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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Relation to Basque people and language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_Basque_people_and_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tribes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tribes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tribes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aquitani_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquitani_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Aquitani tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquitani_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquitani_related_peoples_or_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquitani_related_peoples_or_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Aquitani related peoples or tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquitani_related_peoples_or_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitanos" title="Aquitanos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aquitanos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvitanlar" title="Akvitanlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Akvitanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Аквітаны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аквітаны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Аквитани – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аквитани" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitans" title="Aquitans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aquitans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitani" title="Aquitani – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aquitani" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitanier" title="Aquitanier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aquitanier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitanier" title="Aquitanier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aquitanier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitanos" title="Aquitanos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aquitanos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akitaniar_(antzinako_herria)" title="Akitaniar (antzinako herria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akitaniar (antzinako herria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitains" title="Aquitains – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aquitains" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvitanci" title="Akvitanci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Akvitanci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitani" title="Aquitani – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aquitani" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitani" title="Aquitani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aquitani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitani" title="Aquitani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aquitani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvitanai" title="Akvitanai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akvitanai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquit%C3%A1niaiak" title="Aquitániaiak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aquitániaiak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitani" title="Aquitani – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aquitani" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitans" title="Aquitans – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aquitans" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwitanowie" title="Akwitanowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akwitanowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitanos" title="Aquitanos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aquitanos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Аквитаны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аквитаны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitani" title="Aquitani – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aquitani" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvitanci" title="Akvitanci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Akvitanci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Аквитанци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аквитанци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvitani" title="Akvitani – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Akvitani" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvitaanit" title="Akvitaanit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Akvitaanit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuitanlar" title="Akuitanlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akuitanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Аквітани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аквітани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Aquitani" title="Người Aquitani – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Aquitani" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E5%9D%A6%E4%BA%BA" title="阿基坦人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿基坦人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="/wiki/File:Aquitani_tribes_map-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aquitani_tribes_map-fr.svg/300px-Aquitani_tribes_map-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aquitani_tribes_map-fr.svg/450px-Aquitani_tribes_map-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aquitani_tribes_map-fr.svg/600px-Aquitani_tribes_map-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The tribes confederated as the Aquitani and other <a href="/wiki/Old_European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Old European culture"> pre-Indo-European</a> tribes are in black</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Aquitani</b> were a tribe that lived in the region between the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a>, in present-day southwestern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 1st century BC. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire"> Romans</a> dubbed this region <i><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a></i>. Classical authors such as <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> clearly distinguish the Aquitani from the other peoples of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, and note their similarity to others in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. </p><p>Their old language, the <a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_language" title="Aquitanian language">Aquitanian language</a>, was a precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque language</a><sup id="cite_ref-Trask_97-6.9_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trask_97-6.9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Substratum_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substratum (linguistics)">substrate</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon language</a> (one of the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>) spoken in <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a>. Between the <a href="/wiki/1st_century" title="1st century">1st century</a> and the <a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a>, the Aquitani gradually adopted the Gascon language while part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gascony" title="Duchy of Gascony">Duchy of Gascony</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Duchy of Aquitaine</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquitani&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of the Roman conquest, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, who defeated them in his campaign in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, describes them as making up a distinct part of Gaul: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, in ours <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>, the third. All these differ from each other in language, customs and laws. The river <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> separates the Gauls from the Aquitani<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Despite apparent cultural and linguistic connections to (<a href="/wiki/Vascones" title="Vascones">Vascones</a>), the region of Aquitania extended only to the Pyrenees according to Caesar: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Aquitania extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of the ocean which is near Hispania: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_Basque_people_and_language">Relation to Basque people and