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Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{short description|Ancient Roman archaeological site}} {{pp-move}} {{Infobox ancient site | name = Oplontis | native_name = | alternate_name = | image = | | alt = | caption = | map_type = | map_alt = | map_size = | relief = |coordinates = {{coord|40.757|14.453|type:landmark_region:IT|display=inline,title}} | location = [[Torre Annunziata]], [[Province of Naples]], [[Campania]], Italy | region = | type = | part_of = | length = | width = | area = | height = | builder = | material = | built = | abandoned = | epochs = | cultures = | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | excavations = | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli e Pompei | public_access = | website = [http://www.pompeiisites.org/Sezione.jsp?titolo=Oplonti&idSezione=14 Oplontis] {{in lang|it}} | notes = | designation1 = WHS | designation1_offname = Archaeological Areas of [[Pompeii]], [[Herculaneum]], and [[Torre Annunziata]] | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_criteria = iii, iv, v | designation1_date = 1997 (21st [[World Heritage Committee|session]]) | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/829 829] | designation1_free1name = Region | designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites#Europe|Europe and North America]] }} '''Oplontis''' is an [[ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] [[archaeological site]], located in the town of [[Torre Annunziata]], south of [[Naples]] in the [[Campania]] region of [[southern Italy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/oplontis|title=Oplontis – AD 79 eruption|website=sites.google.com|access-date=2017-02-01|archive-date=2017-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107163224/https://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption/oplontis|url-status=dead}}</ref> The excavated site comprises two [[Roman villa]]s, the best-known of which is Villa A, the so-called [[Villa Poppaea]]. Like the nearby towns of [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]], Oplontis was buried in ash during the volcanic [[eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Oplontis|url=http://www.oplontisproject.org|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> However, the force of the eruption was even stronger than at these cities as not only roofs collapsed, but walls and columns were broken and pieces thrown sideways.<ref>Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy. John R. Clarke and Nayla K. Muntasser, c2014. p 771-</ref> {{stack|[[File:Mt Vesuvius 79 AD eruption.svg|300px|left|thumb|Oplontis and other cities affected by the eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in AD 79. The black cloud represents the general distribution of [[volcanic ash|ash]] and [[Scoria|cinder]]. Modern coast lines are shown.]]}} ==History and excavations== [[File:Narcissus and echo.jpg|thumb|Fresco from Villa Caius Siculius Caius Filius]] The town of Oplontis probably developed under where Torre Annunziata stands today. Excavations have revealed buildings particularly on the east and west sides of the town, the eastern one in the immediate vicinity of Villa A and the other almost at its boundary with [[Torre del Greco]].<ref>Clarke, John R. 1945-. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy, 2014. 135 http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.90048.0001.001.</ref> It is thought that in antiquity, as elsewhere (e.g. at [[Herculaneum]] and [[Stabiae]]), luxury residential villas like Villa A lined the coast, whereas most productive (agricultural) villas were located farther inland. Among the finds in the western zone, the most important is the Roman bath complex on the sea shore at Oncino (the [[Terme Nunziante]]) as a public building of Oplontis.<ref>[http://pompeiiinpictures.eu/VF/Villa_090.htm Terme di Marco Crasso Frugi, Oncino, Oplontis, Torre Annunziata.] ''Pompeii in Pictures''. Accessed 2022-12-10</ref> R. Liberatore recorded the archaeology in detail<ref>R. Liberatore, Nuove e antiche terme di Torre Annunciata, Annali Civili del Regno delle due Sicilie 6, fasc. 12 (1834).</ref> and he identified it as belonging to Lucius Nonius Florus whose name is stamped on the edge of a terracotta basin in the baths, decorated with vegetal forms and galloping horses. Unfortunately, the construction of the modern baths above them caused their destruction. Later two underground water supply or drainage tunnels belonging to the baths were found. In addition remains of two residential villas were discovered nearby, one owned by Caius Siculius Caius Filius whose seal was found and from which a fine fresco was retrieved, though many other remains in the area were destroyed and stolen.<ref>Clarke, John R. 1945-. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy, 139-292</ref> ===Excavations of Villa A=== {{main|Villa Poppaea}} [[File:Jardín Villa Poppaea 04.JPG|thumb|Ancient main entrance to the Villa Poppaea]] The first of the villas, known as Villa A, was discovered in 1593–1600 during the great construction project by [[Domenico Fontana|Fontana]] of the [[Sarno]] [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] to feed the mills at Torre Annunziata, the same aqueduct that was tunnelled through Pompeii where he also found the first remains, but similarly no attempt was made to explore the ruins in Oplontis. This aqueduct still runs through the centre of Villa A. In 1785 the Spanish architect [[Pietro la Vega|Francesco La Vega]] explored this area, known as Le Mascatelle, with tunnels and found beautiful objects but soon gave up due to toxic gases. In 1839–40 excavations in tunnels were restarted by Michele Rusca using La Vega's publications and he discovered for the first time the extent and quality of the building including two peristyles, mosaics and other decorations. He had to stop due to lack of funds. From 1880 a series of mills and pasta factories were built in Via Fontanelle in the Oplontis area and ancient Roman walls, marble columns, mosaic pavements, and many fragments from a variety of objects were found in their foundation trenches. At the Iennaco pasta factory were found marble basins and lead pipes, two marble statuettes of “exquisite Greek production” one of the goddess [[Minerva]]. Many mosaics and frescoes were destroyed. A spring of mineral water erupted during drilling at a depth of 11m and its water was marketed. In 1934, during construction of a private building in Via Fontanelle more finds came to light. Remains were found of some ''[[opus reticulatum]]'' and of a probable ''[[cryptoporticus]]''. Vincenzo Cuccurullo ordered test trenches to be dug to which brought to light another perimeter wall in ''[[opus incertum]]'' with light traces of white plaster with traces of a vault. From this time ever more frequent finds came to light<ref>Clarke, John R. 1945-. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy, 2014. 282-</ref> as the town expanded and gradually it became clear that there was an important Roman site on the hill of Le Mascatelle. The "Friends of Oplontis" committee of volunteers was established in 1962 to promote proper excavation. It was only in 1964 that a full-scale excavation was officially approved. However, even then it was somewhat chaotic and no official records were kept until 1971 when most of the rooms had already been exposed. Valuable information and many frescoes were lost during the period from excavation to final reconstruction.<ref>Clarke, John R. 1945-. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy, 2014. 734-</ref> Even after 1971, records were not accurate and omitted details and discoveries that rendered proper reconstruction impossible.<ref>Clarke, John R. 1945-. Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy, 2014. 815, 840-</ref> In 1975 the only human skeleton was found at the northern edge of the site, an adult lying on its back 6 m above the floor of the villa who must have been carried by the volcanic flow probably from farther inland. Today about 60% of the villa has been exposed. ===History of Villa A=== The oldest part of the building dates from c. 50 BC to which its ''[[Pompeian Styles|Second-Style]]'' [[Roman wall painting|wall paintings]] belong. Badly damaged in the [[62 Pompeii earthquake|AD 62 Pompeii earthquake]], parts of the villa were rebuilt with ''[[Pompeian Styles|Third-Style]]'' frescoes, also as famous as the earlier ones for their quality. Villa A was probably uninhabited and still in the process of being rebuilt at the time of the AD 79 eruption, as a number of tools were found on the site and statues and columns were stored away from their proper places. The power of the eruption made roofs and walls collapse, columns to break and be thrown sideways so that on excavation many pieces of walls were difficult to reassemble.<ref>Oplontis: Villa A ("of Poppaea") at Torre Annunziata, Italy. John R. Clarke and Nayla K. Muntasser, c2014. p 771-</ref> ===Villa B=== [[File:Arca (strongbox) with applied decoration (51356534977).jpg|thumb|Arca (strongbox) with applied decoration]] [[File:The Lady of Oplontis (51357506333).jpg|thumb|The Lady of Oplontis]] A second villa, Villa B, was discovered in 1974, {{convert|300|m|ft}} east of Villa A,<ref name="Oplontis Project">{{cite web|title=Villa B|date=15 February 2012|url=http://www.oplontisproject.org/index.php/people/the-oplontis-visualization-project/|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> during the construction of a school and partially excavated until 1991. In contrast to the sumptuously decorated Villa Poppaea, Villa B is smaller and is a rustic, two-storey structure with many rooms left unplastered and with tamped earth floors. The structure's plan reveals a central courtyard surrounded by a two-story peristyle of [[Nocera Superiore|Nocera]] ''[[tufa]]'' columns. Nevertheless, more than seventy rooms were found on both ground and second-story levels. On the ground floor all four sides of the courtyard have [[Barrel vault|barrel-vaulted]] rooms in ''[[opus incertum]]'' and ''[[opus reticulatum]]''.<ref>[http://pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/VF/Villa_056%20Oplontis%20Villa%20of%20Lucius%20Crassius%20Tertius%20p1.htm Oplontis. Villa rustica di Lucius Crassius Tertius]. ''Pompeii in Pictures''. Accessed 2022-12-10.