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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Brexit" title="Category:Brexit">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg/75px-EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg/113px-EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg/150px-EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms" title="Glossary of Brexit terms">Glossary of terms</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Background" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Background</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(UK)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (UK)">European Communities Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975 EC membership referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rebate" title="UK rebate">UK rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_speech" title="Bruges speech">Bruges speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._No._No._(Margaret_Thatcher)" title="No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)">No. No. No.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels" title="Maastricht Rebels">Maastricht Rebels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Amendment)_Act_2008" title="European Union (Amendment) Act 2008">European Union (Amendment) Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011" title="European Union Act 2011">European Union Act 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation" title="United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation">UK opt-outs from EU legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euroscepticism in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union">UK opinion polling on EU membership</a></li></ul></li> <li>Campaigns for a referendum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Pledge" title="People's Pledge">People's Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_for_a_Referendum" title="Labour for a Referendum">Labour for a Referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_speech" title="Bloomberg speech">Bloomberg speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out" title="The European Union: In or Out">In or Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314" title="European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14">2013–14 EU (Referendum) Bill</a> (unsuccessful)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom"> 2014 European Parliament election</a></li> <li>2014 UK Parliament by-elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Clacton_by-election" title="2014 Clacton by-election">Clacton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election" title="2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election">Heywood and Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election" title="2014 Rochester and Strood by-election">Rochester and Strood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 UK general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">2015–16 EU membership renegotiation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 EU referendum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">EU Referendum Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Act_2016_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_(Date_of_Referendum_etc.)_Regulations_2016" title="European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016">EU Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union_Referendum_(Conduct)_Regulations_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016">EU Referendum (Conduct) Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Opinion polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet" title="Pro-EU leaflet">UK Government pro-EU leaflet</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Campaigns</a></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Leave campaigns</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a> (official) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_for_Britain" title="Business for Britain">Business for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_for_Britain" title="Conservatives for Britain">Conservatives for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeLeave" title="BeLeave">BeLeave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave.EU" title="Leave.EU">Leave.EU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bpoplive" title="Bpoplive">Bpoplive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better_Off_Out" title="Better Off Out">Better Off Out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Out" title="Grassroots Out">Grassroots Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Leave" title="Labour Leave">Labour Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Britain_Out" title="Get Britain Out">Get Britain Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain" title="Campaign for an Independent Britain">Campaign for an Independent Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Movie" title="Brexit: The Movie">Brexit: The Movie</a></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Remain campaigns</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe" title="Britain Stronger in Europe">Britain Stronger in Europe</a> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_In_for_Britain" title="Labour In for Britain">Labour In for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Movement_UK" title="European Movement UK">European Movement UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_in_Europe" title="Britain in Europe">Britain in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Influence" title="British Influence">British Influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_for_New_Europe" title="Business for New Europe">Business for New Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(advocacy_group)" title="Nucleus (advocacy group)">Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Fear" title="Project Fear">Project Fear</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Outcome</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit" title="Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit">Causes for result</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Immediate aftermath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016 Conservative Party election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">2016 Labour Party election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election">2016 UKIP election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="Department for Exiting the European Union">Department for Exiting the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_International_Trade" title="Department for International Trade">Department for International Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum" title="Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum">Allegations of unlawful campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">Alleged Russian interference</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">Notice of withdrawal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Article 50 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union">Miller case (Article 50)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Notification_of_Withdrawal)_Act_2017" title="European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017">EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_plan" title="Brexit plan">Brexit plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal Bill plan">Repeal Bill plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 UK general election</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Negotiations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Negotiation positions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_negotiating_directives_for_Brexit" title="European Union negotiating directives for Brexit">EU negotiation mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chequers_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chequers agreement">Chequers agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Timeline: <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017" title="Brexit