY(10deg);opacity:1}80%{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px) rotateY(-5deg);transform:perspective(400px) rotateY(-5deg)}to{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px);transform:perspective(400px)}}@keyframes flipInY{0%{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px) rotateY(90deg);transform:perspective(400px) rotateY(90deg);-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-timing-function:ease-in;opacity:0}40%{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px) rotateY(-20deg);transform:perspective(400px) rotateY(-20deg);-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-in;animation-timing-function:ease-in}60%{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px) rotateY(10deg);transform:perspective(400px) rotateY(10deg);opacity:1}80%{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px) rotateY(-5deg);transform:perspective(400px) rotateY(-5deg)}to{-webkit-transform:perspective(400px);transform:perspective(400px)}} #main-header{line-height:23px;font-weight:500;top:0;background-color:#fff;width:100%;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);position:relative;z-index:99999}.nav li li{padding:0 20px;margin:0}.et-menu li li a{padding:6px 20px;width:200px}.nav li{position:relative;line-height:1em}.nav li li{position:relative;line-height:2em}.nav li ul{position:absolute;padding:20px 0;z-index:9999;width:240px;background:#fff;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;border-top:3px solid #2ea3f2;box-shadow:0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-transform:translateZ(0);text-align:left}.nav li.et-hover>ul{visibility:visible}.nav li.et-touch-hover>ul,.nav li:hover>ul{opacity:1;visibility:visible}.nav li li ul{z-index:1000;top:-23px;left:240px}.nav li.et-reverse-direction-nav li ul{left:auto;right:240px}.nav li:hover{visibility:inherit}.et_mobile_menu li a,.nav li li a{font-size:14px;-webkit-transition:opacity .2s ease-in-out,background-color .2s ease-in-out;transition:opacity .2s ease-in-out,background-color .2s ease-in-out}.et_mobile_menu li a:hover,.nav ul li a:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.03);opacity:.7}.et-dropdown-removing>ul{display:none}.mega-menu .et-dropdown-removing>ul{display:block}.et-menu .menu-item-has-children>a:first-child:after{font-family:ETmodules;content:"3";font-size:16px;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;font-weight:800}.et-menu .menu-item-has-children>a:first-child{padding-right:20px}.et-menu li li.menu-item-has-children>a:first-child:after{right:20px;top:6px}.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu{position:inherit}.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu>ul{padding:30px 20px;position:absolute!important;width:100%;left:0!important}.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu ul li{margin:0;float:left!important;display:block!important;padding:0!important}.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu li>ul{-webkit-animation:none!important;animation:none!important;padding:0;border:none;left:auto;top:auto;width:240px!important;position:relative;box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none}.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu li ul{visibility:visible;opacity:1;display:none}.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu.et-hover li ul,.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu:hover li ul{display:block}.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu:hover>ul{opacity:1!important;visibility:visible!important}.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu>ul>li>a:first-child{padding-top:0!important;font-weight:700;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.03)}.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu>ul>li>a:first-child:hover{background-color:transparent!important}.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu li>a{width:200px!important}.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu.mega-menu-parent li>a,.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu.mega-menu-parent li li{width:100%!important}.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu.mega-menu-parent li>.sub-menu{float:left;width:100%!important}.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu>ul>li{width:25%;margin:0}.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu.mega-menu-parent-3>ul>li{width:33.33%}.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu.mega-menu-parent-2>ul>li{width:50%}.et-menu-nav li.mega-menu.mega-menu-parent-1>ul>li{width:100%}.et_pb_fullwidth_menu li.mega-menu .menu-item-has-children>a:first-child:after,.et_pb_menu li.mega-menu .menu-item-has-children>a:first-child:after{display:none}.et_fullwidth_nav #top-menu li.mega-menu>ul{width:auto;left:30px!important;right:30px!important}.et_mobile_menu{position:absolute;left:0;padding:5%;background:#fff;width:100%;visibility:visible;opacity:1;display:none;z-index:9999;border-top:3px solid #2ea3f2;box-shadow:0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-moz-box-shadow:0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.1);-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.1)}#main-header .et_mobile_menu li ul,.et_pb_fullwidth_menu .et_mobile_menu li ul,.et_pb_menu .et_mobile_menu li ul{visibility:visible!important;display:block!important;padding-left:10px}.et_mobile_menu li li{padding-left:5%}.et_mobile_menu li a{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.03);color:#666;padding:10px 5%;display:block}.et_mobile_menu .menu-item-has-children>a{font-weight:700;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.03)}.et_mobile_menu li .menu-item-has-children>a{background-color:transparent}.et_mobile_nav_menu{float:right;display:none}.mobile_menu_bar{position:relative;display:block;line-height:0}.mobile_menu_bar:before{content:"a";font-size:32px;position:relative;left:0;top:0;cursor:pointer}.et_pb_module .mobile_menu_bar:before{top:2px}.mobile_nav .select_page{display:none} #et-secondary-menu li{word-wrap:break-word}#top-header,#et-secondary-nav li ul{background-color:#2EA3F2}#top-header{font-size:12px;line-height:13px;z-index:100000;color:#ffffff}#top-header a,#top-header a{color:#ffffff}#top-header,#et-secondary-nav{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.4s, opacity 0.4s ease-in-out, -webkit-transform 0.4s;transition:background-color 0.4s, opacity 0.4s ease-in-out, -webkit-transform 0.4s;transition:background-color 0.4s, transform 0.4s, opacity 0.4s ease-in-out;transition:background-color 0.4s, transform 0.4s, opacity 0.4s ease-in-out, -webkit-transform 0.4s}#top-header .container{padding-top:.75em;font-weight:600}#top-header,#top-header .container,#top-header #et-info,#top-header .et-social-icon a{line-height:1em}.et_fixed_nav #top-header{top:0;left:0;right:0;position:fixed}#et-info{float:left}#et-info-phone,#et-info-email{position:relative}#et-info-phone:before{content:"\e090";position:relative;top:2px;margin-right:2px}#et-info-phone{margin-right:13px}#et-info-email:before{content:"\e076";margin-right:4px}#top-header .et-social-icons{float:none;display:inline-block}#et-secondary-menu .et-social-icons{margin-right:20px}#top-header .et-social-icons li{margin-left:12px;margin-top:-2px}#top-header .et-social-icon a{font-size:14px}#et-secondary-menu{float:right}#et-info,#et-secondary-menu>ul>li a{padding-bottom:.75em;display:block}#et-secondary-nav,#et-secondary-nav li{display:inline-block}#et-secondary-nav a{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.4s, color 0.4s ease-in-out;transition:background-color 0.4s, color 0.4s ease-in-out}#et-secondary-nav li{margin-right:15px}#et-secondary-nav>li:last-child{margin-right:0}#et-secondary-menu>ul>li>a:hover,#et-info-email:hover{opacity:0.7;-webkit-transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out}#et-secondary-nav li{position:relative;text-align:right}#et-secondary-nav li ul{position:absolute;right:0;padding:1em 0}#et-secondary-nav li ul ul{right:220px;top:0;margin-top:-1em}#et-secondary-nav li ul li{display:block}#et-secondary-nav li ul{z-index:999999;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}#et-secondary-nav li ul{-webkit-transform:translate3d(0, 0, 0)}#et-secondary-nav li.et-hover>ul{visibility:visible}#et-secondary-nav li>ul{width:220px}#et-secondary-nav li:hover>ul,#et-secondary-nav li.et-touch-hover>ul{opacity:1;visibility:visible}#et-secondary-nav li li{padding:0 2em;margin:0}#et-secondary-nav li li a{padding:1em;width:100%;font-size:12px;line-height:1em;margin-right:0;display:block;-webkit-transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out}#et-secondary-nav ul li a:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.03)}#et-secondary-nav li:hover{visibility:inherit}#top-header .et-cart-info{margin-left:15px}#et-secondary-nav .menu-item-has-children>a:first-child:after{top:0}#et-secondary-nav li .menu-item-has-children>a:first-child:after{top:.67em;right:auto;left:2.3em}body.admin-bar.et_fixed_nav #top-header{top:32px}body.et-wp-pre-3_8.admin-bar.et_fixed_nav #top-header{top:28px}@media all and (min-width: 981px){.et_fullwidth_secondary_nav #top-header .container{width:100%;max-width:100%;padding-right:30px;padding-left:30px}.et_hide_nav.et_fixed_nav #top-header{opacity:0}.et_hide_nav.et_fixed_nav .et-fixed-header#top-header{-webkit-transform:translateY(0px) !important;transform:translateY(0px) !important;opacity:1}.et_hide_nav.et_fixed_nav #top-header,.et_hide_nav.et_fixed_nav #top-header{-webkit-transition-duration:.7s;transition-duration:.7s}}@media all and (max-width: 980px){.et_fixed_nav.et_show_nav.et_secondary_nav_enabled.et-tb #page-container,.et_fixed_nav.et_show_nav.et_secondary_nav_enabled.et-tb-has-header #page-container{padding-top:0 !important}.et_secondary_nav_only_menu #top-header{display:none}#top-header{-webkit-transition:none;transition:none}.et_fixed_nav #top-header{position:absolute}.et_hide_nav.et_fixed_nav #top-header{-webkit-transform:translateY(0px) !important;transform:translateY(0px) !important;opacity:1}#top-header .container{padding-top:0}#et-info{padding-top:0.75em}#et-secondary-nav,#et-secondary-menu{display:none !important}.et_secondary_nav_only_menu #main-header,.et_secondary_nav_only_menu #main-header{top:0 !important}#top-header .et-social-icons{margin-bottom:0}#top-header .et-cart-info{margin-left:0}}@media screen and (max-width: 782px){body.admin-bar.et_fixed_nav #top-header{top:46px}.et_fixed_nav.et_secondary_nav_only_menu.admin-bar #main-header{top:46px !important}body.admin-bar.et_fixed_nav.et_secondary_nav_enabled #main-header{top:80px}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){#et-info .et-social-icons{display:none}#et-secondary-menu .et_duplicate_social_icons{display:inline-block}body.et_fixed_nav.et_secondary_nav_two_panels #main-header{top:58px}#et-info,#et-secondary-menu{text-align:center;display:block;float:none}.et_secondary_nav_two_panels #et-secondary-menu{margin-top:12px}body.admin-bar.et_fixed_nav #top-header{top:46px}body.admin-bar.et_fixed_nav.et_secondary_nav_two_panels #main-header{top:104px}} .et_header_style_centered #main-header .container{text-align:center;height:inherit}.et_header_style_centered #main-header div#et-top-navigation{bottom:0;position:relative;width:100%}.et_header_style_centered #logo,.et_header_style_centered #et-top-navigation,.et_header_style_centered nav#top-menu-nav,.et_header_style_centered #top-menu{float:none}.et_header_style_centered #logo{max-height:64%}.et_header_style_centered #main-header .logo_container{height:100px;padding:0}.et_header_style_centered header#main-header.et-fixed-header .logo_container{height:70px}.et_header_style_centered #et_top_search{float:none;display:inline-block !important}.et_header_style_centered #et_search_icon:before{left:3px;top:-13px}.et_header_style_centered nav#top-menu-nav{display:inline-block}.et_header_style_centered #top-menu>li>a{padding-bottom:2em}.et_header_style_centered #et-top-navigation .et-cart-info{float:none}.et_header_style_centered .et-search-form input,.et_header_style_centered span.et_close_search_field{top:60%}@media all and (min-width: 981px){.et_header_style_centered.et_hide_primary_logo #main-header:not(.et-fixed-header) .logo_container,.et_header_style_centered.et_hide_fixed_logo #main-header.et-fixed-header .logo_container{height:0;opacity:0;padding:0}.et_header_style_centered .et-fixed-header .et-search-form{top:21px}.et_header_style_centered .et-fixed-header #et_search_icon:before{margin-top:0}}@media all and (max-width: 980px){.et_non_fixed_nav.et_transparent_nav.et_show_nav.et_secondary_nav_enabled.et_header_style_centered #page-container,.et_non_fixed_nav.et_transparent_nav.et_show_nav.et_header_style_centered #page-container,.et_fixed_nav.et_show_nav.et_secondary_nav_enabled.et_header_style_centered #page-container,.et_fixed_nav.et_show_nav.et_header_style_centered #page-container{padding-top:136px}.et_header_style_centered #main-header{padding:20px 0}.et_header_style_centered nav#top-menu-nav{display:none}.et_header_style_centered #logo{max-height:60px}.et_header_style_centered header#main-header .logo_container{height:auto;max-height:100px;padding:0}.et_header_style_centered #et_top_search{display:none !important}.et_header_style_centered .et_search_outer{display:none}.et_header_style_centered .et_menu_container .mobile_menu_bar{opacity:1}.et_header_style_centered #et_mobile_nav_menu{float:none;position:relative;margin-top:20px}.et_header_style_centered #main-header .mobile_nav{display:block;text-align:left;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.05);border-radius:5px;padding:5px 10px}.et_header_style_centered .mobile_nav .select_page{display:inline-block;color:#666;font-size:14px}.et_header_style_centered .et_menu_container .mobile_menu_bar{position:absolute;right:5px;top:2px}.et_header_style_centered .et_mobile_menu{top:53px}.et_header_style_centered #et-top-navigation .et-cart-info{display:none}} .et-social-icons{float:right}.et-social-icons li{display:inline-block;margin-left:20px}.et-social-icon a{display:inline-block;font-size:24px;position:relative;text-align:center;-webkit-transition:color 300ms ease 0s;transition:color 300ms ease 0s;color:#666;text-decoration:none}.et-social-icons a:hover{opacity:0.7;-webkit-transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.4s ease-in-out}.et-social-icon span{display:none}.et_duplicate_social_icons{display:none}@media all and (max-width: 980px){.et-social-icons{float:none;text-align:center}}@media all and (max-width: 980px){.et-social-icons{margin:0 0 5px}} .et_pb_widget{float:left;max-width:100%;word-wrap:break-word}.et_pb_widget a{text-decoration:none;color:#666}.et_pb_widget li a:hover{color:#82c0c7}.et_pb_widget ol li,.et_pb_widget ul li{margin-bottom:.5em}.et_pb_widget