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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Castling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-En_passant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#En_passant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span><i>En passant</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-En_passant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Promotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Check" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Check"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Check</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Check-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>End of the game</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Checkmate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Checkmate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Checkmate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Checkmate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resigning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resigning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Resigning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resigning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Draws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Draws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Draws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Draws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dead_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dead_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3.1</span> <span>Dead position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dead_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Touch-move_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Touch-move_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Touch-move rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Touch-move_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competitive_rules_of_play" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competitive_rules_of_play"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Competitive rules of play</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Competitive_rules_of_play-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Competitive rules of play subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Competitive_rules_of_play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moving_the_pieces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moving_the_pieces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Moving the pieces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moving_the_pieces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Timing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recording_moves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recording_moves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Recording moves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recording_moves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjournment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjournment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Adjournment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjournment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irregularities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irregularities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Irregularities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irregularities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Illegal_move" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegal_move"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Illegal move</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_move-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incorrect_setup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incorrect_setup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Incorrect setup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incorrect_setup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piece_displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piece_displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Piece displacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piece_displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illegal_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegal_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.4</span> <span>Illegal position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conduct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conduct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Conduct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conduct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Codification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Codification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customizations_in_tournament_play" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customizations_in_tournament_play"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Customizations in tournament play</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customizations_in_tournament_play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rules of chess</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="قوانين الشطرنج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوانين الشطرنج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Правілы шахмат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Правілы шахмат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reglament_dels_escacs" title="Reglament dels escacs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reglament dels escacs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravidla_%C5%A1ach%C5%AF" title="Pravidla šachů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pravidla šachů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Κανόνες του σκακιού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κανόνες του σκακιού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyes_del_ajedrez" title="Leyes del ajedrez – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leyes del ajedrez" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaj_reguloj_de_%C5%9Dako" title="Bazaj reguloj de ŝako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bazaj reguloj de ŝako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8gles_du_jeu_d%27%C3%A9checs" title="Règles du jeu d'échecs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Règles du jeu d'échecs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B7%9C%EC%B9%99" title="체스 규칙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체스 규칙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Շախմատի կանոններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շախմատի կանոններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="शतरंज के नियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शतरंज के नियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ahovska_pravila" title="Šahovska pravila – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šahovska pravila" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಚದುರಂಗದ ನಿಯಮಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚದುರಂಗದ ನಿಯಮಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0achmat%C5%B3_taisykl%C4%97s" title="Šachmatų taisyklės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šachmatų taisyklės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Шаховски правила – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шаховски правила" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ചെസ്സ് നിയമങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെസ്സ് നിയമങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="チェスのルール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェスのルール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjakkregler" title="Sjakkregler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjakkregler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjakkreglar" title="Sjakkreglar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjakkreglar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaxmat_qoidalari" title="Shaxmat qoidalari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shaxmat qoidalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zasady_gry_w_szachy" title="Zasady gry w szachy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zasady gry w szachy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leis_do_xadrez" title="Leis do xadrez – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leis do xadrez" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rules of play for the game of chess</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChessSet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo shows the six types of chess pieces in the Staunton style." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/ChessSet.jpg/250px-ChessSet.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/ChessSet.jpg/375px-ChessSet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/ChessSet.jpg/500px-ChessSet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Staunton_chess_set" title="Staunton chess set">Staunton</a> style chess pieces. <em>Left to right:</em> king, rook, queen, pawn, knight, bishop</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>rules of chess</b> (also known as the <b>laws of chess</b>) govern the play of the game of <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>. Chess is a two-player <a href="/wiki/Abstract_strategy_game" title="Abstract strategy game">abstract strategy</a> <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">board game</a>. Each player controls sixteen <a href="/wiki/Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">pieces</a> of six types on a <a href="/wiki/Chessboard" title="Chessboard">chessboard</a>. Each type of piece moves in a distinct way. The object of the game is to <a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">checkmate</a> the opponent's <a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">king</a>; checkmate occurs when a king is threatened with capture and has no escape. A game can end in various ways besides checkmate: a player can <a href="#Resigning">resign</a>, and there are several ways a game can end in a <a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">draw</a>. </p><p>While the exact <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_chess" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of chess">origins of chess</a> are unclear, modern rules first took form during the Middle Ages. The rules continued to be slightly modified until the early 19th century, when they reached essentially their current form. The rules also varied somewhat from region to region. Today, the standard rules are set by <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), the international governing body for chess. Slight modifications are made by some national organizations for their own purposes. There are variations of the rules for <a href="/wiki/Fast_chess" title="Fast chess">fast chess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">correspondence chess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_chess" title="Online chess">online chess</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chess960" title="Chess960">Chess960</a>. </p><p>Besides the basic moves of the pieces, rules also govern the equipment used, <a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">time control</a>, conduct and ethics of players, accommodations for physically challenged players, and recording of moves using <a href="/wiki/Chess_notation" title="Chess notation">chess notation</a>. Procedures for resolving irregularities that can occur during a game are provided as well. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_setup">Initial setup</h2></div> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:254px"> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:246px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:26px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div class="chess-pieces notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/208px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/312px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/416px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="top:0px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a8 black rook"><img alt="a8 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/26px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/39px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/52px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b8 black knight"><img alt="b8 black knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/26px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/39px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/52px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:52px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c8 black bishop"><img alt="c8 black bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/26px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/39px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/52px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:78px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d8 black queen"><img alt="d8 black queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/26px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/39px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/52px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e8 black king"><img alt="e8 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/26px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/39px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/52px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f8 black bishop"><img alt="f8 black bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/26px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/39px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/52px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g8 black knight"><img alt="g8 black knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/26px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/39px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/52px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h8 black rook"><img alt="h8 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/26px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/39px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/52px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a7 black pawn"><img alt="a7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b7 black pawn"><img alt="b7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:52px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c7 black pawn"><img alt="c7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:78px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d7 black pawn"><img alt="d7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e7 black pawn"><img alt="e7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f7 black pawn"><img alt="f7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g7 black pawn"><img alt="g7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h7 black pawn"><img alt="h7 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a2 white pawn"><img alt="a2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b2 white pawn"><img alt="b2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:52px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c2 white pawn"><img alt="c2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:78px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d2 white pawn"><img alt="d2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e2 white pawn"><img alt="e2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f2 white pawn"><img alt="f2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g2 white pawn"><img alt="g2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:156px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h2 white pawn"><img alt="h2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a1 white rook"><img alt="a1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/26px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/39px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/52px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b1 white knight"><img alt="b1 white knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/26px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/39px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/52px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:52px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c1 white bishop"><img alt="c1 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/26px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/39px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/52px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:78px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d1 white queen"><img alt="d1 white queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/26px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/39px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/52px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e1 white king"><img alt="e1 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/26px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/39px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/52px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f1 white bishop"><img alt="f1 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/26px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/39px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/52px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g1 white knight"><img alt="g1 white knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/26px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/39px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/52px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:182px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h1 white rook"><img alt="h1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/26px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/39px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/52px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:26px">8</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">7</td><td style="height:26px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">6</td><td style="height:26px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">5</td><td style="height:26px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">4</td><td style="height:26px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">3</td><td style="height:26px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">2</td><td style="height:26px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">1</td><td style="height:26px">1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption"> Starting position </div></div></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1271734817">.mw-parser-output .chessboard table{font-size:88%;border:1px #c8ccd1 solid;padding:0;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .chessboard table tr{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .chessboard table td{padding:0;vertical-align:inherit;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .chessboard table td[rowspan]{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .chessboard .chess-pieces div{position:absolute;z-index:3}</style> <p>Chess is played on a <a href="/wiki/Chessboard" title="Chessboard">chessboard</a>, a square board divided into a grid of 64 squares (eight-by-eight) of alternating color (similar to the board used in <a href="/wiki/Draughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Draughts">draughts</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_2.1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_2.1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the actual colors of the board, the lighter-colored squares are called "light" or "white", and the darker-colored squares are called "dark" or "black". Sixteen "white" and sixteen "black" pieces are placed on the board at the beginning of the game. The board is placed so that a white square is in each player's near-right corner. Horizontal rows are called <i><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#ranks" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § ranks" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">ranks</span></a></dfn></i>, and vertical columns are called <i><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#files" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § files" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">files</span></a></dfn></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_2.1,_2.2,_2.4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_2.1,_2.2,_2.4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each player controls sixteen pieces: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Piece</th> <th><a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">King</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">Queen</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">Rook</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">Bishop</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">Knight</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawn</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number of pieces </th> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Symbols </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_klt45.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/25px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/38px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/50px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_kdt45.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/25px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/38px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/50px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_qlt45.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/25px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/38px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/50px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_qdt45.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/25px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/38px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/50px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_rlt45.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/25px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/38px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/50px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_rdt45.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/25px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/38px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/50px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_blt45.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/25px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/38px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/50px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_bdt45.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/25px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/38px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/50px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_nlt45.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/25px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/38px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/50px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_ndt45.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/25px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/38px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/50px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_plt45.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/25px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/38px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/50px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_pdt45.