negotiations in 2017">2017</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018" title="Brexit negotiations in 2018">2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019" title="Brexit negotiations in 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2019 European Parliament election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 UK general election</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Withdrawal agreement</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_divorce_bill" title="Brexit divorce bill">Brexit divorce bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_for_finance" title="Fish for finance">Fish for finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_backstop" title="Irish backstop">Irish backstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-deal_Brexit" title="No-deal Brexit">No-deal Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill" title="Northern Ireland Protocol Bill">Northern Ireland Protocol Bill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Legislation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2018" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018">Withdrawal Act 2018</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018" title="Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018">Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019">Cooper–Letwin Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Benn Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs" title="2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs">2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_(Public_Vote)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319" title="European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19">Public Vote Bill</a> (not passed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_(Referendum)_Bills" title="Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills">Terms of Withdrawal Bills</a> (not passed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Legal_Continuity)_(Scotland)_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill">Scottish EU Continuity Bill</a> (blocked)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">Withdrawal Agreement Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Continuity)_(Scotland)_Act_2021" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021"> Scottish EU Continuity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020">Internal Market Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Future_Relationship)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020">EU (Future Relationship) Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_EU_Law_(Revocation_and_Reform)_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill">Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of Brexit">Impact</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border" title="Brexit and the Irish border">Impact on the Irish border</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union" title="Impact of Brexit on the European Union">Impact on the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Economic effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar" title="Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar">Effects on Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology" title="Brexit and arrangements for science and technology">Scientific cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_in_popular_culture" title="Brexit in popular culture">Effects on popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_EU_law_(UK_Law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retained EU law (UK Law)">Retained EU law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Jersey_dispute" title="2021 Jersey dispute">2021 Jersey dispute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">EU–UK relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">Relations pre- and post-Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">EU–UK trade negotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a> (TCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Partnership_Council" title="EU–UK Partnership Council">Partnership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Parliamentary_Partnership_Assembly" title="EU–UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly">Partnership Assembly</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Relations with EU member states</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Austria–United Kingdom relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Belgium–United Kingdom relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Bulgaria–United Kingdom relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Croatia–United Kingdom relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Cyprus–United Kingdom relations">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Denmark–United Kingdom relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Estonia–United Kingdom relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="France–United Kingdom relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Greece–United Kingdom relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Hungary–United Kingdom relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">Ireland–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North/South_Ministerial_Council" title="North/South Ministerial Council">North/South Ministerial Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Italy–United Kingdom relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Lithuania–United Kingdom relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Malta–United Kingdom relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Netherlands–United Kingdom relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Poland–United Kingdom relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Portugal–United Kingdom relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Romania–United Kingdom relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Slovakia–United Kingdom relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Spain–United Kingdom relations">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_Gibraltar" title="Status of Gibraltar">Status of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="Gibraltar–Spain border">Gibraltar–Spain border</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Sweden–United Kingdom relations">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Membership of United Kingdom in the European Economic Area">Conjectured EEA membership</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Brexit" title="Opposition to Brexit">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union_(2016%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union (2016–present)">Post-referendum opinion polling</a></li> <li>New initiatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_Britain" title="Change Britain">Change Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_United" title="More United">More United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Britain" title="Open Britain">Open Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_European" title="The New European">The New European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_to_Remain" title="Unite to Remain">Unite to Remain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys" title="Led By Donkeys">Led By Donkeys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition" title="Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition">Revoke Article 50 petition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcards_from_the_48%25" title="Postcards from the 48%">Postcards from the 48%</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="Proposed second Scottish independence referendum">Proposed second Scottish independence referendum</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Calls for a <a href="/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement">second referendum</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vote" title="People's Vote">People's Vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britain_for_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Britain