ol li ol li,.et_pb_widget ul li ul li{margin-left:15px}.et_pb_widget select{width:100%;height:28px;padding:0 5px}.et_pb_widget_area .et_pb_widget a{color:inherit}.et_pb_bg_layout_light .et_pb_widget li a{color:#666}.et_pb_bg_layout_dark .et_pb_widget li a{color:inherit} .et_pb_scroll_top.et-pb-icon{text-align:center;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.4);text-decoration:none;position:fixed;z-index:99999;bottom:125px;right:0px;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:5px;-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:5px;-moz-border-radius-bottomleft:5px;border-top-left-radius:5px;border-bottom-left-radius:5px;display:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:30px;padding:5px;color:#fff}.et_pb_scroll_top:before{content:'2'}.et_pb_scroll_top.et-visible{opacity:1;-webkit-animation:fadeInRight 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1);animation:fadeInRight 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1)}.et_pb_scroll_top.et-hidden{opacity:0;-webkit-animation:fadeOutRight 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1);animation:fadeOutRight 1s 1 cubic-bezier(0.77, 0, 0.175, 1)}@-webkit-keyframes fadeOutRight{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(100%);transform:translateX(100%)}}@keyframes fadeOutRight{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(100%);transform:translateX(100%)}}@-webkit-keyframes fadeInRight{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(100%);transform:translateX(100%)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}}@keyframes fadeInRight{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(100%);transform:translateX(100%)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}} .et_pb_section{position:relative;background-color:#fff;background-position:50%;background-size:100%;background-size:cover}.et_pb_section--absolute,.et_pb_section--fixed{width:100%}.et_pb_section.et_section_transparent{background-color:transparent}.et_pb_fullwidth_section{padding:0}.et_pb_fullwidth_section>.et_pb_module:not(.et_pb_post_content):not(.et_pb_fullwidth_post_content) .et_pb_row{padding:0!important}.et_pb_inner_shadow{-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 7px rgba(0,0,0,.07);box-shadow:inset 0 0 7px rgba(0,0,0,.07)}.et_pb_bottom_inside_divider,.et_pb_top_inside_divider{display:block;background-repeat-y:no-repeat;height:100%;position:absolute;pointer-events:none;width:100%;left:0;right:0}.et_pb_bottom_inside_divider.et-no-transition,.et_pb_top_inside_divider.et-no-transition{-webkit-transition:none!important;transition:none!important}.et-fb .section_has_divider.et_fb_element_controls_visible--child>.et_pb_bottom_inside_divider,.et-fb .section_has_divider.et_fb_element_controls_visible--child>.et_pb_top_inside_divider{z-index:1}.et_pb_section_video:not(.et_pb_section--with-menu){overflow:hidden;position:relative}.et_pb_column>.et_pb_section_video_bg{z-index:-1}.et_pb_section_video_bg{visibility:visible;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;overflow:hidden;display:block;pointer-events:none;-webkit-transition:display .3s;transition:display .3s}.et_pb_section_video_bg.et_pb_section_video_bg_hover,.et_pb_section_video_bg.et_pb_section_video_bg_phone,.et_pb_section_video_bg.et_pb_section_video_bg_tablet,.et_pb_section_video_bg.et_pb_section_video_bg_tablet_only{display:none}.et_pb_section_video_bg .mejs-controls,.et_pb_section_video_bg .mejs-overlay-play{display:none!important}.et_pb_section_video_bg embed,.et_pb_section_video_bg iframe,.et_pb_section_video_bg object,.et_pb_section_video_bg video{max-width:none}.et_pb_section_video_bg .mejs-video{left:50%;position:absolute;max-width:none}.et_pb_section_video_bg .mejs-overlay-loading{display:none!important}.et_pb_social_network_link .et_pb_section_video{overflow:visible}.et_pb_section_video_on_hover:hover>.et_pb_section_video_bg{display:none}.et_pb_section_video_on_hover:hover>.et_pb_section_video_bg_hover,.et_pb_section_video_on_hover:hover>.et_pb_section_video_bg_hover_inherit{display:block}@media (min-width:981px){.et_pb_section{padding:4% 0}body.et_pb_pagebuilder_layout.et_pb_show_title .post-password-required .et_pb_section,body:not(.et_pb_pagebuilder_layout) .post-password-required .et_pb_section{padding-top:0}.et_pb_fullwidth_section{padding:0}.et_pb_section_video_bg.et_pb_section_video_bg_desktop_only{display:block}}@media (max-width:980px){.et_pb_section{padding:50px 0}body.et_pb_pagebuilder_layout.et_pb_show_title .post-password-required .et_pb_section,body:not(.et_pb_pagebuilder_layout) .post-password-required .et_pb_section{padding-top:0}.et_pb_fullwidth_section{padding:0}.et_pb_section_video_bg.et_pb_section_video_bg_tablet{display:block}.et_pb_section_video_bg.et_pb_section_video_bg_desktop_only{display:none}}@media (min-width:768px){.et_pb_section_video_bg.et_pb_section_video_bg_desktop_tablet{display:block}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:980px){.et_pb_section_video_bg.et_pb_section_video_bg_tablet_only{display:block}}@media (max-width:767px){.et_pb_section_video_bg.et_pb_section_video_bg_phone{display:block}.et_pb_section_video_bg.et_pb_section_video_bg_desktop_tablet{display:none}} .et_pb_row{width:80%;max-width:1080px;margin:auto;position:relative}body.safari .section_has_divider,body.uiwebview .section_has_divider{-webkit-perspective:2000px;perspective:2000px}.section_has_divider .et_pb_row{z-index:5}.et_pb_row_inner{width:100%;position:relative}.et_pb_row.et_pb_row_empty,.et_pb_row_inner:nth-of-type(n+2).et_pb_row_empty{display:none}.et_pb_row:after,.et_pb_row_inner:after{content:"";display:block;clear:both;visibility:hidden;line-height:0;height:0;width:0}.et_pb_row_4col .et-last-child,.et_pb_row_4col .et-last-child-2,.et_pb_row_6col .et-last-child,.et_pb_row_6col .et-last-child-2,.et_pb_row_6col .et-last-child-3{margin-bottom:0}.et_pb_column{float:left;background-size:cover;background-position:50%;position:relative;z-index:2;min-height:1px}.et_pb_column--with-menu{z-index:3}.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_empty{min-height:1px}.et_pb_row .et_pb_column.et-last-child,.et_pb_row .et_pb_column:last-child,.et_pb_row_inner .et_pb_column.et-last-child,.et_pb_row_inner .et_pb_column:last-child{margin-right:0!important}.et_pb_column.et_pb_section_parallax{position:relative}.et_pb_column,.et_pb_row,.et_pb_row_inner{background-size:cover;background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat}@media (min-width:981px){.et_pb_row{padding:2% 0}body.et_pb_pagebuilder_layout.et_pb_show_title .post-password-required .et_pb_row,body:not(.et_pb_pagebuilder_layout) .post-password-required .et_pb_row{padding:0;width:100%}.et_pb_column_3_4 .et_pb_row_inner{padding:3.735% 0}.et_pb_column_2_3 .et_pb_row_inner{padding:4.2415% 0}.et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_row_inner,.et_pb_column_3_5 .et_pb_row_inner{padding:5.82% 0}.et_section_specialty>.et_pb_row{padding:0}.et_pb_row_inner{width:100%}.et_pb_column_single{padding:2.855% 0}.et_pb_column_single .et_pb_module.et-first-child,.et_pb_column_single .et_pb_module:first-child{margin-top:0}.et_pb_column_single .et_pb_module.et-last-child,.et_pb_column_single .et_pb_module:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.et_pb_row .et_pb_column.et-last-child,.et_pb_row .et_pb_column:last-child,.et_pb_row_inner .et_pb_column.et-last-child,.et_pb_row_inner .et_pb_column:last-child{margin-right:0!important}.et_pb_row.et_pb_equal_columns,.et_pb_row_inner.et_pb_equal_columns,.et_pb_section.et_pb_equal_columns>.et_pb_row{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.rtl .et_pb_row.et_pb_equal_columns,.rtl .et_pb_row_inner.et_pb_equal_columns,.rtl .et_pb_section.et_pb_equal_columns>.et_pb_row{-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:reverse;-ms-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse}.et_pb_row.et_pb_equal_columns>.et_pb_column,.et_pb_section.et_pb_equal_columns>.et_pb_row>.et_pb_column{-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1}}@media (max-width:980px){.et_pb_row{max-width:1080px}body.et_pb_pagebuilder_layout.et_pb_show_title .post-password-required .et_pb_row,body:not(.et_pb_pagebuilder_layout) .post-password-required .et_pb_row{padding:0;width:100%}.et_pb_column .et_pb_row_inner,.et_pb_row{padding:30px 0}.et_section_specialty>.et_pb_row{padding:0}.et_pb_column{width:100%;margin-bottom:30px}.et_pb_bottom_divider .et_pb_row:nth-last-child(2) .et_pb_column:last-child,.et_pb_row .et_pb_column.et-last-child,.et_pb_row .et_pb_column:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.et_section_specialty .et_pb_row>.et_pb_column{padding-bottom:0}.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_empty{display:none}.et_pb_row_1-2_1-4_1-4,.et_pb_row_1-2_1-6_1-6_1-6,.et_pb_row_1-4_1-4,.et_pb_row_1-4_1-4_1-2,.et_pb_row_1-5_1-5_3-5,.et_pb_row_1-6_1-6_1-6,.et_pb_row_1-6_1-6_1-6_1-2,.et_pb_row_1-6_1-6_1-6_1-6,.et_pb_row_3-5_1-5_1-5,.et_pb_row_4col,.et_pb_row_5col,.et_pb_row_6col{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap}.et_pb_row_1-4_1-4>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_4,.et_pb_row_1-4_1-4_1-2>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_4,.et_pb_row_4col>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_4{width:47.25%;margin-right:5.5%}.et_pb_row_1-4_1-4>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_4:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_row_1-4_1-4_1-2>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_4:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_row_4col>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_4:nth-child(2n){margin-right:0}.et_pb_row_1-2_1-4_1-4>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_4{width:47.25%;margin-right:5.5%}.et_pb_row_1-2_1-4_1-4>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_2,.et_pb_row_1-2_1-4_1-4>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_4:nth-child(odd){margin-right:0}.et_pb_row_1-2_1-4_1-4 .et_pb_column:nth-last-child(-n+2),.et_pb_row_1-4_1-4 .et_pb_column:nth-last-child(-n+2),.et_pb_row_4col .et_pb_column:nth-last-child(-n+2){margin-bottom:0}.et_pb_row_1-5_1-5_3-5>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_5,.et_pb_row_5col>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_5{width:47.25%;margin-right:5.5%}.et_pb_row_1-5_1-5_3-5>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_5:nth-child(2n),.et_pb_row_5col>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_5:nth-child(2n){margin-right:0}.et_pb_row_3-5_1-5_1-5>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_5{width:47.25%;margin-right:5.5%}.et_pb_row_3-5_1-5_1-5>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_5:nth-child(odd),.et_pb_row_3-5_1-5_1-5>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_3_5{margin-right:0}.et_pb_row_3-5_1-5_1-5 .et_pb_column:nth-last-child(-n+2),.et_pb_row_5col .et_pb_column:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.et_pb_row_1-6_1-6_1-6_1-2>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_6,.et_pb_row_6col>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_6{width:29.666%;margin-right:5.5%}.et_pb_row_1-6_1-6_1-6_1-2>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_6:nth-child(3n),.et_pb_row_6col>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_6:nth-child(3n){margin-right:0}.et_pb_row_1-2_1-6_1-6_1-6>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_6{width:29.666%;margin-right:5.5%}.et_pb_row_1-2_1-6_1-6_1-6>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_2,.et_pb_row_1-2_1-6_1-6_1-6>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_6:last-child{margin-right:0}.et_pb_row_1-2_1-2 .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_2,.et_pb_row_1-2_1-6_1-6_1-6 .et_pb_column:nth-last-child(-n+3),.et_pb_row_6col .et_pb_column:nth-last-child(-n+3){margin-bottom:0}.et_pb_row_1-2_1-2 .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_6{width:29.666%;margin-right:5.5%;margin-bottom:0}.et_pb_row_1-2_1-2 .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_6:last-child{margin-right:0}.et_pb_row_1-6_1-6_1-6_1-6>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_6{width:47.25%;margin-right:5.5%}.et_pb_row_1-6_1-6_1-6_1-6>.et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_6:nth-child(2n){margin-right:0}.et_pb_row_1-6_1-6_1-6_1-6:nth-last-child(-n+3){margin-bottom:0}}@media (max-width:479px){.et_pb_row .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_4,.et_pb_row .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_5,.et_pb_row .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_6{width:100%;margin:0 0 30px}.et_pb_row .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_4.et-last-child,.et_pb_row .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_4:last-child,.et_pb_row .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_5.et-last-child,.et_pb_row .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_5:last-child,.et_pb_row .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_6.et-last-child,.et_pb_row .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_6:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.et_pb_row_1-2_1-2 .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_6{width:100%;margin:0 0 30px}.et_pb_row_1-2_1-2 .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_6.et-last-child,.et_pb_row_1-2_1-2 .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_2 .et_pb_column.et_pb_column_1_6:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.et_pb_column{width:100%!important}} .et_pb_post_title.et_pb_featured_bg{padding:16% 8%;background-size:cover;background-position:50%;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.et_pb_post_title .et_pb_parallax_css{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:top;background-size:cover;background-attachment:fixed;position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;overflow:hidden}.et_pb_post_title.et_pb_featured_bg .et_pb_title_container{padding:1em 1.5em}.et_pb_post_title.et_pb_featured_bg .et_pb_title_meta_container{padding-bottom:0}.et_pb_title_container h1{font-size:26px}.et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_title_container h1,.et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_title_container h1,.et_pb_column_1_5 .et_pb_title_container h1,.et_pb_column_1_6 .et_pb_title_container h1,.et_pb_column_2_5 .et_pb_title_container h1{font-size:18px}.et_pb_title_featured_container{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.et_pb_title_featured_container .et_pb_image_wrap{display:inline-block;position:relative;max-width:100%;width:100%}.et_pb_title_featured_container img{width:100%}.et_pb_title_container{display:block;max-width:100%;word-wrap:break-word;z-index:98;position:relative}.et_pb_title_featured_container{line-height:0;position:relative}p.et_pb_title_meta_container{padding-bottom:1em}p.et_pb_title_meta_container .et_pb_title_meta_item--visible+.et_pb_title_meta_item--visible:before{content:" | "}.et_pb_bg_layout_light p.et_pb_title_meta_container,.et_pb_bg_layout_light p.et_pb_title_meta_container a{color:#666}.et_pb_bg_layout_dark p.et_pb_title_meta_container,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark p.et_pb_title_meta_container a{color:inherit}@media (max-width:980px){.et_pb_bg_layout_light_tablet p.et_pb_title_meta_container,.et_pb_bg_layout_light_tablet p.et_pb_title_meta_container a{color:#666}.