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/25px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/38px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/50px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <p>At the beginning of the game, the pieces are arranged as shown in the diagram: for each side one <a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">king</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">queen</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">rooks</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">bishops</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">knights</a>, and eight <a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">pawns</a>. The pieces are placed, one per square, as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_2.3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_2.3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Rooks are placed on the outside corners, right and left edge.</li> <li>Knights are placed immediately inside of the rooks.</li> <li>Bishops are placed immediately inside of the knights.</li> <li>The queen is placed on the central square of the same color of that of the piece: white queen on the white square and black queen on the black square.</li> <li>The king takes the vacant spot next to the queen.</li> <li>Pawns are placed one square in front of all of the other pieces.</li></ul> <p>Popular mnemonics used to remember the setup are "queen on her own color" and "white on right". The latter refers to setting up the board so that the square closest to each player's right is white.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gameplay">Gameplay</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess_players_in_park,_kiev.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo shows two men playing chess while two more look on." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chess_players_in_park%2C_kiev.JPG/220px-Chess_players_in_park%2C_kiev.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chess_players_in_park%2C_kiev.JPG/330px-Chess_players_in_park%2C_kiev.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chess_players_in_park%2C_kiev.JPG/440px-Chess_players_in_park%2C_kiev.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>A game in a public park in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, using a <a href="/wiki/Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">chess clock</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The player controlling the white pieces is named "White"; the player controlling the black pieces is named "Black". White moves first, then players alternate moves. Making a move is required; it is not legal to skip a move, even when having to move is <a href="/wiki/Zugzwang" title="Zugzwang">detrimental</a>. Play continues until a king is <a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">checkmated</a>, a player <a href="#Resigning">resigns</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">draw</a> is declared, as explained below.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, if the game is being played under a <a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">time control</a>, a player who exceeds the <a href="#Time_control">time limit</a> loses the game unless they cannot be checkmated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official chess rules do not include a procedure for determining who plays White. Instead, this decision is left open to tournament-specific rules (e.g. a <a href="/wiki/Swiss-system_tournament" title="Swiss-system tournament">Swiss system tournament</a> or <a href="/wiki/Round-robin_tournament" title="Round-robin tournament">round-robin tournament</a>) or, in the case of casual play, mutual agreement, in which case some kind of random choice such as flipping a coin can be employed. A common method is for one player to conceal a pawn of each color in either hand; the other player chooses a hand to open and receives the color of the piece that is revealed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPandolfini199233_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandolfini199233-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement">Movement</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basic_moves">Basic moves</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> Moves of the king </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div class="chess-pieces notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="top:44px;left:88px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e6 white circle"><img alt="e6 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:44px;left:110px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f6 white circle"><img alt="f6 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:44px;left:132px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g6 white circle"><img alt="g6 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:66px;left:88px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e5 white circle"><img alt="e5 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:66px;left:110px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f5 white king"><img alt="f5 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/22px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/33px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/44px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:66px;left:132px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g5 white circle"><img alt="g5 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:88px;left:88px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e4 white circle"><img alt="e4 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:88px;left:110px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f4 white circle"><img alt="f4 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:88px;left:132px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g4 white circle"><img alt="g4 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">7</td><td style="height:22px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">6</td><td style="height:22px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">5</td><td style="height:22px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">4</td><td style="height:22px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">3</td><td style="height:22px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">2</td><td style="height:22px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">1</td><td style="height:22px">1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1271734817"> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> Moves of a rook </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div class="chess-pieces notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="top:0px;left:66px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d8 white circle"><img alt="d8 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:22px;left:66px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d7 white circle"><img alt="d7 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:44px;left:66px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d6 white circle"><img alt="d6 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:66px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a5 white circle"><img alt="a5 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:66px;left:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b5 white circle"><img alt="b5 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:66px;left:44px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c5 white circle"><img alt="c5 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:66px;left:66px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d5 white rook"><img alt="d5 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/22px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/33px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/44px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:66px;left:88px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e5 white circle"><img alt="e5 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:66px;left:110px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f5 white circle"><img alt="f5 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:66px;left:132px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g5 white circle"><img alt="g5 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:66px;left:154px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h5 white circle"><img alt="h5 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:88px;left:66px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d4 white circle"><img alt="d4 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:110px;left:66px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d3 white circle"><img alt="d3 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:132px;left:66px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d2 white circle"><img alt="d2 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:154px;left:66px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d1 white circle"><img alt="d1 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">7</td><td style="height:22px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">6</td><td style="height:22px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">5</td><td style="height:22px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">4</td><td style="height:22px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">3</td><td style="height:22px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">2</td><td style="height:22px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">1</td><td style="height:22px">1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1271734817"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> Moves of a bishop </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div class="chess-pieces notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="top:0px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a8 white circle"><img alt="a8 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:132px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g8 white circle"><img alt="g8 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:22px;left:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b7 white circle"><img alt="b7 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:22px;left:110px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f7 white circle"><img alt="f7 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:44px;left:44px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c6 white circle"><img alt="c6 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:44px;left:88px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e6 white circle"><img alt="e6 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:66px;left:66px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d5 white bishop"><img alt="d5 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/22px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/33px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/44px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:110px;left:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b3 white circle"><img alt="b3 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:110px;left:110px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f3 white circle"><img alt="f3 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:132px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a2 white circle"><img alt="a2 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:132px;left:132px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g2 white circle"><img alt="g2 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:154px;left:154px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h1 white circle"><img alt="h1 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">7</td><td style="height:22px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">6</td><td style="height:22px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">5</td><td style="height:22px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">4</td><td style="height:22px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">3</td><td style="height:22px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">2</td><td style="height:22px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">1</td><td style="height:22px">1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1271734817"> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> Moves of the queen </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div 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typeof="mw:File"><span title="c3 white circle"><img alt="c3 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:110px;left:66px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d3 white circle"><img alt="d3 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:110px;left:88px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e3 white circle"><img alt="e3 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:132px;left:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b2 white circle"><img alt="b2 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:132px;left:66px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d2 white circle"><img alt="d2 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:132px;left:110px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f2 white circle"><img alt="f2 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:154px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a1 white circle"><img alt="a1 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:154px;left:66px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d1 white circle"><img alt="d1 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:154px;left:132px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g1 white circle"><img alt="g1 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">7</td><td style="height:22px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">6</td><td style="height:22px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">5</td><td style="height:22px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">4</td><td style="height:22px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">3</td><td style="height:22px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">2</td><td style="height:22px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">1</td><td style="height:22px">1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1271734817"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> Moves of a knight </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div class="chess-pieces notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="top:44px;left:44px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c6 white circle"><img alt="c6 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:44px;left:88px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e6 white circle"><img alt="e6 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:66px;left:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b5 white circle"><img alt="b5 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:66px;left:110px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f5 white circle"><img alt="f5 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:88px;left:66px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d4 white knight"><img alt="d4 white knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/22px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/33px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg/44px-Chess_nlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:110px;left:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b3 white circle"><img alt="b3 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:110px;left:110px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f3 white circle"><img alt="f3 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:132px;left:44px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c2 white circle"><img alt="c2 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:132px;left:88px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e2 white circle"><img alt="e2 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">7</td><td style="height:22px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">6</td><td style="height:22px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">5</td><td style="height:22px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">4</td><td style="height:22px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">3</td><td style="height:22px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">2</td><td style="height:22px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">1</td><td style="height:22px">1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1271734817"> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> Moves of a pawn </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div class="chess-pieces notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="top:22px;left:22px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b7 black rook"><img alt="b7 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/22px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/33px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/44px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:22px;left:44px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c7 white circle"><img alt="c7 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:22px;left:66px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d7 black rook"><img alt="d7 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/22px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/33px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/44px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:44px;left:44px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c6 white pawn"><img alt="c6 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:88px;left:88px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e4 white circle"><img alt="e4 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:110px;left:88px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e3 white circle"><img alt="e3 white circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/22px-Chess_oot45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/33px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg/44px-Chess_oot45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:132px;left:88px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e2 white pawn"><img alt="e2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">7</td><td style="height:22px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">6</td><td style="height:22px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">5</td><td style="height:22px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">4</td><td style="height:22px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">3</td><td style="height:22px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">2</td><td style="height:22px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">1</td><td style="height:22px">1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption"> The pawns can move to the squares in front of them (white dots). The pawn on c6 can also take either black rook.</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1271734817"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Each type of chess piece has its own method of movement. A piece moves to a vacant square except when <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#capturing" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § capturing" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">capturing</span></a></dfn> an opponent's piece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.1_and_3.1.1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.1_and_3.1.1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Except for any move of the knight and <a href="#Castling">castling</a>, pieces cannot jump over other pieces. A piece is <i>captured</i> (or <i>taken</i>) when an attacking enemy piece replaces it on its square. The captured piece is thereby permanently removed from the game.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king can be put in <a href="/wiki/Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">check</a> but cannot be captured (see below). </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">king</a> moves exactly one square horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. A special move with the king known as <i><a href="#Castling">castling</a></i> is allowed only once per player, per game (see below).</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">rook</a> moves any number of vacant squares horizontally or vertically. It also is moved when castling.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">bishop</a> moves any number of vacant squares diagonally. (Thus a bishop can move to only light or dark squares, not both.)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">queen</a> moves any number of vacant squares horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">knight</a> moves to one of the nearest squares not on the same <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#rank" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § rank" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">rank</span></a></dfn>, <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#file" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § file" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">file</span></a></dfn>, or <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#diagonal" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § diagonal" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">diagonal</span></a></dfn>. (This can be thought of as moving two squares horizontally then one square vertically, or moving one square horizontally then two squares vertically—i.e. in an "L" pattern.) The knight is not blocked by other pieces; it jumps to the new location.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawns</a> have the most complex rules of movement:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>A pawn moves straight forward one square, if that square is vacant. If it has not yet moved, a pawn also has the option of moving <em>two</em> squares straight forward, provided both squares are vacant. Pawns cannot move backwards.</li> <li>A pawn, unlike other pieces, captures differently from how it moves. A pawn can capture an enemy piece on either of the two squares diagonally in front of the pawn. It cannot move to those squares when vacant except when capturing <i>en passant</i>.