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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Review_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Review_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Review articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Review_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Book reviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prestige_and_ranking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prestige_and_ranking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prestige and ranking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prestige_and_ranking-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predatory_and_junk_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Predatory and junk journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predatory_and_junk_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Electronic journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دورية أكاديمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دورية أكاديمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80" title="উচ্চশিক্ষায়তনিক গবেষণা সাময়িকী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উচ্চশিক্ষায়তনিক গবেষণা সাময়িকী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%CC%8Dk-su%CC%8Dt_k%C3%AE-khan" title="Ha̍k-su̍t kî-khan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ha̍k-su̍t kî-khan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2" title="एकेडमिक जर्नल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एकेडमिक जर्नल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Научно списание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Научно списание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista_acad%C3%A8mica" title="Revista acadèmica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revista acadèmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recenzovan%C3%BD_%C4%8Dasopis" title="Recenzovaný časopis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Recenzovaný časopis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfnodolyn_academaidd" title="Cyfnodolyn academaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfnodolyn academaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videnskabeligt_tidsskrift" title="Videnskabeligt tidsskrift – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Videnskabeligt tidsskrift" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista_acad%C3%A9mica" title="Revista académica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revista académica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="نشریه دانشگاهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نشریه دانشگاهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_acad%C3%A9mique" title="Revue académique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Revue académique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%99%EC%88%A0%EC%A7%80" title="학술지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="학술지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnal_akademik" title="Jurnal akademik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jurnal akademik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umhela_wakwaNgqondonkulu" title="Umhela wakwaNgqondonkulu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umhela wakwaNgqondonkulu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivista_accademica" title="Rivista accademica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivista accademica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnal_akademik" title="Jurnal akademik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jurnal akademik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E8%A1%93%E9%9B%91%E8%AA%8C" title="学術雑誌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="学術雑誌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%87" title="پوهنیزه مجله – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پوهنیزه مجله" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revist%C4%83_academic%C4%83" title="Revistă academică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revistă academică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Academic journal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyaryong_akademiko" title="Diyaryong akademiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Diyaryong akademiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="วารสารวิชาการ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วารสารวิชาการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademik_dergi" title="Akademik dergi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akademik dergi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista_acad%C3%A8mega" title="Revista acadèmega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Revista acadèmega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_san_h%E1%BB%8Dc_thu%E1%BA%ADt" title="Tập san học thuật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tập san học thuật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="學術期刊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="學術期刊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="学术期刊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="学术期刊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q737498#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Academic_journal" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Peer-reviewed scholarly periodical</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitoria-University-Library-food-science-journals-4489.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vitoria-University-Library-food-science-journals-4489.jpg/290px-Vitoria-University-Library-food-science-journals-4489.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vitoria-University-Library-food-science-journals-4489.jpg/435px-Vitoria-University-Library-food-science-journals-4489.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vitoria-University-Library-food-science-journals-4489.jpg/580px-Vitoria-University-Library-food-science-journals-4489.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>There are different types of peer-reviewed research journals; these specific publications are about <a href="/wiki/Food_science" title="Food science">food science</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>academic journal</b> or <b>scholarly journal</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Periodical_publication" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodical publication">periodical publication</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_method" title="Scholarly method">scholarship</a> relating to a particular <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">academic discipline</a> is published. They serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation, scrutiny, and discussion of <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>. They nearly universally require <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> for <a href="/wiki/Research_Article" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Article">research articles</a> or other scrutiny from contemporaries competent and established in their respective fields.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept">Concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_journal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medical_journal" title="Medical journal">Medical journal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_review" title="Law review">Law review</a></div> <p>Content usually takes the form of articles presenting <a href="/wiki/Original_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Original research">original research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">review articles</a>, or <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Book_reviews">book reviews</a>. The purpose of an academic journal, according to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Oldenburg" title="Henry Oldenburg">Henry Oldenburg</a> (the first editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a></i>), is to give researchers a venue to "impart their knowledge to one another, and contribute what they can to the Grand design of improving natural knowledge, and perfecting all Philosophical Arts, and Sciences."