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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地理分布" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地理分布"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>地理分布</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地理分布-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-字母" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#字母"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>字母</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-字母-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关字母子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-字母-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-乱码问题" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#乱码问题"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>乱码问题</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-乱码问题-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-发音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#发音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>发音</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-发音-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关发音子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-发音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-重音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>重音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-重音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語调" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語调"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>語调</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語调-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-元音（母音）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元音（母音）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>元音（母音）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元音（母音）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>語法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-正寫法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#正寫法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>正寫法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-正寫法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-德语方言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#德语方言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>德语方言</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-德语方言-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关德语方言子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-德语方言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-高地德语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#高地德语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>高地德语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-高地德语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-低地德语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#低地德语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>低地德语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-低地德语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-瑞士德语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#瑞士德语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>瑞士德语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-瑞士德语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-官僚德语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#官僚德语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>官僚德语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-官僚德语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他语言对德语的影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他语言对德语的影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>其他语言对德语的影响</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-其他语言对德语的影响-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关其他语言对德语的影响子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-其他语言对德语的影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-英语对德语的影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#英语对德语的影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>英语对德语的影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-英语对德语的影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-英語中的德語借詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#英語中的德語借詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>英語中的德語借詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-英語中的德語借詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">德语</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。265种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-265" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">265种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Агерман бызшәа – 阿布哈西亚语" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Агерман бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="阿布哈西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Jeureuman" title="Bahsa Jeureuman – 亚齐语" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Jeureuman" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亚齐语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Германыбзэ – 阿迪格语" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Германыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="阿迪格语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duits" title="Duits – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duits" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache" title="Deutsche Sprache – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ጀርመንኛ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጀርመንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alem%C3%A1n" title="Idioma alemán – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma alemán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C4%93odsc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Þēodsc sprǣc – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þēodsc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الألمانية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الألمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܓܪܡܢܝܐ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܓܪܡܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لألمانية – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لألمانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه المانى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه المانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জাৰ্মান ভাষা – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাৰ্মান ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alem%C3%A1n" title="Idioma alemán – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma alemán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Герман мацӀ – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Герман мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliman_aru" title="Aliman aru – 艾马拉语" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Aliman aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾马拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_dili" title="Alman dili – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alman dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="آلمان دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Немец теле – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Немец теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jerman" title="Basa Jerman – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitsche_Sproch" title="Deitsche Sproch – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Deitsche Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuok%C4%ABtiu_kalba" title="Vuokītiu kalba – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vuokītiu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – 巴塔克托巴文" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="巴塔克托巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Aleman" title="Tataramon na Aleman – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Aleman" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нямецкая мова – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нямецкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нямецкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нямецкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Немски език – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Немски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জার্মান ভাষা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মান ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="འཇར་མན་སྐད། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇར་མན་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamaneg" title="Alamaneg – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alamaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Njemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Jerman" title="Saro Jerman – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Jerman" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Герман хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Герман хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemany" title="Alemany – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alemany" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1ik-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Dáik-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dáik-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Девтойн мотт – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Девтойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaleman" title="Inaleman – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Inaleman" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%9B%E1%8F%A5_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27%C4%97ho%C3%A9seotse" title="Ma'ėhoéseotse – 夏延语" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'ėhoéseotse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="夏延语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی ئەڵمانی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئەڵمانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tedesca" title="Lingua tedesca – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua tedesca" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_tili" title="Alman tili – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Alman tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Němčina – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Němčina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemiecczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Niemiecczi jãzëk – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Niemiecczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%A3%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Нѣмьчьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – 教会斯拉夫语" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Нѣмьчьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="教会斯拉夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%C4%95%C3%A7_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Нимĕç чĕлхи – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нимĕç чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaeneg" title="Almaeneg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Almaeneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk_(sprog)" title="Tysk (sprog) – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tysk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaamani" title="Jaamani – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Jaamani" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache" title="Deutsche Sprache – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanki" title="Almanki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Almanki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Nimšćina – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nimšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%A9" title="އަލްމާނީ – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަލްމާނީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Γερμανική γλώσσα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%C3%A8sch" title="Tedèsch – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tedèsch" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="German language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_lingvo" title="Germana lingvo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alem%C3%A1n" title="Idioma alemán – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma alemán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa_keel" title="Saksa keel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksa keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleman" title="Aleman – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aleman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_alemana" title="Lengua alemana – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua alemana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان آلمانی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان آلمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almankoore" title="Almankoore – 富拉语" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Almankoore" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="富拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_kieli" title="Saksan kieli – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27aksa_kiil" title="S'aksa kiil – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="S'aksa kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BDskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Týskt mál – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Týskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemand" title="Allemand – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemand" title="Alemand – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alemand" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%C3%BCsch" title="Tjüsch – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tjüsch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_todescje" title="Lenghe todescje – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe todescje" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAtsk" title="Dútsk – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis" title="An Ghearmáinis – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghearmáinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="德語 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="德語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anlman" title="Anlman – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Anlman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearmailtis" title="Gearmailtis – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gearmailtis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_alem%C3%A1" title="Lingua alemá – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua alemá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%86" title="آلماني زوؤن – 吉拉基文" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آلماني زوؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="吉拉基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Alemañañe'ẽ – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alemañañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman – 哥伦打洛语" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="哥伦打洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – 哥特语" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="જર્મન ભાષા – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જર્મન ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanish" title="Germaanish – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Germaanish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="German language" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet-ng%C3%AE" title="Tet-ngî – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tet-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Kelem%C4%81nia" title="ʻŌlelo Kelemānia – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Kelemānia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גרמנית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_bhasa" title="German bhasa – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="German bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Němčina – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Němčina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_alman" title="Lang alman – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang alman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9met_nyelv" title="Német nyelv – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Német nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Գերմաներեն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմաներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Գերմաներէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գերմաներէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_german" title="Lingua german – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua german" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Jereman" title="Jaku Jereman – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Jereman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/German" title="German – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="German" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Aleman" title="Pagsasao nga Aleman – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Aleman" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Немций мотт – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Немций мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniana_linguo" title="Germaniana linguo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germaniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDska" title="Þýska – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tedesca" title="Lingua tedesca – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tedesca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E8%AA%9E" title="ドイツ語 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joerman" title="Joerman – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joerman" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dotybau" title="dotybau – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dotybau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jerman" title="Basa Jerman – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="გერმანული ენა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemis_tili" title="Nemis tili – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nemis tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Talmant" title="Tutlayt Talmant – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt Talmant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Джэрмэныбзэ – 卡巴尔德语" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Джэрмэныбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caama_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Caama kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caama kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidoitce" title="Kidoitce – 刚果语" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kidoitce" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="刚果语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Неміс тілі – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Неміс тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="ភាសាអាល្លឺម៉ង់ – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាអាល្លឺម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%96%B4" title="독일어 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Немеч кыв – 科米-彼尔米亚克语" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Немеч кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="科米-彼尔米亚克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Немец тил – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Немец тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جَرمَن زَبان – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جَرمَن زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCtsche_Sprooch" title="Dütsche Sprooch – 科隆语" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dütsche Sprooch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="科隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_alman%C3%AE" title="Zimanê almanî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê almanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Немеч кыв – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Немеч кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaynek" title="Almaynek – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Almaynek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Немис тили – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Немис тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Theodisca" title="Lingua Theodisca – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Theodisca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_almana" title="Lingua almana – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua almana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4itsch" title="Däitsch – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däitsch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Немец маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Немец маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Немец чӀал – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Немец чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutx_(lingua)" title="Deutx (lingua) – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Deutx (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duits" title="Duits – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Duits" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_tedesca" title="Lengua tedesca – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua tedesca" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_tud%C3%ABsch" title="Lingaz tudësch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz tudësch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_todesca" title="Lengua todesca – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua todesca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lial%C3%A9mani" title="Lialémani – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lialémani" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາເຢຍລະມັນ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາເຢຍລະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Vokiečių kalba – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokiečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoc%C4%AB%C5%A1u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Vuocīšu volūda – 拉特加萊文" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Vuocīšu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="拉特加萊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cu_valoda" title="Vācu valoda – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jerman" title="Basa Jerman – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Дойчень кяль – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Дойчень кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_alem%C3%A0na" title="Fiteny alemàna – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny alemàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%87_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Немыч йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Немыч йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Tiamana" title="Reo Tiamana – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Tiamana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Jerman" title="Bahaso Jerman – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Jerman" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Германски јазик – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ജർമ്മൻ ഭാഷ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജർമ്മൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Герман хэл – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Герман хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_%C4%A0ermani%C5%BCa" title="Lingwa Ġermaniża – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Ġermaniża" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_almana" title="Lhéngua almana – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua almana" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျာမန်ဘာသာစကား – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာမန်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Немецень кель – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Немецень кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آلمانی – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلمانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_germanese" title="Lengua germanese – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua germanese" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsche_Spraak" title="Düütsche Spraak – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düütsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duuts" title="Duuts – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Duuts" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मनेली भाषा – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्मनेली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duits" title="Duits – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duits" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk" title="Tysk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tysk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk" title="Tysk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tysk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanum" title="Germanum – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Germanum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemaund" title="Allemaund – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Allemaund" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejeremane" title="Sejeremane – 北索托语" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sejeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="北索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_Bich%CA%BCahii_Bizaad" title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bizaad – 纳瓦霍语" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bizaad" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="纳瓦霍语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemand" title="Alemand – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alemand" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germuanien_kieli" title="Germuanien kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Germuanien kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Немыцаг æвзаг – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Немыцаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜਰਮਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Alemano" title="Salitan Alemano – 邦阿西南语" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Alemano" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="邦阿西南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1n" title="Alemán – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alemán" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemant" title="Alemant – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alemant" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schtandard-Deitsch" title="Schtandard-Deitsch – 賓夕法尼亞德文" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schtandard-Deitsch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="賓夕法尼亞德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache" title="Deutsche Sprache – 普法爾茨德文" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Deutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="普法爾茨德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirman" title="Jirman – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jirman" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_niemiecki" title="Język niemiecki – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język niemiecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ted%C3%ABsca" title="Lenga tedësca – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga tedësca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جرمن بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمن بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="جرمني ژبه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جرمني ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_alem%C3%A3" title="Língua alemã – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua alemã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliman_simi" title="Aliman simi – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aliman simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tudestga" title="Lingua tudestga – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua tudestga" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermanikani_chib" title="Jermanikani chib – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jermanikani chib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83" title="Limba germană – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba germană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_gherm%C3%A3nesc%C3%A3" title="Limba ghermãnescã – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Limba ghermãnescã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_tedesche" title="Lènga tedesche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga tedesche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Немецкий язык – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Немецкий язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Нїмецькый язык – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нїмецькый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikidage" title="Ikidage – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikidage" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मनभाषा – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जर्मनभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ньиэмэс тыла – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ньиэмэс тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_tedesca" title="Limba tedesca – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba tedesca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tidesca" title="Lingua tidesca – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua tidesca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_leid" title="German leid – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="German leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="جرمن ٻولي – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جرمن ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiskkagiella" title="Duiskkagiella – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Duiskkagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Talimant" title="Tutlayt Talimant – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Talimant" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ජර්මානු භාෂාව – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජර්මානු භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="German language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C4%8Dina" title="Nemčina – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Nemščina – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Siamani" title="Faʻa Siamani – 萨摩亚语" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Siamani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="萨摩亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksakiel%C3%A2" title="Saksakielâ – 伊纳里萨米语" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Saksakielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="伊纳里萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chijerumani" title="Chijerumani – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chijerumani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_gjermane" title="Gjuha gjermane – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha gjermane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Немачки језик – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Немачки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doysritongo" title="Doysritongo – 苏里南汤加语" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Doysritongo" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="苏里南汤加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADJalim%C3%A1ne" title="SíJalimáne – 斯瓦蒂语" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="SíJalimáne" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="斯瓦蒂语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejeremane" title="Sejeremane – 南索托语" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Sejeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="南索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsk" title="Düütsk – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Düütsk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_J%C3%A9rman" title="Basa Jérman – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Jérman" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyska" title="Tyska – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijerumani" title="Kijerumani – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kijerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjymjecko_godka" title="Mjymjecko godka – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mjymjecko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இடாய்ச்சு மொழி – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடாய்ச்சு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="జర్మన్ భాష – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జర్మన్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia-alemaun" title="Lia-alemaun – 德顿语" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Lia-alemaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="德顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони олмонӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони олмонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาเยอรมัน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเยอรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_dili" title="Alman dili – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Alman dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Aleman" title="Wikang Aleman – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Aleman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almani_zyvon" title="Almani zyvon – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Almani zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejeremane" title="Sejeremane – 茨瓦纳语" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Sejeremane" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="茨瓦纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Jeman" title="Tok Jeman – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Jeman" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanca" title="Almanca – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_tele" title="Alman tele – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Alman tele" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Heremani" title="Reo Heremani – 塔希提语" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo Heremani" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="塔希提语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Немец дыл – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Немец дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Немец кыл – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Немец кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%90%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="نېمىس تىلى – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نېمىس تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Німецька мова – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німецька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جرمن زبان – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمن زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemis_tili" title="Nemis tili – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nemis tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_todesca" title="Łéngua todesca – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua todesca" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_kel%27" title="Saksan kel' – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Saksan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tiếng Đức – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duuts" title="Duuts – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Duuts" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deut%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Deutänapük – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Deutänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almand_(lingaedje)" title="Almand (lingaedje) – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Almand (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaleman" title="Inaleman – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inaleman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Немшин келн – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Немшин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiJamani" title="IsiJamani – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IsiJamani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="გერმანული ნინა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9" title="דייטש – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דייטש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Germany" title="Èdè Germany – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Germany" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Dwzgoz" title="Vah Dwzgoz – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Dwzgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duuts" title="Duuts – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Duuts" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="德語 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="德語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-g%C3%AD" title="Tek-gí – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="德文 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiJalimani" title="IsiJalimani – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiJalimani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&oldid=83842873" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&id=83842873&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E8%25AF%25AD"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E8%25AF%25AD"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:German_language" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" hreflang="zh"><span>维基教科书</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikifunctions mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Z1430" hreflang="en"><span>Wikifunctions</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%9D%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" hreflang="zh"><span>维基导游</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-2d0c54dd" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="德語">德語</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-2d0c54dd" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-tw:文法 ;zh-hk:文法 ;zh-hans: 语法; 語法=>zh-tw:文法;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84078810">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;">德語</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="de">Deutsch</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">发音</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><small></small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" title="Help:德语国际音标">[dɔʏ̯tʃʰ]</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">母语国家和地区</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/22px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/33px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/44px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%94%AF%E6%95%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%99%BB" title="列支敦斯登">列支敦斯登</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/22px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/33px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/44px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="卢森堡">盧森堡</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a>等國家和地區</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><b>区域</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">主要為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="中歐">中歐</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7" title="西欧">西欧</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">母语使用人数</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">有9,500萬人為母語 （2010年）<sup id="cite_ref-NE100_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE100-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2006年有8,000萬人作為<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="第二語言">第二語言</a><sup id="cite_ref-natgeo2006_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">語系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="印歐語系">印歐語系</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼語族">日耳曼語族</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西日耳曼語支">西日耳曼語支</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="高地德語">高地德語</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><b>德語</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">早期形式</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="古高地德語">古高地德語</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="中古高地德語">中古高地德語</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:2em;padding-left:0"><li>早期新高地德語<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><b>德語</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E6%AD%A3%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95" title="德語正寫法">德語正寫法</a>）<br />德語盲文</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;;">官方地位</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="官方语言">作为官方语言</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/22px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/33px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/44px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%94%AF%E6%95%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%99%BB" title="列支敦斯登">列支敦斯登</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/22px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/33px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/44px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="卢森堡">盧森堡</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/22px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/33px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/44px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a><br />作為地方性官方語言的：<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/33px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/44px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a>（<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_South_Tyrol.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Tyrol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_South_Tyrol.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Tyrol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_South_Tyrol.