for Europe">Britain for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Movement_UK" title="European Movement UK">European Movement UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_our_Future%27s_Sake" title="For our Future's Sake">For our Future's Sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthier_IN_the_EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthier IN the EU">Healthier IN the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InFacts" class="mw-redirect" title="InFacts">InFacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Britain" title="Open Britain">Open Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Future_Our_Choice" title="Our Future Our Choice">Our Future Our Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientists_for_EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists for EU">Scientists for EU</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_for_Britain" title="Best for Britain">Best for Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollocks_to_Brexit" title="Bollocks to Brexit">Bollocks to Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_UK" title="Change UK">Change UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)#Opposing_Brexit_(2015–present)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Vote" title="Right to Vote">Right to Vote</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timeline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_speech" title="Bloomberg speech">Bloomberg speech</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314" title="European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14">Referendum Bill</a> blocked</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Jan 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">European Parliament election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> May 2014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> May 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Renegotiation begins</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jun 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">Referendum Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2015</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">Renegotiation</a> concluded</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Feb 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Referendum</a> held</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jun 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> resigns as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">PM</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> <a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">becomes PM</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union">Article 50 judgement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brexit_plan" title="Brexit plan">Brexit plan</a> presented</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Feb 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Notification_of_Withdrawal)_Act_2017" title="European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017">Notification Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Mar 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">Article 50</a> invoked</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Mar 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal Bill plan">Repeal Bill plan</a> presented</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Mar 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jun 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Brexit negotiations begin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jun 2017</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2018" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018">Withdrawal Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Jun 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chequers_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chequers agreement">Chequers plan</a> presented</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement plan">Withdrawal agreement plan</a> presented</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> July 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Withdrawal agreement</a> released</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Nov 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Legal_Continuity)_(Scotland)_Bill_2018" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018">Scottish Continuity Bill</a> blocked</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">Dec 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Meaningful votes</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan–Mar 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit#Vote_on_extending_Article_50_(14_March_2019)" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Brexit delayed until 12 April</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Mar 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019">Cooper–Letwin Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Apr 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019#Motion_under_the_Act" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019">Brexit delayed until 31 October</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Apr 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">European Parliament election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> May 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Theresa May resigns as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">PM</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> <a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">becomes PM</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jul 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 British prorogation controversy">Prorogation</a> and <a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland">annulment</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Aug–Sep 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Benn Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Sep 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Withdrawal agreement <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Revisions_in_2019" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">revised</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Oct 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019#Outcome" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Brexit delayed until 31 January</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Oct 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general election</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">Agreement Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> UK leaves the European Union</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Implementation period begins</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">UK–EU trade deal agreed</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Future_Relationship)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020">Future Relationship Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Continuity)_(Scotland)_Act_2021" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021">Scottish Continuity Act</a> passed</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Implementation period ends</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Dec 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> New EU–UK relationship begins</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Jan 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> UK–EU trade deal ratified</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Apr 2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a> released</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Feb 2023</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Windsor framework adopted</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> Mar 2023</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/16px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/24px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">EU portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">UK portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brexit_sidebar" title="Template:Brexit sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brexit_sidebar" title="Template talk:Brexit sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">withdrawal</a> of the United Kingdom from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> at 23:00 <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a> on 31 January 2020 (00:00 1 February 2020 <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>). As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit">[update]</a>, the UK is the only member state to have left the EU. Britain <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities" title="Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities">entered</a> the predecessor to the EU, the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> (EC), on 1 January 1973. Following this, <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Eurosceptic</a> groups grew in popularity in the UK, opposing aspects of both the EC and the EU. As Euroscepticism increased during the early 2010s, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> delivered <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_speech" title="Bloomberg speech">a speech</a> in January 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_London" title="Bloomberg London">Bloomberg London</a>, in which he called for reform of the EU and promised an in–out referendum on the UK's membership if the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> won a majority at the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a>. The Conservatives won 330 seats at the election, giving Cameron a majority of 12, and a bill to hold a referendum was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> that month. In February 2016, Cameron set the date of <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">the referendum</a> to be 23 June that year, and a period of campaigning began. A total of 33,577,342 votes were cast in the poll, with 51.89% voting for Britain to leave the EU. Cameron announced his resignation as prime minister the next day, with <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> taking over the position on 13 July. On 29 March the following year, May delivered a letter to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President of the European Council</a>, which officially commenced the UK's withdrawal from the EU and began a two-year negotiating process. <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Brexit negotiations</a> between the UK and the EU began in June 2017, and, by March the following year, a "large part" of the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">withdrawal agreement</a> had been agreed.<a href="#cite_note-Radosavljevic-1">[1]</a> On 25 November, the leaders of the remaining 27 EU countries officially endorsed the deal, with May putting it to Parliament in January 2019. The vote on the withdrawal agreement was defeated by 432 votes to 202, the biggest defeat of any government in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a>. Two further votes on the deal—on 12 and 29 March—also resulted in large defeats for May. Following these defeats, on 24 May the Prime Minister announced her resignation. A <a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">leadership contest</a> began, which was won by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> on 24 July. With the Brexit deadlock still not broken, on 29 October the <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) voted in favour of holding a general election on 12 December. The Conservative Party won 365 seats in the election, giving them a majority of 80 seats. With a majority in the House of Commons now, Johnson's withdrawal agreement was voted through Parliament, and the UK officially left the EU at 23:00 GMT on 31 January 2020. A <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Transition_period" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">transition period</a>—in which Britain remained a part of the <a href="/wiki/European_single_market" title="European single market">European single market</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union</a>—began, as did <a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">negotiation on a new trade deal</a>. After negotiations throughout 2020, the <a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a> was announced on 24 December, allowing goods to be sold between the two markets without tariffs or quotas. At 23:00 on 31 December 2020, the transition period ended, and the UK formally completed its separation from the EU. As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit">[update]</a>, the broad consensus of economists is that leaving the EU has had a substantially negative effect on the UK's economy, which is expected to be several percentage points smaller than it would have been if it had remained in the bloc.<a href="#cite_note-The_Week_2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goncalves-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sleigh-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom–European_Union_relations">United Kingdom–European Union relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United Kingdom–European Union relations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">United Kingdom–European Union relations</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_(Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte;_Vertrag_von_Maastricht)_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photograph of a copy of the Maastricht Treaty in the Museum der Bayerischen Geschichte in October 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/300px-GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/450px-GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/600px-GER_%E2%80%94_BY_%E2%80%94_Regensburg_-_Donaumarkt_1_%28Museum_der_Bayerischen_Geschichte%3B_Vertrag_von_Maastricht%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3621" data-file-height="1817" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> (pictured), signed on 7 February 1992, legally established the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_John-5">[5]</a></figcaption></figure> The UK entered the EC on 1 January 1973, following the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972" title="Treaty of Accession 1972">Treaty of Accession 1972</a>, signed by the Conservative Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OCarroll-6">[6]</a> Two years later, on 5 June 1975, a <a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">national referendum</a> endorsed the UK's continued membership of the EC, with 67.23% voting that the country should remain in the EC.<a href="#cite_note-Hill-7">[7]</a> Over the following decades, <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Eurosceptic</a> attitudes began to develop within Britain's two main political parties, the Conservatives and the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983 general election</a>, Labour's campaign manifesto vowed to withdraw from the EC within the lifetime of the following Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-8">[8]</a> The manifesto was dubbed "<a href="/wiki/The_longest_suicide_note_in_history" title="The longest suicide note in history">the longest suicide note in history</a>", and the election was won by the Conservatives, led by the incumbent prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hope-9">[9]</a> Thatcher continued to serve as prime minister until she resigned on 22 November 1990, amid divisions within the Conservative Party over the UK's involvement in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkup-10">[10]</a> Two years later, the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> was signed by the 12 member states of the EC, including the UK, which began the formal establishment of the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_John-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2005–13)">Political history of the United Kingdom (2005–13)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political history of the United Kingdom (2005–13)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PM-DPM-St_David%27s_Day_Agreement_announcement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photograph of David Cameron and Nick Clegg standing behind podiums in February 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PM-DPM-St_David%27s_Day_Agreement_announcement.jpg/300px-PM-DPM-St_David%27s_Day_Agreement_announcement.