language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquitani&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relation to Basque people and language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Late Romano-Aquitanian funerary slabs and altars contain what seem to be the names of deities or people similar to certain names in modern <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, which has led many <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> to conclude that <a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_language" title="Aquitanian language">Aquitanian</a> was closely related to an older form of Basque. Julius Caesar draws a clear line between the Aquitani, living in present-day south-western France and speaking Aquitanian, and their neighboring Celts living to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-Trask_97-6.9_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trask_97-6.9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that the region was known as the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Vasconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Vasconia">Vasconia</a> in the Early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, a name that evolved into the better known form of <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a>, along with other toponymic evidence, seems to corroborate that assumption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribes">Tribes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquitani&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/300px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/450px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png/600px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Tribes in <a href="/wiki/Aquitania" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitania">Aquitania</a> (as was defined in the 1st century BC)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novempopulania1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Novempopulania1.png/300px-Novempopulania1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Novempopulania1.png/450px-Novempopulania1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Novempopulania1.png/600px-Novempopulania1.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Late distribution of tribes in <a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a> at the end of the 6th century AD, former <a href="/wiki/Aquitania" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitania">Aquitania</a> proper (as was defined in the 1st century BC)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the region where the original Aquitanians lived came to be named <i><a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a></i> (nine peoples) in the late years of the Roman Empire and Early Middle Ages (up to the 6th century), the number of tribes varied (about 20 for <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, but comparing with the information of other classical authors such as <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, the total number were 32 or 33):<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquitani_tribes">Aquitani tribes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquitani&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aquitani tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Apiates or Aspiates in the <a href="/wiki/Aspe_Valley" title="Aspe Valley">Aspe Valley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gave_d%27Aspe" title="Gave d'Aspe">Gave d'Aspe</a> Valley)</li> <li>Aturenses in the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Adour" title="Adour">Adour</a> (<i>Aturus</i>) river</li> <li>Arenosii or Airenosini in <a href="/wiki/Aran_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Aran valley">Aran valley</a>, (high <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> valley), part of <a href="/wiki/Aquitania" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitania">Aquitania</a> and not of <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> in the Roman Empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausci" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausci">Ausci</a> in the east around <a href="/wiki/Auch" title="Auch">Auch</a> (<i>Elimberris</i>, metropolis of <a href="/wiki/Aquitania" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitania">Aquitania</a>)</li> <li>Benearni or Benearnenses/Venarni in and around low <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pau,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques</a></li> <li>Bercorates/Bercorcates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigerriones" title="Bigerriones">Bigerriones</a> or <a href="/wiki/Begerri" class="mw-redirect" title="Begerri">Begerri</a> in the west of the French <a href="/wiki/Hautes-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Hautes-Pyrénées">département of High Pyrenees</a> (medieval <a href="/wiki/County_of_Bigorre" title="County of Bigorre">county of Bigorre</a>)</li> <li>Boiates/Boates Boii Boiates/Boviates in the coastal region of <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Buch" title="Pays de Buch">Pays de Buch</a> and Pays de Born, in the Northwest of <a href="/wiki/Landes_(department)" title="Landes (department)">Landes</a></li> <li>Camponi (may have been the same tribe as the Oscidates Campestres)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocosates" title="Cocosates">Cocosates</a> or Sexsignani in the west of Landes département</li> <li>Consoranni in the tributary streams of the high <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> river in the former province of <a href="/wiki/Couserans" title="Couserans">Couserans</a>, today's west half of the Ariège department and extreme south of <a href="/wiki/Haute-Garonne" title="Haute-Garonne">Haute-Garonne</a></li> <li>Convenae, a “groupement” in the southeast (high <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> valley) in and around <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum_Convenarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunum Convenarum">Lugdunum Convenarum</a></li> <li>Datii, in the <a href="/wiki/Ossau_Valley" title="Ossau Valley">Ossau Valley</a>, high <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elusates" title="Elusates">Elusates</a> in the northeast around <a href="/wiki/Eauze" title="Eauze">Eauze</a> (former <i>Elusa</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gates between the <a href="/wiki/Elusates" title="Elusates">Elusates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ausci" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausci">Ausci</a></li> <li>Iluronenses in and around Iluro (<a href="/wiki/Oloron-Sainte-Marie" title="Oloron-Sainte-Marie">Oloron-Sainte-Marie</a>)</li> <li>Lactorates or Lectorates in and around <a href="/wiki/Lectoure" title="Lectoure">Lectoure</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Monesii, Osii, or Onesii in the high <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> river valley (Louchon), only mentioned in Strabo's Geographica</li> <li>Onobrisates in <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9bouzan" title="Nébouzan">Nébouzan</a> in the high <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> river valley and its tributaries, possibly the same tribe as the Onesii, Osii, or Monesii.</li> <li>Oscidates in several valleys and slopes of the west <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, high <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a>, south of the Iluronenses <ul><li>Oscidates Campestres</li> <li>Oscidates Montani</li></ul></li> <li>Ptianii in <a href="/wiki/Orthez" title="Orthez">Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sassumini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sassumini (page does not exist)">Sassumini</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lassumini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lassumini (page does not exist)">Lassumini</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lassunni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lassunni (page does not exist)">Lassunni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibyllates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibyllates (page does not exist)">Sibyllates</a> or <a href="/wiki/Suburates" title="Suburates">Suburates</a> probably around <a href="/wiki/Soule" title="Soule">Soule</a>/Xüberoa and also <a href="/wiki/Saubusse" title="Saubusse">Saubusse</a>; the same of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Cæsar</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Sibusates" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibusates">Sibuzates</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sibusates" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibusates">Sibusates</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotiates" title="Sotiates">Sotiates</a> in