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Tyrol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94%E6%89%8E%E8%AF%BA-%E5%8D%97%E8%92%82%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="博尔扎诺-南蒂罗尔自治省">南蒂罗尔</a>）<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波蘭</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a><br />（在1990年前是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="西南非洲">西南非洲</a>，即獨立前<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="纳米比亚">纳米比亚</a>的官方語言）</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;;">語言代碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=de">de</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ger" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ger">ger</a> （B）</code> <br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/deu" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:deu">deu</a> （T）</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">分別為：<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/deu" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:deu">deu</a></code> – 標準德語<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gmh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gmh">gmh</a></code> – 中古高地德語<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/goh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:goh">goh</a></code> – 古高地德語<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gct" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gct">gct</a></code> – 委内瑞拉阿勒曼尼語<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bar" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bar">bar</a></code> – 奥地利-巴伐利亚语<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cim" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cim">cim</a></code> – 辛布里語<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/geh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:geh">geh</a></code> – 哈特德語<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ksh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ksh">ksh</a></code> – 庫爾施語<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nds">nds</a></code> – 低地德語<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/sli" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:sli">sli</a></code> – 低地西里西亞語<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ltz" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ltz">ltz</a></code> – 盧森堡語<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/vmf" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:vmf">vmf</a></code> – 美因-法兰肯德语<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mhn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mhn">mhn</a></code> – 默切诺语<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pfl" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pfl">pfl</a></code> – 普法爾茨德語<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pdc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pdc">pdc</a></code> – 宾夕法尼亚德語<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pdt" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pdt">pdt</a></code> – 门诺低地德語<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/swg" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:swg">swg</a></code> – 施瓦本语<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gsw" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gsw">gsw</a></code> – 瑞士德語<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/uln" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:uln">uln</a></code> – 新几内亚拉包尔德語<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/sxu" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:sxu">sxu</a></code> – 上撒克逊语<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/wae" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:wae">wae</a></code> – 瓦尔瑟语<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/wep" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:wep">wep</a></code> – 斯特法伦語</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/300px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/450px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/600px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/300px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/450px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/600px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="552" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffcc00; color:black;"> </span> 官方語言，且為主要使用語言</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d98575; color:black;"> </span> 官方語言，但非主要使用語言</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7373d9; color:black;"> </span> 被承認的少數使用語言</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#30efe3; color:black;"> </span> 不被承認的事實少數使用語言</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>本条目包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">国际音标</a>符号。</b>部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%A1%B5%E6%B5%8F%E8%A7%88%E5%99%A8" title="网页浏览器">浏览器</a>需要<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%88%87%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="Help:特殊字母與符號">特殊字母与符号支持</a>才能正確显示，否则可能显示为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E7%A2%BC" title="亂碼">乱码</a>、问号、空格等其它符号。</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>德語</b>（德語：<span lang="de">Deutsch</span>，<small>发音：</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" title="Help:德语国际音标">[dɔʏ̯t͡ʃʰ]</a></span> <span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">（<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0e\/De-Deutsch.ogg\/De-Deutsch.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"zh","wikibase":"","file":"De-Deutsch.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/De-Deutsch.ogg/De-Deutsch.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="播放音频" title="播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Deutsch.ogg" title="File:De-Deutsch.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>）</span>），是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="印歐語系">印歐語系</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西日耳曼語支">西日耳曼語支</a>的一門<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>。德語是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐盟">歐盟</a>内使用最廣的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">母語</a><sup id="cite_ref-Many_tongues,_one_family_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Many_tongues,_one_family-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，其母語使用者約有9,000萬<sup id="cite_ref-SIL_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>到9,800萬人<sup id="cite_ref-Marten_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marten-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。若以將其作為官方語言的國家數量計，德語是世界第六大語言。以德语為母語者現今主要分布在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E5%8C%BA" title="瑞士德语区">東部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%94%AF%E6%95%A6%E5%A3%AB%E7%99%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="列支敦士登">列支敦士登</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="盧森堡">盧森堡</a>。目前在一些歷史上曾屬泛德意志的地區（如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="一戰">一戰</a>前屬奧地利的<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%92%82%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="南蒂罗尔">南蒂羅爾</a>、一戰前屬<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="普魯士">普魯士</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="東比利時">東比利時</a>、一戰前屬普魯士的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="丹麥">丹麥</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%97%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%98%AD%E9%83%A1" title="南日德蘭郡">南日德蘭</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%8B%8F%E7%9B%8A%E6%A0%BC" title="石勒苏益格">北什勒斯維希</a>、一戰前屬普魯士的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭">波蘭</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="西里西亞">西里西亞</a>、在德法間數度易手的法國<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾薩斯">阿爾薩斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="洛林">洛林</a>、原德國殖民地<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="纳米比亚">纳米比亚</a>）仍居有眾多以德語為母語的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%BA" title="德意志人">德意志人</a>，是當地的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B8%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="少數民族">少數民族</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="標準德語">德語標準共同語</a>的形成可以追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="馬丁·路德">馬丁·路德</a>對<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E6%9D%A1%E8%AE%BA%E7%BA%B2" title="九十五条论纲">九十五条论纲</a>》的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="翻譯">翻譯</a>工作。大多數德語詞彙源於其<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼語族">日耳曼語族</a>的祖先語言（由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="原始日耳曼語">原始日耳曼語</a>發展而來的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="古高地德語">古高地德語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="中古高地德語">中古高地德語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="古法兰克语">古法蘭克語</a>等），一些詞彙來自<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>，還有部分來自<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>。 </p><p>德語書寫使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a>。德語字母在26個常規拉丁字母之外，另有三個帶<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6" title="分音符">分音符</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a><span lang="de">Ä/ä、Ö/ö、Ü/ü</span>以及一個特殊字母<span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ẞ/ß</a></span>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85099211">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E5%8F%B2" title="德語史">德語史</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_dialect_continuum_in_1900_(according_to_Wiesinger,_Heeroma_&_K%C3%B6nig).png"><img resource="/wiki/File:German_dialect_continuum_in_1900_(according_to_Wiesinger_%26_K%C3%B6nig).png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/German_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png/220px-German_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/German_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png/330px-German_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/German_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png/440px-German_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3048" data-file-height="3044" /></a><figcaption>1900年左右的德語分佈<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a>初期德语这个词首次出现。其<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%A0%B9" title="词根">词根</a>来源于<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼语">日耳曼语</a>中的<i>人民</i>（<i>thioda</i>, 形容詞 <i>thiodisk</i>）一词，意思是这是一种被大眾使用的语言。当时<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰克人">法兰克人</a>的高级阶层一般使用「法兰克式的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>」，后来稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>。德语当时并不是一种统一的语言，它是许多地方<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="方言">方言</a>的总称。 </p><p>中世纪<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德意志</a>境内<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B8%E4%BE%AF" title="诸侯">诸侯</a>割据，加上交通不便，各个德语方言的发展相差很大。虽然曾試圖建立共同语言，但一般都只局限于各地区，而且只在一定的阶层中被利用。比如北德的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="低地德语">低地德语</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%90%A8%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="汉萨同盟">汉萨同盟</a>最兴盛的时候在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7_(%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B)" title="北海 (大西洋)">北海</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7" title="波罗的海">波罗的海</a>沿海地带成为当地经商的通用语言。 </p><p>16世紀，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="马丁·路德">马丁·路德</a>為了推動<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="德意志宗教改革">德意志宗教改革</a>，将《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="圣经">圣经</a>》翻译成德语的一種方言，为德语的统一起了非常大的作用。《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="路德聖經">路德圣经</a>》所使用的德语方言，得到了非常广泛的普及，成为后来<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="標準德語">標準德語</a>的基础。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lutherbibel.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Lutherbibel.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/220px-Lutherbibel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/330px-Lutherbibel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/440px-Lutherbibel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>馬丁·路德翻譯的聖經在宗教改革時期得到了廣泛傳播，為現代德語的發展奠定了基礎</figcaption></figure> <p>1781年<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E9%9A%86" title="约翰·克里斯托弗·阿德隆">约翰·克里斯托弗·阿德隆</a>出版了第一部德语<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8" title="字典">字典</a>。1852年起<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97" title="雅各布·格林">雅各布·格林</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97" title="威廉·格林">威廉·格林</a>兄弟开始编辑最广泛的德语字典。这部著作一直到1960年才完工。1880年<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E7%99%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康拉德·杜登（页面不存在）">康拉德·杜登</a>出版了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%A8%E6%AD%A3%E4%BD%93%E4%B9%A6%E5%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德语全正体书写字典（页面不存在）">德语全正体书写字典</a>。1901年经过小修改后，这部字典成为标准德语的唯一典範。其中的內容一直到1998年才被重新訂正，以配合具爭議性<a href="/wiki/1996%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E6%AD%A3%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="1996年德語正寫法改革">1996年德語正寫法改革</a>。在過渡期內，新拼法在大部份學校裡教授，但媒體則出現新舊拼法混合並行的情況。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="德国联邦宪法法院">德國聯邦憲法法院</a>指出各州仍可自行決定是否採用新正寫法，而且只在學校中具有強制性。這意味著人們在學校以外的領域，仍可使用舊有正寫法。2007年，在德國國會沒有干預的情況下，又對正寫法作了一次重大檢討。2007年，一些舊拼法最終失效。新正寫法最明顯的影響是詞語結尾的-ss，如dass及muss成為可接受的拼法。這種拼法在傳統正寫法中是不允許的，一定要寫成daß及muß。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地理分布"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E7.90.86.E5.88.86.E5.B8.83"></span>地理分布</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：地理分布"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_(2010).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg/220px-Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg/330px-Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg/440px-Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐盟">歐盟</a>國家中的德語使用分佈圖。其中黑色部分是以德語為<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="官方語言">官方語言</a>的國家或地區</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="德語地理分佈">德語地理分佈</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png"><img resource="/wiki/File:Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png/220px-Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png/330px-Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png/440px-Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>現代歐洲日耳曼語分佈</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint">参见<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="德语国家和地区列表">德语国家和地区列表</a>以获取更详尽的列表。</div> <p>在以下国家德语是唯一的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="官方语言">官方语言</a>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%94%AF%E6%95%A6%E5%A3%AB%E7%99%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="列支敦士登">列支敦士登</a></li></ul> <p>在以下国家（和地区）德语是官方语言之一： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="卢森堡">卢森堡</a>（还有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="卢森堡语">卢森堡语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>（还有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">意大利语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E4%BB%80%E8%AF%AD" title="罗曼什语">罗曼什语</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a>（还有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰语">荷兰语</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>的波尔扎诺自治省（还有<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">意大利语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="斯洛文尼亚语">斯洛文尼亚语</a>）</li></ul> <p>在以下国家德语是少数族裔语言（按使用人数多少排列）： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6" title="丹麦">丹麦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦">哈萨克斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马尼亚">罗马尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%A5" title="多哥">多哥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="纳米比亚">纳米比亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD" title="巴拉圭">巴拉圭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="斯洛伐克">斯洛伐克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰">乌克兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A" title="克罗地亚">克罗地亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="摩爾多瓦">摩爾多瓦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%B1%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="拉脱维亚">拉脱维亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="爱沙尼亚">爱沙尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛">立陶宛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a></li></ul><p> 德语在欧洲占优势的国家和地区：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%94%AF%E6%95%A6%E5%A3%AB%E7%99%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="列支敦士登">列支敦士登</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>的26个州中的19个州、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%92%82%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="南蒂罗尔">南蒂罗尔</a>地区、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="德語文化區">德语文化区</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="卢森堡">卢森堡</a>（卢森堡占优势的语言为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="卢森堡语">卢森堡语</a>，在德国和法国，卢森堡语被认为是德语的方言）。</p><div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 379.55753557188px; border-left-color:#85C1E9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#85C1E9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#85C1E9"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 344.20225766692px; border-left-color:#008751"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008751"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#008751"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 190.31049331139px; border-left-color:#FF0000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF0000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF0000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 90.420359373902px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 21.036851205653px; border-left-color:#282828"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#282828"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#282828"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>德語母語使用者的分布（假設全體為9500萬） </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#282828; color:white;"> </span> 德國（78.3%）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> 奧地利（8.4%）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> 瑞士（5.6%）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008751; color:black;"> </span> 巴西（3.2%）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#85C1E9; color:black;"> </span> 意大利（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%92%82%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="南蒂罗尔">南蒂羅爾</a>）（0.4%）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> 其他（4.1%）</div> </div> </div></div><p>德语是世界上最常被学习的外语之一（在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>常作为<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%A4%96%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="第二外语">第二外语</a>教学）。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>，医学的术语是德语，而不是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>。 </p><table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>全球以德語為母語人口大致分佈情形 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>國家</th> <th>以德語為母語人口<sup id="cite_ref-Handwörterbuch_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handwörterbuch-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>備註 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a></td> <td align="right">77,000,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a></td> <td align="right">7,570,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/22px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/33px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/44px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%94%AF%E6%95%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%99%BB" title="列支敦斯登">列支敦斯登</a></td> <td align="right">35,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/22px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/33px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/44px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="卢森堡">盧森堡</a></td> <td align="right">470,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a></td> <td align="right">5,010,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷蘭</a></td> <td align="right">380,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="比利时">比利时</a></td> <td align="right">78,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a></td> <td align="right">1,200,000</td> <td>大部分在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="亞爾薩斯">亞爾薩斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97" title="洛林">洛林</a>兩<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="法国大区">大區</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a></td> <td align="right">230,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a></td> <td align="right">330,000</td> <td>大部分在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE%E6%89%8E%E8%AB%BE%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="波爾扎諾自治省">波爾扎諾省</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/33px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/44px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a></td> <td align="right">100,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波蘭</a></td> <td align="right">150,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="爱尔兰">愛爾蘭</a></td> <td align="right">100,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦">哈萨克斯坦</a></td> <td align="right">360,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/22px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/33px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/44px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a></td> <td align="right">200,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a></td> <td align="right">1,100,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a></td> <td align="right">900,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/33px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/44px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a></td> <td align="right">500,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a></td> <td align="right">450,000</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Handwörterbuch_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handwörterbuch-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亞</a></td> <td align="right">110,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a></td> <td align="right">75,000</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Handwörterbuch_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handwörterbuch-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="玻利維亞">玻利维亚</a></td> <td align="right">60,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/33px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/44px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9" title="智利">智利</a></td> <td align="right">40,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/22px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/33px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/44px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD" title="巴拉圭">巴拉圭</a></td> <td align="right">16,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="纳米比亚">纳米比亚</a></td> <td align="right">30,000</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Handwörterbuch_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handwörterbuch-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a></td> <td align="right">90,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/22px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/33px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/44px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%85%A7%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89" title="委內瑞拉">委內瑞拉</a></td> <td align="right">10,000</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="字母"><span id=".E5.AD.97.E6.AF.8D"></span>字母</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：字母"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="德語字母">德語字母</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="德語字母">德语字母</a>表是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a>组成，除了拉丁字母的26个字母外德语还有四个字母的变体。 </p> <table style="margin:0.2em auto;padding:0;border:1px solid #ced8df;clear:both;width:36em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="30" style="background:#efefef;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">德语</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="德語字母">字母</a> </th></tr> <tr lang="de"> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#efefef;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;">(<a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ä</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#efefef;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>) </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a> </td></tr> <tr lang="de"> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#efefef;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;">(<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#efefef;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>) </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#efefef;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;">(<a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%9E" title="ẞ">ẞ</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#efefef;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a>) </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#efefef;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;">(<a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ü</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#efefef;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>) </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td> <td style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>其中 Aa、Ee、Ii、Oo、Uu 以及三个变体字母 <a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ä</a>ä、<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö</a>ö、<a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ü</a>ü 为<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="元音字母">元音字母</a>。包括 <a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a> 的其他字母为<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="辅音字母">辅音字母</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="乱码问题"><span id=".E4.B9.B1.E7.A0.81.E9.97.AE.E9.A2.98"></span>乱码问题</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：乱码问题"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由于德语的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="電腦">電腦</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81" title="字符编码">编码</a>为西欧语言，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86" class="mw-redirect" title="国际标准">国际标准</a>为ISO-8859-1，所以在使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81" class="mw-disambig" title="国家标准代码">GB系列</a>或<a href="/wiki/BIG5" class="mw-redirect" title="BIG5">BIG5</a>编码的中文系统（如常见的<a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>系列）中用一些纯文本无法正确显示<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%98%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="变音字符（页面不存在）">变音字符</a>，必须将德文文字转换为<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>编码才能在文字编辑工具中正常显示。特别是在使用默认<a href="/wiki/GB2312" class="mw-redirect" title="GB2312">GB2312</a>的浏览器查看没有给出语言编码的德文网页时也会出现乱码。但在中文版的<a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU/Linux">GNU/Linux</a>中由于預設使用<a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>而避免了乱码。如果变音字符直接用GB系列或BIG5编码保存再次打开就会变成乱码。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="发音"><span id=".E5.8F.91.E9.9F.B3"></span>发音</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：发音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="德語音系學">德語音系學</a></div> <p>德语的发音并不统一。以下主要是在德国使用的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="標準德語">標準德語</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="重音"><span id=".E9.87.8D.E9.9F.B3"></span>重音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：重音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>德语词的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="重音">重音</a>一般在倒数第二个音节上，但不是非常规则，尤其表现在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="外来词">外来词</a>上。大部分情况下<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%B9%B9" title="詞幹">詞幹</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82" title="音节">音节</a>为重音（如ˈSpra-che，语言），但有时也有<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%BC%80" class="mw-redirect" title="前缀">前缀</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%96%E7%A2%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="首碼（页面不存在）">首碼</a>）（如Aus-spra-che，发音）或<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%BC%80" class="mw-redirect" title="后缀">后缀</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BE%E7%A2%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尾碼（页面不存在）">尾碼</a>）（如Bä-cke-rei，面包坊）为重音的。假如一个词是由多个词合成组成的那么第一个组成部分词得重音。外来词的重音一般按该词在其原语言来标重。得到重音的音节一般发音比较响一些。假如该音节是<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="长音">长音</a>的话，这个音节往往被故意更加拖长一些。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="語调"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E8.B0.83"></span>語调</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：語调"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>德语的语句有降调，升调和平调。降调一般用在肯定句中。升调一般用在问句中。平调一般用在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E5%8F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="主句（页面不存在）">主句</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8E%E5%8F%A5" title="从句">从句</a>之间。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="元音（母音）"><span id=".E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3.EF.BC.88.E6.AF.8D.E9.9F.B3.EF.BC.89"></span>元音（母音）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：元音（母音）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>德语有15个<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a>（母音）：[aː]、[a]、[iː]、[ɪ]、[oː]、[ɒ]、[uː]、[ʊ]、[eː]、[ɛ]、[øː]、[œ]、[yː]、[ʏ]和[ɛː]。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語法"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E6.B3.95"></span>語法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：語法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95" title="德语语法">德語語法</a></div> <p>德語屬於語法學上所谓“<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98%E8%AF%AD" title="屈折语">屈折语</a>”，即德语主要靠词形变化，而不是像<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="孤立语">孤立语</a>一样靠语序、虚词来表达清楚一个句子的含义，如汉语。德語属于語法较为传统的语言，它保留了较多来自古代的静词的格词尾变化以及动词的变位。相对于<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰语">荷兰语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="瑞典语">瑞典语</a>这些日尔曼兄弟语言而言，德语的語法变化是相当複雜的（<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="冰島語">冰島語</a>除外）。但和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语">俄语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="波兰语">波兰语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>等非同族语言相比，德语的屈折变化相对来说又是简单的。<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%90%90%E6%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克·吐溫">馬克·吐温</a>説過：「聪明人3個月能学会<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>、3年学会<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a>，但要花30年学會<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德語">德語</a>。」<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>這種説法容或有誇張成份，但也説明<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德語">德語</a>比一般人認為難學的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a>更難學好。 </p><p>德语名词分为三个性，四个<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格</a>，有单複<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">数</a>之分。<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名词</a>藉由其本身及修饰、定义它的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%AF%8D" title="形容词">形容词</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E8%A9%9E" title="副詞">副词</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E8%AF%8D" title="冠词">冠词</a>之变化来表现它在句子中的位置、功能和意义，称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E6%A0%BC" title="变格">变格</a>，而德语的动词需要根据<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0" title="人称">人称</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E6%80%81" title="时态">时态</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="語氣">语态</a>而变化，称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%A2%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="詞形變化">动词变位</a>。 </p><p>德语名词的語法性別沒有嚴格的规律可遵循，如： </p> <ul><li>das Auto （汽车，中性）</li> <li>der Bus （公车，阳性）</li></ul> <p>规则动词变化以 kommen（來、到達）為例： </p> <ul><li>ich komme （我）</li> <li>du kommst （你）</li> <li>er/sie/es kommt （第三人称单数）</li> <li>wir kommen （我们）</li> <li>ihr kommt （你们）</li> <li>sie/Sie kommen （第三人称复数/您）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="正寫法"><span id=".E6.AD.A3.E5.AF.AB.E6.B3.95"></span>正寫法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：正寫法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E6%AD%A3%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95" title="德語正寫法">德语正写法</a>和<a href="/wiki/1996%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E6%AD%A3%E5%86%99%E6%B3%95%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="1996年德语正写法改革">1996年德语正写法改革</a></div> <p>德语正寫法即书写德语的一套指导规则，例如一个单词的首字母何时大写，连写单词构成新词时应如何处理其连接处，以及标点符号的规则等。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>等德語地區（除<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="盧森堡">盧森堡</a>外）同意自1998年起在学校内使用<a href="/wiki/1996%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E6%AD%A3%E5%86%99%E6%B3%95%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="1996年德语正写法改革">新德语正写法</a>。1999年起也适用于德国所有行政机关<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>截至2004年，大部份會使用德語的平面媒體如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E9%80%8F%E7%A4%BE" title="路透社">路透社</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE" title="德新社">德新社</a>已經採用了新正寫法。 </p><p>在德國，經過一段時間的過渡期及對新正寫法作出修訂（如部份舊拼法得到保留，或與新拼法並行）後，自2005年8月1日起，除<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5-%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6" title="北莱茵-威斯特法伦">北萊茵-威斯伐倫</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="巴伐利亞">巴伐利亞</a>兩個邦已經正式拒絕使用新正寫法外，在學校裡，舊有拼寫方法會被視為不正確。自2006年起，德國上述兩個邦的公立學校也會強制採用新規則。2004年版的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E7%99%BB%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="杜登詞典">杜登詞典</a>（Duden dictionary）也包括了這些改動。2007年，一些舊拼法最終失效。這意味著新拼寫規則將會由學校開始，廣泛推展到說德語的大眾。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="德语方言"><span id=".E5.BE.B7.E8.AF.AD.E6.96.B9.E8.A8.80"></span>德语方言</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：德语方言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="德语方言">德語方言</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mundarten.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mundarten.png/220px-Mundarten.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mundarten.png/330px-Mundarten.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Mundarten.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>德語方言</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/220px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/330px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/440px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>歐洲的德語分布<small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffcc00; color:black;"> </span> 德語是官方以及被主題人口使用的語言</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d98575; color:black;"> </span> 德語是官方語言之一，但不是主題人口使用的語言</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7373d9; color:black;"> </span> 德語是官方認可的少數民族語言</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#30efe3; color:black;"> </span> 德語（或德語方言）是相當數量的少數民族使用的語言，但不被政府認可</div></small></figcaption></figure> <p><b>德语</b>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>和周围国家使用的一些<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="方言">方言</a>的统称。 </p><p>德国方言一般分为<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#低地德语">低地德语</a>和<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#高地德语">高地德语</a>两种。（<mark class="template-facttext"><span title="非常模棱两可或者十分空泛的语句">某些语言学家</span></mark><sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/%E4%B8%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%A8%A1%E7%A8%9C%E5%85%A9%E5%8F%AF" title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/不要模稜兩可"><span title="缺少主语或者主语不够具体的语句修正请求"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[谁？]</span></span></a></sup>认为，不宜把低地德语作为德语的一部分。） </p><p>现代德语方言分为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="中部德語">中部德语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="上德語">上德语</a>两部分，标准德语以中部德语为基础。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>的方言属于上德语。德语语言区南部有比较多的方言如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a>方言、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E7%93%A6%E6%9C%AC" title="施瓦本">施瓦本</a>方言、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="巴伐利亚">巴伐利亚</a>方言、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE" title="黑森">黑森</a>方言、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86" title="科隆">科隆</a>方言、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>方言等。一般来说越向南方方言的发音越强硬，多短音，多a音。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="高地德语"><span id=".E9.AB.98.E5.9C.B0.E5.BE.B7.E8.AF.AD"></span>高地德语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：高地德语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="高地德語">高地德語</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Languages_Austria.svg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Languages_Austria.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Languages_Austria.svg/220px-Languages_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Languages_Austria.svg/330px-Languages_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Languages_Austria.svg/440px-Languages_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black;"> </span> 奧地利的大部都位於德語<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="巴伐利亞語">巴伐利亞方言</a>的範圍內</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF4500; color:black;"> </span> 德語<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="阿勒曼尼语">阿勒曼尼方言</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>高地德语，為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="南德國">南德国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>的德语方言。“高地”指<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿尔卑斯山">阿尔卑斯山</a>和临近的德国南部山区。 </p><p>值得注意的是，常有人将高地德语与<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="标准德语">标准德语</a>混为一谈，但二者是完全不同的两个概念。 </p><p><b>高地德语</b>对应的德语词汇是<b>Oberdeutsch</b>，“Ober”一词意为“高处、上方”，指<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="阿尔卑斯山">阿尔卑斯山</a>和临近的德国南部山区；而<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="标准德语">标准德语</a>对应的德语词汇则是Hochdeutsch，其中“hoch”一词也有“高”的含义但在这里则意为“高贵的、高级的”，而不是指地理概念。 </p><p>Hochdeutsch一词在德语中专指<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="标准德语">标准德语</a>，标准德语发音以德国中部（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%BA%E5%A8%81" title="汉诺威">汉诺威</a>周围）方言为基础，德国、奥地利、瑞士使用相同的德语正寫法。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="低地德语"><span id=".E4.BD.8E.E5.9C.B0.E5.BE.B7.E8.AF.AD"></span>低地德语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：低地德语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="低地德語">低地德語</a></div> <p>低地德语（通常分为三大体系）： </p> <ol><li>东低地德语，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林">柏林</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="梅克伦堡">梅克伦堡</a>等地区所使用的东、西<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="普鲁士">普鲁士</a>德语都属于东低地德语。</li> <li>低地萨克森语，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="北美">北美</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%AA%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="堪萨斯">堪萨斯</a>的德裔群体所使用的门诺低地德语（Mennonite Plautdietsch），<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%9D%A5%E6%A2%85" title="不来梅">不来梅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB" title="杜塞尔多夫">杜塞尔多夫</a>等地使用的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5-%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="北萊茵-西伐利亞">北萊茵-西伐利亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="下萨克森">下萨克森</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E7%B6%AD%E5%B8%8C-%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="什勒斯維希-霍爾斯坦">什勒斯維希-霍爾斯坦</a>绝大多数城市、以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷兰</a>东南部很多省的一部分。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="低地法兰克语">低地法兰克语</a>，包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰语">荷兰语</a>、比利时的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%8B%89%E8%8A%92%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="佛拉芒語">佛拉芒语</a>（它与荷兰语虽然用词不同，但对应词的发音相同）、荷兰的西<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="林堡语">林堡语</a>等，所以实质上荷兰语也是一种低地德语，只不过因为政治因素被独立称为荷兰语。</li></ol> <p>一般语言学家认为低地德语是一些独立的语言，而不是德语的一些方言。低地德语在过去的一个世纪内受到<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="标准德语">标准德语</a>的冲击很大。今天在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="德國北部">德国北部</a>地区仍广泛使用低地德语。低地德语保存了日耳曼语族中一些比较原始的成分，它们与荷兰语和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="古英语">古英语</a>的共同点比同各类高地德语之间更接近。各类低地德语的发音通常比较柔软，e:音和长音比较多。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="瑞士德语"><span id=".E7.91.9E.E5.A3.AB.E5.BE.B7.E8.AF.AD"></span>瑞士德语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：瑞士德语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Languages_CH.png"><img resource="/wiki/File:Map_Languages_CH.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Map_Languages_CH.png/220px-Map_Languages_CH.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Map_Languages_CH.png/330px-Map_Languages_CH.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Map_Languages_CH.png/440px-Map_Languages_CH.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8C00; color:black;"> </span> 瑞士德語是該國的四大官方語言之一，瑞士前十的城鎮裡有七所都講德語</div></figcaption></figure> <p>一般语言学家认为<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="瑞士德语">瑞士德语</a>是德语的一个方言，它与<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E7%93%A6%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="施瓦本方言">施瓦本方言</a>比较接近。但瑞士德语的发音与<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="标准德语">标准德语</a>的发音相差悬殊，以至于一般德国人听不懂。瑞士德语的正体法与标准德语的完全一致，虽然在瑞士也有人利用瑞士德语的发音来书写，但这种书写方式不被正式承认。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moselfrankisch.png"><img resource="/wiki/File:Moselfrankisch.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Moselfrankisch.png/220px-Moselfrankisch.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Moselfrankisch.png/330px-Moselfrankisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Moselfrankisch.png/440px-Moselfrankisch.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9999FF; color:black;"> </span> 盧森堡也有相當數量的德語人口</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="官僚德语"><span id=".E5.AE.98.E5.83.9A.E5.BE.B7.E8.AF.AD"></span>官僚德语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：官僚德语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BelgieGemeenschappenkaart.svg"><img resource="/wiki/File:BelgieGemeenschappenkaart.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BelgieGemeenschappenkaart.svg/220px-BelgieGemeenschappenkaart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BelgieGemeenschappenkaart.svg/330px-BelgieGemeenschappenkaart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BelgieGemeenschappenkaart.svg/440px-BelgieGemeenschappenkaart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;"> </span> 在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="比利時">比利時</a>，德語使用者主要集中在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="德语社群">德語社群</a>中</div></figcaption></figure> <p>官僚德语（Beamtendeutsch）是德国机关、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" title="法庭">法庭</a>等等使用的语言。理论上来说是最标准的德语。但因为官僚德语语句往往非常累赘（从句套从句等等），混有许多机关、法庭用的缩写和引用法律，公报的条例，加上许多官话中的特用词（比如火灾在官僚德语中不用一般人使用的 Brand 一词，而用冗长的 Feuerereignis ，失火事故），教育比较低的德国人，或对一个专业不熟悉的人也往往看不懂用官僚德语写的公报或官方信件。官僚德语常被用来讽刺德国庞大死板的官僚机构。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="其他语言对德语的影响"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E8.AF.AD.E8.A8.80.E5.AF.B9.E5.BE.B7.E8.AF.AD.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>其他语言对德语的影响</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：其他语言对德语的影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>对德语影响最大的语言是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>。作为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a>时的学术和高阶层语言，今天德语中许多学术概念或表示抽象概念的词依然来自于<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="希腊语">希腊语</a>。 </p><p>德国位于欧洲的中心，地处交通要道，也是中世纪诸诸侯的逐鹿之地，故德语中含有许多从其他<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="罗曼语族">罗曼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="乌拉尔语系">波罗地·斯拉夫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="意大利语族">意大利语族</a>语言及其他语言（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="波兰语">波兰语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">意大利语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语">俄语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="希伯来语">希伯来语</a>）借用的外来语。