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_tablet p.et_pb_title_meta_container,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_tablet p.et_pb_title_meta_container a{color:inherit}}@media (max-width:767px){.et_pb_title_container h1{font-size:18px}.et_pb_bg_layout_light_phone p.et_pb_title_meta_container,.et_pb_bg_layout_light_phone p.et_pb_title_meta_container a{color:#666}.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_phone p.et_pb_title_meta_container,.et_pb_bg_layout_dark_phone p.et_pb_title_meta_container a{color:inherit}} .et_pb_button[data-icon]:not([data-icon=""]):after{content:attr(data-icon)}@media (max-width:980px){.et_pb_button[data-icon-tablet]:not([data-icon-tablet=""]):after{content:attr(data-icon-tablet)}}@media (max-width:767px){.et_pb_button[data-icon-phone]:not([data-icon-phone=""]):after{content:attr(data-icon-phone)}} .et_pb_text{word-wrap:break-word}.et_pb_text ol,.et_pb_text ul{padding-bottom:1em}.et_pb_text>:last-child{padding-bottom:0}.et_pb_text_inner{position:relative} </style> <link rel='preload' id='divi-dynamic-css' href='https://www.tolkienestate.com/wp-content/et-cache/36255/et-divi-dynamic-tb-33568-36255.css?ver=1732577454' as='style' media='all' onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='divi-style-css' href='https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/themes/Herd-Child-Theme/style.css?ver=4.27.4' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/themes/Herd-Child-Theme/theme.js?ver=6.7.1" id="theme-js-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/36255" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.tolkienestate.com/?p=36255' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tolkienestate.com%2Fselected-further-reading%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tolkienestate.com%2Fselected-further-reading%2F&format=xml" /> <meta name="generator" content="WPML ver:4.6.15 stt:1,4,2;" /> <style type="text/css" media="screen"> #cookie-law { position: fixed; bottom: 0px; left: 0; right: 0; text-align: center; z-index:9999; } #cookie-law > div { background:#fff; opacity:0.95; width:75% !important; padding:20px; max-width: 600px; margin:auto; display: inline-block; text-align: left !important; border-radius:5px 5px 0 0; -moz-border-radius:5px 5px 0 0; -webkit-border-radius:5px 5px 0 0; -o-border-radius:5px 5px 0 0; box-shadow: 0px 0px 20px #A1A1A1; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 20px #A1A1A1; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 20px #A1A1A1; -o-box-shadow: 0px 0px 20px #A1A1A1; position:relative; } #cookie-law h4 { padding: 0 !important; margin:0 0 8px !important; text-align:left !important; font-size:13px !important; color:#444; } #cookie-law p { padding: 0 !important; margin:0 !important; text-align:left !important; font-size:12px !important; line-height: 18px !important; color:#888; } a.close-cookie-banner { position: absolute; top:0px; right:0px; margin:10px; display:block; width:20px; height:20px; background:url(https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/plugins/creare-eu-cookie-law-banner/images/close.png) no-repeat; background-size: 20px !important; } a.close-cookie-banner span { display:none !important; }</style> <style> .logo_container #logo.desktop-logo { display: inline-block; } .logo_container #logo.mobile-logo { display: none; } .logo_container #logo.tablet-logo { display: none; } .logo_container #logo.scroll-logo { display: none; } @media screen and (max-width: 980px) { .logo_container #logo.desktop-logo { display: none; } .logo_container #logo.mobile-logo { display: none; } .logo_container #logo.tablet-logo { display: inline-block; } } @media screen and (max-width: 767px) { .logo_container #logo.desktop-logo { display: none; } .logo_container #logo.mobile-logo { display: inline-block; } .logo_container #logo.tablet-logo { display: none; } } .et-fixed-header .logo_container #logo { display: none; } .et-fixed-header .logo_container #logo.scroll-logo { display: inline-block; } </style><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=0" /><style type="text/css" id="custom-background-css"> body.custom-background { background-color: #ffffff; } </style>  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=2.0, user-scalable=1"> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','../../www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-1521485-4', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="k2pAxkBPeQuv0dPUZke2_rreZyPPYT8DWqJ2qUiyz0Q">   <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-YMRPSF2Z49"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-YMRPSF2Z49'); </script> <link rel="icon" href="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/favicon.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/favicon.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/favicon.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.tolkienestate.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/favicon.png" /> <style id="et-divi-customizer-global-cached-inline-styles">body,.et_pb_column_1_2 .et_quote_content blockquote cite,.et_pb_column_1_2 .et_link_content a.et_link_main_url,.et_pb_column_1_3 .et_quote_content blockquote cite,.et_pb_column_3_8 .et_quote_content blockquote cite,.et_pb_column_1_4 .et_quote_content blockquote cite,.et_pb_blog_grid .et_quote_content blockquote cite,.et_pb_column_1_3 .et_link_content a.et_link_main_url,.et_pb_column_3_8 .et_link_content a.et_link_main_url,.et_pb_column_1_4 .et_link_content a.et_link_main_url,.et_pb_blog_grid .et_link_content a.et_link_main_url,body .et_pb_bg_layout_light .et_pb_post p,body .et_pb_bg_layout_dark .et_pb_post p{font-size:16px}.et_pb_slide_content,.et_pb_best_value{font-size:18px}.container,.et_pb_row,.et_pb_slider .et_pb_container,.et_pb_fullwidth_section .et_pb_title_container,.et_pb_fullwidth_section .et_pb_title_featured_container,.et_pb_fullwidth_header:not(.et_pb_fullscreen) .et_pb_fullwidth_header_container{max-width:1200px}.et_boxed_layout #page-container,.et_boxed_layout.et_non_fixed_nav.et_transparent_nav #page-container #top-header,.et_boxed_layout.et_non_fixed_nav.et_transparent_nav #page-container #main-header,.et_fixed_nav.et_boxed_layout #page-container #top-header,.et_fixed_nav.et_boxed_layout #page-container #main-header,.et_boxed_layout #page-container .container,.et_boxed_layout #page-container .et_pb_row{max-width:1360px}#main-header .nav li ul{background-color:#f7f7f1}.nav li ul{border-color:#9f8d60}.et_secondary_nav_enabled #page-container #top-header{background-color:#f7f7f1!important}#et-secondary-nav li ul{background-color:#f7f7f1}#top-header,#top-header a{color:#9f8d60}.et_header_style_centered .mobile_nav .select_page,.et_header_style_split .mobile_nav .select_page,.et_nav_text_color_light #top-menu>li>a,.et_nav_text_color_dark #top-menu>li>a,#top-menu a,.et_mobile_menu li a,.et_nav_text_color_light .et_mobile_menu li a,.et_nav_text_color_dark .et_mobile_menu li a,#et_search_icon:before,.et_search_form_container input,span.et_close_search_field:after,#et-top-navigation .et-cart-info{color:#383e3c}.et_search_form_container input::-moz-placeholder{color:#383e3c}.et_search_form_container input::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#383e3c}.et_search_form_container input:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#383e3c}#top-menu li a{font-size:16px}body.et_vertical_nav .container.et_search_form_container .et-search-form input{font-size:16px!important}#top-menu li a,.et_search_form_container input{font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;letter-spacing:1px}.et_search_form_container input::-moz-placeholder{font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;letter-spacing:1px}.et_search_form_container input::-webkit-input-placeholder{font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;letter-spacing:1px}.et_search_form_container input:-ms-input-placeholder{font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;letter-spacing:1px}#top-menu li.current-menu-ancestor>a,#top-menu li.current-menu-item>a,#top-menu li.current_page_item>a{color:#9f8d60}#footer-widgets .footer-widget li:before{top:10.6px}@media only screen and (min-width:981px){.et_header_style_left #et-top-navigation,.et_header_style_split #et-top-navigation{padding:75px 0 0 0}.et_header_style_left #et-top-navigation nav>ul>li>a,.et_header_style_split #et-top-navigation nav>ul>li>a{padding-bottom:75px}.et_header_style_split .centered-inline-logo-wrap{width:150px;margin:-150px 0}.et_header_style_split .centered-inline-logo-wrap #logo{max-height:150px}.et_pb_svg_logo.et_header_style_split .centered-inline-logo-wrap #logo{height:150px}.et_header_style_centered #top-menu>li>a{padding-bottom:27px}.et_header_style_slide #et-top-navigation,.et_header_style_fullscreen #et-top-navigation{padding:66px 0 66px 0!important}.et_header_style_centered #main-header .logo_container{height:150px}.et_header_style_centered #logo{max-height:60%}.et_pb_svg_logo.et_header_style_centered #logo{height:60%}.et_header_style_left .et-fixed-header #et-top-navigation,.et_header_style_split .et-fixed-header #et-top-navigation{padding:50px 0 0 0}.et_header_style_left .et-fixed-header #et-top-navigation nav>ul>li>a,.et_header_style_split .et-fixed-header #et-top-navigation nav>ul>li>a{padding-bottom:50px}.et_header_style_centered header#main-header.et-fixed-header .logo_container{height:100px}.et_header_style_split #main-header.et-fixed-header .centered-inline-logo-wrap{width:100px;margin:-100px 0}.et_header_style_split .et-fixed-header .centered-inline-logo-wrap #logo{max-height:100px}.et_pb_svg_logo.et_header_style_split .et-fixed-header .centered-inline-logo-wrap #logo{height:100px}.et_header_style_slide .et-fixed-header #et-top-navigation,.et_header_style_fullscreen .et-fixed-header #et-top-navigation{padding:41px 0 41px 0!important}.et_fixed_nav #page-container .et-fixed-header#top-header{background-color:#f7f7f1!important}.et_fixed_nav #page-container .et-fixed-header#top-header #et-secondary-nav li ul{background-color:#f7f7f1}.et-fixed-header #top-menu a,.et-fixed-header #et_search_icon:before,.et-fixed-header #et_top_search .et-search-form input,.et-fixed-header .et_search_form_container input,.et-fixed-header .et_close_search_field:after,.et-fixed-header #et-top-navigation .et-cart-info{color:#383e3c!important}.et-fixed-header .et_search_form_container input::-moz-placeholder{color:#383e3c!important}.et-fixed-header .et_search_form_container input::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#383e3c!important}.et-fixed-header .et_search_form_container input:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#383e3c!important}.et-fixed-header #top-menu li.current-menu-ancestor>a,.et-fixed-header #top-menu li.current-menu-item>a,.et-fixed-header #top-menu li.current_page_item>a{color:#9f8d60!important}.et-fixed-header#top-header a{color:#9f8d60}}@media only screen and (min-width:1500px){.et_pb_row{padding:30px 0}.et_pb_section{padding:60px 0}.single.et_pb_pagebuilder_layout.et_full_width_page .et_post_meta_wrapper{padding-top:90px}.et_pb_fullwidth_section{padding:0}}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){h1{font-size:22px}h2,.product .related h2,.et_pb_column_1_2 .et_quote_content blockquote p{font-size:18px}h3{font-size:16px}h4,.et_pb_circle_counter h3,.et_pb_number_counter h3,.et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_post h2,.et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_post h2,.et_pb_blog_grid h2,.et_pb_column_1_3 .et_quote_content blockquote p,.et_pb_column_3_8 .et_quote_content blockquote p,.et_pb_column_1_4 .et_quote_content blockquote p,.et_pb_blog_grid .et_quote_content blockquote p,.et_pb_column_1_3 .et_link_content h2,.et_pb_column_3_8 .et_link_content h2,.et_pb_column_1_4 .et_link_content h2,.et_pb_blog_grid .et_link_content h2,.et_pb_column_1_3 .et_audio_content h2,.et_pb_column_3_8 .et_audio_content h2,.et_pb_column_1_4 .et_audio_content h2,.et_pb_blog_grid .et_audio_content h2,.et_pb_column_3_8 .et_pb_audio_module_content h2,.et_pb_column_1_3 .et_pb_audio_module_content h2,.et_pb_gallery_grid .et_pb_gallery_item h3,.et_pb_portfolio_grid .et_pb_portfolio_item h2,.et_pb_filterable_portfolio_grid .et_pb_portfolio_item h2{font-size:13px}.et_pb_slider.et_pb_module .et_pb_slides .et_pb_slide_description .et_pb_slide_title{font-size:33px}.et_pb_gallery_grid .et_pb_gallery_item h3,.et_pb_portfolio_grid .et_pb_portfolio_item h2,.et_pb_filterable_portfolio_grid .et_pb_portfolio_item h2,.et_pb_column_1_4 .et_pb_audio_module_content h2{font-size:11px}h5{font-size:11px}h6{font-size:10px}} h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-family:'Cinzel',Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif}body,input,textarea,select{font-family:'PT Serif',Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif}#main-header,#et-top-navigation{font-family:'Cinzel',Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif}.footerMenuWidget{}.footerMenuWidget #nav_menu-2{width:100%!important}.footerMenuWidget #nav_menu-2 ul{text-align:center}.footerMenuWidget #nav_menu-2 li{display:inline;padding-right:6px;padding-left:3px;border-right:1px solid #9F8D60;color:#9F8D60}.footerMenuWidget #nav_menu-2 li:last-child{border-right:none}.footerMenuWidget #nav_menu-2 li a{color:#9F8D60}.et_pb_search_visible{height:220px!important}.et_header_style_centered #main-header div#et-top-navigation{background-color:#F7F7F1}#top-menu ul.sub-menu li a{font-size:15px;line-height:18px}#top-menu li,#et-secondary-nav li{font-weight:100}#et-secondary-nav li a{font-size:14px!important}#top-menu li a{padding-bottom:0px!important;padding-top:0px!important;height:55px;padding-top:22px!important}#top-menu li a:hover{}.et_divi_100_custom_back_to_top .et_pb_scroll_top{background:#e64653}.yoastBC span a{margin-left:10px;margin-right:10px}.yoastBC span .breadcrumb_last{margin-left:10px}.wp-caption{background:none;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-right:none;margin-bottom:unset;max-width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left;padding-bottom:10px!important;border-bottom:2px