</li></ul></dd> <dd>The pawn is also involved in the two special moves <a href="#En_passant"><i>en passant</i></a> and <a href="#Promotion">promotion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Castling">Castling</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Castling" title="Castling">Castling</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div class="chess-pieces notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="top:0px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a8 black rook"><img alt="a8 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/22px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/33px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/44px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:88px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e8 black king"><img alt="e8 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/22px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/33px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/44px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:154px;left:88px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e1 white king"><img alt="e1 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/22px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/33px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/44px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:154px;left:154px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h1 white rook"><img alt="h1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/22px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/33px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/44px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">7</td><td style="height:22px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">6</td><td style="height:22px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">5</td><td style="height:22px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">4</td><td style="height:22px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">3</td><td style="height:22px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">2</td><td style="height:22px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">1</td><td style="height:22px">1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption">Position of pieces before castling </div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1271734817"> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div class="chess-pieces notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="top:0px;left:44px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c8 black king"><img alt="c8 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/22px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/33px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/44px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:0px;left:66px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d8 black rook"><img alt="d8 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/22px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/33px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/44px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:154px;left:110px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f1 white rook"><img alt="f1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/22px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/33px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/44px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:154px;left:132px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g1 white king"><img alt="g1 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/22px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/33px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/44px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">7</td><td style="height:22px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">6</td><td style="height:22px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">5</td><td style="height:22px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">4</td><td style="height:22px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">3</td><td style="height:22px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">2</td><td style="height:22px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">1</td><td style="height:22px">1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption"> Positions of the king and rook after kingside (White) and queenside (Black) castling </div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1271734817"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Castling consists of moving the king two squares towards a rook, then placing the rook on the other side of the king, adjacent to it. Castling is only permissible if all of the following conditions hold:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.8.2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.8.2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The king and rook involved in castling must not have previously moved;</li> <li>There must be no pieces between the king and the rook;</li> <li>The king may not currently be under attack, nor may the king pass through or end up in a square that is under attack by an enemy piece (though the rook is permitted to be under attack and to pass over an attacked square);</li> <li>The castling rook must be on the same rank as the king</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>An unmoved king and an unmoved rook of the same color on the same rank are said to have <i>castling rights</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.8.2.1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.8.2.1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="En_passant"><i>En passant</i></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/En_passant" title="En passant">En passant</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ajedrez_captura_al_paso_del_peon.png" class="mw-file-description" title="en passant"><img alt="Three images showing en passant. First, a white pawn moves from the a2-square to a4; then, the black pawn moves from b4 to a3; finally, the white pawn on a4 is removed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ajedrez_captura_al_paso_del_peon.png/275px-Ajedrez_captura_al_paso_del_peon.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Ajedrez_captura_al_paso_del_peon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption><i>en passant</i></figcaption></figure> <p>When a pawn advances two squares on its initial move and ends the turn adjacent to an enemy pawn on the same <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#rank" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § rank" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">rank</span></a></dfn>, it may be captured <i>en passant</i> by the enemy pawn as if it had moved only one square. This capture is legal only on the move immediately following the pawn's advance. The diagrams demonstrate an instance of this: if the white pawn moves from a2 to a4, the black pawn on b4 can capture it <i>en passant</i>, moving from b4 to a3, and the white pawn on a4 is removed from the board.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.7.3.1_and_3.7.3.2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.7.3.1_and_3.7.3.2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Promotion">Promotion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">Promotion (chess)</a></div> <p>If a player advances a pawn to its eighth rank, the pawn is then <i>promoted</i> (converted) to a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color at the choice of the player (a queen is usually chosen). The choice is not limited to previously <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#captured" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § captured" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">captured</span></a></dfn> pieces. Hence it is theoretically possible for a player to have up to nine queens or up to ten rooks, bishops, or knights if all of the player's pawns are promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.7.3.3,_3.7.3.4,_and_3.7.3.5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.7.3.3,_3.7.3.4,_and_3.7.3.5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Check">Check</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">Check (chess)</a></div> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:254px"> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:246px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:26px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div class="chess-pieces notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/208px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/312px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/416px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="top:52px;left:78px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d6 black king"><img alt="d6 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/26px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/39px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/52px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:52px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f6 black bishop"><img alt="f6 black bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/26px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/39px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/52px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:78px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h5 black knight"><img alt="h5 black knight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/26px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/39px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg/52px-Chess_ndt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:130px;left:130px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f3 white king"><img alt="f3 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/26px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/39px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/52px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:130px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g3 white bishop"><img alt="g3 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/26px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/39px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/52px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:26px">8</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">7</td><td style="height:26px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">6</td><td style="height:26px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">5</td><td style="height:26px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">4</td><td style="height:26px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">3</td><td style="height:26px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">2</td><td style="height:26px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">1</td><td style="height:26px">1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption">Black's king is in check. It can get out of check by moving to an unattacked square. Black can also parry the check by moving the bishop to e5 or the knight to f4 to block the check, or by capturing the white bishop with the knight.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1271734817"> <p>A king is <i>in check</i> when it is under attack by at least one enemy piece. A piece unable to move because it would place its own king in check (it is <a href="/wiki/Pin_(chess)" title="Pin (chess)">pinned</a> against its own king) may still deliver check to the opposing player.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.9_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.9-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is illegal to make a move that places or leaves one's king in check. The possible ways to get out of check are: </p> <ul><li><em>Move</em> the king to a square where it is not in check.</li> <li><em>Capture</em> the checking piece.</li> <li><em>Interpose</em> a piece between the king and the opponent's threatening piece (<em>block</em> the check).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_12A_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_12A-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In informal games, it is customary to announce "check" when making a move that puts the opponent's king in check. In formal competitions, however, check is rarely announced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_12F_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_12F-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_game">End of the game</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Checkmate">Checkmate</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">Checkmate</a></div> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tleft"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:222px"> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:214px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div class="chess-pieces notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/176px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/264px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/352px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="top:0px;left:88px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e8 black king"><img alt="e8 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/22px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/33px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/44px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:66px;left:154px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h5 black rook"><img alt="h5 black rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/22px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/33px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg/44px-Chess_rdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:132px;left:110px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f2 white pawn"><img alt="f2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:132px;left:132px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g2 white pawn"><img alt="g2 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/22px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/33px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/44px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:154px;left:110px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="f1 white rook"><img alt="f1 white rook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/22px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/33px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg/44px-Chess_rlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:154px;left:132px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g1 white king"><img alt="g1 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/22px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/33px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/44px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:154px;left:154px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h1 black queen"><img alt="h1 black queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/22px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/33px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg/44px-Chess_qdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:22px">8</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">7</td><td style="height:22px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">6</td><td style="height:22px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">5</td><td style="height:22px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">4</td><td style="height:22px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">3</td><td style="height:22px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">2</td><td style="height:22px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:22px">1</td><td style="height:22px">1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:22px">h</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption">White is checkmated; Black wins.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1271734817"> <p>If a player's king is placed in check and there is no legal move that player can make to escape check, then the king is said to be <i><a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">checkmated</a></i>, the game ends, and that player loses.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the other pieces, the king is never captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_1.4.1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_1.4.1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diagram shows an example checkmate position. The white king is threatened by the black queen; the empty square to which the king could move is also threatened; and the king cannot capture the queen, because it would then be in check by the rook. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resigning">Resigning</h4></div> <p>Either player may <i>resign</i> at any time, conceding the game to the opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_5.1.2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_5.1.2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To indicate resignation, the player may say "I resign". Tipping over the king also indicates resignation, but it should be distinguished from accidentally knocking the king over. Stopping both clocks is not an indication of resigning, since clocks can be stopped to call the arbiter. An offer of a handshake is sometimes used, but it could be mistaken for a draw offer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_13B_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_13B-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under FIDE Laws, a resignation by one player results in a draw if their opponent has no way to checkmate them via any series of legal moves, or a loss by that player otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_5.1.2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_5.1.2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Draws">Draws</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">Draw (chess)</a></div> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:254px"> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:246px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:26px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div class="chess-pieces notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/208px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/312px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/416px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="top:0px;left:52px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c8 black king"><img alt="c8 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/26px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/39px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/52px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:78px;left:78px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d5 white queen"><img alt="d5 white queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/26px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/39px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg/52px-Chess_qlt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:78px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e5 white bishop"><img alt="e5 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/26px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/39px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/52px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:130px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e3 white king"><img alt="e3 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/26px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/39px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/52px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:26px">8</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">7</td><td style="height:26px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">6</td><td style="height:26px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">5</td><td style="height:26px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">4</td><td style="height:26px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">3</td><td style="height:26px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">2</td><td style="height:26px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">1</td><td style="height:26px">1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption">Black to move is in stalemate, since Black's king has no legal move, and is not in check. The game is drawn.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1271734817"> <p>The game ends in a <a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">draw</a> if any of these conditions occur:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_5.2.1,_5.2.2,_and_5.2.3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_5.2.1,_5.2.2,_and_5.2.3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The player to move is not in check and has no legal move. This situation is called a <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">stalemate</a>. An example of such a position is shown in the adjacent diagram.</li> <li>The game reaches a <a href="#Dead_position">dead position</a>.</li> <li>Both players <a href="/wiki/Draw_by_agreement" title="Draw by agreement">agree to a draw</a> after one of the players makes such an offer.</li></ul> <p>In addition, in the FIDE rules, if a player has run out of time (see below), or has resigned, but the position is such that there is no way for the opponent to give checkmate by any series of legal moves, the game is a draw.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_6.9_and_5.1.2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_6.9_and_5.1.2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#Competitive_rules_of_play">FIDE's competitive rules of play</a> allow a player to claim a draw in either of two situations: </p> <ul><li>Fifty moves have been made by each player without a capture or pawn movement (this is the <a href="/wiki/Fifty-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">fifty-move rule</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_9.3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_9.3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The same position has appeared three times (or has appeared twice and the player claiming the draw can force the third appearance); this is the <a href="/wiki/Threefold_repetition" title="Threefold repetition">threefold repetition</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_9.2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_9.2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These rules help prevent games from being extended indefinitely in tournaments. </p><p>There is no longer a rule specifically defining <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_check" title="Perpetual check">perpetual check</a> as a draw. In such a situation, either the threefold repetition rule or the fifty-move rule will eventually come into effect. More often, the players will simply agree to a draw.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Dead_position">Dead position</h5></div> <div class="chessboard thumb noviewer tright"><div class="center" style="line-height:130%;margin:0 auto;max-width:254px"> Example of a dead position<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_8_(article_1.5)_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_8_(article_1.5)-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div><div class="thumbinner" style="width:246px"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td></td></tr><tr><td style="width:18px;height:26px">8</td><td colspan="8" rowspan="8"><div class="chess-pieces notheme" style="position:relative"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/208px-Chessboard480.svg.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/312px-Chessboard480.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg/416px-Chessboard480.