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="英语对德语的影响"><span id=".E8.8B.B1.E8.AF.AD.E5.AF.B9.E5.BE.B7.E8.AF.AD.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>英语对德语的影响</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：英语对德语的影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a>后对德语影响最大的外语是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>。英语有时被戏称为“新标准德语”。据<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E6%B5%B7%E5%A7%86" title="曼海姆">曼海姆</a>的德语研究所2004年初统计，在过去10年中德语中共产生了约700个新词，其中40%以上直接来自英语或是英语与德语组成的混合词。英语对德语的冲击来自下面三个方面： </p> <ul><li>许多新的科技术语直接由英语进入德语词汇。有些术语虽然也有相应的德语词，但英语原词被更广泛地应用和接受（如 <i>Computer</i> →代替→ <i>Rechner</i>，<i>DNA</i> →代替→ <i>DNS</i> 等等）。</li> <li>许多<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="跨国公司">跨国公司</a>（甚至德国的跨国公司，如德国<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%97%A8%E5%AD%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="西门子公司">西门子公司</a>）内部以英语为工作语言。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>虽然德国政府不像<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>使用强制措施维护法语那样来维护德语，但德国社会也已经意识到了德语的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="英语化">英语化</a>问题，也還有很多移民使用英德交雜的错误用法。许多有影响的报刊和电视文化节目抨击这个趋势，但它们自身也往往无法摆脱和漠视这个趋势的要求。 </p><p>德语中也有一些“<b>仿英语</b>”（或称<b>德製英语</b>）词汇——最具代表性的是<i>Handy</i>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="手机">手机</a>）一词，英语中handy是个形容词，意思是“便于使用的”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="英語中的德語借詞"><span id=".E8.8B.B1.E8.AA.9E.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E5.BE.B7.E8.AA.9E.E5.80.9F.E8.A9.9E"></span>英語中的德語借詞</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：英語中的德語借詞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>英語從德語中借取了很多<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="借詞">借詞</a>，而且通常沒有伴隨任何拼寫變化（通常除了消除分音符和取消名詞的首字母大寫之外）: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#FFDEAD;"> <th>德語單詞 </th> <th>英語借詞 </th> <th>德語單詞的意思 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">abseilen</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abseil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abseil（页面不存在）">abseil</a></td> <td>用繩索吊下 / 快速游繩(繩降) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Angst</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angst（页面不存在）">angst</a></td> <td>恐懼 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Ansatz</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ansatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansatz">ansatz</a></td> <td>开端，开始/ 延长部分，套口/ 附加物/ 估计，估价/ 方法，手段 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Anschluss</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anschluss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anschluss（页面不存在）">anschluss</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE%E6%80%A7%E9%99%88%E8%BF%B0" title="Wikipedia:争议性陈述"><span title="自2019年6月在这个标示附近的资料可靠性值得怀疑。">可疑</span></a>]</sup></td> <td>连接、端子、接口/ 附加、附加物 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Automat</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Automat（页面不存在）">automat</a></td> <td>自动化/ 自动售货机、自动装置 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Bildungsroman</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bildungsroman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bildungsroman（页面不存在）">bildungsroman</a></td> <td>關注故事主角個人的發展與教育的小說 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Blitz</span></td> <td><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/blitz" class="extiw" title="wikt:blitz">blitz</a></td> <td>闪光灯/ 闪电 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Bratwurst</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bratwurst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bratwurst（页面不存在）">bratwurst</a></td> <td>油煎香肠 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Delikatessen</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delicatessen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delicatessen（页面不存在）">delicatessen</a></td> <td>美味精緻的食物 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Doppelgänger</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doppelganger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doppelganger（页面不存在）">doppelganger</a></td> <td>lit. "double going / living person alive", 面貌极相似的人 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Dramaturg</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dramaturge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dramaturge（页面不存在）">dramaturge</a></td> <td>professional position within a theatre or opera company that deals mainly with research and development of plays or operas </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Edelweiß</span> or <span lang="de-ch">Edelweiss</span> (Swiss spelling)</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelweiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edelweiss（页面不存在）">edelweiss</a></td> <td>火绒草花 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Ersatz</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ersatz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ersatz（页面不存在）">ersatz</a></td> <td>lit. "replacement", typically used to refer to an inferior substitute for a desired substance or item </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Fest</span></td> <td>fest</td> <td>節日、慶典/宴會、派對 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Gedankenexperiment</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedankenexperiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedankenexperiment（页面不存在）">gedankenexperiment</a></td> <td>思想实验 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Geländesprung</span></td> <td>gelandesprung<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE%E6%80%A7%E9%99%88%E8%BF%B0" title="Wikipedia:争议性陈述"><span title="自2019年6月在这个标示附近的资料可靠性值得怀疑。">可疑</span></a>]</sup></td> <td>ski jumping for distance on alpine equipment </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Gemütlichkeit</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gem%C3%BCtlichkeit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemütlichkeit（页面不存在）">gemütlichkeit</a></td> <td>溫暖舒適的感覺, 舒适, 天性善良, 亲切，和蔼 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Gestalt</span></td> <td><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Gestalt" class="extiw" title="wikt:Gestalt">gestalt</a></td> <td>form or shape / creature / scheme; a concept of 'wholeness' (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Etymology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etymology（页面不存在）">etymologically</a> <i>die <a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Gestalt#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Gestalt">Gestalt</a></i> is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Past_participle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Past participle（页面不存在）">past participle</a> of <i><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/stellen#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:stellen">stellen</a></i> used as an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstract_noun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abstract noun（页面不存在）">abstract noun</a>, i. e. the same form as contemporary <i>die <a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/gestellt#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:gestellt">Gestellte</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Gesundheit!</span></td> <td>Gesundheit! (Amer.)</td> <td>健康;健康状况/ 上帝祝福你! (當有人打噴嚏時) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Glockenspiel</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glockenspiel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glockenspiel（页面不存在）">glockenspiel</a></td> <td>钟琴、打擊樂器 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Heiligenschein</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heiligenschein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heiligenschein（页面不存在）">heiligenschein</a></td> <td>氣象學. "神聖的光亮" / (日月等的)晕 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Hinterland</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinterland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinterland（页面不存在）">hinterland</a></td> <td>lit. mil. "area behind the front-line": interior / backwoods </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">kaputt</span></td> <td><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/kaput" class="extiw" title="wikt:kaput">kaput</a></td> <td>弄乱了的, 坏了的，破碎的 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Katzenjammer</span></td> <td><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Katzenjammer" class="extiw" title="wikt:Katzenjammer">katzenjammer</a></td> <td>字面意義"貓的悲嘆": 酒后的头痛，酗酒、暴飲暴食 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Kindergarten</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kindergarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kindergarten（页面不存在）">kindergarten</a></td> <td>字面意義"小孩的庭院" – 托儿所或幼儿园 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Kitsch</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitsch">kitsch</a></td> <td>虚假的，只为了赚钱而产生的“艺术” </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Kraut</span></td> <td>kraut</td> <td><i>sauerkraut</i> 的缩写 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Leitmotiv</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leitmotif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leitmotif（页面不存在）">leitmotif</a></td> <td>引导情节发展的主题 (動詞 <span lang="de">leiten</span>為"领导、指引"的意思) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">plündern</span> (v.)</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plunder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plunder（页面不存在）">to plunder</a></td> <td>lit. "taking goods by force" (original meaning "to take away furniture" shifted in German and was borrowed by English both during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty_Years_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirty Years War（页面不存在）">Thirty Years War</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Poltergeist</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poltergeist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poltergeist（页面不存在）">poltergeist</a></td> <td>字面意思為"敲击吵闹恶作剧的鬼" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Realpolitik</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realpolitik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Realpolitik（页面不存在）">realpolitik</a></td> <td>diplomacy based on practical objectives rather than ideals </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Reich</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich">the Reich</a></td> <td>第三帝国 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Rucksack</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rucksack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rucksack（页面不存在）">rucksack</a></td> <td>背包(<span lang="de">Ruck</span> → <span lang="de">Rücken</span> 是"後背"的意思) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Sauerkraut</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauerkraut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sauerkraut（页面不存在）">sauerkraut</a></td> <td>在自己汁液發酵的鹽醃切絲包心菜、德國酸菜 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Schadenfreude</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schadenfreude&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schadenfreude（页面不存在）">schadenfreude</a></td> <td>幸灾乐祸 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Spiel</span></td> <td><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/spiel" class="extiw" title="wikt:spiel">spiel</a></td> <td>lit. "game / play": sales pitch / lengthy speech with the intent to persuade </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Sprachraum</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sprachraum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sprachraum（页面不存在）">sprachraum</a></td> <td>lit. "place/area/room of a language": area where a certain language is spoken </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">über</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Cber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Über（页面不存在）">uber</a></td> <td>在...上方、超過、優於 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">verklemmt</span></td> <td>verklemmt (Amer.)</td> <td>字面意義 "卡住的/受壓縮的": 受抑制的, 内向的，退縮的 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Waldsterben</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldsterben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waldsterben（页面不存在）">waldsterben</a></td> <td>字面意義 "森林顶梢枯死", dying floral environment </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Wanderlust</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanderlust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wanderlust（页面不存在）">wanderlust</a></td> <td>desire, pleasure, or inclination to travel or walk </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Weltanschauung</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Weltanschauung" class="mw-redirect" title="Weltanschauung">weltanschauung</a></td> <td>字面意義"世界观": 意识形态、思想体系 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Wunderkind</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wunderkind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wunderkind（页面不存在）">wunderkind</a></td> <td>字面意義"神奇兒童": 天才兒童，神童 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Zeitgeist</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeitgeist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeitgeist（页面不存在）">zeitgeist</a></td> <td>字面意义“时间的精神”：时代精神；时代潮流 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="de">Zugzwang</span></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zugzwang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zugzwang（页面不存在）">zugzwang</a></td> <td>下棋術語. "非走不可的一步" </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="歌德">歌德</a><small>(1749–1832)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%AD%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="席勒">席勒</a><small>(1759–1805)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F" title="格林兄弟">格林兄弟</a><small>(1785–1863)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="托馬斯·曼">托馬斯·曼</a><small>(1875–1955)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="黑塞">黑塞</a><small>(1877–1962)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/190px-Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/285px-Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/380px-Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="3167" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg/129px-Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg/194px-Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg/258px-Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2368" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grimm1.jpg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Grimm1.jpg/125px-Grimm1.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Grimm1.jpg/188px-Grimm1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Grimm1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="242" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Mann_1929.jpg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Thomas_Mann_1929.jpg/100px-Thomas_Mann_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Thomas_Mann_1929.jpg/150px-Thomas_Mann_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Thomas_Mann_1929.jpg/200px-Thomas_Mann_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="696" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hermann_Hesse_1927_Photo_Gret_Widmann.jpg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hermann_Hesse_1927_Photo_Gret_Widmann.jpg/110px-Hermann_Hesse_1927_Photo_Gret_Widmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hermann_Hesse_1927_Photo_Gret_Widmann.jpg/164px-Hermann_Hesse_1927_Photo_Gret_Widmann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hermann_Hesse_1927_Photo_Gret_Widmann.jpg/219px-Hermann_Hesse_1927_Photo_Gret_Widmann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="492" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globelang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Globelang.svg/32px-Globelang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Globelang.svg/48px-Globelang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Globelang.svg/64px-Globelang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="178" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Portal:语言">语言主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Europe_green_light.png/32px-Europe_green_light.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Europe_green_light.png/48px-Europe_green_light.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Europe_green_light.png/64px-Europe_green_light.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="226" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:欧洲">欧洲主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:德国">德国主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="Portal:奥地利">奥地利主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/28px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/56px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="Portal:瑞士">瑞士主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="標準德語">標準德語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="德語音系學">德語音系學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E6%AD%A3%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="1996年德語正寫法改革">1996年德語正寫法改革</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">根据<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="美国人口">美国人口</a>调查，约有五千一百万<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="美国人">美国人</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%A3%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="德裔美国人">有德国血统</a>。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NE100-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NE100_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010">Världens 100 största språk 2010 [The world's 100 largest languages in 2010]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a>. 2010 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-02-12</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111051518/http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010">存档</a>于2012-11-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=V%C3%A4rldens+100+st%C3%B6rsta+spr%C3%A5k+2010&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nationalencyklopedin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fspr%25C3%25A5k%2Fv%25C3%25A4rldens-100-st%25C3%25B6rsta-spr%25C3%25A5k-2010&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="瑞典語">（瑞典文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo2006-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo2006_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">National Geographic Collegiate Atlas of the World. Willard, Ohio: R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company. April 2006: 257–299. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7922-3662-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7922-3662-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7922-3662-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+Collegiate+Atlas+of+the+World&rft.date=2006-04&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7922-3662-7&rft.pages=257-299&rft.place=Willard%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=R.R.+Donnelley+%26+Sons+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Many_tongues,_one_family-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Many_tongues,_one_family_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf">Many tongues, one family. Languages in the European Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Europa_(web_portal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europa (web portal)（页面不存在）">Europa (web portal)</a>. 2004 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-02-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120135700/http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2013-01-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.au=European+Commission&rft.btitle=Many+tongues%2C+one+family.+Languages+in+the+European+Union&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Europa+%28web+portal%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublications%2Fbooklets%2Fmove%2F45%2Fen.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIL-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIL_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Lewis, M. Paul (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=deu">存檔副本</a>. Ethnologue: Languages of the World 16. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. 2009 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2005-12-06</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090924131939/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=deu">存档</a>于2009-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%AA%94%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.aufirst=M.+Paul&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.date=2009&rft.edition=16&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Dallas%2C+Texas&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Ddeu&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marten-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marten_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Marten, Thomas; Sauer, Fritz Joachim (编). Länderkunde - Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz und Liechtenstein im Querschnitt [Regional Geography - An Overview of Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein]. Berlin: Inform-Verlag. 2005: 7. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-9805843-1-3" title="Special:网络书源/3-9805843-1-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-9805843-1-3</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到德语网页">（德语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.au=Sauer%2C+Fritz+Joachim&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Marten&rft.btitle=L%C3%A4nderkunde+-+Deutschland%2C+%C3%96sterreich%2C+Schweiz+und+Liechtenstein+im+Querschnitt&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-9805843-1-3&rft.pages=7&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Inform-Verlag&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Wiesinger: Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte. In: Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung, series: HSK 1.2, Berlin, New York, pp. 807-900</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. König: dtv-Altas Deutsche Sprache, 2019, Munich, pp. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Goossens: Deutsche Dialektologie, Walter de Gruyter, 1977, pp. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Giesbers: Dialecten op de grens van twee talen, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 2008, pp. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handwörterbuch-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handwörterbuch_11-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handwörterbuch_11-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handwörterbuch_11-2"><sup><b>10.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handwörterbuch_11-3"><sup><b>10.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpb.de/wissen/08937231579775312662617270950640,1,0,Auslandsdeutsche.html#art1">Handwörterbuch des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110310000000/http://www.bpb.de/wissen/08937231579775312662617270950640,1,0,Auslandsdeutsche.html#art1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (in German). Source lists "German expatriate citizens" only for Namibia and South Africa!</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070408233057/http://www.crossmyt.com/hc/linghebr/awfgrmlg.html">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-04-08</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crossmyt.com/hc/linghebr/awfgrmlg.html">原始内容</a>存档于2007-04-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crossmyt.com%2Fhc%2Flinghebr%2Fawfgrmlg.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Mark Twain once stated: For a clever person, it took three months to learn English, it took three years to learn Francais, and took thirty years to learn German. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">德国内阁: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmi.bund.de/cln_012/nn_122688/Internet/Content/Nachrichten/Archiv/Pressemitteilungen/2005/07/Rechtschreibreform.html"><i>Bundesverwaltung übernimmt Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201128044123/http://www.bmi.bund.de/cln_012/nn_122688/Internet/Content/Nachrichten/Archiv/Pressemitteilungen/2005/07/Rechtschreibreform.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, 22. Juli 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">翁震华. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1053679263">“德语作为外语”测试的研究</a> 第1版. 杭州: 浙江教育出版社. 2013-11: 8. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-5536-1314-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-5536-1314-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-5536-1314-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1053679263"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 1053679263</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.au=%E7%BF%81%E9%9C%87%E5%8D%8E&rft.btitle=%E2%80%9C%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%BA%E5%A4%96%E8%AF%AD%E2%80%9D%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.date=2013-11&rft.edition=%E7%AC%AC1%E7%89%88&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-5536-1314-7&rft.pages=8&rft.place=%E6%9D%AD%E5%B7%9E&rft.pub=%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1053679263&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1053679263&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Gestalt">Gestalt</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duden（页面不存在）">Duden</a> / Bibliographisches Institut GmbH. 2017 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-09-20</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322173918/https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Gestalt">存档</a>于2021-03-22）. <q>mittelhochdeutsch gestalt = Aussehen, Beschaffenheit; Person, Substantivierung von: gestalt, althochdeutsch gistalt, 2. Partizip von stellen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.btitle=Gestalt&rft.date=2017&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Duden+%2F+Bibliographisches+Institut+GmbH.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duden.de%2Frechtschreibung%2FGestalt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%88%87%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%87%E6%81%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%B0%BC" title="福斯托·切尔奇恩亚尼">Fausto Cercignani</a>, <i>The Consonants of German: Synchrony and Diachrony</i>, Milano, Cisalpino, 1979.</li> <li>Michael Clyne, <i>The German Language in a Changing Europe</i> (1995) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-49970-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-49970-5">978-0-521-49970-5</a></li> <li>George O. Curme, <i>A Grammar of the German Language</i> (1904, 1922) — the most complete and authoritative work in English</li> <li>Anthony Fox, <i>The Structure of German</i> (2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-927399-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-927399-7">978-0-19-927399-7</a></li> <li>W.B. Lockwood, <i>German Today: The Advanced Learner's Guide</i> (1987) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-815850-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-815850-9">978-0-19-815850-9</a></li> <li>Ruth H. Sanders. <i>German: Biography of a Language</i> (Oxford University Press; 2010) 240 pages. Combines linguistic, anthropological, and historical perspectives in a "biography" of German in terms of six "signal events" over millennia, including the Battle of Kalkriese, which blocked the spread of Latin-based language north.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">维基百科提供如下语言版本：<b><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="de:"> German 維基百科</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>有此种语言版本：<b><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/de:" class="extiw" title="s:de:">德语维基文库</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span 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href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:日耳曼語族"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="日耳曼语族语言" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼语族">日耳曼语族</a>语言</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>根据<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语语文学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic philology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语语文学（页面不存在）">日耳曼语语文学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_philology" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic philology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic philology</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="西日耳曼語支" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西日耳曼語支">西日耳曼語支</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E7%BB%84" title="盎格鲁-弗里斯兰语组">盎格鲁-弗里斯兰语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E7%BB%84" title="盎格鲁-弗里斯兰语组">盎格鲁语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="英語方言列表">英語方言列表</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="古英语">古英语</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="中古英语">中古英语</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="近代英语">近代英语</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E6%88%88%E8%AF%AD" title="芬戈语">芬戈语</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="约拉语">约拉语</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="低地蘇格蘭語">低地蘇格蘭語</a> <ul><li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="上古低地蘇格蘭語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Early Scots"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上古低地蘇格蘭語（页面不存在）">上古低地蘇格蘭語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Scots" class="extiw" title="en:Early Scots"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Early Scots</span></a></span>）</span></span></i></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中古低地蘇格蘭語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Middle Scots"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中古低地蘇格蘭語（页面不存在）">中古低地蘇格蘭語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Scots" class="extiw" title="en:Middle Scots"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Middle Scots</span></a></span>）</span></span></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="弗里斯兰语">弗里斯兰语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史形式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古弗里斯兰语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Frisian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古弗里斯兰语（页面不存在）">古弗里斯兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Frisian" class="extiw" title="en:Old Frisian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Frisian</span></a></span>）</span></span></i></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中古弗里斯兰语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Middle Frisian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中古弗里斯兰语（页面不存在）">中古弗里斯兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Frisian" class="extiw" title="en:Middle Frisian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Middle Frisian</span></a></span>）</span></span></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="东弗里斯兰语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="East Frisian language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东弗里斯兰语（页面不存在）">东弗里斯兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisian_language" class="extiw" title="en:East Frisian language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">East Frisian language</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>埃姆斯 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="萨特弗里斯兰语">萨特弗里斯兰语</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>威悉</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangerooge Frisian（页面不存在）">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wursten_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wursten Frisian（页面不存在）">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="北弗里斯兰语">北弗里斯兰语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>海岛 <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiderstedt_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eiderstedt Frisian（页面不存在）">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Föhr North Frisian（页面不存在）">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amrum_North_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amrum North Frisian（页面不存在）">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heligoland_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heligoland Frisian（页面不存在）">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylt_North_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylt North Frisian（页面不存在）">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>大陆 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bökingharde North Frisian（页面不存在）">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halligen_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halligen Frisian（页面不存在）">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goesharde_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goesharde Frisian（页面不存在）">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karrharde_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karrharde Frisian（页面不存在）">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strand_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strand Frisian（页面不存在）">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiedingharde_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiedingharde Frisian（页面不存在）">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西弗里斯兰诸语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="West Frisian languages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%B8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西弗里斯兰诸语（页面不存在）">西弗里斯兰诸语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" class="extiw" title="en:West Frisian languages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">West Frisian languages</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindeloopen_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindeloopen Frisian（页面不存在）">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiermonnikoog_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian（页面不存在）">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="西弗里斯兰语">西弗里斯兰语</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westereendersk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westereendersk（页面不存在）">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terschelling_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terschelling Frisian（页面不存在）">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="低地德语">低地德语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史形式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E8%AA%9E" title="古撒克遜語">古撒克遜語</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="中世纪低地德语">中世纪低地德语</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="西低地德语">西低地德语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%8B%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E8%AF%AD" title="荷兰下萨克森语">荷兰下萨克森语</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯泰灵韦夫方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stellingwarfs dialect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E7%81%B5%E9%9F%A6%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯泰灵韦夫方言（页面不存在）">斯泰灵韦夫方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Stellingwarfs dialect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stellingwarfs dialect</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="特文特方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tweants dialect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%96%87%E7%89%B9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特文特方言（页面不存在）">特文特方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweants_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Tweants dialect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tweants dialect</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="格羅寧根方言">格羅寧根方言</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德伦特方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drèents dialects"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%A6%E7%89%B9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德伦特方言（页面不存在）">德伦特方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" class="extiw" title="en:Drèents dialects"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drèents dialects</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterhooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achterhooks（页面不存在）">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallaans_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sallaans dialect（页面不存在）">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urkers_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urkers dialect（页面不存在）">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veluws_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veluws dialect（页面不存在）">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Low_Saxon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Low Saxon（页面不存在）">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Frisian_Low_Saxon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Frisian Low Saxon（页面不存在）">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schleswigsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schleswigsch（页面不存在）">Schleswigsch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holsteinisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holsteinisch（页面不存在）">Holsteinisch</a></li> <li>Oldenburgish</li> <li>North Hanoveranian</li> <li>Dithmarsch</li> <li>Emsländisch</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastphalian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastphalian language（页面不存在）">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="威斯特法伦方言">威斯特法伦方言</a> <ul><li>East Westphalian</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Westphalian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Westphalian（页面不存在）">South Westphalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="东低地德语">东低地德语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect（页面不存在）">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburgisch_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brandenburgisch dialect（页面不存在）">Brandenburgisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Markish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Markish（页面不存在）">North Markish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Markish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Markish（页面不存在）">Central Markish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian（页面不存在）">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Pomeranian（页面不存在）">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_Prussian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low Prussian dialect（页面不存在）">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80%E8%AB%BE%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="門諾低地德語">門諾低地德語</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="低地法兰克语">低地法兰克语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="标准方言">标准语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="荷蘭語">荷蘭語</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="古法兰克语">古法兰克语</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="古荷兰语">古荷兰语</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="中古荷兰语">中古荷兰语</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9D%9E%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="阿非利卡语">南非語</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaaps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaaps（页面不存在）">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">西低地法兰克语</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Dutch_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Dutch dialects（页面不存在）">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hollandic_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hollandic dialect（页面不存在）">Hollandic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleverlandish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kleverlandish（页面不存在）">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E8%8A%92%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="西弗拉芒方言">西弗拉芒方言</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国弗拉芒方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French Flemish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E8%8A%92%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国弗拉芒方言（页面不存在）">法国弗拉芒方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Flemish" class="extiw" title="en:French Flemish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French Flemish</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%BD%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="泽兰语">泽兰语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="东弗拉芒方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="East Flemish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E8%8A%92%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东弗拉芒方言（页面不存在）">东弗拉芒方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Flemish" class="extiw" title="en:East Flemish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">East Flemish</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%B9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="布拉班特方言">布拉班特方言</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏里南荷兰语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Surinamese Dutch"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E9%87%8C%E5%8D%97%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏里南荷兰语（页面不存在）">苏里南荷兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" class="extiw" title="en:Surinamese Dutch"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Surinamese Dutch</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="泽西荷兰语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jersey Dutch language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%BD%E8%A5%BF%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泽西荷兰语（页面不存在）">泽西荷兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" class="extiw" title="en:Jersey Dutch language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jersey Dutch language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="莫霍克荷兰语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mohawk Dutch"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%8B%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫霍克荷兰语（页面不存在）">莫霍克荷兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" class="extiw" title="en:Mohawk Dutch"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mohawk Dutch</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadsfries_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadsfries dialects（页面不存在）">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bildts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bildts（页面不存在）">Bildts</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amelands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amelands（页面不存在）">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands（页面不存在）">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">东低地法兰克语</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meuse-Rhenish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meuse-Rhenish（页面不存在）">Meuse-Rhenish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="林堡语">林堡语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Limburgish_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect（页面不存在）">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="高地德语">高地德语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史形式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="古高地德語">古高地德語</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="中古高地德語">中古高地德語</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_New_High_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early