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>academic journal</i> applies to scholarly publications in all fields; this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journals</a> and journals of the <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">quantitative</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a> vary in form and function from journals of the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative</a> social sciences; their specific aspects are separately discussed. </p><p>The first academic journal was <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Journal_des_s%C3%A7avans" title="Journal des sçavans">Journal des sçavans</a></i></span> (January 1665), followed soon after by <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i> (March 1665), and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9moires_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences">Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences</a></i></span> (1666). The first fully peer-reviewed journal was <i>Medical Essays and Observations</i> (1733).<sup id="cite_ref-Mudrak_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mudrak-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_journal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Philosophical_Transactions_-_Volume_001.djvu&page=60" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Philosophical_Transactions_-_Volume_001.djvu/page60-220px-Philosophical_Transactions_-_Volume_001.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Philosophical_Transactions_-_Volume_001.djvu/page60-330px-Philosophical_Transactions_-_Volume_001.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Philosophical_Transactions_-_Volume_001.djvu/page60-440px-Philosophical_Transactions_-_Volume_001.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Auzout" title="Adrien Auzout">Adrien Auzout</a>'s "A TABLE of the Apertures of Object-Glasses" from <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions/Volume_1/Number_4#56" class="extiw" title="s:Philosophical Transactions/Volume 1/Number 4">a 1665 article</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Transactions">Philosophical Transactions</a></i>, showing a <a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">table</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The idea of a published journal with the purpose of "[letting] people know what is happening in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Letters" title="Republic of Letters">Republic of Letters</a>" was first conceived by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Eudes_de_M%C3%A9zeray" title="François Eudes de Mézeray">François Eudes de Mézeray</a> in 1663. A publication titled <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Journal littéraire général</i></span> was supposed to be published to fulfill that goal, but never was. <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Humanist scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_de_Sallo" title="Denis de Sallo">Denis de Sallo</a> (under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> "Sieur de Hédouville") and printer Jean Cusson took Mazerai's idea, and obtained a <a href="/wiki/Royal_privilege" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal privilege">royal privilege</a> from King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> on 8 August 1664 to establish the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Journal_des_s%C3%A7avans" title="Journal des sçavans">Journal des sçavans</a></i></span>. The journal's first issue was published on 5 January 1665. It was aimed at <a href="/wiki/Intellectual#"Man_of_letters"" title="Intellectual">people of letters</a>, and had four main objectives:<sup id="cite_ref-JDS-history_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JDS-history-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>review newly published major European books,</li> <li>publish the <a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">obituaries</a> of famous people,</li> <li>report on discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts">arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, and</li> <li>report on the <a href="/wiki/Proceedings" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings">proceedings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Censure" title="Censure">censures</a> of both <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">ecclesiastical courts</a>, as well as those of universities both in France and outside.</li></ol> <p>Soon after, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> established <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a></i> in March 1665, and the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des Sciences">Académie des Sciences</a></i></span> established the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9moires_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences">Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences</a></i></span></i> in 1666, which focused on scientific communications.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 18th century, nearly 500 such periodicals had been published,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the vast majority coming from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (304 periodicals), <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (53), and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> (34). Several of those publications, in particular the German journals, tended to be short-lived (under five years). A.J. Meadows has estimated the proliferation of journals to reach 10,000 journals in 1950, and 71,000 in 1987. Michael Mabe wrote that the estimates will vary depending on the definition of what exactly counts as a scholarly publication, but that the growth rate has been "remarkably consistent over time", with an average rate of 3.46% per year from 1800 to 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1733, <i>Medical Essays and Observations</i> was established by the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Society of Edinburgh">Medical Society of Edinburgh</a> as the first fully <a href="/wiki/Peer-review" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-review">peer-reviewed</a> journal.