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PM-DPM-St_David%27s_Day_Agreement_announcement.jpg/450px-PM-DPM-St_David%27s_Day_Agreement_announcement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/PM-DPM-St_David%27s_Day_Agreement_announcement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> (left) and Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a> (right) in February 2015, during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">Cameron–Clegg coalition</a></figcaption></figure> On 6 December 2005, David Cameron, the MP for <a href="/wiki/Witney_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Witney (UK Parliament constituency)">Witney</a>, was elected as <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">leader of the Conservative Party</a>, beating <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">David Davis</a> in the final round.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_36-11">[11]</a> After serving as <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">leader of the opposition</a> for nearly five years, Cameron led his party into the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010 general election</a> on 6 May that year.<a href="#cite_note-Hough-12">[12]</a> The Conservatives gained 97 seats for a total of 307, making them the largest party in Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_17-13">[13]</a> Labour, who had been in government before the election, won 258 seats, while the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>, with 57 seats, were the third-largest party.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_17-13">[13]</a> With no single party having won enough seats to form a majority government, the country had its first <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a> since 1974.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_37-14">[14]</a> All three leaders made statements offering openness to creating an administration with another party, and a series of negotiations began.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-15">[15]</a> Just after midnight on 12 May, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93Liberal_Democrat_coalition_agreement" title="Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement">Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement</a> was approved, with Cameron as prime minister and <a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Democrats" title="Leader of the Liberal Democrats">leader of the Liberal Democrats</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">deputy prime minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wintour_5-16">[16]</a> As well as a new prime minister, the 2010 general election also saw a new generation of more Eurosceptic MPs elected to the UK government.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_38-17">[17]</a> On 24 October 2011, Cameron experienced the largest rebellion over European integration since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> when 81 Conservative MPs voted in favour of a motion calling for a referendum on the UK's membership of the EU.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_1-18">[18]</a> Of these 81 MPs, 49 had been elected in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Redford-19">[19]</a> The previous month, a petition carrying over 100,000 signatures that also called for a referendum was delivered to <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_40-20">[20]</a> Faced with this growing Euroscepticism, on 23 January 2013, Cameron delivered the <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_speech" title="Bloomberg speech">Bloomberg speech</a> at Bloomberg London,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_39-21">[21]</a> in which he promised an in–out referendum on EU membership if the Conservatives won a majority at the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wright,_Oliver-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brexit">Brexit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Brexit">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brexit#Terminology_and_etymology" title="Brexit">Brexit § Terminology and etymology</a></div> The word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Brexit" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Brexit">Brexit</a> is a portmanteau of the phrase "British exit".<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-Hargreave-23">[23]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, the term was coined in a blog post on the website <a href="/wiki/Euractiv" title="Euractiv">Euractiv</a> by Peter Wilding, director of European policy at <a href="/wiki/BSkyB" class="mw-redirect" title="BSkyB">BSkyB</a>, on 15 May 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Tempest-24">[24]</a> Wilding coined Brexit to refer to the end of UK membership in the EU – by 2016, usage of the word had increased by 3,400% in one year.<a href="#cite_note-Davis-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-referendum">Pre-referendum</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pre-referendum">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013">2013</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2013">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Prime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv/220px--Prime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="2261" data-mwtitle="Prime_Minister_David_Cameron's_EU_Speech.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Prime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv/Prime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Prime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv/Prime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Prime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Prime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv/Prime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Prime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv/Prime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Prime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv/Prime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Prime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv/Prime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APrime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APrime_Minister_David_Cameron%27s_EU_Speech.ogv&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Cameron delivering the <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_speech" title="Bloomberg speech">Bloomberg speech</a> on 23 January 2013, when an in–out referendum on EU membership was first promised<a href="#cite_note-Wright,_Oliver-22">[22]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>23 January: Cameron delivers the Bloomberg speech, covering the UK's future relationship with Europe. He calls for reform of the EU and promises an in–out referendum on the UK's membership of the EU if the Conservatives win a majority at the 2015 general election.<a href="#cite_note-Wright,_Oliver-22">[22]</a></li> <li>15 April: The House of Commons votes on a <a href="/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill" title="Private member's bill">private member's bill</a> expressing "regret" over the absence of an EU referendum in the <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">Queen's Speech</a>. The vote is defeated by 277 to 130, with 114 Conservative MPs voting to regret.<a href="#cite_note-Wintour_1-26">[26]</a></li> <li>19 June: The <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314" title="European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14">European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14</a>—a private member's bill seeking to enshrine into law Cameron's promise to hold a referendum—is introduced by the Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/James_Wharton,_Baron_Wharton_of_Yarm" title="James Wharton, Baron Wharton of Yarm">James Wharton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wintour_2-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-UK_Parliament_1-28">[28]</a></li> <li>5 July: The bill passes its second reading in the House of Commons by 304 votes in favour to 0 against.