New High German（页面不存在）">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="標準德語">標準德語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="德國標準德語">德國標準德語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="奥地利德语">奥地利德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="瑞士標準德語">瑞士標準德語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">非<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="标准方言">标准语</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="克里奧爾語">克里奧爾語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="纳米比亚德语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Namibian German"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纳米比亚德语（页面不存在）">纳米比亚德语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibian_German" class="extiw" title="en:Namibian German"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Namibian German</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E9%BB%91%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="納米比亞黑德語">納米比亞黑德語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berlin German（页面不存在）">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8C%85%E7%88%BE%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="拉包爾克里奧爾德語">拉包爾克里奧爾德語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%BD%97%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="巴罗萨德语">巴罗萨德语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgranodeutsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belgranodeutsch（页面不存在）">Belgranodeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%BA" title="伏尔加德意志人">伏尔加德语</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paran%C3%A1-Wolga-Deutsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraná-Wolga-Deutsch（页面不存在）">Paraná-Wolga-Deutsch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotwelsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotwelsch（页面不存在）">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotegorisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lotegorisch（页面不存在）">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yenish_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yenish language（页面不存在）">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E7%AC%AC%E7%B7%92%E8%AA%9E" title="意第緒語">意第緒語</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="意第绪语方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yiddish dialects"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E7%AC%AC%E7%BB%AA%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意第绪语方言（页面不存在）">东部方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" class="extiw" title="en:Yiddish dialects"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yiddish dialects</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="意第绪语方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yiddish dialects"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E7%AC%AC%E7%BB%AA%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意第绪语方言（页面不存在）">西部方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" class="extiw" title="en:Yiddish dialects"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yiddish dialects</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏格兰犹太人历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of the Jews in Scotland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏格兰犹太人历史（页面不存在）">苏格兰意第绪语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" class="extiw" title="en:History of the Jews in Scotland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of the Jews in Scotland</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klezmer-loshn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klezmer-loshn（页面不存在）">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lachoudisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lachoudisch（页面不存在）">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="中部德語">中部德語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="西中部德语">西中部德语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="中法兰克语">中法兰克语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%E8%AA%9E" title="利普里安語">利普里安語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="科隆語">科隆語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B3%BD%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="摩泽尔法兰克语">摩泽尔法兰克语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="卢森堡语">卢森堡语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect（页面不存在）">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="洪斯吕克方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hunsrückisch dialect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%96%AF%E5%90%95%E5%85%8B%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洪斯吕克方言（页面不存在）">洪斯吕克方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Hunsrückisch dialect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hunsrückisch dialect</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里奥格兰德洪斯吕克语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hunsrik"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%AA%E6%96%AF%E5%90%95%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里奥格兰德洪斯吕克语（页面不存在）">里奥格兰德洪斯吕克语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunsrik" class="extiw" title="en:Hunsrik"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hunsrik</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="莱茵法兰克语">莱茵法兰克语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="洛林法兰克语">洛林法兰克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="普法尔茨方言">普法尔茨方言</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%BA" title="伏尔加德意志人">伏尔加德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E5%A4%95%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="賓夕法尼亞德語">賓夕法尼亞德語</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黑森方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hessian dialects"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑森方言（页面不存在）">黑森方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessian_dialects" class="extiw" title="en:Hessian dialects"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hessian dialects</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Hessian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Hessian（页面不存在）">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿马纳德语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amana German"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E9%A9%AC%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿马纳德语（页面不存在）">阿马纳德语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amana_German" class="extiw" title="en:Amana German"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Amana German</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="东中部德语">东中部德语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuringian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thuringian dialect（页面不存在）">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="上薩克森德語">上薩克森德語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Upper_Saxon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Upper Saxon（页面不存在）">North Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Marchian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Marchian dialect（页面不存在）">South Marchian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erzgebirgisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erzgebirgisch（页面不存在）">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusatian_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lusatian dialects（页面不存在）">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E_(%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80)" title="西里西亞語 (德語方言)">西里西亞語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Prussian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Prussian dialect（页面不存在）">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%AB%E7%B6%AD%E5%AE%89%E8%AA%9E" title="維拉莫維安語">維拉莫維安語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alzenau_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alzenau dialect（页面不存在）">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E9%83%A8%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="上部德語">上部德語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>广义上的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="阿勒曼尼语">阿勒曼尼语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="低地阿勒曼尼语">低地阿勒曼尼语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿尔萨斯语">阿尔萨斯语</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_Tovar_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colonia Tovar dialect（页面不存在）">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="高地阿勒曼尼語">高地阿勒曼尼語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="瑞士德语">瑞士德语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E9%AB%98%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="至高阿勒曼尼語">至高阿勒曼尼語</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walser_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walser German（页面不存在）">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E7%93%A6%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="施瓦本方言">施瓦本方言</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9-%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="奥地利-巴伐利亚语">奥地利-巴伐利亚语</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北巴伐利亚方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Northern Bavarian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北巴伐利亚方言（页面不存在）">北巴伐利亚方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" class="extiw" title="en:Northern Bavarian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Northern Bavarian</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中巴伐利亚方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Central Bavarian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中巴伐利亚方言（页面不存在）">中巴伐利亚方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bavarian" class="extiw" title="en:Central Bavarian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Central Bavarian</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="维也纳方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Viennese German"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="维也纳方言（页面不存在）">维也纳方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennese_German" class="extiw" title="en:Viennese German"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Viennese German</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南巴伐利亚方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Southern Bavarian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南巴伐利亚方言（页面不存在）">南巴伐利亚方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" class="extiw" title="en:Southern Bavarian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Southern Bavarian</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南蒂罗尔方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="South Tyrolean dialect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E8%92%82%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南蒂罗尔方言（页面不存在）">南蒂罗尔方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:South Tyrolean dialect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">South Tyrolean dialect</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E8%AA%9E" title="辛布里語">辛布里語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B2cheno_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mòcheno language（页面不存在）">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutterite_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutterite German（页面不存在）">Hutterite German</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="南法兰克语">南法兰克语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="东法兰克语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="East Franconian German"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东法兰克语（页面不存在）">东法兰克语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Franconian_German" class="extiw" title="en:East Franconian German"><span lang="en" dir="auto">East Franconian German</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vogtlandian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vogtlandian（页面不存在）">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardic_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lombardic language（页面不存在）">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="北日耳曼语支与东日耳曼语支" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="北日耳曼语支">北日耳曼语支</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="东日耳曼语支">东日耳曼语支</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="北日耳曼语支">北日耳曼语支</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史形式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="原始諾斯語">原始諾斯語</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古諾斯語">古諾斯語</a></i> <ul><li><i>古西諾斯語</i></li> <li><i>古東諾斯語</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%97%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="古哥得兰语">古哥得兰语</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">西</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norwegian language（页面不存在）">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bergensk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bergensk（页面不存在）">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebabnorsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebabnorsk（页面不存在）">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sognamål dialect（页面不存在）">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tr%C3%B8ndersk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trøndersk（页面不存在）">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hallingmål-Valdris（页面不存在）">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestlandsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestlandsk（页面不存在）">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="挪威语">挪威语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E9%9D%A2%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E" title="書面挪威語">書面挪威語</a> (书面)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E" title="新挪威語">新挪威語</a> (书面)</li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古挪威语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Old Norwegian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古挪威語">古挪威语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norwegian" class="extiw" title="en:Old Norwegian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Old Norwegian</span></a></span>）</span></span></i></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中古挪威语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Middle Norwegian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中古挪威语（页面不存在）">中古挪威语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" class="extiw" title="en:Middle Norwegian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Middle Norwegian</span></a></span>）</span></span></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="法罗语">法罗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="冰岛语">冰岛语</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古諾斯語">古諾斯語</a></i></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冰岛语历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Icelandic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰岛语历史（页面不存在）">中古冰岛语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Icelandic" class="extiw" title="en:History of Icelandic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Icelandic</span></a></span>）</span></span></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E8%98%AD%E8%AB%BE%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="格陵蘭諾爾斯語">格陵蘭諾爾斯語</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%81%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="諾恩語">諾恩語</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">东</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="瑞典語">瑞典語</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瑞典语方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Swedish dialects"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑞典语方言（页面不存在）">瑞典语方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_dialects" class="extiw" title="en:Swedish dialects"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Swedish dialects</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="丹麦语">丹麦语</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹麦语方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Danish dialects"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麦语方言（页面不存在）">丹麦语方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_dialects" class="extiw" title="en:Danish dialects"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Danish dialects</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海岛丹麦语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Insular Danish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%9B%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海岛丹麦语（页面不存在）">海岛丹麦语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Danish" class="extiw" title="en:Insular Danish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Insular Danish</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="日德兰语">日德兰语</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南日德兰方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="South Jutlandic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%97%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南日德兰方言（页面不存在）">南日德兰方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jutlandic" class="extiw" title="en:South Jutlandic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">South Jutlandic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Danish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Danish（页面不存在）">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bornholm_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bornholm dialect（页面不存在）">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scanian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scanian dialect（页面不存在）">Scanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Schleswig_Danish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Schleswig Danish（页面不存在）">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gøtudanskt accent（页面不存在）">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkerdansk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkerdansk（页面不存在）">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹麦语历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Danish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麦语历史（页面不存在）">古丹麦语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Danish" class="extiw" title="en:History of Danish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Danish</span></a></span>）</span></span></i></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹麦语历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Danish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麦语历史（页面不存在）">中古丹麦语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Danish" class="extiw" title="en:History of Danish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Danish</span></a></span>）</span></span></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalecarlian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalecarlian language（页面不存在）">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elfdalian（页面不存在）">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="哥特蘭語">哥特蘭語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fårömål dialect（页面不存在）">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="东日耳曼语支">东日耳曼语支</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gothic language（页面不存在）">Gothic</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="克里米亚哥特语">克里米亚哥特语</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="勃艮第人">勃艮第人</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="汪达尔语">汪达尔语</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="语文学（英语：-&#123;Germanic_philology&#125;-）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语语文学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic philology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语语文学（页面不存在）">语文学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_philology" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic philology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic philology</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗里德里希·毛雷尔 (语言学家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%AF%9B%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%94_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗里德里希·毛雷尔 (语言学家)（页面不存在）">分支</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" class="extiw" title="en:Friedrich Maurer (linguist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Friedrich Maurer (linguist)</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="北日耳曼语支">北日耳曼语支</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="东日耳曼语支">东日耳曼语支</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西日耳曼語支">西日耳曼語支</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="易北日耳曼語">易北日耳曼語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weser-Rhine_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic（页面不存在）">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="英维奥尼克语">英维奥尼克语</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwest Germanic（页面不存在）">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="哥德語">哥德語</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Germanic（页面不存在）">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">重构</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="原始日耳曼語">原始日耳曼語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Germanic_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-Germanic grammar（页面不存在）">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_parent_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanic parent language（页面不存在）">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Belgian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Belgian