<sup id="cite_ref-Mudrak_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mudrak-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peer review was introduced as an attempt to increase the quality and pertinence of submissions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important events in the history of academic journals include the establishment of <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> (1869) and <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> (1880), the establishment of <i><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_Culture" title="Postmodern Culture">Postmodern Culture</a></i> in 1990 as the first <a href="/wiki/Online_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Online journal">online-only journal</a>, the foundation of <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> in 1991 for the dissemination of <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprints</a> to be discussed prior to publication in a journal, and the establishment of <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a></i> in 2006 as the first <a href="/wiki/Megajournal" class="mw-redirect" title="Megajournal">megajournal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mudrak_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mudrak-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_articles">Scholarly articles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_journal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scholarly articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two kinds of <a href="/wiki/Manuscript_(publishing)" title="Manuscript (publishing)">article or paper submissions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a>: solicited, where an individual has been invited to submit work either through direct contact or through a general submissions call, and unsolicited, where an individual submits a work for potential publication without directly being asked to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon receipt of a submitted article, editors at the journal determine whether to reject the submission outright or begin the process of <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a>. In the latter case, the submission becomes subject to review by outside scholars of the editor's choosing who typically remain anonymous. The number of these peer reviewers (or "referees") varies according to each journal's editorial practice – typically, no fewer than two, though sometimes three or more, experts in the subject matter of the article produce reports upon the content, style, and other factors, which inform the editors' publication decisions. </p><p>Though these reports are generally confidential, some journals and publishers also practice <a href="/wiki/Public_peer_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Public peer review">public peer review</a>. The editors either choose to reject the article, ask for a revision and resubmission, or accept the article for publication. Even accepted articles are often subjected to further (sometimes considerable) editing by journal editorial staff before they appear in print. The peer review can take from several weeks to several months.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reviewing">Reviewing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_journal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reviewing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Review_articles">Review articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_journal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Review articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">Review article</a></div> <p>Review articles, also called "reviews of progress", are checks on the research published in journals. Some journals are devoted entirely to review articles, some contain a few in each issue, and others do not publish review articles. Such reviews often cover the research from the preceding year, some for longer or shorter terms; some are devoted to specific topics, some to general surveys. Some reviews are <a href="/wiki/Enumeration" title="Enumeration">enumerative</a>, listing all significant articles in a given subject; others are selective, including only what they think worthwhile. Yet others are evaluative, judging the state of progress in the subject field. Some journals are published in series, each covering a complete subject field year, or covering specific fields through several years. </p><p>Unlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited or "peer-invited" submissions, often planned years in advance, which may themselves go through a peer-review process once received.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Lange_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Lange-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Durham_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durham-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are typically relied upon by students beginning a study in a given field, or for current awareness of those already in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Lange_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Lange-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_reviews">Book reviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_journal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Book reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Literary_book_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary book review">Literary book review</a>.</div> <p>Reviews of scholarly books are checks upon the research books published by scholars; unlike articles, book reviews tend to be solicited. Journals typically have a separate book review editor determining which new books to review and by whom. If an outside scholar accepts the book review editor's request for a book review, he or she generally receives a free copy of the book from the journal in exchange for a timely review. Publishers send books to book review editors in the hope that their books will be reviewed. The length and depth of research book reviews varies much from journal to journal, as does the extent of textbook and trade book review.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prestige_and_ranking">Prestige and ranking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_journal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prestige and ranking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal ranking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic_authorship" title="Academic authorship">Academic authorship</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">academic</a> journal's prestige is established over time, and can reflect many factors, some but not all of which are expressible quantitatively. In each <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">academic discipline</a>, some journals receive a high number of submissions and opt to restrict how many they publish, keeping the <a href="/wiki/Journal_acceptance_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal acceptance rate">acceptance rate</a> low.<sup id="cite_ref-DDD_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDD-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Size or prestige are not a guarantee of reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-Brembs_2018_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brembs_2018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Natural_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural sciences">natural sciences</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact factor</a> is an established proxy, measuring the number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal. There are other quantitative measures of prestige, such as the overall number of citations, how quickly articles are cited, and the average "<a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a>" of articles. <a href="/wiki/Clarivate_Analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarivate Analytics">Clarivate Analytics</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports" title="Journal Citation Reports">Journal Citation Reports</a></i>, which among other features, computes an <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact factor</a> for academic journals, draws data for computation from the <a href="/wiki/Science_Citation_Index_Expanded" title="Science Citation Index Expanded">Science Citation Index Expanded</a> (for natural science journals), and from the <a href="/wiki/Social_Sciences_Citation_Index" title="Social Sciences Citation Index">Social Sciences Citation Index</a> (for social science journals).