solid #EBE3D8!important}blockquote{background:#9f8d60;border:none;padding:30px;color:white!important;font-size:20px}blockquote p{color:white!important;font-size:20px;line-height:28px!important}.footerMenus li a{color:#9f8d60;text-transform:none!important}.footerMenus li a:hover{color:black}.footerMenus li.mnuWhite a{color:black;text-transform:uppercase!important}#footerLanguageSelector .widget_icl_lang_sel_widget{margin-bottom:0!important;float:inherit!important;margin:0 auto}#footerLanguageSelector ul{text-align:center}#footerLanguageSelector h4{display:none}#footermobilemenu ul{}#footermobilemenu ul li{display:inline}#footermobilemenu ul li a{text-align:center}#main-header .container{padding-left:0px!important;padding-right:0px!important}.nav li ul{width:420px!important}.nav li li ul{left:420px!important}#top-menu li li a{width:380px}.searchResults article{border-bottom:1px solid #9F8D60;padding-bottom:30px;margin-bottom:30px}</style></head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-36255 custom-background et-tb-has-template et-tb-has-footer et_pb_button_helper_class et_fullwidth_nav et_fixed_nav et_show_nav et_secondary_nav_enabled et_secondary_nav_only_menu et_primary_nav_dropdown_animation_fade et_secondary_nav_dropdown_animation_fade et_header_style_centered et_cover_background et_pb_gutter windows et_pb_gutters3 et_pb_pagebuilder_layout et_smooth_scroll et_no_sidebar et_divi_theme et-db"> <div id="page-container"> <div id="et-boc" class="et-boc"> <div id="top-header"> <div class="container clearfix"> <div id="et-secondary-menu"> <ul id="et-secondary-nav" class="menu"><li class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-43 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-en wpml-ls-current-language wpml-ls-menu-item wpml-ls-first-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-43-en"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/selected-further-reading/"><img class="wpml-ls-flag" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/res/flags/en.png" alt="English" width=18 height=12 /></a></li> <li class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-43 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-fr wpml-ls-menu-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-43-fr"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/fr/pour-aller-plus-loin/"><img class="wpml-ls-flag" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/res/flags/fr.png" alt="French" width=18 height=12 /></a></li> <li class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-43 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-es wpml-ls-menu-item wpml-ls-last-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-43-es"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/es/selected-further-reading/"><img class="wpml-ls-flag" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/res/flags/es.png" alt="Spanish" width=18 height=12 /></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <header id="main-header" data-height-onload="150"> <div class="container clearfix et_menu_container"> <div class="logo_container"> <span class="logo_helper"></span> <a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/"> <img src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/tolkien-logo.png" width="93" height="43" alt="The Tolkien Estate" id="logo" data-height-percentage="60" /> </a> </div> <div id="et-top-navigation" data-height="150" data-fixed-height="100"> <nav id="top-menu-nav"> <ul id="top-menu" class="nav"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-33368"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/">Home</a></li> <li class="writing_mega_menu menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-33734"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/writing/">Writing</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-36215"><a href="/writing#thehobbit">The Hobbit</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-36216"><a href="/writing#thelordoftherings">The Lord of the Rings</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-36217"><a href="/writing#thesilmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-36219"><a href="/writing#storiesfrommiddle-earth">Stories from Middle-Earth</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-36220"><a href="/writing#storiesforchildren">Stories for Children</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-36221"><a href="/writing#otherworks">Other Works</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-36222"><a href="/writing#studiesontolkien">Studies on Tolkien</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-33964"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/painting/">Painting</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-36223"><a href="/painting#illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-36224"><a href="/painting#maps">Maps</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-36226"><a href="/painting#calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-33970"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/scholarship/">Scholarship</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36227"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/scholarship/tom-shippey-j-r-r-tolkien-and-philology/">Tom Shippey, ‘J.R.R. Tolkien and Philology’</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36228"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/scholarship/tom-shippey-translations-and-scholarly-editions-of-medieval-texts/">Tom Shippey, ‘Translations and scholarly editions of medieval texts</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36229"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/scholarship/thomas-honegger-the-homecoming-of-beorhtnoth-beorhthelms-son/">Thomas Honegger, ‘The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm’s Son’</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36230"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/scholarship/tom-shippey-the-monsters-and-the-critics-and-other-essays/">Tom Shippey, ‘The Monsters and the Critics and other essays’</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36231"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/scholarship/beowulf-a-translation-and-commentary-together-with-sellic-spell/">Christopher Tolkien, ‘Beowulf: a translation and commentary together with Sellic Spell’</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36232"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/scholarship/j-r-r-tolkien-thoughts-on-translation-beowulf/">J.R.R. Tolkien, ‘Thoughts on Translation (Beowulf)’</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36233"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/scholarship/leo-carruthers-understanding-beowulf/">Leo Carruthers, ‘Understanding Beowulf’</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36234"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/scholarship/verlyn-flieger-on-fairy-stories/">Verlyn Flieger, ‘On Fairy Stories’</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36739"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/scholarship/arden-smith-writing-systems/">Arden Smith, ‘Writing Systems’</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36740"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/scholarship/carl-hostetter-tolkiens-invented-languages/">Carl Hostetter, ‘Tolkien’s Invented Languages’</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36235"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/scholarship/links-to-medieval-texts/">Links to medieval texts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-33982"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/letters/">Letters</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36578"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/letters/letter-to-stanley-unwin-his-publisher-16-dec-1937/">Stanley Unwin, 16 Dec 1937</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36574"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/letters/michael-tolkien-6-8-mar-1941/">Michael Tolkien, 6-8 Mar 1941</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36572"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/letters/christopher-tolkien-30-apr-1944/">Christopher Tolkien, 30 Apr 1944</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36573"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/letters/christopher-tolkien-30-jan-1945/">Christopher Tolkien, 30 Jan 1945</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36576"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/letters/letter-to-milton-waldman-publisher-1951/">Milton Waldman, publisher, 1951</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36579"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/letters/letter-to-the-poet-w-h-auden-7-jun-1955/">W.H. Auden, 7 Jun 1955</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36567"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/letters/letter-to-a-reader-rhona-beare-oct-1958/">Rhona Beare, Oct 1958</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36571"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/letters/letter-to-eileen-elgar-september-1963/">Eileen Elgar, September 1963</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36577"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/letters/priscilla-tolkien-26-nov-1963/">Priscilla Tolkien, 26 Nov 1963</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36569"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/letters/letter-to-christopher-bretherton-a-reader-16-july-1964/">Christopher Bretherton, 16 July 1964</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36575"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/letters/michael-tolkien-1967-1968/">Michael Tolkien, 1967-1968</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36568"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/letters/letter-to-carole-batten-phelps-a-reader-autumn-1971/">Carole Batten-Phelps, 1971</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36570"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/letters/christopher-tolkien-11-july-1972/">Christopher Tolkien, 11 July 1972</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-33988"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/life/">Life</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36280"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/life/biography/">Biography</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-37170"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/life/timeline-1892-1949/">Timeline</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-35913"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/life/">Family photographs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-33976"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/audio-visual/">Audio-Visual</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36686"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/audio-visual/audio/">Audio</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36685"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/audio-visual/visual/">Visual</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> <div id="et_top_search"> <span id="et_search_icon"></span> </div> <div id="et_mobile_nav_menu"> <div class="mobile_nav closed"> <span class="select_page">Select Page</span> <span class="mobile_menu_bar mobile_menu_bar_toggle"></span> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  <div class="et_search_outer"> <div class="container et_search_form_container"> <form role="search" method="get" class="et-search-form" action="https://www.tolkienestate.com/"> <input type="search" class="et-search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" title="Search for:" /><input type='hidden' name='lang' value='en' /> </form> <span class="et_close_search_field"></span> </div> </div> </header>  <div id="et-main-area"> <div id="main-content"> <article id="post-36255" class="post-36255 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="et-l et-l--post"> <div class="et_builder_inner_content et_pb_gutters3"> <div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_0"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_0 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_post_title et_pb_post_title_0 et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_text_align_left" > <div class="et_pb_title_container"> <h1 class="entry-title">Selected further reading</h1> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><a href="#biographical">Biographical Information</a> | <a href="#literary">Literary Questions</a> | <a href="#fantasy">J.R.R Tolkien and Fantasy</a> | <a href="#languages">Invented Languages and Names</a></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="biographical" class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_1"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_1 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h2>Biographical Information</h2></div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_2"> <div class="et_pb_with_border et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_2 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>When did J.R.R. Tolkien live?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">J.R.R. Tolkien was born at the end of the nineteenth century, on January 3, 1892, and lived to witness some of the twentieth century’s most significant events. He served as an officer during the First World War and was also personally affected by the troubles of the Second World War. He died in 1973, on the 2nd of September.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>What do the initials ‘J.R.R.’ stand for?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">John Ronald Reuel. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">John</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> was his grandfather’s first name, and <em>Reuel</em> was his father’s middle name; but to his relatives he was mostly known as <em>Ronald</em>. As we can see in his published <em>Letters</em>, he was liable to use any of his given names depending on the addressee, and sometimes omitted them altogether in favour of initials. The name Tolkien is of Saxon (that is German) origin and means ‘foolhardy’.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>Was J.R.R. Tolkien a ‘professional’ writer?