language（页面不存在）">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历时特征</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="格林定律">格林定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="維爾納定律">維爾納定律</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="霍尔茨曼定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Holtzmann's law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8%E6%9B%BC%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍尔茨曼定律（页面不存在）">霍尔茨曼定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" class="extiw" title="en:Holtzmann's law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Holtzmann's law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西弗斯定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sievers's law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西弗斯定律（页面不存在）">西弗斯定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" class="extiw" title="en:Sievers's law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sievers's law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克卢格定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kluge's law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%A2%E6%A0%BC%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克卢格定律（页面不存在）">克卢格定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" class="extiw" title="en:Kluge's law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kluge's law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_substrate_hypothesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis（页面不存在）">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germanic_gemination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Germanic gemination（页面不存在）">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%90%E9%9F%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%A7%BB" title="高地德語子音推移">高地德語子音推移</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_a-mutation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanic a-mutation（页面不存在）">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="日耳曼語元音變音">日耳曼語元音變音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="日耳曼擦音定律">日耳曼擦音定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="北海日耳曼語鼻音消失法則">北海日耳曼語鼻音消失法則</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E9%9F%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%8E%A8%E7%A7%BB" title="母音大推移">母音大推移</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">共时特征</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语动词" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic verb"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语动词（页面不存在）">日耳曼语动词</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic verb"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic verb</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E5%BC%B7%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="日耳曼語強變化動詞">日耳曼語強變化動詞</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语弱变化动词" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic weak verb"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%BC%B1%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语弱变化动词（页面不存在）">日耳曼语弱变化动词</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic weak verb"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic weak verb</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日耳曼语动词" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germanic verb"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日耳曼语动词（页面不存在）">过去现在时动词</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic verb"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germanic verb</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="語法相關發音變化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Grammatischer Wechsel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E7%99%BC%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語法相關發音變化（页面不存在）">語法相關發音變化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" class="extiw" title="en:Grammatischer Wechsel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Grammatischer Wechsel</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" title="印歐語元音變換">印歐語元音變換</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i>斜体</i>表示已<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%BB%85%E4%BA%A1" title="語言滅亡">灭亡</a>的语言</li><li>括号内的语言表示<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="變體 (語言學)">變體</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="歐洲聯盟的官方語言" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Template:歐盟官方語言"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Template talk:歐盟官方語言"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:歐盟官方語言"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="歐洲聯盟的官方語言" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲聯盟">歐洲聯盟</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="歐洲聯盟語言">官方語言</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="保加利亚语">保加利亚语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="捷克语">捷克语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="丹麦语">丹麦语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="荷蘭語">荷兰语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="爱沙尼亚语">爱沙尼亚语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="芬兰语">芬兰语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a> - <a class="mw-selflink selflink">德语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="希腊语">希腊语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="匈牙利语">匈牙利语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="愛爾蘭語">愛爾蘭語</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">意大利语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%B1%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="拉脱维亚语">拉脱维亚语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="立陶宛语">立陶宛语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E8%AF%AD" title="马耳他语">马耳他语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="波兰语">波兰语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="葡萄牙語">葡萄牙语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞語">罗马尼亚语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="斯洛伐克语">斯洛伐克语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="斯洛文尼亚语">斯洛文尼亚语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="瑞典語">瑞典語</a>- <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%9F%83%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="克羅埃西亞語">克羅埃西亞語</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="歐盟旗幟"><img alt="歐盟旗幟" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/80px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/120px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/160px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europa.eu/abc/european_countries/languages/index_en.htm">歐盟官方網站</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="德国语言" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Template:德国语言"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:德国语言（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:德国语言"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="德国语言" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="德国语言">德国语言</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">官方语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">德语</a>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德国标准德语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="German Standard German"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="德國標準德語">德国标准德语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Standard_German" class="extiw" title="en:German Standard German"><span lang="en" dir="auto">German Standard German</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地方少数语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">已获认定</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="丹麦语">丹麦语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="弗里斯兰语">弗里斯兰语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="北弗里斯兰语">北弗里斯兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="萨特弗里斯兰语">萨特弗里斯兰语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="低地德语">低地德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%A7%86%E8%AF%AD" title="罗姆语">罗姆语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E8%AF%AD" title="索布语">索布语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E8%AF%AD" title="上索布语">上索布语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E8%AF%AD" title="下索布语">下索布语</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">未获认定</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="阿勒曼尼语">阿勒曼尼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9-%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="奥地利-巴伐利亚语">奥地利-巴伐利亚语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德语手语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="German Sign Language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德语手语（页面不存在）">德语手语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Sign_Language" class="extiw" title="en:German Sign Language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">German Sign Language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="林堡语">林堡语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="默兹-莱茵语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Meuse-Rhenish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%98%E5%85%B9-%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="默兹-莱茵语（页面不存在）">默兹-莱茵语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" class="extiw" title="en:Meuse-Rhenish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Meuse-Rhenish</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="卢森堡语">卢森堡语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%E8%AA%9E" title="利普里安語">利普里安語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="比荷盧聯盟語言及方言" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%AF%94%E8%8D%B7%E7%9B%A7%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%8F%8A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="Template:比荷盧聯盟語言及方言"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%AF%94%E8%8D%B7%E7%9B%A7%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%8F%8A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="Template talk:比荷盧聯盟語言及方言"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%AF%94%E8%8D%B7%E7%9B%A7%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%8F%8A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:比荷盧聯盟語言及方言"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="比荷盧聯盟語言及方言" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%8D%B7%E7%9B%A7%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="比荷盧聯盟">比荷盧聯盟</a>語言及方言</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="荷蘭語">荷蘭語</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%B9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="布拉班特方言">布拉班特方言</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E8%8A%92%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东弗拉芒方言（页面不存在）">东弗拉芒方言</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷兰方言（页面不存在）">荷兰方言</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南荷兰方言（页面不存在）">南荷兰方言</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%8B%92%E6%94%AF-%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E7%91%9F%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乌得勒支-阿尔布拉瑟瓦尔德方言（页面不存在）">乌得勒支-阿尔布拉瑟瓦尔德方言</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南海尔德兰方言（页面不存在）">南海尔德兰方言</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E8%8A%92%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="西弗拉芒方言">西弗拉芒方言</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%BD%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="泽兰语">泽兰方言</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="城市弗里斯兰语（页面不存在）">城市弗里斯兰语</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%8B%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E8%AF%AD" title="荷兰下萨克森语">荷兰下萨克森语</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9%E8%83%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿赫特胡克方言（页面不存在）">阿赫特胡克方言</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%A6%E7%89%B9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德伦特方言（页面不存在）">德伦特方言</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东弗里斯兰低地萨克森语（页面不存在）">东弗里斯兰低地萨克森语</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="格羅寧根方言">格羅寧根方言</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E5%85%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨兰方言（页面不存在）">萨兰方言</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E7%81%B5%E9%9F%A6%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯泰灵韦夫方言（页面不存在）">斯泰灵韦夫方言</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%96%87%E7%89%B9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特文特方言（页面不存在）">特文特方言</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8E%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="于尔克方言（页面不存在）">于尔克方言</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E5%90%95%E6%B2%83%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="费吕沃方言（页面不存在）">费吕沃方言</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷兰英语（页面不存在）">英语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="比利時法語">比利時法語</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%A7%9F%E8%AF%AD" title="香槟语">香槟语</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E8%AF%AD" title="洛林语">洛林语</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%8D%A1%E7%AC%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="皮卡第语">皮卡第語</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E9%9A%86%E8%AF%AD" title="瓦隆语">瓦隆语</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">德语</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%E8%AA%9E" title="利普里安語">利普里安語</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="林堡语">林堡语</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%E8%AA%9E" title="利普里安語">普拉特迪茨方言</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="卢森堡语">卢森堡语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%9A%AE%E9%98%BF%E9%97%A8%E6%89%98%E8%AF%AD" title="帕皮阿门托语">帕皮阿門托語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="西弗里斯兰语">西弗里斯兰语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="比利时语言">比利时语言</a></li> <li> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷兰语言（页面不存在）">荷兰语言</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="卢森堡语言">卢森堡语言</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="丹麦语言" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Template:丹麦语言"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:丹麦语言（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:丹麦语言"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="丹麦语言" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">丹麦语言</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">官方</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="丹麦语">丹麦语</a>（国家语言）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="法罗语">法罗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="格陵兰语">格陵兰语</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">德语</a>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹麦少数语言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Minority languages of Denmark"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麦少数语言（页面不存在）">少数语言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Denmark" class="extiw" title="en:Minority languages of Denmark"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Minority languages of Denmark</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">非官方</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹麦语方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Danish dialects"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麦语方言（页面不存在）">丹麦语方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_dialects" class="extiw" title="en:Danish dialects"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Danish dialects</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="博恩霍尔姆方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bornholmsk dialect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9A%E6%81%A9%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="博恩霍尔姆方言（页面不存在）">博恩霍尔姆方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornholmsk_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Bornholmsk dialect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bornholmsk dialect</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="岛屿丹麦语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Insular Danish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%9B%E5%B1%BF%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="岛屿丹麦语（页面不存在）">岛屿丹麦语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Danish" class="extiw" title="en:Insular Danish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Insular Danish</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="日德兰语">日德兰语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="法罗语">法罗语</a>方言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6-%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="丹麦-法罗语">丹麦-法罗语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="格陵兰语">格陵兰语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="西格陵兰语">西格陵兰语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="东格陵兰语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tunumiit language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东格陵兰语（页面不存在）">东格陵兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunumiit_language" class="extiw" title="en:Tunumiit language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tunumiit language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北格陵兰语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Inuktun"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北格陵兰语（页面不存在）">北格陵兰语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuktun" class="extiw" title="en:Inuktun"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Inuktun</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">手语</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹麦语手语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Danish Sign Language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麦语手语（页面不存在）">丹麦语手语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language" class="extiw" title="en:Danish Sign Language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Danish Sign Language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格陵兰语手语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Inuit Sign Language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格陵兰语手语（页面不存在）">格陵兰语手语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" class="extiw" title="en:Inuit Sign Language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Inuit Sign Language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹麦语言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Languages of Denmark"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麦语言（页面不存在）">丹麦语言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Denmark" class="extiw" title="en:Languages of Denmark"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Languages of Denmark</span></a></span>）</span></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法罗群岛语言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Languages of the Faroe Islands"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法罗群岛语言（页面不存在）">法罗群岛语言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_Faroe_Islands" class="extiw" title="en:Languages of the Faroe Islands"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Languages of the Faroe Islands</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格陵兰语言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Languages of Greenland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格陵兰语言（页面不存在）">格陵兰语言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Greenland" class="extiw" title="en:Languages of Greenland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Languages of Greenland</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="class=notpageimage&#124;22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_哈萨克斯坦语言（英语：-&#123;Languages_of_Kazakhstan&#125;-）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Template:哈萨克斯坦语言"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:哈萨克斯坦语言（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:哈萨克斯坦语言"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="class=notpageimage&#124;22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_哈萨克斯坦语言（英语：-&#123;Languages_of_Kazakhstan&#125;-）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈萨克斯坦语言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Languages of Kazakhstan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈萨克斯坦语言（页面不存在）">哈萨克斯坦语言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" class="extiw" title="en:Languages of Kazakhstan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Languages of Kazakhstan</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">官方语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="哈萨克语">哈萨克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语">俄语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">本土语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="塔吉克语">塔吉克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%91%E9%9D%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="鞑靼语">鞑靼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="土耳其语">土耳其语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="乌克兰语">乌克兰语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="维吾尔语">维吾尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%AD%9C%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="乌孜别克语">乌兹别克语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">辅助语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俄语手语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Russian Sign Language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄语手语（页面不存在）">俄语手语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" class="extiw" title="en:Russian Sign Language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Russian Sign Language</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115512&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/481843">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300388344">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div 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