<sup id="cite_ref-DDD_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDD-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other metrics are also used, including the <a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago Journal Rank</a>, <a href="/wiki/CiteScore" title="CiteScore">CiteScore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglo-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, there is no tradition (as there is in the sciences) of giving impact-factors that could be used in establishing a journal's prestige. Recent moves have been made by the European Science Foundation (ESF) to change the situation, resulting in the publication of preliminary lists for the <a href="/wiki/Ranking" title="Ranking">ranking</a> of academic journals in the humanities.<sup id="cite_ref-DDD_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDD-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rankings have been severely criticized, notably by history and sociology of science British journals that have published a common editorial entitled "Journals under Threat".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though it did not prevent ESF and some national organizations from proposing <a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">journal rankings</a>, it largely prevented their use as evaluation tools.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">knowledge management</a>/<a href="/wiki/Intellectual_capital" title="Intellectual capital">intellectual capital</a>, the lack of a well-established journal ranking system is perceived by academics as "a major obstacle on the way to tenure, promotion and achievement recognition".<sup id="cite_ref-CCC_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, a significant number of scientists and organizations consider the pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact factor</a> calculations as inimical to the goals of science, and have signed the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Declaration_on_Research_Assessment" title="San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment">San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment</a> to limit its use.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three categories of techniques have developed to assess journal quality and create journal rankings:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>stated preference;</li> <li>revealed preference; and</li> <li>publication power approaches<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costs">Costs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_journal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Publishers_and_business_aspects" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing#Publishers and business aspects</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal#Cost" title="Scientific journal">Cost</a></div> <p>Many academic journals are <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidized</a> by universities or professional organizations, and do not exist to make a profit. They often accept advertising, page and image charges from authors to pay for production costs. On the other hand, some journals are produced by commercial publishers who do make a profit by charging subscriptions to individuals and libraries. They may also sell all of their journals in discipline-specific collections or a variety of other packages.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergstrom-2001_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergstrom-2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Journal editors tend to have other professional responsibilities, most often as teaching professors. In the case of the largest journals, there are paid staff assisting in the editing. The production of the journals is almost always done by publisher-paid staff. Humanities and social science academic journals are usually subsidized by universities or professional organization.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cost and value proposition of subscription to academic journals is being continuously re-assessed by institutions worldwide. In the context of the <a href="/wiki/Big_deal_(subscription_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big deal (subscription model)">big deal</a> cancellations by several library systems in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> data analysis tools like <a href="/wiki/Unpaywall_Journals" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpaywall Journals">Unpaywall Journals</a> are used by libraries to estimate the specific cost and value of the various options: libraries can avoid subscriptions for materials already served by instant <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> via <a href="/wiki/Open_archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Open archive">open archives</a> like PubMed Central.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_developments">New developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_journal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scholarly_journals_on_screens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Scholarly_journals_on_screens.jpg/220px-Scholarly_journals_on_screens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Scholarly_journals_on_screens.jpg/330px-Scholarly_journals_on_screens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Scholarly_journals_on_screens.jpg/440px-Scholarly_journals_on_screens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>In the 21st century, journals are commonly accessed digitally</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contents available online via services subscribed to by <a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">academic libraries</a>. Individual articles are subject-indexed in databases such as <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>. Some of the smallest, most specialized journals are prepared in-house, by an academic department, and published only online – this has sometimes been in the blog format, though some, like the <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> journal <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archaeology" title="Internet Archaeology">Internet Archaeology</a></i>, use the medium to embed searchable datasets, 3D models, and interactive mapping.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, there is a movement in higher education encouraging open access, either via <a href="/wiki/Self-archiving" title="Self-archiving">self archiving</a>, whereby the author deposits a paper in a <a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_repository" title="Disciplinary repository">disciplinary</a> or <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">institutional repository</a> where it can be searched for and read, or via publishing it in a free <a href="/wiki/Open_access_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access journal">open access journal</a>, which does not charge for <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscriptions</a>, being either subsidized or financed by a <a href="/wiki/Article_processing_charge" title="Article processing charge">publication fee</a>. Given the goal of sharing scientific research to speed advances, open access has affected science journals more than humanities journals.