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">To the register office in Britain, he was mainly a </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Professor of English Language and Literature</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (in Leeds, and then — from 1925 up to 1959 — in Oxford); and more generally, a </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">philologist</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, analysing the relationship between text and language, and specialising in the study of ancient texts. As he said in his lecture ‘English & Welsh’, delivered the same year </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> was published (1955): ‘I am … a philologist in the Anglo-Saxon and Germanic field’.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Tolkien therefore was not a ‘professional’ writer in that precise sense, however his work as a scholar was closely connected with his writing, and vice versa. He worked tirelessly for the university and his students, produced modern editions of medieval texts, and broke new academic ground with seminal research papers, all the while raising a family of four. Yet, stealing (by his own admission) time here and there ‘from time already mortgaged’, he wrote thousands of pages detailing the world that sprouted from the languages he never ceased to invent and develop. Thus, Tolkien’s fictional output can also be considered a form of philology.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>Did Tolkien ever write about himself, and if so, where can these writings be found?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The first and best place to look remains the collection of letters published after his death, and containing, among other correspondence, letters addressed to his family and friends, discussions with his publishers, and detailed answers to questions sent by readers. As such, this work offers a uniquely personal window into how he went about writing the books that made him famous (and creating the characters that populate them), while answering many questions that, up until then, had remained open for debate. (For more on this, see the <a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/letters/">Letters</a> section.)</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The foreword to the second edition of </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (1966) is, perhaps, the most famous instance where J.R.R. Tolkien is known to have confided his views. In it, he describes the long and arduous composition of the book (1937-1954) and comments upon its interpretation by critics — some of whom seemed to him a little too intent on finding the ‘inner message’ or ‘allegory’ of the story.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">To this short foreword can be added the brilliant retirement speech which he gave in June 1959, when leaving the University of Oxford, and where the indefatigable storyteller and inventor of languages also appears as a down-to-earth academic who is as committed to the educational welfare of students as he is to the defence of literature (‘Valedictory Address’, in <em>The Monsters and the Critics</em>).</span></p></div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column_3 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_6 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>What was J.R.R. Tolkien’s nationality?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">J.R.R. Tolkien was British, of British descent. Born of English parents in the town of Bloemfontein — where his father was working in a bank — in the Orange Free State, now part of modern-day South Africa. In 1895, at the age of three, he made the journey back to England with his mother and brother and spent his childhood in the Birmingham area. He went on to live in Oxford, where he taught for thirty-five years, until 1959, and again lived until his death, in 1973.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_7 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>What was the author’s favourite food?</h4> <p>Oysters, served with lemon.</p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_8 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>Was J.R.R. Tolkien successful as an author in his own day?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This of course depends on how we define success! But if we mean ‘fame and fortune’:</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">J.R.R. Tolkien was a hard-working professor with four children, and both he and his wife were orphans, so he was not by any means well-off until late in his life. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Hobbit</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> was published in 1937, when he was already forty-five years old. And he was nearing retirement age when </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> was published in 1954-55, but he was alive to see the ‘first wave’ of celebrity in the 1960s, when the books also enjoyed huge success with their American readers.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The later global fame of the ‘Tolkien’ name, and the confusion that has resulted between the man, the author, the professor, the books, the worlds he invented and the adaptations they have enjoyed, is a far more recent phenomenon, due in the main part to the huge success of Peter Jackson’s film adaptations, but also to the enduring quality and depth of J.R.R. Tolkien’s storytelling.</span></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="literary" class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_3"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_4 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_9 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h2>Literary Questions</h2></div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_4"> <div class="et_pb_with_border et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_5 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_10 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>What are the other stories set in Middle-earth, in addition to <em>The Hobbit</em> and <em>The Lord of the Rings</em>?</h4> <p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Silmarillion</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> tells of the creation of the world in which Middle-earth itself is contained — up to the complete upheaval marking the end of the Second Age, a few thousand years before the events of </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Children of Húrin</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, as the name implies, relates the tragic ‘romance’ of Húrin’s dynasty, and so develops one of the many stories already told (though in briefer form) in the sweeping historical epic that is </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Silmarillion</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Those who wish to know more will find additional incarnations and developments of the Middle-earth stories in </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Unfinished Tales</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The History of Middle-earth</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_11 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>To what extent can J.R.R. Tolkien be considered an author of children’s stories?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">While </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Hobbit</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, <em>Letters from</em></span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Father Christmas</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Mr. Bliss</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Roverandom</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> were indeed written with children in mind (especially the author’s own children), Tolkien’s other works (such as </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Silmarillion</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, but also </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, etc.) were intended for adults; and though they are often categorized as ‘young-adult fiction’ in today’s parlance, they remain accessible to a younger public.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_12 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>What proportion of Tolkien manuscripts has been published by Christopher Tolkien since the death of the author in 1973?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Concurrently with the publication of books that relate to Tolkien’s scholarly work, such as </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight…</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (1975) and the collection of essays published as </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Monsters and the Critics</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (1983), and after preparing for publication </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Silmarillion</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (1977), Christopher Tolkien provided a commented edition of the ‘Silmarillion’ stories, first in </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Unfinished Tales</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (1980), and subsequently in the twelve volumes of </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The History of Middle-earth</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (1983-96): </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Book of Lost Tales</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lays of Beleriand</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Shaping of Middle-earth</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lost Road</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, etc. He also edited </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Children of Húrin</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (2007), a complete version of the story of Túrin (already found in </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Silmarillion</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in greatly reduced form).</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">More recently, Christopher Tolkien went on to edit some of his father’s poems with medieval themes: </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (2009) and </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Fall of Arthur</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (2013), as well as </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (2014). Which proves that </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, for all its qualities, is really just the tip of the iceberg!</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_13 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>Was <em>The Hobbit</em> related to <em>The Silmarillion</em> from the outset?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">No. When </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Hobbit</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> was conceived, it was unrelated to the legends of the Elder Days. Tolkien invented the hobbit-story to please his own children, and did not consciously tie it in with the mythology he had created in ‘The Silmarillion’.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">When his editors asked for ‘a Hobbit sequel’, he turned to </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, which grafted itself almost against his will onto the mythological world of Arda; and in the years that followed, Tolkien would often go back to </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Hobbit</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in an attempt to bring the 1937 story into line with </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Silmarillion</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_14 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>How are <em>The Silmarillion</em> and <em>The History of Middle-earth </em>related?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As Christopher Tolkien explains at the beginning of </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Book of the Lost Tales</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (published in 1983 as the first part of the twelve-volume </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">History of Middle-earth</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">), in 1977 he had wanted to publish ‘The Silmarillion’ as ‘a single text, selecting and arranging in such a way as seemed to me to produce the most coherent and internally self-consistent narrative’. This narrative also had to be concordant with </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, the work J.R.R. Tolkien had already published and used as a reference.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">But as Christopher Tolkien points out, in the 1977</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Silmarillion</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> which it was his task to edit, the long evolution and multiplicity of versions that produced the ‘final’, published text were not readily apparent.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">For this reason, Christopher Tolkien decided to embark on a series of twelve volumes (1983-96) aiming to present the original manuscripts, and throwing additional light on the creative process of his father. We see how ‘The Silmarillion’ remained in a state of constant evolution through the numerous rewritings and refashionings carried over by Tolkien for more than half a century; and how the invented world came to be expanded considerably with the creation of </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and its famous backdrop, Middle-earth — where before there had been only Valinor and Beleriand.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_15 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>Did Tolkien invent everything about Middle-earth, or did he draw upon other sources?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Tolkien’s legendarium is not a ‘mythology’ in the strict (and modern) sense of the word, because his stories are the work of a single individual and not of a whole people. They are, however, reminiscent of famous mythological accounts; and some readers have tried to identify the ‘source’ of this story or that from </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Silmarillion</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> or </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The History of Middle-earth.