the north around <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sos-en-Albret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sos-en-Albret (page does not exist)">Sos-en-Albret</a> (south of <a href="/wiki/Lot-et-Garonne" title="Lot-et-Garonne">Lot-et-Garonne</a> department)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succasses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Succasses (page does not exist)">Succasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbelli" title="Tarbelli">Tarbelli</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tarbelli" title="Tarbelli">Tarbelii</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Quattuorsignani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quattuorsignani (page does not exist)">Quattuorsignani</a> in the coastal side of <a href="/wiki/Landes_(department)" title="Landes (department)">Landes</a>, with Dax (<i>Aquis Tarbellicis</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarusates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarusates (page does not exist)">Tarusates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Midou" title="Midou">Midou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douze" title="Douze">Douze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midouze" title="Midouze">Midouze</a> valley, east of Cocosates and Tarbelli</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarusci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarusci (page does not exist)">Tarusci</a> in the high <a href="/wiki/Ari%C3%A8ge_(river)" title="Ariège (river)">Ariège</a> river valley in the former province of <a href="/wiki/Foix" title="Foix">Foix</a>, today's east half of the <a href="/wiki/Ari%C3%A8ge_(department)" title="Ariège (department)">Ariège</a> department</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbranici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umbranici (page does not exist)">Umbranici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vellates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vellates (page does not exist)">Vellates</a> in high <a href="/wiki/Bidassoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidassoa">Bidassoa</a> river valley</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venami (page does not exist)">Venami</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venarni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venarni (page does not exist)">Venarni</a> in and around <a href="/wiki/Beneharnum" class="mw-redirect" title="Beneharnum">Beneharnum</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Lescar" title="Lescar">Lescar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasates_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasates (tribe) (page does not exist)">Vasates</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vocates (page does not exist)">Volcates</a> in the north around <a href="/wiki/Bazas" title="Bazas">Bazas</a> (south of <a href="/wiki/Gironde" title="Gironde">Gironde</a> department)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquitani_related_peoples_or_tribes">Aquitani related peoples or tribes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquitani&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aquitani related peoples or tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the southern slopes of western <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrenees Mountains">Pyrenees Mountains</a>, not in <a href="/wiki/Aquitania" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitania">Aquitania</a> but in northern <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iacetani" title="Iacetani">Iacetani</a> in high <a href="/wiki/Aragon_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragon River">Aragon River</a> valley, in and around <a href="/wiki/Jaca" title="Jaca">Jaca</a>, in the southern slopes of western <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> Mountains in today's northwestern <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascones" title="Vascones">Vascones</a> in the southern slopes of western <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> Mountains in today's <a href="/wiki/Navarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Navarra">Navarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquitani&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_language" title="Aquitanian language">Aquitanian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Vasconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Vasconia">Duchy of Vasconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascones" title="Vascones">Vascones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Basquisation" title="Late Basquisation">Late Basquisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquitani&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanMason2006" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC"><i>Encyclopedia of European Peoples</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438129181" title="Special:BookSources/9781438129181"><bdi>9781438129181</bdi></a>. <q>The Aquitani [...] lived in Gaul in the region between the Garonne River and the Pyrenees in present-day southwestern France [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781438129181&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Mason%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkfv6HKXErqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquitani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trask_97-6.9-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trask_97-6.9_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trask_97-6.9_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrask,_R.L.1997" class="citation book cs1">Trask, R.L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lbLbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14"><i>The History of Basque</i></a>. New York, USA: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">398–</span>403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13116-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13116-2"><bdi>0-415-13116-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Basque&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E398-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-13116-2&rft.au=Trask%2C+R.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlbLbAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquitani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These are indeed the opening lines of Caesar’s account of his war in Gaul: <i>Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen [...] dividit.</i> Julius Caesar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0002:book=1:chapter=1">De bello Gallico 1.1</a>, edition of <a href="/wiki/T._Rice_Holmes" title="T. Rice Holmes">T. Rice Holmes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJudge2007" class="citation book cs1">Judge, A. (2007-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=siF-DAAAQBAJ"><i>Linguistic Policies and the Survival of Regional Languages in France and Britain</i></a>. Springer. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230286177" title="Special:BookSources/9780230286177"><bdi>9780230286177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Policies+and+the+Survival+of+Regional+Languages+in+France+and+Britain&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007-02-07&rft.isbn=9780230286177&rft.aulast=Judge&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsiF-DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquitani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquitani&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Caesar/Gallic_War/home.html">http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Caesar/Gallic_War/home.html</a> - Julius Caesar text of <a href="/wiki/De_Bello_Gallico" class="mw-redirect" title="De Bello Gallico">De Bello Gallico</a> (Gallic War).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/home.html">http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/home.html</a> - Pliny the Elder text of <a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis Historia">Naturalis Historia</a> (Natural History) - books 3-6 (Geography and Ethnography).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html">http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html</a> - Strabo's text of <a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Geographica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Geographica (page does not exist)">De Geographica</a> (The Geography).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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