</ref> Some of the rooms seem to have been used for manufacturing and others were storerooms. These circumstances along with more than 400 [[Amphora|''amphorae'']] recovered in the excavations indicate the property was devoted to the production of wine, oil, and agricultural goods. The discovery of a series of weights seems to confirm this; a bronze seal found at the site preserved the name of Lucius Crassius Tertius, apparently its last owner. It was built at the end of the 2nd c. BC. The complex was part of a wider settlement built before the construction of neighbouring Villa A. On the south side of the courtyard eight barrel-vaulted storerooms were added after 50 BC, supporting well-decorated rooms above in the [[Pompeian Styles|''Fourth Style'']], facing the sea and opening onto a large portico, perhaps the owner's living quarters. There is also a rare example of a second style painting from the Republican era. A sophisticated water drainage system was also added. At the north of the site the ground floor rooms were reconfigured and the street repaved.<ref>Ivo Van der Graaff et al. The Oplontis Project 2012-13, The Journal of Fasti Online (ISSN 1828-3179) http://www.fastionline.org</ref> This villa was not deserted at the time of the eruption: the remains of 54 people were recovered in one of the rooms facing the sea, probably waiting to escape but perishing in the surge that hit Oplontis. They were split into two groups, one group at the front possessing fine jewellery, silverware, and coins whilst the other group at the back had none. Recent archaeology has shown that it suffered unique type of destruction because of its proximity to the sea, similar to the boathouses at Herculaneum.<ref>The Oplontis Project https://oplontis.utdallas.edu/villa-b/</ref> The volcanic eruption generated a [[pyroclastic flow]] that sped down the mountain toward Oplontis. The impact of the flow on the sea surface led to a type of "''[[tsunami]]''" which caused the violent entry and deposition of a water-heavy layer in the barrel-vaulted rooms (similar to the deposit that buried the skeletons on the shore of [[Herculaneum]]). The people sheltering at Oplontis died beneath a mixed mass of superheated gas, ash, and water. The impact of the wave probably also caused the collapse of the [[Barrel vault|barrel-vaults]].<ref>Ivo Van der Graaff et al. First Results of Three Seasons of Excavation at Oplontis B (2016-18), The Journal of Fasti Online (ISSN 1828-3179) http://www.fastionline.org</ref> The "lady of Oplontis" was discovered with a bronze jug (for water in those last hours), a purse and a small basket, containing coins and jewellery and near her stomach was a string of cheap blue pottery beads.<ref>Natasha Sheldon, Human Remains in Pompeii: The Unique Case of the Body Casts, History and Archaeology Online November 5, 2017 https://historyandarchaeologyonline.com/human-remains-in-pompeii-the-unique-case-of-the-body-casts/</ref> A rare very ornate strongbox was found in the peristyle, perhaps fallen from the upper floor, containing over 200 coins, jewellery, and a [[seal ring]]. It was finely decorated with inlay in silver, copper, and gilded bronze typical of [[Hellenistic period|late Hellenistic]] design, and had a complex locking system that was still used in the 19th century. ==See also== *[[Archaeological sites in Naples]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category|Oplontis}} *[http://pompeiisites.org/en/oplontis/ Official website] (English-language version), [https://web.archive.org/web/20150515131825/http://www.pompeiisites.org/index.jsp?idProgetto=2 Archived], 15 May 2015 at the [[Wayback Machine]] (in Italian and English) *[http://oplontisproject.org/ The Oplontis Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331094012/http://oplontisproject.org/ |date=2021-03-31 }} *[http://sites.google.com/site/ad79eruption AD79 Year of Destruction and Re-discovery Website (sites.google.com)] *[https://www.italyguides.it/en/campania/pompeii Pompeii: virtual tour and travel guide of Pompeii Italy - ItalyGuides.it] {{Archaeological sites in Campania}} {{Archaeological site of Pompeii}} {{World Heritage Sites in Italy}} {{Landmarks of Campania}} {{authority control}} [[Category:70s disestablishments in the Roman Empire]] [[Category:79 disestablishments]] [[Category:1974 archaeological discoveries]] [[Category:Archaeological sites in Campania]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in the Metropolitan City of Naples]] [[Category:Destroyed populated places]] [[Category:Former populated places in Italy]] [[Category:National museums of Italy]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC]] [[Category:Populated places disestablished in the 1st century]] [[Category:Roman sites of Campania]] [[Category:Torre Annunziata]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Campania]] [[Category:World Heritage Sites in Italy]] [[Category:Poppaea Sabina]] [[Category:Ruins in Italy]] [[Category:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span 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