</span></i></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">But Tolkien did not rely solely upon his imagination. He drew in part on European literature and tradition, of which there are as many forms as there are languages (and Tolkien, of course, knew both). Norse mythology comes to mind; but even where there are similarities, the personal additions and gradual transformations brought about by Tolkien are so numerous, so essential, and the whole business of invention so elaborate, that both the casual reader and the specialist agree upon the supreme originality of his creation.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The sustained influence that Tolkien’s work continues to exert over fantasy authors, decades after the publication of </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, is proof of that. More than a passing down of traditions, it has become a model in itself.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_16 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>Tolkien’s most celebrated works (<em>The Lord of the Rings, The Silmarillion</em>) were published in the 1950s and 1970s, and are set in a very distant past. What do they tell us about our own time?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A book’s publication date is not an indicator of contemporary relevance or interest! In Tolkien’s case, reflections on man, technology, war and the use of force, friendship among peoples, and, of course, nature, indisputably make him an author for our time.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">That may explain the fascination he held (and continues to hold) for generations of readers, in that he draws upon his vast knowledge of the culture of bygone days to write about themes that are timeless — beyond the pleasures of storytelling and the epic sweep of heroic romance.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_17 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>Why was <em>The Children of Húrin</em> published in 2007, between <em>The History of Middle-earth</em> (1983-1996) and ‘neo-medieval’ poems such as <em>The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún</em> (2009) and <em>The Fall of Arthur</em> (2013)?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Christopher Tolkien published the book in 2007 for two main reasons: because he believed that it was a very fine example of his father’s writing, and of his story-telling; and because, being set in an earlier age of Middle-earth, long before the times depicted in </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, it opens up to those who know only that work and </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Hobbit</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> how extensive the history of Middle-earth truly is.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Also, it had always been Christopher’s primary concern that J.R.R. Tolkien’s writings should be published in a manner that was appropriate to its subject matter and its essential nature as literature. The world of Middle-earth is seen by many as a playground. The true nature of Tolkien’s invented world and the themes and subject matter of his stories are frequently serious and dark, as </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Children of Húrin</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> shows.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_18 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>How does <em>The Children of Húrin</em> fit into J.R.R. Tolkien’s ‘mythology’? When does it take place relative to <em>The Lord of the Rings</em>?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Tale takes place during the First Age of Middle-earth. Túrin was born in the year 464 from the first rising of the Sun after Morgoth destroyed the two trees of Valinor and died in the year 499. This would have been five thousand years after the awakening of the Elves in Middle-earth, and 978 years after Fëanor completed the forging of the Silmarils. The recorded coming of Men occurred at the first Sunrise, and Beren and Lúthien, who encountered each other in the year of Túrin’s birth, achieved their quest for the Silmaril when Túrin was a young boy.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Túrin died approximately one hundred years before the Drowning of Beleriand which marked the beginning of the Second Age lasting for three and a half millennia. Sauron forged the One Ring around the year 1600 of the Second Age. Bilbo met Gollum in the year 2941 of the Third Age, and the Fellowship met up and formed in Rivendell in the year 3018. The One Ring was destroyed in 3019. Frodo, Bilbo, Gandalf and Elrond (who by that time was 6,500 years old and was born thirty-three years after Túrin’s death) departed from Middle-earth in 3021, marking the end of the Third Age.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">So, you can probably take it from there, and anyway it’s safe to say that the Tale of the Children of Húrin took place ‘a very long time ago’!</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A detailed discussion of the reckoning of time in the First Age can be found in </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Morgoth’s Ring </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">and </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The War of the Jewels</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, volumes ten and eleven of </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The History of Middle-earth</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_19 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4><b>What is the difference between </b><b><i>The</i></b><b> </b><b><i>Silmarillion</i></b><b> and the ‘Silmarillion’?</b></h4> <p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Silmarillion </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">(with italics) refers to the book as published by Christopher Tolkien in 1977, four years after J.R.R. Tolkien’s death.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">‘The Silmarillion’ refers to the more or less complete version that J.R.R. Tolkien proposed to his publishers in the late 1930s, which was turned down. It is sometimes used as a title for the major segment of the legendarium, which Tolkien called by its Elvish name, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Quenta Silmarillion</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, ‘the Story of the Silmarils’.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Finally, the ‘Silmarillion’ refers to the entire body of work, composed of a multitude of manuscripts, documents and poems, written over the years.</span></p></div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column_6 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_20 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>In what order should the Middle-earth stories be read?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">From a chronological standpoint, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Silmarillion</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Children of Húrin</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> come before </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Hobbit</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, which is in turn a prelude to </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">; but there is no need to follow this particular order.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Tolkien’s own contemporaries first discovered </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Hobbit</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (1937), then </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (1954–55), and they had to wait until 1977 for </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Silmarillion</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">. Today, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> seems a good place to start, especially since the story of </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Hobbit</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is recalled in all essential points at the beginning of the book.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">But new readers may act on their inspiration after leafing through the books – or they can follow this rule of thumb: up until twelve years old, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Hobbit </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">seems more suitable; but it makes sense for older readers to start with the author’s most famous work, and that is of course </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings.</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Then there is </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Silmarillion — </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">altogether different in tone and form — which tells of the creation of the World, the Awakening of the Elves and the beginnings of Men, the first Great Wars, the forging of the Ring and the destruction of the Ancient World: all the things that lie in the past of </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, so to speak. But since 2007, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Children of Húrin</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> opens a window on this distant past for readers (preferably adult, for the tale is dark and tragic) who wish to approach it in the context of a fully developed, two hundred page story.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lastly, the twelve volume </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">History of Middle-earth</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> presents a number of previously unpublished texts (or manuscript versions of published stories), mostly in their chronological order of composition.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_21 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>What exactly is <em>The Silmarillion</em>?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Following the death of J.R.R. Tolkien in 1973, his son Christopher undertook the daunting task of presenting the bulk of his father’s writings to the reading public, some of which dated as far back as 1910. He started by publishing </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Silmarillion</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (1977), a book intended to shed light on the legends of the Elder Days, which Tolkien had begun to fashion as early as World War I, but which he set aside during the composition of </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Hobbit</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (1937).</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_22 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4><b>How are the three central books — </b><b><i>The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings</i></b><b> and </b><b><i>The Silmarillion — </i></b><b>related?</b></h4> <p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Silmarillion</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> tells of the creation of the World, the Awakening of the Elves and the beginnings of Men, the Wars between Morgoth and the other gods, and finally, the rising of Sauron and the forging of the Ring. That same ring, found by Bilbo down in Gollum’s lair in </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Hobbit</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, becomes the central element of </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, which ends the cycle.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The plot of </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Silmarillion</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> thus spans several thousand years, whereas most of the story of </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> takes place over the course of a single year, in 3018-9 of the Third Age… So the events of </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, however momentous, form only a short chapter in the history of J.R.R. Tolkien’s world.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_23 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4><b>What is ‘HoMe’?</b></h4> <p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">HoMe</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is an acronym for </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The History of Middle-earth</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">. This series, edited by Christopher Tolkien, collects the previously unpublished ‘Middle-earth’ works of J.R.R. Tolkien — stories, poems, chronologies, notes on languages, etc. — and encompasses twelve volumes.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_24 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4><b>How can I know which Tolkien books are available in my language?</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">You can find out which firm holds the publishing rights in your language and visit their website. For example, the French publisher is Christian Bourgois éditeur; the Spanish publisher is Minotauro.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_25 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4><b>What literary works did Tolkien draw inspiration from, and can these be found online?</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Most of these works are in the public domain, and so can be consulted online without infringing on copyright. Links to some works of interest can be found in the <a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/scholarship/links-to-medieval-texts/">Scholarship</a> section.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_26 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4><b>Will readers of </b><b><i>The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings</i></b><b> and </b><b><i>The Silmarillion</i></b><b> find any interest in Tolkien’s ‘scholarly’ works and his discussions on medieval literature?</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Tolkien’s work is to be considered as a whole, and any reader can find interest in a book with which he is unfamiliar. The essays collected in </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Monsters and the Critics — </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">lectures on medieval poetry (</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Beowulf</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Sir Gawain</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">), on fairy stories, on linguistic invention — are not readily accessible to younger readers and may at times seem difficult; but at least three of them are thought to hold important keys to understanding Tolkien’s fiction and poetry.