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span><div style="top:26px;left:52px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c7 black bishop"><img alt="c7 black bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/26px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/39px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg/52px-Chess_bdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:26px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e7 black king"><img alt="e7 black king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/26px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/39px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg/52px-Chess_kdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:52px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h6 black pawn"><img alt="h6 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:78px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a5 black pawn"><img alt="a5 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:78px;left:52px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c5 black pawn"><img alt="c5 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:78px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e5 black pawn"><img alt="e5 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:78px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g5 black pawn"><img alt="g5 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:78px;left:182px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="h5 white pawn"><img alt="h5 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:104px;left:0px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="a4 white pawn"><img alt="a4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:104px;left:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b4 black pawn"><img alt="b4 black pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/26px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/39px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg/52px-Chess_pdt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:104px;left:52px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="c4 white pawn"><img alt="c4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:104px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e4 white pawn"><img alt="e4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:104px;left:156px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="g4 white pawn"><img alt="g4 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:130px;left:26px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="b3 white pawn"><img alt="b3 white pawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/26px-Chess_plt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/39px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg/52px-Chess_plt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:130px;left:78px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="d3 white bishop"><img alt="d3 white bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/26px-Chess_blt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/39px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg/52px-Chess_blt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div><div style="top:130px;left:104px"><span class="mw-valign-top notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="e3 white king"><img alt="e3 white king" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/26px-Chess_klt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/39px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg/52px-Chess_klt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span></div></div></td><td style="width:18px;height:26px">8</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">7</td><td style="height:26px">7</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">6</td><td style="height:26px">6</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">5</td><td style="height:26px">5</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">4</td><td style="height:26px">4</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">3</td><td style="height:26px">3</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">2</td><td style="height:26px">2</td></tr><tr><td style="height:26px">1</td><td style="height:26px">1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">a</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">b</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">c</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">d</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">e</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">f</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">g</td><td style="height:18px;width:26px">h</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumbcaption"> White has just played h5; neither side can open up the position. </div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1271734817"> <p>A <i>dead position</i> is defined as a position where neither player can checkmate their opponent's king by any sequence of legal moves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_5.2.2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_5.2.2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the rules of chess the game is immediately terminated the moment a dead position appears on the board. </p><p>Some basic endings are always dead positions; for example: </p> <ul><li>king against king;</li> <li>king against king and bishop;</li> <li>king against king and knight.</li></ul> <p>Blocked positions can arise in which progress is impossible for either side, such as the diagrammed position;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_8_(article_1.5)_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_8_(article_1.5)-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these too are dead positions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation" title="United States Chess Federation">USCF</a> rules, for games played under a time control that does not include delay or increment, allow draw claims for "insufficient losing chances".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_14H_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_14H-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if each player has only a king and a knight, checkmate is only achievable with the co-operation of both players, even if it is not a dead position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Touch-move_rule">Touch-move rule</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Touch-move_rule" title="Touch-move rule">Touch-move rule</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Touch-move_rule" title="Touch-move rule">touch-move rule</a> is a fundamental principle in chess, ensuring that players commit to moves deliberated mentally, without physically experimenting on the board. According to this rule, a player who touches a piece with the intention of moving it must then move it if legally possible. This rule also applies to capturing: a player who touches an opponent's piece must capture it if a legal capture is available. Special considerations apply for castling and pawn promotion, reflecting their unique nature in the game.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_4.3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_4.3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A player who touches a piece to adjust its physical position within a square must first alert the opponent by saying <i>J'adoube</i> or "I adjust".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023section_4.2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023section_4.2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the game has started, only the player with the move may touch the pieces on the board.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competitive_rules_of_play">Competitive rules of play</h2></div> <p>The following rules are applicable to games in organized tournaments and matches, sanctioned by FIDE. They mention timing (chess clocks), arbiters (or, in USCF play, directors), keeping score, and adjournment. The FIDE Laws of Chess define the rules for standard chess, <a href="/wiki/Fast_chess#Rapid" title="Fast chess">rapid chess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fast_chess#Blitz" title="Fast chess">blitz chess</a>, and guidelines for <a href="/wiki/Fischer_random_chess" class="mw-redirect" title="Fischer random chess">Chess960</a>. For standard chess, the players must record the moves, which is optional in rapid chess and blitz Chess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_8_and_appendices_A_and_B_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_8_and_appendices_A_and_B-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some rules are specifically adapted for blind and visually impaired players.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023appendix_D_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023appendix_D-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These rules are used for <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#over-the-board" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § over-the-board" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">over-the-board</span></a></dfn> (OTB) games. The rules for <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">correspondence chess</a> are defined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Correspondence_Chess_Federation" title="International Correspondence Chess Federation">ICCF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rules for computer chess and for online chess played on a computer device are published by other organizers and governing bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moving_the_pieces">Moving the pieces</h3></div> <p>Although the touch-move rule is generally observed even in non-organized, non-sanctioned play, the interpretation of that rule to special situations such as capturing, castling, and promotion is not obvious; thus it is elaborated further in FIDE rules. </p><p>The movement of pieces is to be done with one hand. Once the hand is taken off a piece after moving it, the move cannot be retracted unless the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#illegal_move" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § illegal move" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">move is illegal</span></a></dfn>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_4.7_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_4.7-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for the <a href="#Touch-move_rule">touch-move rule</a>, an arbiter who observes a violation of this rule must intervene immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_18,_end_of_article_4_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_18,_end_of_article_4-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When castling, a player should first move the king with one hand and then move the rook with the same hand.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of a <a href="#Promotion">promotion</a>, if a player releases the pawn on the eighth rank, the player must promote the pawn. After the pawn has moved, the player may touch any piece not on the board and the promotion is not finalized until the new piece is released on the promotion square.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_9D_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_9D-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is a common practice in informal play, under FIDE rules an upturned rook may not be used to represent a promoted queen; such a move would be treated as a legal rook promotion. If the correct piece is not immediately available, the player may stop the clocks and call the arbiter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.11.2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.11.2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_17_(Article_4.4.4)_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_17_(Article_4.4.4)-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timing">Timing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digitalna_sahovska_ura2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo shows a digital chess clock. There are two clocks, one on each side and a button on top of each stops that clock and starts the other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Digitalna_sahovska_ura2.jpg/250px-Digitalna_sahovska_ura2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Digitalna_sahovska_ura2.jpg/375px-Digitalna_sahovska_ura2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Digitalna_sahovska_ura2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Digital chess clock</figcaption></figure> <p>Tournament games are played under time constraints, called <a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">time controls</a>, using a <a href="/wiki/Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">chess clock</a>. Each player is timed separately and must make moves within the time control or forfeit the game.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are different types of time controls applied. For standard chess, different periods can be defined with different fixed times (e.g. first 40 moves in 100 minutes, next 20 moves in 50 minutes, remaining moves in 15 minutes). For rapid and blitz chess, only one period can be defined where all moves must be performed. Additionally, an <a href="/wiki/Time_control#Increment_and_delay_methods" title="Time control">increment or delay</a> per move may be defined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_22_(article_6.3.2)_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_22_(article_6.3.2)-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>When a player runs out of time, this event is called <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#flag-fall" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § flag-fall" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">flag-fall</span></a></dfn>. A flag-fall has no consequences unless stated as observed by the arbiter, in which case the arbiter must intervene,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_6.8_and_A.5.5_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_6.8_and_A.5.5-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or claimed by a player.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.8_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>When no flag-fall is stated, and one of the following events occur, the result of the game still holds. It is of no relevance if the player runs out of time afterwards, or has already run out of time, but this was not stated: <ul><li>If a player delivers a checkmate, the game is over and that player wins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.2.1.1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.2.1.1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>If a move results in a <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">stalemate</a>, <a href="#Dead_position">dead position</a>, <a href="/wiki/Threefold_repetition#Fivefold_repetition_rule" title="Threefold repetition">fivefold repetition</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Fifty-move_rule#Seventy-five-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">seventy-five-move</a> rule applies, the game is over and the game is drawn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.2.1.1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.2.1.1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>If a player correctly claims flag-fall, that player wins. But if the claiming player is out of time, or could not still theoretically checkmate the opponent, the game is a draw.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.9_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.9-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation" title="United States Chess Federation">United States Chess Federation</a> (USCF) rule is different. USCF Rule 14E defines "insufficient material to win on time", that is lone king, king plus knight, king plus bishop, and king plus two knights opposed by no pawns, and there is no forced win in the final position. Hence to win on time with this material, the USCF rule requires that a win can be forced from that position, while the FIDE rule merely requires a win to be possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_14E_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_14E-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="/wiki/Monika_So%C4%87ko#Rules_appeal_in_2008" title="Monika Soćko">Monika Soćko rules appeal in 2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship_2008" title="Women's World Chess Championship 2008">Women's World Chess Championship 2008</a> for a famous instance of this rule.) </p><p>With mechanical clocks only, flag-fall for both players can occur. With digital clocks, the clock indicates which flag fell first, and this information is valid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_22_(section_6.4)_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_22_(section_6.4)-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the last period of a standard chess game or rapid games, if played without increment, a special set of rules applies regarding the clock, referenced as "Quickplay Finishes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023guideline_III_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023guideline_III-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rules allow a player with under two minutes time to request an increment introduced, or request a draw based on claiming no progress or no effort, to be ruled by the arbiter. These rules have been relevant when playing with mechanical clocks, which do not allow setting an increment and are today with digital clocks of second importance only, as playing with increment is recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_54_(Guideline_III.5.2)_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_54_(Guideline_III.5.2)-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recording_moves">Recording moves</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chess_notation" title="Chess notation">Chess notation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_chess_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Algebraic chess notation">Algebraic chess notation</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SCD_algebraic_notation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing how squares are named – columns are a through h, rows are 1 through 8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SCD_algebraic_notation.svg/200px-SCD_algebraic_notation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SCD_algebraic_notation.svg/300px-SCD_algebraic_notation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SCD_algebraic_notation.svg/400px-SCD_algebraic_notation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>Naming the squares in <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_chess_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Algebraic chess notation">algebraic notation</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planilha_Eisenberg_e_Capablanca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Planilha_Eisenberg_e_Capablanca.jpg/180px-Planilha_Eisenberg_e_Capablanca.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Planilha_Eisenberg_e_Capablanca.jpg/270px-Planilha_Eisenberg_e_Capablanca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Planilha_Eisenberg_e_Capablanca.jpg/360px-Planilha_Eisenberg_e_Capablanca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>A score sheet from a game by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">José Raúl Capablanca</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_chess_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive chess notation">descriptive notation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Each square of the <a href="/wiki/Chessboard" title="Chessboard">chessboard</a> is identified with a unique pair of a letter and a number. The vertical <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#files" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § files" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">files</span></a></dfn> are labeled <em>a</em> through <em>h</em>, from White's left (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Queenside" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenside">queenside</a>) to White's right. Similarly, the horizontal <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#ranks" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § ranks" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">ranks</span></a></dfn> are numbered from <em>1</em> to <em>8</em>, starting from the one nearest White's side of the board. Each square of the board, then, is uniquely identified by its file letter and rank number. The white king, for example, starts the game on square <b>e1</b>. The black knight on <b>b8</b> can move to <b>a6</b> or <b>c6</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023appendix_C_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023appendix_C-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In formal competition, each player is obliged to record each move as it is played in <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_chess_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Algebraic chess notation">algebraic chess notation</a> in order to settle disputes about illegal positions, overstepping time control, and making claims of draws by the fifty-move rule or repetition of position. Moves recorded in any other systems of notation cannot be used in evidence in such a dispute. Other chess notation systems include <a href="/wiki/ICCF_numeric_notation" title="ICCF numeric notation">ICCF numeric notation</a> for international <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">correspondence chess</a> and <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_chess_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive chess notation">descriptive chess notation</a>, formerly standard in English speaking countries. The current rule is that a move must be made on the board before it is written on paper or recorded with an electronic device.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both players should indicate offers of a draw by writing "=" at that move on their score sheets.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notations about the time on the clocks can be made. A player with less than five minutes left to complete all the remaining moves is not required to record the moves (unless a delay of at least thirty seconds per move is being used). The score sheet must be made available to the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#arbiter" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § arbiter" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">arbiter</span></a></dfn> at all times. A player may respond to an opponent's move before writing it down.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjournment">Adjournment</h3></div> <dl><dd><em>See <a href="/wiki/Adjournment_(games)#Chess" title="Adjournment (games)">Adjournment (games) § Chess</a></em>.</dd></dl> <p>Formerly common, adjournments are no longer standard practice in chess competition.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When an adjournment is made, the player whose move it is writes their next move on their scoresheet but does not make the move on the chessboard. This is referred to as a <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#sealed_move" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § sealed move" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">sealed move</span></a></dfn>. Both opponents' scoresheets are then placed in the sealed-move envelope and the envelope is sealed. The names of the players, the colors, the position, the time on the clocks and other game data are recorded on the envelope; the envelope may also be signed by both players. The arbiter then keeps possession of the envelope until it is time to restart the game, at which time the arbiter opens the envelope, makes the sealed move on the board, and starts the opponent's clock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023Guideline_I_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023Guideline_I-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irregularities">Irregularities</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Illegal_move">Illegal move</h4></div> <p>An illegal move<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.10.2_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.10.2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a move not made according to a piece's possible defined movements <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.2_to_3.8_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.2_to_3.8-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or made according to its possible movements but such that its own king is left or placed in check.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.9_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.9-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, pressing the clock without making a move or making a move with two hands is considered and penalized as an illegal move.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_7.5.3_and_7.5.4_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_7.5.3_and_7.5.4-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A player who makes an <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#illegal_move" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § illegal move" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">illegal move</span></a></dfn> must retract that move and make a legal move. That move must be made with the same piece if possible, because the touch-move rule applies. If the illegal move was an attempt to castle, the touch-move rule applies to the king but not to the rook. If the mistake is noticed, the game should be restarted from the position in which the error occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.5.1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.5.1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arbiter should adjust the time on the clock according to the best evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some regional organizations have different rules.