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial publishers are experimenting with open access models, but are trying to protect their subscription revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predatory_and_junk_journals">Predatory and junk journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_journal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Predatory and junk journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Research_paper_mill" title="Research paper mill">Research paper mill</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_scholarly_publishing_stings" title="List of scholarly publishing stings">List of scholarly publishing stings</a></div> <p>The much lower entry cost of on-line publishing has also raised concerns of an increase in <a href="/wiki/Predatory_open-access_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Predatory open-access publishing">publication of "junk" journals</a> with lower publishing standards. These journals, often with names chosen as similar to well-established publications, solicit articles via e-mail and then charge the author to publish an article, often with <a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Afraid_of_Peer_Review%3F" title="Who's Afraid of Peer Review?">no sign of actual review</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Beall" title="Jeffrey Beall">Jeffrey Beall</a>, a research librarian at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado" title="University of Colorado">University of Colorado</a>, has compiled a list of what he considers to be "potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers"; the list numbered over 300 journals as of April 2013, but he estimates that there may be thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/OMICS_Publishing_Group" title="OMICS Publishing Group">OMICS Publishing Group</a>, which publishes a number of the journals on this list, <a href="/wiki/OMICS_Publishing_Group#Legal_threat_to_Jeffrey_Beall" title="OMICS Publishing Group">threatened to sue Beall</a> in 2013 and Beall stopped publishing in 2017, citing pressure from his university.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A US judge fined OMICS $50 million in 2019 stemming from an <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">FTC</a> lawsuit.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some academic journals use the <a href="/wiki/Registered_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered report">registered report</a> format, which aims to counteract issues such as <a href="/wiki/Data_dredging" title="Data dredging">data dredging</a> and hypothesizing after the results are known. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Human_Behaviour" title="Nature Human Behaviour">Nature Human Behaviour</a></i> has adopted the registered report format, as it "shift[s] the emphasis from the results of research to the questions that guide the research and the methods used to answer them".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Personality" title="European Journal of Personality">European Journal of Personality</a></i> defines this format: "In a registered report, authors create a study proposal that includes theoretical and empirical background, research questions/hypotheses, and pilot data (if available). Upon submission, this proposal will then be reviewed prior to data collection, and if accepted, the paper resulting from this peer-reviewed procedure will be published, regardless of the study outcomes."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_journals">Electronic journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_journal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electronic journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></div> <p>Some journals are <i><a href="/wiki/Born_digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Born digital">born digital</a></i> in that they are solely published on the web and in a digital format. Though most electronic journals originated as print journals, which subsequently evolved to have an electronic version, while still maintaining a print component, others eventually became electronic-only.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <b>e-journal</b> closely resembles a print journal in structure: there is a table of contents which lists the articles, and many electronic journals still use a volume/issue model, although some titles now publish on a continuous basis.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Online journal articles are a specialized form of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_document" title="Electronic document">electronic document</a>: they have the purpose of providing material for academic <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> and study, and they are formatted approximately like journal articles in traditional printed journals. Often, a journal article will be available for download in two formats: PDF and HTML, although other electronic file types are often supported for supplementary material.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Articles are indexed in <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_databases" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliographic databases">bibliographic databases</a> as well as by search engines.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E-journals allow new types of content to be included in journals, for example, video material, or the data sets on which research has been based. </p><p>With the growth and development of the Internet, there has been a growth in the number of new digital-only journals. A subset of these journals exist as Open Access titles, meaning that they are free to access for all, and have <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> licences which permit the reproduction of content in different ways.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High quality <a href="/wiki/Open_access_journals" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access journals">open access journals</a> are listed in <a href="/wiki/Directory_of_Open_Access_Journals" title="Directory of Open Access Journals">Directory of Open Access Journals</a>. Most, however, continue to exist as subscription journals, for which libraries, organisations and individuals purchase access. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists">Lists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_journal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_academic_journals" title="Lists of academic journals">Lists of academic journals</a></div> <ul><li>Databases providing detailed information about journals: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich%27s_Periodicals_Directory" title="Ulrich's Periodicals Directory">Ulrich's Global Serials Directory</a> - the largest database of serials<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Directory of Periodicals by <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genamics_JournalSeek" class="mw-redirect" title="Genamics JournalSeek">JournalSeek</a> by Genamics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a></li></ul></li> <li>Journal hosting sites that also provide lists. Some sites evaluate journals, providing information such as how long a journal takes to review articles and what types of articles it publishes:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScienceDirect" title="ScienceDirect">ScienceDirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informaworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Informaworld">Informaworld</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_journal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_conference" title="Academic conference">Academic conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_writing" title="Academic writing">Academic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalology" title="Journalology">Journalology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publish_or_perish" title="Publish or perish">Publish or perish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a> (Dissertation) or <a href="/wiki/Collection_of_articles" title="Collection of articles">Collection of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">Treatise</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_journal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalreviews.princeton.edu/">Reviews of Peer-Reviewed Journals in the Humanities and Social Sciences</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_journal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGary_BlakeRobert_W._Bly1993" class="citation book cs1">Gary Blake; Robert W. Bly (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsoftechni0000blak"><i>The Elements of Technical Writing</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishers (United States)">Macmillan Publishers</a>. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-013085-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-013085-7"><bdi>978-0-02-013085-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Technical+Writing&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-02-013085-7&rft.au=Gary+Blake&rft.au=Robert+W.+Bly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felementsoftechni0000blak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+journal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonavarian2021" class="citation journal cs1">Monavarian, Morteza (2021-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1557%2Fs43577-021-00070-y">"Basics of scientific and technical writing"</a>. <i>MRS Bulletin</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 284–286. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MRSBu..46..284M">2021MRSBu..46..284M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1557%2Fs43577-021-00070-y">10.1557/s43577-021-00070-y</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1938-1425">1938-1425</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233798866">233798866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MRS+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Basics+of+scientific+and+technical+writing&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=284-286&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1557%2Fs43577-021-00070-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233798866%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1938-1425&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MRSBu..46..284M&rft.aulast=Monavarian&rft.aufirst=Morteza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1557%252Fs43577-021-00070-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+journal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212195825/https://royalsociety.org/news/2011/Royal-Society-journal-archive-made-permanently-free-to-access/">"Royal Society journal archive made permanently free to access"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Editage+Insights&rft.atitle=What+are+the+differences+between+open+access+and+standard+subscription-based+publication%3F&rft.date=2015-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.editage.com%2Finsights%2Fwhat-are-the-differences-between-open-access-and-standard-subscription-based-publication&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+journal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_journal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKronick1962" class="citation book cs1">Kronick, David A. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210000062164;view=1up;seq=76">"Original Publication: The Substantive Journal"</a>. <i>A history of scientific and technical periodicals:the origins and development of the scientific and technological press, 1665-1790</i>. New York: The Scarecrow Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Original+Publication%3A+The+Substantive+Journal&rft.btitle=A+history+of+scientific+and+technical+periodicals%3Athe+origins+and+development+of+the+scientific+and+technological+press%2C+1665-1790&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Kronick&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.31210000062164%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+journal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkalbasi,_NBauer,_KGlover,_JWang,_L2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bakkalbasi, N; Bauer, K; Glover, J; Wang, L (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1533854">"Three options for citation tracking: Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomedical_Digital_Libraries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biomedical Digital Libraries (page does not exist)">Biomedical Digital Libraries</a></i>. <b>3</b>: 7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1742-5581-3-7">10.1186/1742-5581-3-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1533854">1533854</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16805916">16805916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomedical+Digital+Libraries&rft.atitle=Three+options+for+citation+tracking%3A+Google+Scholar%2C+Scopus+and+Web+of+Science&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1533854%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16805916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1742-5581-3-7&rft.au=Bakkalbasi%2C+N&rft.au=Bauer%2C+K&rft.au=Glover%2C+J&rft.au=Wang%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1533854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+journal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBontisSerenko2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bontis" title="Nick Bontis">Bontis, Nick</a>; Serenko, A. (2009). "A follow-up ranking of academic journals". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Knowledge_Management" title="Journal of Knowledge Management">Journal of Knowledge Management</a></i>. <b>13</b> (1): 16–26. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.178.6943">10.1.1.178.6943</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F13673270910931134">10.1108/13673270910931134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Knowledge+Management&rft.atitle=A+follow-up+ranking+of+academic+journals&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-26&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.178.6943%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F13673270910931134&rft.aulast=Bontis&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Serenko%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+journal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendler2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Hendler" title="James Hendler">Hendler, James</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/895390">"Reinventing Academic Publishing – Part 1"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Intelligent_Systems" title="IEEE Intelligent Systems">IEEE Intelligent Systems</a></i>. <b>22</b> (5): 2–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fmis.2007.4338485">10.1109/mis.2007.4338485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Intelligent+Systems&rft.atitle=Reinventing+Academic+Publishing+%E2%80%93+Part+1&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2-3&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fmis.2007.4338485&rft.aulast=Hendler&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F895390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+journal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Benjamin_LowrySean_LaMarc_HumpherysJason_MalwitzJoshua_Nix2007" class="citation journal cs1">Paul Benjamin Lowry; Sean LaMarc Humpherys; Jason Malwitz; Joshua Nix (2007). "A scientometric study of the perceived quality of business and technical communication journals". <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Professional_Communication" title="IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication">IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication</a></i>. <b>50</b> (4): 352–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTPC.2007.908733">10.1109/TPC.2007.908733</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40366182">40366182</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1021608">1021608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Professional+Communication&rft.atitle=A+scientometric+study+of+the+perceived+quality+of+business+and+technical+communication+journals&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=352-78&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40366182%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1021608%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTPC.2007.908733&rft.au=Paul+Benjamin+Lowry&rft.au=Sean+LaMarc+Humpherys&rft.au=Jason+Malwitz&rft.au=Joshua+Nix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+journal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaller2001" class="citation book cs1">Waller, A.C. (2001). <i>Editorial Peer Review Its Strengths and Weaknesses</i>. ASIST monograph series. <a href="/wiki/Information_Today" title="Information Today">Information Today</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57387-100-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57387-100-6"><bdi>978-1-57387-100-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Editorial+Peer+Review+Its+Strengths+and+Weaknesses&rft.series=ASIST+monograph+series&rft.pub=Information+Today&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57387-100-6&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=A.