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The first of these, <em>Beowulf: the monsters and the critics</em>, which concerns the epic poem </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Beowulf</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, reflects on the meaning of the hero’s actions, and heroism in general; the second, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">On Fairy-stories</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, establishes the importance of the supernatural and elucidates some of Tolkien’s literary choices; finally, the mischievously named essay </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">A Secret Vice</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> tackles linguistic invention, providing additional examples of languages invented by Tolkien. These three essays, some of the most accessible in the collection, relate directly to </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Hobbit</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> or </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Children of Húrin</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another important source of information is the collection of l</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">etters</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> published in 1981. In it, Tolkien comments at great length on his literary creations, answering ‘fan mail’ or pleading his case with editors, and in so doing, answers tantalizing questions about his most famous works.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_27 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4><b>How long did it take Christopher Tolkien to produce </b><b><i>The Children of Húrin</i></b><b>?</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Without Christopher Tolkien’s previous work on his father’s papers — starting with </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Silmarillion</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in 1977, and concluding with the twelfth volume of </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The History of Middle-earth</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Peoples of Middle-earth</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, in 1996 — it would almost certainly have been impossible for him to produce such a faithful and complete version of the tale of the children of Húrin. As such this book can be said to be a culmination of about thirty years’ work.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to Christopher Tolkien, the most precise estimate possible would be that to compile the necessary material it took several years of complex work, in the course of his entire study of his father’s papers.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_28 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>Why an illustrated edition?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We have always admired the work of Alan Lee, ever since he was commissioned to illustrate </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> at the time of J.R.R. Tolkien’s centenary. While preparing the story for publication, Christopher Tolkien decided that to have the book illustrated from first publication would also underline its essential quality as a story rather than a scholarly work.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_29 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>How much of <em>The Children of Húrin</em> had already been published ?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">A quick answer is that approximately 75% of the actual story appears in interrupted form in </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Unfinished Tales</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">. Also, a brief version of the tale can be found in </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Silmarillion</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and there are variations of parts of the story and references to it throughout the </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">History of Middle-earth</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> series, and most notably in volumes two, three, four, five and eleven.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_30 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4><b>Is there any point reading this book if I’ve already read </b><b><i>Unfinished Tales, The Lays of Beleriand</i></b><b>, etc.?</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This would have to be up to you. If you have read any or all of the above works, there may be little to surprise you in the actual storyline. You will however be reading a stand-alone version of the tale, constructed with the reader’s pleasure in mind, rather than to give a precise and analytical explanation of how the story evolved, which is the approach adopted by </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The History of Middle-earth</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">. As such, you may find that the flow of the story brings new pleasure and insight to your reading.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_31 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4><b>What is the importance of the tale of </b><b><i>The Children of Húrin</i></b><b> in J.R.R. Tolkien’s writings?</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The tale was of great personal importance to the author, and probably one of the main springboards for his entire legendarium. He worked at the tale all through his life, returning to it again and again, and it was a source of great frustration to him that he never managed to complete it.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is a story of Middle-earth in an altogether different literary mode than </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, taking place in a different time. But it also stands out from other tales of the First Age in its much greater elaboration, and in its study of character. We believe it to be a work of great emotional power and tragic interest in its own right.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_32 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>What is ‘The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun’?</h4> <p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, published by J.R.R. Tolkien in the <em>Welsh Review</em> in 1945, is a poem in the tradition of the medieval ‘lay’, also illustrated by the </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lay of the Children of Húrin</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and in the</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Lay of Leithian</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This long poem, comprised of 556 verses, tells the tragic story of a lord who sacrifices his life for love: in order to have a child with his wife, then to remain faithful to his spouse, he gives his life to a witch — but his wife dies out of grief.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">An edition by Verlyn Flieger, <em>The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun together with the Corrigan poems</em>, was published in 2016, and includes a note on the text by Christopher Tolkien.</span></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="fantasy" class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_5"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_7 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_33 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h2>J.R.R. Tolkien and Fantasy</h2></div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_6"> <div class="et_pb_with_border et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_8 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_34 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>What is fantasy? How is it different from science fiction?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fantasy emerged as a literary genre at the end of the nineteenth century; and the success of </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> has made it very popular, especially since the 1990s. It remains somehow difficult to define, and exists in many varieties: heroic fantasy, high fantasy, dark fantasy… It is however possible to agree on this minimal definition: in it, the supernatural is always present; it is set in an imaginary world or era; the medieval atmosphere (harking back to the origins of the genre) and level of technological advancement it portrays are consistent with the era.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Put in crude terms, you might say a fantasy novel is populated with dragons, not flying saucers, as would be the case with science fiction.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_35 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4><b>Should Tolkien’s stories be regarded as ‘escapist literature’, since they belong to the fantasy genre?</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It would be a mistake to consider fantasy as a facile exercise, ruled by a set of conventions. Tolkien consciously opted for fantasy (in large part) because he wanted the reader to lose his bearings and consider the world around him in a different way.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">His belief, as he explained in his renowned essay </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">On Fairy-stories</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, was that we are cut from reality, and that only fantasy — that is to say ‘adult fairy stories’, like </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, which create a ‘secondary world’ — can help us regain ‘a clear view’ of the real world. Clearly, the purpose is not to escape from reality, but rather the reverse!</span></p></div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column_9 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_36 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>Does J.R.R. Tolkien’s work belong to Fantasy? Did he invent Fantasy?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We don’t believe any author should be pigeonholed. </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, for example, could perfectly well be enjoyed by fans of historical fiction. But if you insisted on categorizing him, you could compare his works to the authors he mentions in his private correspondence (see </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Letters</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">): William Morris (1834-1896), artist and author, member of the Arts and Craft movement and of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood; Lord Dunsany (1878-1957), an Irish author; or E.R. Eddison (1882-1945).</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Tolkien did leave a deep imprint on fantasy; and since the 1960s, a number of authors have taken their inspiration from him. He did not, however, invent the genre.</span></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="languages" class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_7"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_10 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_37 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h2>Invented Languages and Names</h2></div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_8"> <div class="et_pb_with_border et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_11 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_38 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>Why are languages so important in Tolkien’s writings, to the point where linguistic invention is often cited as one of their most original aspects?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">J.R.R. Tolkien once said that he had written </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to create a world ‘in which a common greeting would be </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">elen síla lúmenn’ omentielmo</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and that the phrase long antedated the book’. Even though this statement was meant partly in jest, it is undeniable that languages were often the starting-point of his stories: as Tolkien remarked in the foreword to </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Lord of the Rings</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, those of ‘The Silmarillion’ were ‘primarily linguistic in inspiration and [were] begun in order to provide the necessary background of “history” for Elvish tongues’.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">An inventor of languages since his youth, he pursued this hobby during the First World War, as he composed the first versions (</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Book of Lost Tales</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, published in </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The History of Middle-earth</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">) of what would become ‘The Silmarillion’. And the languages continued to evolve with the stories. For Tolkien — the scholar — was as much a specialist of literature as he was a specialist of languages.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_39 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>How reliable are the things you find about ‘Tolkien’s languages’ on the internet?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As reliable as anything you find on the internet!</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We can however recommend at least the <a href="https://elvish.org">Elvish Linguistic Fellowship</a> (ELF), and their work on Elvish languages.</span></p></div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column_12 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_40 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>Can Tolkien’s invented languages be learned and spoken just like other languages?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As the work of a single man, these languages cannot exist beyond what the man has created: you cannot ‘invent’ new vocabulary without betraying the genius of the author, no more than you can continue the stories he wrote.