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A player may correct an illegal move if the player has not pressed the clock. In standard chess, if a move is found during the game, the position immediately before the irregularity is reinstated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.5.1_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.5.1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the most used form of rapid chess and blitz chess if the move is found before the opponent moves, the position immediately before the irregularity is also reinstated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023appendices_A.5.2_and_B.3_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023appendices_A.5.2_and_B.3-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the FIDE Laws of Chess, the first stated completed illegal move results in a time penalty. The time penalty consists of giving the opponent two minutes extra time in standard chess,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.5.5_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.5.5-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or one minute extra time in rapid or blitz.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second stated completed illegal move by the same player results in the loss of the game,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.5.5_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.5.5-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unless the position is such that it is impossible for the opponent to win by any series of legal moves (e.g. if the opponent has a <a href="/wiki/Bare_king" title="Bare king">bare king</a>) in which case the game is drawn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.9_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.9-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A move is completed when it has been made and the player has pressed the clock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.2.1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.2.1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under USCF rules, if a player completes an illegal move in blitz chess, the player's opponent may claim a win before making a move (if the opponent has enough material to win). One way to claim this win is to take a King left in check by the opponent. Once the illegal move has been answered, the move stands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_11,_section_7d_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_11,_section_7d-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Incorrect_setup">Incorrect setup</h4></div> <p>For standard chess and the most used form of rapid and blitz chess there are the following rules. If it is discovered during the game that the starting position was incorrect, the game is restarted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.2.1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.2.1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If it is discovered during the game that the board is oriented incorrectly, the game is continued with the pieces transferred to a correctly oriented board.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.2.2_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.2.2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the game starts with colors reversed, the game is restarted if less than 10 moves have been made by both players, otherwise the game is continued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.3_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.3-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the clock setting is found to be incorrect during the game, it is corrected according to best judgement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.10.2_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.10.2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some regional organizations have different rules.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piece_displacement">Piece displacement</h4></div> <p>If a player knocks over pieces, it is the same player's responsibility to restore them to their correct positions, on that player's time. If it is discovered that an illegal move has been made, or that pieces have been displaced, the game is restored to the position before the irregularity. If that position cannot be determined, the game is restored to the last known correct position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.6_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.6-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Illegal_position">Illegal position</h4></div> <p>An illegal position is a position which cannot be reached by any series of legal moves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.10.3_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.10.3-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conduct">Conduct</h3></div> <p>Players may not use any notes, outside sources of information (including computers), or advice from other people. Analysis on another board is not permitted. Scoresheets are to record objective facts about the game only, such as time on the clock or draw offers. Players may not leave the competition area without permission of the arbiter.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High standards of etiquette and ethics are expected. Players should shake hands before and after the game. Generally a player should not speak during the game, except to offer a draw, resign, or to call attention to an irregularity. An announcement of "check" is commonly made in informal games but is not recommended in officially sanctioned games. A player may not distract or annoy another player by any means, including repeatedly offering a draw.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to increasing concerns about the use of <a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">chess engines</a> and outside communication, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> usage is banned. The first forfeit by a high-profile player, for phone ringing during play, occurred in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014 FIDE extended this to ban all mobile phones from the playing area during chess competitions, under penalty of forfeiture of the game or even expulsion from the tournament. The rules allow for less rigid enforcement in minor events.<sup id="cite_ref-chessbase-anti-cheating_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chessbase-anti-cheating-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">Chess piece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chessboard" title="Chessboard">Chessboard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staunton_chess_set" title="Staunton chess set">Staunton chess set</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">Chess clock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JaquesCookStaunton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of the original Staunton chess pieces from about 1849." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/JaquesCookStaunton.jpg/260px-JaquesCookStaunton.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/JaquesCookStaunton.jpg/390px-JaquesCookStaunton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/JaquesCookStaunton.jpg/520px-JaquesCookStaunton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Original Staunton chess pieces, introduced in 1849. <em>Left to right:</em> <a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">pawn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">rook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">knight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">queen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">king</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pieces of the <a href="/wiki/Staunton_chess_set" title="Staunton chess set">Staunton chess set</a> design are the standard and are usually made of wood or plastic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_2.1_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_2.1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are often black and white; other colors may be used (like a dark wood or even red for the dark pieces) but they would still be called the "white" and "black" pieces (see <a href="/wiki/White_and_Black_in_chess" title="White and Black in chess">White and Black in chess</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_2.6_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_2.6-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The height of the king should be about 95 mm, within 10 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_2.3_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_2.3-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diameter of the king should be 40 to 50% of its height.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_2.4_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_2.4-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the other pieces should be in proportion to the king. The pieces should be well balanced. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Staunton_chess_set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This photo shows a chessboard with pieces set up on both sides, ready to play. A chess clock is at the side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Staunton_chess_set.jpg/260px-Staunton_chess_set.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Staunton_chess_set.jpg/390px-Staunton_chess_set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Staunton_chess_set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption> Pieces at the start of a game and an analog <a href="/wiki/Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">chess clock</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The size of the squares of the <a href="/wiki/Chessboard" title="Chessboard">chessboard</a> should be approximately 1.25 to 1.3 times the diameter of the base of the king, or 50 to 65 mm. Squares of approximately 57 mm (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inches) normally are well-suited for pieces with the kings in the preferred size range; four pawns should fit on a square.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_3.3_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_3.3-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Squares may be the natural color of the wood, or other combinations of dark and light colors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_3.1_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_3.1-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In games subject to <a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">time control</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">chess clock</a> is used, consisting of two adjacent clocks and buttons to stop one clock while starting the other, such that the two component clocks never run simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.1_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.1-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clock can be <a href="/wiki/Analog_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog clock">analog</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clock#Digital" title="Clock">digital</a> though a digital clock is preferred under both USCF and FIDE rulesets. This is because most tournaments now include either an <a href="/wiki/Time_control#Increment_and_delay_methods" title="Time control">increment</a> (extra time being added prior or after the move) or <a href="/wiki/Time_control#Increment_and_delay_methods" title="Time control">delay</a> (a countdown to when a clock starts again) to their time controls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_5.1_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_5.1-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the start of the game, in FIDE competitions the arbiter decides where the chess clock is placed;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.5_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.5-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in USCF competitions the director may decide, or the director may leave it to the players, in which case the player with the black pieces will decide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_16L_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_16L-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The rules of chess have evolved much over the centuries from the early chess-like games played in India in the 6th century. For much of that time the rules have varied from area to area. The modern rules first took form in southern Europe during the 13th century, giving more mobility to pieces that previously had more restricted movement (such as the queen and bishop). Such modified rules entered into an accepted form during the late 15th century<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or early 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic moves of the king, rook, and knight are unchanged. A pawn originally did not have the option of moving two squares on its first move, and promoted only to a queen upon reaching the eighth rank. The queen was originally the <i><a href="/wiki/Ferz_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferz (chess)">fers</a></i> or <i>farzin</i>, which could move one square diagonally in any direction. In European chess it became able to leap two squares diagonally, forwards, backwards, or to left or right on its first move; some areas also gave this right to a newly promoted pawn. In the Persian and Arabic game the bishop was a <i>pīl</i> (Persian) or <i><a href="/wiki/Alfil_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfil (chess)">fīl</a></i> (Arabic) (meaning "elephant") which moved two squares diagonally with jump.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Middle Ages the pawn could only be <a href="/wiki/Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">promoted</a> to the equivalent of a queen (which at that time was a weak piece) if it reached its eighth rank.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 12th century, the squares on the board sometimes alternated colors, and this became the standard in the 13th century;<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whence the word "chequered"/"checkered". </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andr%C3%A9_Philidor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An image of Philidor, who published rules in 1749" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Andr%C3%A9_Philidor.jpg/175px-Andr%C3%A9_Philidor.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Andr%C3%A9_Philidor.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption>Philidor</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1200 and 1600 several laws emerged that drastically altered the game. Checkmate became a requirement to win; a player could not win by capturing all of the opponent's pieces. <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">Stalemate</a> was added, although the outcome has changed several times (see <a href="/wiki/Stalemate#History_of_the_stalemate_rule" title="Stalemate">History of the stalemate rule</a>). Pawns gained the option of moving two squares on their first move, and the <i><a href="/wiki/En_passant" title="En passant">en passant</a></i> rule was a natural consequence of that new option. The king and rook acquired the right to <a href="/wiki/Castling" title="Castling">castle</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Castling#History" title="Castling">Castling § History</a> for different versions of the rule). </p><p>Between 1475 and 1500, the queen and the bishop also acquired their current moves, which made them much stronger pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When all of these changes were accepted, the game was in essentially its modern form.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rules for promotion have changed several times. As stated above, originally the pawn could only be promoted to the queen, which at that time was a weak piece. When the queen acquired its current move and became the most powerful piece, the pawn could then be promoted to a queen or a rook, bishop, or knight. In the 18th century rules allowed only the promotion to a piece already captured, e.g. the rules published in 1749 by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Danican_Philidor" title="François-André Danican Philidor">François-André Danican Philidor</a>. In the 19th century, this restriction was lifted, which allowed for a player to have more than one queen, e.g. the 1828 rules by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Sarratt" title="Jacob Sarratt">Jacob Sarratt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two new rules concerning draws were introduced, each of which has changed through the years: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Threefold_repetition" title="Threefold repetition">threefold repetition</a> rule was added, although at some times up to six repetitions have been required, and the exact conditions have been specified more clearly (see <a href="/wiki/Threefold_repetition#History_of_the_rule" title="Threefold repetition">Threefold repetition § History of the rule</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fifty-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">fifty-move rule</a> was also added. At various times, the number of moves required was different, such as 24, 60, 70, or 75. For several years in the 20th century, the standard fifty moves was extended to one hundred moves for a few specific <a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">endgames</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Fifty-move_rule#History" title="Fifty-move rule">Fifty-move rule's history</a>).</li></ul> <p>Another group of new laws included (1) the <a href="/wiki/Touch-move_rule" title="Touch-move rule">touch-move rule</a> and the accompanying "j'adoube/adjust" rule; (2) that White moves first (in 1889<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); (3) the orientation of the board; (4) the procedure if an illegal move was made; (5) the procedure if the king had been left in check for some moves; and (6) issues regarding the behavior of players and spectators. The <a href="/wiki/Staunton_chess_set" title="Staunton chess set">Staunton chess set</a> was introduced in 1849 and it became the standard style of pieces. The size of pieces and squares of the board was standardized.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the middle of the 19th century, chess games were played without any time limit. In an 1834 match between <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McDonnell_(chess_player)" title="Alexander McDonnell (chess player)">Alexander McDonnell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_Mah%C3%A9_de_La_Bourdonnais" title="Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais">Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais</a>, McDonnell took an inordinate amount of time to move, sometimes up to 1½ hours. In 1836 <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_Fournier_de_Saint-Amant" title="Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant">Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant</a> suggested a time limit, but no action was taken. At the <a href="/wiki/London_1851_chess_tournament" title="London 1851 chess tournament">1851 London tournament</a>, Staunton blamed his loss in his match against <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Williams_(chess_player)" title="Elijah Williams (chess player)">Elijah Williams</a> on Williams' slow play; one game was adjourned for the day after only 29 moves.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year a match between <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Harrwitz" title="Daniel Harrwitz">Daniel Harrwitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Johann Löwenthal">Johann Löwenthal</a> used a limit of 20 minutes per move. The first use of a modern-style time limit was in an 1861 match between <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Anderssen" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolph Anderssen">Adolph Anderssen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Kolisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignác Kolisch">Ignác Kolisch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codification">Codification</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:258px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIDE_rulebook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/FIDE_rulebook.jpg/158px-FIDE_rulebook.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/FIDE_rulebook.jpg/237px-FIDE_rulebook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/19/FIDE_rulebook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">FIDE rulebook, 1989</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:258px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OfficialChessRulebook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/OfficialChessRulebook.jpg/166px-OfficialChessRulebook.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/OfficialChessRulebook.jpg/249px-OfficialChessRulebook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/OfficialChessRulebook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="499" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Official Chess Rulebook</i>, by Harkness (1970 edition)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The first known publication of chess rules was in a book by <a href="/wiki/Luis_Ram%C3%ADrez_de_Lucena" title="Luis Ramírez de Lucena">Luis Ramírez de Lucena</a> about 1497, shortly after the movement of the queen, bishop, and pawn were changed to their modern form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019Introduction_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019Introduction-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Segura" title="Ruy López de Segura">Ruy López de Segura</a> gave rules of chess in his 1561 book <a href="/wiki/Libro_de_la_invencion_liberal_y_arte_del_juego_del_axedrez" title="Libro de la invencion liberal y arte del juego del axedrez">Libro de la invencion liberal y arte del juego del axedrez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 16th and 17th centuries, there were local differences concerning rules such as castling, promotion, stalemate, and <i>en passant</i>. Some of these differences persisted until the 19th century;<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, differences in castling rules persisted in Italy until the late 19th century. </p><p>As chess clubs arose and tournaments became common, there was a need to formalize the rules. In 1749 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Danican_Philidor" title="François-André Danican Philidor">Philidor</a> (1726–1795) wrote a set of rules that were widely used, as well as rules by later writers such as the 1828 rules by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Sarratt" title="Jacob Sarratt">Jacob Sarratt</a> (1772–1819) and rules by <a href="/wiki/George_Walker_(chess_player)" title="George Walker (chess player)">George Walker</a> (1803–1879). In the 19th century, many major clubs published their own rules, including The Hague in 1803, London in 1807, Paris in 1836, and St. Petersburg in 1854. In 1851 <a href="/wiki/Howard_Staunton" title="Howard Staunton">Howard Staunton</a> (1810–1874) called for a "Constituent Assembly for Remodeling the Laws of Chess" and proposals by <a href="/wiki/Tassilo_von_Heydebrand_und_der_Lasa" title="Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa">Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa</a> (1818–1889) were published in 1854. Staunton had published rules in <i>Chess Player's Handbook</i> in 1847, and his new proposals were published in 1860 in <i>Chess Praxis</i>; they were generally accepted in English-speaking countries. German-speaking countries usually used the writings of chess authority <a href="/wiki/Johann_Berger" title="Johann Berger">Johann Berger</a> (1845–1933) or <i><a href="/wiki/Handbuch_des_Schachspiels" title="Handbuch des Schachspiels">Handbuch des Schachspiels</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rudolf_von_Bilguer" title="Paul Rudolf von Bilguer">Paul Rudolf von Bilguer</a> (1815–1840), first published in 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924, Fédération Internationale des Échecs (<a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a>) was formed and in 1928 it took up the task of standardizing the rules. At first FIDE tried to establish a universal set of rules, but translations to various languages differed slightly. Although FIDE rules were used for international competition under their control, some countries continued to use their own rules internally.