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+journal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerenkoJiao2011" class="citation journal cs1">Serenko, Alexander; Jiao, C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aserenko.com/papers/Serenko_Jiao_IS_Research_Canada.pdf">"Investigating information systems research in Canada"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Administrative_Sciences" title="Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences">Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences</a></i>. <b>29</b> (1): 3–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2FCJAS.214">10.1002/CJAS.214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Administrative+Sciences&rft.atitle=Investigating+information+systems+research+in+Canada&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-24&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2FCJAS.214&rft.aulast=Serenko&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Jiao%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aserenko.com%2Fpapers%2FSerenko_Jiao_IS_Research_Canada.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+journal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWareMabe2015" class="citation book cs1">Ware, Mark; Mabe, Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zbw-mediatalk.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/STM-Report.pdf"><i>The STM Report: An overview of scientific and scholarly journal publishing</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (4th ed.). International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+STM+Report%3A+An+overview+of+scientific+and+scholarly+journal+publishing&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Scientific%2C+Technical+and+Medical+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Mabe%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zbw-mediatalk.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F07%2FSTM-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+journal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_journal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_journal" title="Public health journal">Public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper" title="Academic publishing">Paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">Review article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_paper" title="Position paper">Position paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">Grey literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">Working paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">White paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_report" title="Technical report">Technical report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">Annual report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Lab notes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other publication types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_articles" title="Collection of articles">Collection of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Chemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">Monograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster_session" title="Poster session">Poster session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_proceedings" title="Conference proceedings">Proceedings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact and ranking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_index" title="Acknowledgment index">Acknowledgment index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Citation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">h-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago Journal Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reform and access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_citation_advantage" title="Open access citation advantage">Citation advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">Serials crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">#ICanHazPDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versioning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">Version of record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">Erratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraction_in_academic_publishing" title="Retraction in academic publishing">Retraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Indexes and search engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMiner_(database)" title="AMiner (database)">AMiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORE_(research_service)" title="CORE (research service)">CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperity" title="Paperity">Paperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAlex" title="OpenAlex">OpenAlex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_writing" title="Scientific writing">Scientific writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_communication" title="Scholarly communication">Scholarly communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Scientific literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Open research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_scientific_data" title="Open scientific data">Open scientific data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelfinger_rule" title="Ingelfinger rule">Ingelfinger rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_publishable_unit" title="Least publishable unit">Least publishable unit</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Publish_or_perish" title="Publish or perish">Publish or perish</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_academic_journals" title="Lists of academic journals">Academic journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals" title="List of scientific journals">Scientific journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">Open-access journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_university_presses" title="List of university presses">University presses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_policies_of_academic_publishers" title="Copyright policies of academic publishers">Copyright policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_publishers_by_preprint_policy" title="List of academic publishers by preprint policy">Preprint policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_style_guides#Academic" title="List of style guides">Style/formatting guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_publishing" title="Category:Academic publishing">Category:Academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_documents" title="Category:Scientific documents">Category:Scientific documents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px 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