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">You can study the grammar, the lexicon and the evolution of the languages, but you cannot ‘speak’ any of them. Moreover, you should be particularly suspicious of anything you find on the internet purporting to be Tolkien’s own invention. Though his most ‘advanced’ languages show a fair amount of grammatical and lexical development, and though their pronunciation is reasonably well-documented, these languages do not constitute a system, and have evolved and matured over the course of Tolkien’s lifetime — so much so that the information we possess about them is often found to be contradictory.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is therefore not possible to make use of them like we would with ‘real-world’ languages; but we may still wish to learn all that we possibly can about Tolkien’s fascinating linguistic creations.</span></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_41 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h4>What is the meaning and correct pronunciation for the name <em>Smaug</em>?</h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">‘The dragon bears as name — a pseudonym — the past tense of the primitive Germanic verb <em>Smugan</em>, to squeeze through a hole: a low philological jest’ (letter from J.R.R. Tolkien to </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Observer</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, 1938).</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The name ‘Smaug’ is pronounced sm-ow-g, as in ‘owl’ or ‘howl’.</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">(And therefore not sm-aw-g, as in ‘law’ or ‘board’, and most definitely not sm-o-g, as in ‘smog’!)</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Originally, the dragon was named </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Pryftan</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, from the Welsh </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">pryf,</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> worm; and </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">tan,</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> fire.</span></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer class="et-l et-l--footer"> <div class="et_builder_inner_content et_pb_gutters3"> <div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_0_tb_footer et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_0_tb_footer"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_0_tb_footer et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_0_tb_footer"> <span class="et_pb_image_wrap "><img decoding="async" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/footerlogo.png" alt="" title="" /></span> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_1_tb_footer"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_4 et_pb_column_1_tb_footer et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et_pb_column_empty"> </div><div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column_2_tb_footer et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_sidebar_0_tb_footer footerMenuWidget et_pb_widget_area clearfix et_pb_widget_area_left et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_sidebar_no_border"> <div id="nav_menu-2" class="et_pb_widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-footer-additional-links-menu-container"><ul id="menu-footer-additional-links-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-37081" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-37081"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/frequently-asked-questions-and-links/">FAQ</a></li> <li id="menu-item-37082" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-36255 current_page_item menu-item-37082"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/selected-further-reading/" aria-current="page">Selected further reading</a></li> <li id="menu-item-37083" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-37083"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/credits/">Credits</a></li> <li id="menu-item-37084" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-37084"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/links/">Links</a></li> <li id="menu-item-37085" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-37085"><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/site-map/">Site Map</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_4 et_pb_column_3_tb_footer et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child et_pb_column_empty"> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_2_tb_footer"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_4_tb_footer et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div id="footerLanguageSelector" class="et_pb_module et_pb_sidebar_1_tb_footer et_pb_widget_area clearfix et_pb_widget_area_left et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_sidebar_no_border"> <div id="icl_lang_sel_widget-2" class="et_pb_widget widget_icl_lang_sel_widget"><h4 class="widgettitle">FooterFlags</h4> <div class="wpml-ls-sidebars-et_pb_widget_area_1 wpml-ls wpml-ls-legacy-list-horizontal"> <ul><li class="wpml-ls-slot-et_pb_widget_area_1 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-en wpml-ls-current-language wpml-ls-first-item wpml-ls-item-legacy-list-horizontal"> <a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/selected-further-reading/" class="wpml-ls-link"> <img decoding="async" class="wpml-ls-flag" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/res/flags/en.png" alt="English" /></a> </li><li class="wpml-ls-slot-et_pb_widget_area_1 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-fr wpml-ls-item-legacy-list-horizontal"> <a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/fr/pour-aller-plus-loin/" class="wpml-ls-link"> <img decoding="async" class="wpml-ls-flag" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/res/flags/fr.png" alt="French" /></a> </li><li class="wpml-ls-slot-et_pb_widget_area_1 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-es wpml-ls-last-item wpml-ls-item-legacy-list-horizontal"> <a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/es/selected-further-reading/" class="wpml-ls-link"> <img decoding="async" class="wpml-ls-flag" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/res/flags/es.png" alt="Spanish" /></a> </li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_1_tb_footer et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_3_tb_footer"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_5_tb_footer et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0_tb_footer et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p>© THE TOLKIEN ESTATE LIMITED 2022 | Site by <a href="https://www.weareherd.co.uk">Herd</a></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> var dropCookie = true; var cookieDuration = 14; var cookieName = 'complianceCookie'; var cookieValue = 'on'; var privacyMessage = ""; jQuery(document).ready(function($) { privacyMessage = jQuery('#hidden-cookie-message').html(); if(checkCookie(window.cookieName) != window.cookieValue){ createDiv(true); window.setTimeout(function() { $('#cookie-law').fadeOut(); }, 5000); } }); </script> <div id="hidden-cookie-message" style="display:none;"> <div> <h4>Cookies Policy</h4> <p>Our Website uses cookies to improve your experience. Please visit our <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/cookie-policy/">Cookies</a> page for more information about cookies and how we use them.</p> <a class="close-cookie-banner" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="jQuery(this).parent().parent().hide();"><span>Close</span></a> </div> </div> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function($) {var desktop_logo = $( "#logo" ).addClass("desktop-logo"); var tablet_logo = $( "#logo" ).clone(); var mobile_logo = $( "#logo" ).clone(); var scroll_logo = $( "#logo" ).clone(); desktop_logo.appendTo( ".logo_container a" ).addClass("desktop-logo"); tablet_logo.appendTo( ".logo_container a" ).addClass("tablet-logo"); mobile_logo.appendTo( ".logo_container a" ).addClass("mobile-logo"); scroll_logo.appendTo( ".logo_container a" ).addClass("scroll-logo"); }); </script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jquery-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ jqueryParams.length&&$.each(jqueryParams,function(e,r){if("function"==typeof r){var n=String(r);n.replace("$","jQuery");var a=new Function("return "+n)();$(document).ready(a)}}); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/plugins/creare-eu-cookie-law-banner/js/eu-cookie-law.js" id="eu-cookie-law-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="ccpdrc-script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var ccpdrc_settings = {"right_click":"1","right_click_message":"","cut_copy_paste":"1","cut_copy_paste_message":"","view_source":"1","view_source_message":"","image_drag_drop":"1","image_drag_drop_message":"","content_selection":"1","content_selection_message":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/plugins/content-copy-protection-disable-right-click/assets/script.js?ver=1.0.3" id="ccpdrc-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="divi-custom-script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var DIVI = {"item_count":"%d Item","items_count":"%d Items"}; var et_builder_utils_params = {"condition":{"diviTheme":true,"extraTheme":false},"scrollLocations":["app","top"],"builderScrollLocations":{"desktop":"app","tablet":"app","phone":"app"},"onloadScrollLocation":"app","builderType":"fe"}; var et_frontend_scripts = {"builderCssContainerPrefix":"#et-boc","builderCssLayoutPrefix":"#et-boc .et-l"}; var et_pb_custom = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","images_uri":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/wp-content\/themes\/Divi\/images","builder_images_uri":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/wp-content\/themes\/Divi\/includes\/builder\/images","et_frontend_nonce":"a8c4812456","subscription_failed":"Please, check the fields below to make sure you entered the correct information.","et_ab_log_nonce":"48a9580b0f","fill_message":"Please, fill in the following fields:","contact_error_message":"Please, fix the following errors:","invalid":"Invalid email","captcha":"Captcha","prev":"Prev","previous":"Previous","next":"Next","wrong_captcha":"You entered the wrong number in captcha.","wrong_checkbox":"Checkbox","ignore_waypoints":"no","is_divi_theme_used":"1","widget_search_selector":".widget_search","ab_tests":[],"is_ab_testing_active":"","page_id":"36255","unique_test_id":"","ab_bounce_rate":"5","is_cache_plugin_active":"yes","is_shortcode_tracking":"","tinymce_uri":"https:\/\/www.tolkienestate.com\/wp-content\/themes\/Divi\/includes\/builder\/frontend-builder\/assets\/vendors","accent_color":"#7EBEC5","waypoints_options":[]}; var et_pb_box_shadow_elements = []; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/themes/Divi/js/scripts.min.js?ver=4.27.4" id="divi-custom-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/themes/Divi/js/smoothscroll.js?ver=4.27.4" id="smoothscroll-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/themes/Divi/core/admin/js/common.js?ver=4.27.4" id="et-core-common-js"></script> <style id="et-builder-module-design-tb-33568-deferred-36255-cached-inline-styles">.et_pb_section_0_tb_footer.et_pb_section{padding-top:7px;background-color:#383e3c!important}.et_pb_image_0_tb_footer,.et_pb_sidebar_0_tb_footer.et_pb_widget_area h3:first-of-type,.et_pb_sidebar_0_tb_footer.et_pb_widget_area h4:first-of-type,.et_pb_sidebar_0_tb_footer.et_pb_widget_area h5:first-of-type,.et_pb_sidebar_0_tb_footer.et_pb_widget_area h6:first-of-type,.et_pb_sidebar_0_tb_footer.et_pb_widget_area h2:first-of-type,.et_pb_sidebar_0_tb_footer.et_pb_widget_area h1:first-of-type,.et_pb_sidebar_0_tb_footer.et_pb_widget_area .widget-title,.et_pb_sidebar_0_tb_footer.et_pb_widget_area .widgettitle,.et_pb_sidebar_0_tb_footer.et_pb_widget_area,.et_pb_sidebar_0_tb_footer.et_pb_widget_area li,.et_pb_sidebar_0_tb_footer.et_pb_widget_area li:before,.et_pb_sidebar_0_tb_footer.et_pb_widget_area a{text-align:center}.et_pb_row_1_tb_footer.et_pb_row,.et_pb_row_2_tb_footer.et_pb_row{padding-top:0px!important;padding-bottom:0px!important;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px}.et_pb_sidebar_0_tb_footer{width:100%}.et_pb_sidebar_1_tb_footer{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;margin-top:0px!important;margin-bottom:0px!important}.et_pb_section_1_tb_footer.et_pb_section{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;background-color:#2f3534!important}.et_pb_text_0_tb_footer.et_pb_text,.et_pb_text_0_tb_footer.et_pb_text a{color:#9f8d60!important}.et_pb_sidebar_0_tb_footer.et_pb_module{margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important}@media only screen and (max-width:980px){.et_pb_image_0_tb_footer .et_pb_image_wrap img{width:auto}}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.et_pb_image_0_tb_footer .et_pb_image_wrap img{width:auto}}.et_pb_section_0.et_pb_section{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;background-color:#2F3534!important}.et_pb_post_title_0 .et_pb_title_container h1.entry-title,.et_pb_post_title_0 .et_pb_title_container h2.entry-title,.et_pb_post_title_0 .et_pb_title_container h3.entry-title,.et_pb_post_title_0 .et_pb_title_container h4.entry-title,.et_pb_post_title_0 .et_pb_title_container h5.entry-title,.et_pb_post_title_0 .et_pb_title_container h6.entry-title{color:#FFFFFF!important}.et_pb_text_0.et_pb_text a{color:#F7F7F1!important}.et_pb_text_29 h4,.et_pb_text_22 h4,.et_pb_text_23 h4,.et_pb_text_24 h4,.et_pb_text_25 h4,.et_pb_text_26 h4,.et_pb_text_27 h4,.et_pb_text_28 h4,.et_pb_text_31 h4,.et_pb_text_30 h4,.et_pb_text_32 h4,.et_pb_text_34 h4,.et_pb_text_35 h4,.et_pb_text_36 h4,.et_pb_text_38 h4,.et_pb_text_39 h4,.et_pb_text_40 h4,.et_pb_text_21 h4,.et_pb_text_20 h4,.et_pb_text_19 h4,.et_pb_text_18 h4,.et_pb_text_2 h4,.et_pb_text_3 h4,.et_pb_text_4 h4,.et_pb_text_5 h4,.et_pb_text_6 h4,.et_pb_text_7 h4,.et_pb_text_8 h4,.et_pb_text_10 h4,.et_pb_text_11 h4,.et_pb_text_12 h4,.et_pb_text_13 h4,.et_pb_text_14 h4,.et_pb_text_15 h4,.et_pb_text_16 h4,.et_pb_text_17 h4,.et_pb_text_41 h4{font-weight:700}.et_pb_section_2.et_pb_section,.et_pb_section_4.et_pb_section{background-color:#F7F7F1!important}.et_pb_column_5,.et_pb_column_8,.et_pb_column_11,.et_pb_column_2{border-right-width:1px;border-right-color:#9F8D60;padding-right:50px}@media only screen and (max-width:980px){.et_pb_column_2,.et_pb_column_5,.et_pb_column_8,.et_pb_column_11{border-right-width:1px;border-right-color:#9F8D60}}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.et_pb_column_2,.et_pb_column_5,.et_pb_column_8,.et_pb_column_11{border-right-width:1px;border-right-color:#9F8D60}}</style> <span class="et_pb_scroll_top et-pb-icon"></span> </body> </html>