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, FIDE created the Permanent Commission for the Rules of Chess (also known as the Rules Commission) and published a new edition of the rules. The third official edition of the laws was published in 1966. The first three editions of the rules were published in French, with that as the official version. In 1974 FIDE published the English version of the rules (which was based on an authorized 1955 translation). With that edition, English became the official language of the rules. Another edition was published in 1979. Throughout this time, ambiguities in the laws were handled by frequent interpretations that the Rules Commission published as supplements and amendments. In 1982, the Rules Commission rewrote the laws to incorporate the interpretations and amendments.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, FIDE abandoned the idea of a universal set of laws, although FIDE rules are the standard for high-level play.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the 1984 edition, FIDE implemented a four-year moratorium between changes to the rules. Other editions were issued in 1988 and 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rules of national FIDE affiliates (such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation" title="United States Chess Federation">United States Chess Federation</a>, or USCF) are based on the FIDE rules, with slight variations.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other differences are noted above. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Harkness" title="Kenneth Harkness">Kenneth Harkness</a> published popular rulebooks in the United States starting in 1956, and the USCF continues to publish rulebooks for use in tournaments it sanctions. </p><p>In 2008, FIDE added the variant <a href="/wiki/Chess960" title="Chess960">Chess960</a> to the appendix of the "Laws of Chess". Chess960 uses a random initial set-up of main pieces, with the conditions that the king is placed somewhere between the two rooks, and bishops on opposite-color squares. The castling rules are extended to cover all these positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023guideline_II.3_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023guideline_II.3-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, rules about such things as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a> and unauthorized use of <a href="/wiki/Chess_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess engines">chess engines</a> were introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-chessbase-anti-cheating_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chessbase-anti-cheating-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customizations_in_tournament_play">Customizations in tournament play</h2></div> <p>Under FIDE's Laws of Chess, tournament organizers have the option to parameterize some rules to fit their events. This flexibility covers time controls for standard, rapid, and blitz chess,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_A.1_and_B.1_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_A.1_and_B.1-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and setting the 'default time' - the period before a player forfeits for being late, which is zero unless otherwise specified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.7_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.7-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, measures can be introduced to discourage players from <a href="/wiki/Draw_by_agreement#Steps_taken_to_discourage_draws_or_short_draws" title="Draw by agreement">agreeing to short draws</a>. One such case was the "no drawing or resigning during the first 30 moves" rule used at the <a href="/wiki/London_Chess_Classic#2009_Classic:_8–15_December" title="London Chess Classic">2009 London Chess Classic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_9.1.1_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_9.1.1-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/28px-Chess.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/42px-Chess.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/56px-Chess.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chess" title="Portal:Chess">Chess portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_chess_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Algebraic chess notation">Algebraic chess notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_chess" title="Cheating in chess">Cheating in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chessboard" title="Chessboard">Chessboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">Chess clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess glossary">Chess glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">Chess piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_tournament" title="Chess tournament">Chess tournament</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Specific rules</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjournment_(games)" title="Adjournment (games)">Adjournment (games)</a> (rare now)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castling" title="Castling">Castling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">Checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">Draw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draw_by_agreement" title="Draw by agreement">Draw by agreement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/En_passant" title="En passant">En passant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">Fifty-move rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_check" title="Perpetual check">Perpetual check</a> (former rule)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">Promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">Stalemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_repetition" title="Threefold repetition">Threefold repetition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">Time control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch-move_rule" title="Touch-move rule">Touch-move rule</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When <a href="/wiki/Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">promoting</a> a pawn, a piece previously captured and removed from the board is often used as the "new" promoted piece. The new piece is nevertheless regarded as distinct from the original captured piece; the physical piece is used simply for convenience. Moreover, the player's choice for promotion is not restricted to pieces that were previously captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.7.3.3_and_3.7.3.4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.7.3.3_and_3.7.3.4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>J'adoube</i> /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʒadub</span>/, from the verb <i>adouber</i> which is obsolete French except in chess (meaning "to touch") and in chivalry stories (meaning "to knight", c.f. "<a href="/wiki/Accolade" title="Accolade">dub</a>"), is always understood. The national-language equivalent may be used if the opponent is known to understand it but should be avoided in international tournaments and against a foreign opponent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a variation of the rules, a USCF director may allow players to write their move on a paper <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#score_sheet" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § score sheet" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">score sheet</span></a></dfn> (but not enter it electronically) before making the move.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_15A_(variation_1)_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_15A_(variation_1)-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Before this was the rule, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a> and others were in the habit of writing the move before making it on the board. Unlike other players, Tal did not hide the move after he had written it – he liked to watch for the reaction of his opponent before he made the move. Sometimes he crossed out a move he had written and wrote a different move instead.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The USCF requires that only an illegal move within the last ten moves be corrected. If the illegal move was more than ten moves ago, the game continues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_11B_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_11B-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If the player has pressed the clock, the standard USCF rule is that two minutes are added to the opponent's clock.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The USCF rules are different. If before Black's tenth move is completed it is discovered that the initial position was wrong or that the colors were reversed, the game is restarted with the correct initial position and colors. If the discovery is made after the tenth move, the game continues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_11F_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_11F-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The US Chess Federation allows the height of the king to be 86–114 mm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inches).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schiller states that the United States is the only country that does not follow the FIDE rules. Some of the differences in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation" title="United States Chess Federation">US Chess Federation</a> rules are (1) a player must have a reasonably complete <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#score_sheet" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § score sheet" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">score sheet</span></a></dfn> to claim a time forfeit and (2) the player can choose whether or not to use a clock with a delay period for each move.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_2.1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_2.1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 2.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_2.1,_2.2,_2.4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_2.1,_2.2,_2.4_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, articles 2.1, 2.2, 2.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_2.3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_2.3_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 2.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSchiller2003">Schiller 2003</a>:16–17)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandolfini199233-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPandolfini199233_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPandolfini1992">Pandolfini 1992</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.1_and_3.1.1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.1_and_3.1.1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, articles 3.1 and 3.1.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.7.3.3_and_3.7.3.4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.7.3.3_and_3.7.3.4_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, articles 3.7.3.3 and 3.7.3.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSchiller2003">Schiller 2003</a>:17–19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.8.2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.8.2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 3.8.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.8.2.1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.8.2.1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 3.8.2.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.7.3.1_and_3.7.3.2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.7.3.1_and_3.7.3.2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, articles 3.7.3.1 and 3.7.3.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.7.3.3,_3.7.3.4,_and_3.7.3.5-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.7.3.3,_3.7.3.4,_and_3.7.3.5_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, articles 3.7.3.3, 3.7.3.4, and 3.7.3.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHarkness1967">Harkness 1967</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.9-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.9_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.9_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 3.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_12A-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_12A_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJust2019">Just 2019</a>, chapter 1, section 12A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFPolgarTruong2005">Polgar & Truong 2005</a>:32, 103)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBurgess2009">Burgess 2009</a>:550)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_12F-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_12F_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJust2019">Just 2019</a>, chapter 1, section 12F.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHarkness1967">Harkness 1967</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSchiller2003">Schiller 2003</a>:20–21)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_1.4.1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_1.4.1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 1.4.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_5.1.2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_5.1.2_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_5.1.2_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 5.1.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_13B-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_13B_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJust2019">Just 2019</a>, chapter 1, section 13B.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHarkness1967">Harkness 1967</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_5.2.1,_5.2.2,_and_5.2.3-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_5.2.1,_5.2.2,_and_5.2.3_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, articles 5.2.1, 5.2.2, and 5.2.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_6.9_and_5.1.2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_6.9_and_5.1.2_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, articles 6.9 and 5.1.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_9.3-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_9.3_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 9.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_9.2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_9.2_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 9.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFStaunton1847">Staunton 1847</a>:21–22)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFReinfeld1954">Reinfeld 1954</a>:175)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_8_(article_1.5)-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_8_(article_1.5)_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_8_(article_1.5)_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022">FIDE Arbiters' Commission 2022</a>, page 8 (article 1.5).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_5.2.2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_5.2.2_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 5.2.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_14H-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_14H_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJust2019">Just 2019</a>, chapter 1, section 14H.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_4.3-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_4.3_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 4.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023section_4.2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023section_4.2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, section 4.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSchiller2003">Schiller 2003</a>:19–20)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_8_and_appendices_A_and_B-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_8_and_appendices_A_and_B_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 8 and appendices A and B.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023appendix_D-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023appendix_D_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, appendix D.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webfiles.iccf.com/rules/2021/THE%20ICCF%20LAWS%20OF%20CORRESPONDENCE%20CHESS%20-%20updated%201-28-21.pdf">"The ICCF Laws of Correspondence Chess"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ICCF+Laws+of+Correspondence+Chess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebfiles.iccf.com%2Frules%2F2021%2FTHE%2520ICCF%2520LAWS%2520OF%2520CORRESPONDENCE%2520CHESS%2520-%2520updated%25201-28-21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chess.com/learn-how-to-play-chess">"How to Play Chess: 7 Rules To Get You Started"</a>. <i>chess.com</i>. October 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chess.com&rft.atitle=How+to+Play+Chess%3A+7+Rules+To+Get+You+Started&rft.date=2023-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chess.com%2Flearn-how-to-play-chess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_4.7-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_4.7_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 4.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_18,_end_of_article_4-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_18,_end_of_article_4_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022">FIDE Arbiters' Commission 2022</a>, page 18, end of article 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSchiller2003">Schiller 2003</a>:19–20)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_9D-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_9D_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJust2019">Just 2019</a>, chapter 1, section 9D.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.11.2-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.11.2_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 6.11.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_17_(Article_4.4.4)-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_17_(Article_4.4.4)_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022">FIDE Arbiters' Commission 2022</a>, page 17 (Article 4.4.4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_22_(article_6.3.2)-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_22_(article_6.3.2)_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022">FIDE Arbiters' Commission 2022</a>, page 22 (article 6.3.2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_6.8_and_A.5.5-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_6.8_and_A.5.5_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, articles 6.8 and A.5.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.8-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.8_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 6.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.2.1.1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.2.1.1_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.2.1.1_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 6.2.1.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.9-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.9_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.9_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 6.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_14E-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_14E_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJust2019">Just 2019</a>, chapter 1, section 14E.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_22_(section_6.4)-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_22_(section_6.4)_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022">FIDE Arbiters' Commission 2022</a>, page 22 (section 6.4)" Where electronic clocks are used and both clocks show 0.00, the Arbiter can usually establish which flag fell first, with the help of the '-' or any other flag indication."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023guideline_III-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023guideline_III_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, guideline III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_54_(Guideline_III.5.2)-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022page_54_(Guideline_III.5.2)_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022">FIDE Arbiters' Commission 2022</a>, page 54 (Guideline III.5.2)"A time control with an increment is a much better way of concluding a game."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023appendix_C-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023appendix_C_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, appendix C.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_15A_(variation_1)-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_15A_(variation_1)_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJust2019">Just 2019</a>, chapter 1, section 15A (variation 1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFTimman2005">Timman 2005</a>:83)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSchiller2003">Schiller 2003</a>:27)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSchiller2003">Schiller 2003</a>:25–26)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJust2021" class="citation web cs1">Just, Tim (July 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.uschess.org/news/just-rules-remember-when">"Just the Rules: Remember When"</a>. <i>uschess.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uschess.org&rft.atitle=Just+the+Rules%3A+Remember+When&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft.aulast=Just&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.uschess.org%2Fnews%2Fjust-rules-remember-when&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023Guideline_I-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023Guideline_I_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, Guideline I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.10.2-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.10.2_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 3.10.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.2_to_3.8-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_3.2_to_3.8_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, articles 3.2 to 3.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_7.5.3_and_7.5.4-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_7.5.3_and_7.5.4_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, articles 7.5.3 and 7.5.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.5.1-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.5.1_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.5.1_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 7.5.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.1-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.1_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 7.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_11B-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_11B_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJust2019">Just 2019</a>, chapter 1, section 11B.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023appendices_A.5.2_and_B.3-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023appendices_A.5.2_and_B.3_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, appendices A.5.2 and B.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.5.5-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.5.5_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.5.5_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 7.5.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suffolkchess.org/2023/04/updated-fide-laws-of-chess.html">"Updated FIDE Laws of Chess – Suffolk Chess"</a>. 2023-04-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922015453/https://suffolkchess.org/2023/04/updated-fide-laws-of-chess.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-10</span></span>. <q>Previously for an illegal move in Rapidplay the opponent would receive 2 extra minutes. This has now changed to 1 minute, the same as in Blitz.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Updated+FIDE+Laws+of+Chess+%E2%80%93+Suffolk+Chess&rft.date=2023-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuffolkchess.org%2F2023%2F04%2Fupdated-fide-laws-of-chess.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.2.1-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.2.1_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 6.2.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_11,_section_7d-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_11,_section_7d_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJust2019">Just 2019</a>, chapter 11, section 7d.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.2.1-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.2.1_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 7.2.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.2.2-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.2.2_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 7.2.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.3-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.3_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 7.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.10.2-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.10.2_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 6.10.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_11F-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_11F_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJust2019">Just 2019</a>, chapter 1, section 11F.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.6-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_7.6_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 7.6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.10.3-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_3.10.3_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 3.10.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSchiller2003">Schiller 2003</a>:30–31)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSchiller2003">Schiller 2003</a>:30–31, 49–52)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/chess-1-1295070">"I just called to say... you’re disqualified!"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125135130/https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/chess-1-1295070">Archived</a> 2018-01-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a></i>, 19 October 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chessbase-anti-cheating-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chessbase-anti-cheating_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chessbase-anti-cheating_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chessbase.com/post/new-fide-anti-cheating-rules">New FIDE anti-cheating rules</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506161412/http://en.chessbase.com/post/new-fide-anti-cheating-rules">Archived</a> 2016-05-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ChessBase, 17 September 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_2.1-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_2.1_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2022">FIDE 2022</a>, article 2.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_2.6-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_2.6_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2022">FIDE 2022</a>, article 2.6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_2.3-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_2.3_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2022">FIDE 2022</a>, article 2.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJust2019">Just 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_2.4-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_2.4_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2022">FIDE 2022</a>, article 2.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_3.3-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_3.3_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2022">FIDE 2022</a>, article 3.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_3.1-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_3.1_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2022">FIDE 2022</a>, article 3.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.1-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.1_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 6.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_5.1-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2022article_5.1_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2022">FIDE 2022</a>, article 5.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.5-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.5_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 6.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_16L-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019chapter_1,_section_16L_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJust2019">Just 2019</a>, chapter 1, section 16L.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHooperWhyld1996">Hooper & Whyld 1996</a>:41, 328)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFRuch2004">Ruch 2004</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFDavidson1949">Davidson 1949</a>:13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFDavidson1949">Davidson 1949</a>:59–61)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFDavidson1949">Davidson 1949</a>:146)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Chess" title="A History of Chess">A History of Chess</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFDavidson1949">Davidson 1949</a>:14–17)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFDavidson1949">Davidson 1949</a>:14–17)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFDavidson1949">Davidson 1949</a>:59–61)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chess-math.org/sites/default/files/scholarsmate/scholars_mate_102_-_april_2010.pdf">"<i>Scholar's Mate</i> issue 102"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311185706/https://chess-math.org/sites/default/files/scholarsmate/scholars_mate_102_-_april_2010.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scholar%27s+Mate+issue+102&rft.pages=15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchess-math.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fscholarsmate%2Fscholars_mate_102_-_april_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHooperWhyld1996">Hooper & Whyld 1996</a>:220–21, <i>laws, history of</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard Staunton, <i>The Chess Tournament – A Collection of Games Played at this Celebrated Assemblage</i>, London 1852, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSunnucks1970">Sunnucks 1970</a>:459)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJust2019Introduction-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJust2019Introduction_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJust2019">Just 2019</a>, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSunnucks1970">Sunnucks 1970</a>:294)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHarkness1967">Harkness 1967</a>:3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1913" class="citation book cs1">Murray, H.J.R. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfChessHJRMurray/page/n923/mode/2up"><i>A History of Chess</i></a>. Oxford, Clarendon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">878–</span>890.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chess&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E878-%3C%2Fspan%3E890&rft.pub=Oxford%2C+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=H.J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAHistoryOfChessHJRMurray%2Fpage%2Fn923%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHooperWhyld1996">Hooper & Whyld 1996</a>:220–21)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFFIDE1989">FIDE 1989</a>:7–8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFHooperWhyld1996">Hooper & Whyld 1996</a>:220–21)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFFIDE1989">FIDE 1989</a>:5)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFJust2014">Just 2014</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFJust2014">Just 2014</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFSchiller2003">Schiller 2003</a>:123–24)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023guideline_II.3-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023guideline_II.3_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, guideline II.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_A.1_and_B.1-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023articles_A.1_and_B.1_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, articles A.1 and B.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.7-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_6.7_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 6.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pages W1 and W2 of "Weekend" supplement of the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a></i> newspaper for 21 November 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_9.1.1-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDE2023article_9.1.1_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFIDE2023">FIDE 2023</a>, article 9.1.1.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Burgess" title="Graham Burgess">Burgess, Graham</a> (2009), <i>The Mammoth Book of Chess</i> (3rd ed.), Running Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-3726-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-3726-9"><bdi>978-0-7624-3726-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mammoth+Book+of+Chess&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7624-3726-9&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1949" class="citation cs2">Davidson, Henry (1949), <i>A Short History of Chess</i> (1981 ed.), McKay, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-14550-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-14550-8"><bdi>0-679-14550-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Chess&rft.edition=1981&rft.pub=McKay&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=0-679-14550-8&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFIDE1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> (1989), <i>The Official Laws of Chess</i>, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-028540-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-028540-X"><bdi>0-02-028540-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+Laws+of+Chess&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-02-028540-X&rft.au=FIDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFIDE2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012023">"FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2023"</a>. <i>FIDE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIDE&rft.atitle=FIDE+Laws+of+Chess+taking+effect+from+1+January+2023&rft.date=2023&rft.au=FIDE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhandbook.fide.com%2Fchapter%2FE012023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFIDE_Arbiters'_Commission2022" class="citation web cs1">FIDE Arbiters' Commission (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arbiters.fide.com/wp-content/uploads/Publications/Manual/ARBManual2022.pdf">"Arbiters' Manual 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>FIDE Arbiters' Commission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIDE+Arbiters%27+Commission&rft.atitle=Arbiters%27+Manual+2022&rft.date=2022&rft.au=FIDE+Arbiters%27+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farbiters.fide.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FPublications%2FManual%2FARBManual2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFIDE2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/StandardsOfChessEquipment2022">"Standards of Chess Equipment"</a>. <i>FIDE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIDE&rft.atitle=Standards+of+Chess+Equipment&rft.date=2022&rft.au=FIDE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhandbook.fide.com%2Fchapter%2FStandardsOfChessEquipment2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkness1967" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Harkness" title="Kenneth Harkness">Harkness, Kenneth</a> (1967), <i>Official Chess Handbook</i>, McKay</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Chess+Handbook&rft.pub=McKay&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Harkness&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooperWhyld1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Vincent_Hooper" title="David Vincent Hooper">Hooper, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Whyld, Kenneth</a> (1996) [First pub. 1992], <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess"><i>The Oxford Companion to Chess</i></a> (2nd ed.), <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280049-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280049-3"><bdi>0-19-280049-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Chess&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-280049-3&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Whyld%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJust2014" class="citation cs2">Just, Tim (2014), <i>U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess</i> (6th ed.), McKay, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-3559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-3559-2"><bdi>978-0-8129-3559-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Chess+Federation%27s+Official+Rules+of+Chess&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=McKay&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-3559-2&rft.aulast=Just&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJust2019" class="citation cs2">Just, Tim (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.uschess.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/us-chess-rule-book-online-only-edition-chapters-1-2-9-10-11.pdf"><i>U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (7th ed.), (independently published), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7977-1690-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7977-1690-9"><bdi>978-1-7977-1690-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Chess+Federation%27s+Official+Rules+of+Chess&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=%28independently+published%29&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-7977-1690-9&rft.aulast=Just&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnew.uschess.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2Fus-chess-rule-book-online-only-edition-chapters-1-2-9-10-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandolfini1992" class="citation cs2">Pandolfini, Bruce (1992), <i>Pandolfini's Chess Complete</i>, Fireside, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-70186-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-70186-X"><bdi>0-671-70186-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pandolfini%27s+Chess+Complete&rft.pub=Fireside&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-671-70186-X&rft.aulast=Pandolfini&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolgarTruong2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Polgar" title="Susan Polgar">Polgar, Susan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Truong" title="Paul Truong">Truong, Paul</a> (2005), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldchampionsgu00susa_0"><i>A World Champion's Guide to Chess</i></a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-3653-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-3653-7"><bdi>978-0-8129-3653-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Champion%27s+Guide+to+Chess&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-3653-7&rft.aulast=Polgar&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Truong%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldchampionsgu00susa_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinfeld1954" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Reinfeld" title="Fred Reinfeld">Reinfeld, Fred</a> (1954), <i>How To Be A Winner At Chess</i>, Fawcett, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-449-91206-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-449-91206-X"><bdi>0-449-91206-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+To+Be+A+Winner+At+Chess&rft.pub=Fawcett&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=0-449-91206-X&rft.aulast=Reinfeld&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuch2004" class="citation cs2">Ruch, Eric (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amici.iccf.com/issues/issue_01/issue_01_the_italian_rules.html"><i>The Italian Rules</i></a>, ICCF<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Rules&rft.pub=ICCF&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ruch&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famici.iccf.com%2Fissues%2Fissue_01%2Fissue_01_the_italian_rules.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiller2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schiller" title="Eric Schiller">Schiller, Eric</a> (2003), <i>Official Rules of Chess</i> (2nd ed.), Cardoza, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58042-092-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58042-092-1"><bdi>978-1-58042-092-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Rules+of+Chess&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cardoza&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58042-092-1&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaunton1847" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Staunton" title="Howard Staunton">Staunton, Howard</a> (1847), <i>The Chess-Player's Handbook</i>, London: H. G. Bohn, pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>22, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-5056-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-5056-8"><bdi>0-7134-5056-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chess-Player%27s+Handbook&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=H.+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1847&rft.isbn=0-7134-5056-8&rft.aulast=Staunton&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span> (1985 Batsford reprint, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85958-005-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85958-005-X">1-85958-005-X</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunnucks1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sunnucks" title="Anne Sunnucks">Sunnucks, Anne</a> (1970), <i>The Encyclopaedia of Chess</i>, St. Martin's Press (2nd ed.), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7091-4697-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7091-4697-1"><bdi>978-0-7091-4697-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Chess&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press+%282nd+ed.%29&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-7091-4697-1&rft.aulast=Sunnucks&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimman2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Timman" title="Jan Timman">Timman, Jan</a> (2005), <i>Curaçao 1962: The Battle of Minds that Shook the Chess World</i>, <a href="/wiki/New_in_Chess" class="mw-redirect" title="New in Chess">New in Chess</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5691-139-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5691-139-3"><bdi>978-90-5691-139-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cura%C3%A7ao+1962%3A+The+Battle+of+Minds+that+Shook+the+Chess+World&rft.pub=New+in+Chess&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-5691-139-3&rft.aulast=Timman&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolombek1976" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Golombek" title="Harry Golombek">Golombek, Harry</a>, ed. (1976), <i>The Laws of Chess and their Interpretations</i>, Pitman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-273-00119-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-273-00119-1"><bdi>0-273-00119-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laws+of+Chess+and+their+Interpretations&rft.pub=Pitman&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-273-00119-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolombek,_Harry1977" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Golombek" title="Harry Golombek">Golombek, Harry</a> (1977), <i>Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess</i>, Crown Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-53146-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-53146-1"><bdi>0-517-53146-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golombek%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Chess&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-517-53146-1&rft.au=Golombek%2C+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkness,_Kenneth1970" class="citation cs2">Harkness, Kenneth (1970), <i>Official Chess Rulebook</i>, McKay, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-13028-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-13028-4"><bdi>0-679-13028-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Chess+Rulebook&rft.pub=McKay&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-679-13028-4&rft.au=Harkness%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARules+of+chess" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012023">FIDE Laws of Chess</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/StandardsOfChessEquipment2022">FIDE Standards of Chess Equipment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://main.uschess.org/content/view/7324/28/">USCF Learn to play chess</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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(chess)">Grandmaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">Computer chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_chess_terms" title="Glossary of computer chess terms">glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_chess_matches" title="Human–computer chess matches">matches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_software" title="List of chess software">software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">Correspondence chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chess" title="Online chess">Online chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premove" title="Premove">Premove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_chess_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet chess server">Internet chess server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_internet_chess_platforms" title="List of internet chess platforms">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_rating_system" title="Chess rating system">Rating system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_world_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE world rankings">world rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(chess)" title="Norm (chess)">norms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_variant" title="Chess variant">Variants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_variants" title="List of chess variants">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_chess" title="List of world records in chess">World records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_equipment" title="Chess equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_set" title="Chess set">Chess set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chessboard" title="Chessboard">chessboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_chess_set" title="Dubrovnik chess set">Dubrovnik chess set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staunton_chess_set" title="Staunton chess set">Staunton chess set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">Chess pieces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_(chess)" title="Rook (chess)">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_chess_piece" title="Fairy chess piece">Fairy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">Chess clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_table" title="Chess table">Chess table</a></li> <li><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#score_sheets" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § Score sheets" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">Score sheets</span></a></dfn></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_chess" title="History of chess">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chess" title="Timeline of chess">Timeline</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Versus_de_scachis" title="Versus de scachis">Versus de scachis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_manuscript" title="Göttingen manuscript">Göttingen manuscript</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_chessmen" title="Charlemagne chessmen">Charlemagne chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Romantic chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(chess)" title="Hypermodernism (chess)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_chess_school" title="Soviet chess school">Soviet chess school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history" title="Comparison of top chess players throughout history">Top player comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_chess" title="Geography of chess">Geography of chess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Africa" title="Chess in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_South_Africa" title="Chess in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_China" title="Chess in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Europe" title="Chess in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Armenia" title="Chess in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Spain" title="Chess in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_India" title="Chess in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_games" title="List of chess games">Notable games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_players" title="List of chess players">List of chess players</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_chess_players" title="List of amateur chess players">amateurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_chess_players" title="List of female chess players">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_grandmasters" title="List of chess grandmasters">grandmasters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_chess" title="Women in chess">Women in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_chess" title="Transgender people in chess">Transgender people in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_museums" title="Category:Chess museums">Chess museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Fischer_Center" title="Bobby Fischer Center">Bobby Fischer Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kyay_Association_Chess_Museum" title="Gökyay Association Chess Museum">Gökyay Association Chess Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Hall_of_Fame" title="World Chess Hall of Fame">World Chess Hall of Fame</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castling" title="Castling">Castling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_chess" title="Cheating in chess">Cheating in chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkmate" title="Checkmate">Checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">Draw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_by_agreement" title="Draw by agreement">by agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">Fifty-move rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_check" title="Perpetual check">Perpetual check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">Stalemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_repetition" title="Threefold repetition">Threefold repetition</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/En_passant" title="En passant">En passant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">Pawn promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_control" title="Time control">Time control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_chess" title="Fast chess">Fast chess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch-move_rule" title="Touch-move rule">Touch-move rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_and_Black_in_chess" title="White and Black in chess">White and Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blunder_(chess)" title="Blunder (chess)">Blunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_notation" title="Chess notation">Chess notation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_notation" title="Descriptive notation">descriptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Game_Notation" title="Portable Game Notation">PGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols" title="Chess annotation symbols">annotation symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Chess symbols in Unicode">symbols in Unicode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianchetto" title="Fianchetto">Fianchetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambit" title="Gambit">Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_square" title="Key square">Key square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_walk" title="King walk">King walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_file" title="Open file">Open file</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-open_file" title="Half-open file">Half-open file</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(chess)" title="Outpost (chess)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_pawn" title="Backward pawn">backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_pawns" title="Connected pawns">connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubled_pawns" title="Doubled pawns">doubled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">isolated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passed_pawn" title="Passed pawn">passed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swindle_(chess)" title="Swindle (chess)">Swindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(chess)" title="Tempo (chess)">Tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposition_(chess)" title="Transposition (chess)">Transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_traps" title="List of chess traps">Trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_tactic" title="Chess tactic">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castling#Artificial_castling" title="Castling">Artificial castling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(chess)" title="Battery (chess)">Battery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekhine%27s_gun" title="Alekhine's gun">Alekhine's gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(chess)" title="Block (chess)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkmate_pattern" title="Checkmate pattern">Checkmate patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_(chess)" title="Combination (chess)">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoy_(chess)" title="Decoy (chess)">Decoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflection_(chess)" title="Deflection (chess)">Deflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desperado_(chess)" title="Desperado (chess)">Desperado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovered_attack" title="Discovered attack">Discovered attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_check" title="Double check">Double check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(chess)" title="Fork (chess)">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interference_(chess)" title="Interference (chess)">Interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overloading_(chess)" title="Overloading (chess)">Overloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_storm" title="Pawn storm">Pawn storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_(chess)" title="Pin (chess)">Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)" title="Sacrifice (chess)">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_sacrifice" title="Queen sacrifice">Queen sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skewer_(chess)" title="Skewer (chess)">Skewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undermining_(chess)" title="Undermining (chess)">Undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_(chess)" title="Windmill (chess)">Windmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_(chess)" title="X-ray (chess)">X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwischenzug" title="Zwischenzug">Zwischenzug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_strategy" title="Chess strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(chess)" title="Compensation (chess)">Compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_(chess)" title="Exchange (chess)">Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_exchange_(chess)" title="The exchange (chess)">the exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_(chess)" title="Initiative (chess)">Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess" title="First-move advantage in chess">first-move advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_middlegame" title="Chess middlegame">Middlegame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawn_structure" title="Pawn structure">Pawn structure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(chess)" title="Hedgehog (chess)">Hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">Isolated Queen's Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%B3czy_Bind" title="Maróczy Bind">Maróczy Bind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_attack" title="Minority attack">Minority attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_piece_relative_value" title="Chess piece relative value">Piece values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophylaxis_(chess)" title="Prophylaxis (chess)">Prophylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_chess" title="School of chess">School of chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening" title="Chess opening">Openings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flank_opening" title="Flank opening">Flank opening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Fianchetto_Opening" title="King's Fianchetto Opening">Benko Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Opening" title="Bird's Opening">Bird's Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunst_Opening" title="Dunst Opening">Dunst Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Opening" title="English Opening">English Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grob%27s_Attack" title="Grob's Attack">Grob's Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsen%27s_Opening" class="mw-redirect" title="Larsen's Opening">Larsen's Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zukertort_Opening" title="Zukertort Opening">Zukertort Opening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Attack" title="King's Indian Attack">King's Indian Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ti_Opening" title="Réti Opening">Réti Opening</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Pawn_Game" title="King's Pawn Game">King's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekhine%27s_Defence" title="Alekhine's Defence">Alekhine's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro%E2%80%93Kann_Defence" title="Caro–Kann Defence">Caro–Kann Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Defence" title="French Defence">French Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Defense" title="Modern Defense">Modern Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimzowitsch_Defence" title="Nimzowitsch Defence">Nimzowitsch Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Game" title="Open Game">Open Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Knights_Game" title="Four Knights Game">Four Knights Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuoco_Piano" title="Giuoco Piano">Giuoco Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Game" title="Italian Game">Italian Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gambit" title="King's Gambit">King's Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov%27s_Defence" title="Petrov's Defence">Petrov's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philidor_Defence" title="Philidor Defence">Philidor Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponziani_Opening" title="Ponziani Opening">Ponziani Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_Lopez" title="Ruy Lopez">Ruy Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Italian_Opening" title="Semi-Italian Opening">Semi-Italian Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Game" title="Scotch Game">Scotch Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Knights_Defense" title="Two Knights Defense">Two Knights Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Game" title="Vienna Game">Vienna Game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen%27s_Defence" title="Owen's Defence">Owen's Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirc_Defence" title="Pirc Defence">Pirc Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pirc_Defence,_Austrian_Attack" title="Pirc Defence, Austrian Attack">Austrian Attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Defense" title="Scandinavian Defense">Scandinavian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence" title="Sicilian Defence">Sicilian Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Alapin_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Alapin Variation">Alapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Dragon_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation">Dragon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Accelerated_Dragon" title="Sicilian Defence, Accelerated Dragon">Accelerated Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Najdorf_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Najdorf Variation">Najdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Scheveningen_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation">Scheveningen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Pawn_Game" title="Queen's Pawn Game">Queen's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Gambit" title="Budapest Gambit">Budapest Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colle_System" title="Colle System">Colle System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Defence" title="Dutch Defence">Dutch Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence" title="English Defence">English Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Defence" title="Indian Defence">Indian Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benoni_Defense" title="Benoni Defense">Benoni Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Benoni" title="Modern Benoni">Modern Benoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogo-Indian_Defence" title="Bogo-Indian Defence">Bogo-Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Opening" title="Catalan Opening">Catalan Opening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnfeld_Defence" title="Grünfeld Defence">Grünfeld Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defence" title="King's Indian Defence">King's Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimzo-Indian_Defence" title="Nimzo-Indian Defence">Nimzo-Indian Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Indian_Defense" title="Old Indian Defense">Old Indian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Indian_Defense" title="Queen's Indian Defense">Queen's Indian Defence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_System" title="London System">London System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richter%E2%80%93Veresov_Attack" title="Richter–Veresov Attack">Richter–Veresov Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit" title="Queen's Gambit">Queen's Gambit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Accepted" title="Queen's Gambit Accepted">Accepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Declined" title="Queen's Gambit Declined">Declined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slav_Defense" title="Slav Defense">Slav Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Slav_Defense" title="Semi-Slav Defense">Semi-Slav Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigorin_Defense" title="Chigorin Defense">Chigorin Defense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Attack" title="Torre Attack">Torre Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trompowsky_Attack" title="Trompowsky Attack">Trompowsky Attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_openings" title="List of chess openings">List of openings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_theory_table" title="Chess opening theory table">theory table</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_gambits" title="List of chess gambits">List of chess gambits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_chess_opening" title="Irregular chess opening">Irregular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongcloud_Attack" title="Bongcloud Attack">Bongcloud Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fool%27s_mate" title="Fool's mate">Fool's mate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar%27s_mate" title="Scholar's mate">Scholar's mate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">Endgames</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_and_knight_checkmate" title="Bishop and knight checkmate">Bishop and knight checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_and_pawn_versus_king_endgame" title="King and pawn versus king endgame">King and pawn vs king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposite-colored_bishops_endgame" title="Opposite-colored bishops endgame">Opposite-coloured bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnless_chess_endgame" title="Pawnless chess endgame">Pawnless endgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_and_pawn_versus_queen_endgame" title="Queen and pawn versus queen endgame">Queen and pawn vs queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_versus_pawn_endgame" title="Queen versus pawn endgame">Queen vs pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_versus_rook_endgame" title="Queen versus rook endgame">Queen vs rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_and_bishop_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and bishop versus rook endgame">Rook and bishop vs rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_and_pawn_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and pawn versus rook endgame">Rook and pawn vs rook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucena_position" title="Lucena position">Lucena position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philidor_position" title="Philidor position">Philidor position</a></li></ul></li> <li>Strategy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(chess)" title="Fortress (chess)">fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(chess)" title="Opposition (chess)">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarrasch_rule" title="Tarrasch rule">Tarrasch rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(chess)" title="Triangulation (chess)">triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zugzwang" title="Zugzwang">Zugzwang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endgame_study" title="Endgame study">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endgame_tablebase" title="Endgame tablebase">Tablebase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_knights_endgame" title="Two knights endgame">Two knights endgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_bishop" title="Wrong bishop">Wrong bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrong_rook_pawn" title="Wrong rook pawn">Wrong rook pawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chess_tournament" title="Chess tournament">Tournaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strong_chess_tournaments" title="List of strong chess tournaments">List of strong chess tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Chess Olympiad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Chess_Olympiad" title="Women's Chess Olympiad">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Chess_Championships" title="List of World Chess Championships">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other world championships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship" title="World Team Chess Championship">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">Rapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Blitz_Chess_Championship" title="World Blitz Chess Championship">Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Amateur_Chess_Championship" title="World Amateur Chess Championship">Amateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Championship_of_Chess_Composition" title="World Championship of Chess Composition">Chess composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Solving_Championship" title="World Chess Solving Championship">Solving</a></li></ul></li> <li>Computer chess championships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess.com_Computer_Chess_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chess.com Computer Chess Championship">CCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Open_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="Dutch Open Computer Chess Championship">CSVN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Chess_Engine_Championship" title="Top Chess Engine Championship">TCEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Chess Championship">WCCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Computer_Speed_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Speed Chess Championship">WCSCC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%AFssa" title="Caïssa">Caïssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_aesthetics" title="Chess aesthetics">Chess aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_the_arts" title="Chess in the arts">Chess in the arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_in_early_literature" title="Chess in early literature">early literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_chess" title="Category:Films about chess">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_chess" title="Category:Novels about chess">novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_paintings" title="Category:Chess paintings">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poems_about_chess" title="Category:Poems about chess">poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_stories_about_chess" title="Category:Short stories about chess">short stories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_books" title="List of chess books">Chess books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chess_opening_book" title="Chess opening book">opening books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_endgame_literature" title="Chess endgame literature">endgame literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess"><i>Oxford Companion</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_libraries" title="Chess libraries">Chess libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_columns_in_newspapers" title="Chess columns in newspapers">Chess newspaper columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chess_periodicals" title="List of chess periodicals">Chess periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbiter_(chess)" title="Arbiter (chess)">Arbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_club" title="Chess club">Chess club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_composer" title="Chess composer">Chess composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">Chess engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)" title="Deep Blue (chess computer)">Deep Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Chess_Zero" title="Leela Chess Zero">Leela Chess Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_problem" title="Chess problem">Chess problem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems" title="Glossary of chess problems">glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke_chess_problem" title="Joke chess problem">joke chess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_prodigy" title="Chess prodigy">Chess prodigy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elo_rating_system" title="Elo rating system">Elo rating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_exhibition" title="Simultaneous exhibition">Simultaneous exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie-breaking_in_Swiss-system_tournaments" title="Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments">Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solving_chess" title="Solving chess">Solving chess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chess.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chess.svg/28px-Chess.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" 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