<a href="#cite_note-Grice_1-29">[29]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014">2014</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2014">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>31 January: Peers at the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> vote by 180 to 130 to end the debate of the European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14, which concludes its progress through Parliament. Cameron expresses disappointment at this defeat.<a href="#cite_note-Craig,_Jon-30">[30]</a></li> <li>12 March: <a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">leader of the Labour Party</a>, rules out matching Cameron's pledge to hold a referendum on EU membership if his party wins a majority at the next general election. He states that Labour would only hold such a poll if there were a significant transfer of power from <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> to Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-Savage_1-31">[31]</a></li> <li>22 May: The UK holds <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">elections to the European Parliament</a>, electing 73 <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_European_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the European Parliament">Members of the European Parliament</a> (MEPs). Across England, Scotland and Wales, the Conservatives' share of the vote drops by 3.8 percentage points, losing them seven seats.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_12-32">[32]</a></li> <li>12 June: Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Bob_Neill" title="Bob Neill">Bob Neill</a> announces that he will reintroduce Wharton's European Union (Referendum) Bill as a private member's bill.<a href="#cite_note-Ship-33">[33]</a></li> <li>28 October: The Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats fail to agree on the amount of parliamentary time to be allocated to Neill's bill. The bill's progress through Parliament is again brought to an end.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_4-34">[34]</a></li> <li>19 December: The "long campaign" for the 2015 general election officially begins, limiting candidates' spending in their constituencies to £30,700 each.<a href="#cite_note-Chakelian-35">[35]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015">2015</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2015">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>30 March: Cameron meets with Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> and informs her that the 55th UK Parliament is ready to be <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">dissolved</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McSmith-36">[36]</a> The "short campaign" for the general election—scheduled to take place on 7 May—begins.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_6-37">[37]</a></li> <li>12 April: In central London, Clegg launches his party's manifesto for the general election, which commits to maintaining the UK's membership of the EU.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_5-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keith-39">[39]</a></li> <li>13 April: The Labour Party's manifesto is unveiled by Miliband at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Granada_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Granada Studios">Old Granada Studios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. It repeats Miliband's earlier pledge that, under a Labour government, powers would not be transferred to Brussels before an in–out referendum.<a href="#cite_note-Mason_1-40">[40]</a></li> <li>14 April: Cameron launches the Conservative Party manifesto at an event in <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perraudin-41">[41]</a> The document promises "real change" in the UK's relationship with the EU, and commits to holding a referendum on EU membership before the end of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Blick-42">[42]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ed_Miliband_speaking_at_Chatham_House_on_24_April_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photograph of Ed Miliband speaking from behind a podium at Chatham House in April 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ed_Miliband_speaking_at_Chatham_House_on_24_April_2015.jpg/220px-Ed_Miliband_speaking_at_Chatham_House_on_24_April_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ed_Miliband_speaking_at_Chatham_House_on_24_April_2015.jpg/330px-Ed_Miliband_speaking_at_Chatham_House_on_24_April_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ed_Miliband_speaking_at_Chatham_House_on_24_April_2015.jpg/440px-Ed_Miliband_speaking_at_Chatham_House_on_24_April_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a> criticised government foreign policy—including the handling of an EU referendum—in a speech on 24 April 2015.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-43">[43]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>24 April: At <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a> in London, Miliband delivers a speech on Labour's foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-43">[43]</a> He describes the government's timetable for an in–out referendum as "arbitrary", and criticises their lack of strategy for renegotiating the UK's EU membership.<a href="#cite_note-LabourList-44">[44]</a></li> <li>25 April: Writing for <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a>, Cameron reiterates his promise that, should the Conservatives win a majority, they will begin the process of renegotiating the UK's membership of the EU, and will draft a European Referendum Bill.<a href="#cite_note-Cameron,_David-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Travis-46">[46]</a></li> <li>7 May: The 2015 general election is held. The Conservative Party win 330 seats, giving Cameron a 12-seat overall majority in Parliament. Labour win 232 seats in total, a net loss of 26, while the Liberal Democrats win eight, a net loss of 49.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_11-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osborn-48">[48]</a></li> <li>8 May: Following Labour's and the Liberal Democrats' defeats at the election, both Miliband and Clegg resign as the leaders of their parties.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_7-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_8-50">[50]</a></li> <li>27 May: A referendum on EU membership before the end of 2017 is included in the Queen's Speech.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_1-51">[51]</a></li> <li>28 May: The <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Bill_2015%E2%80%9316" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Referendum Bill 2015–16">European Union Referendum Bill 2015–16</a>—a bill that makes provision for a referendum in the UK to be held—is introduced by the Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Philip Hammond</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UK_Parliament_2-52">[52]</a></li> <li>9 June: <ul><li>The bill passes its second reading in the House of Commons by 544 votes in favour to 53 against.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_10-53">[53]</a></li> <li>Nominations open for the <a href="/wiki/2015_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">Labour Party leadership election</a>, triggered by Miliband's resignation.<a href="#cite_note-Payne-54">[54]</a></li></ul></li> <li>15 June: Nominations close for Labour's leadership election. Four MPs surpass the threshold of support required and are set to be placed on the ballot: <a href="/wiki/Andy_Burnham" title="Andy Burnham">Andy Burnham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cooper" title="Yvette Cooper">Yvette Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liz_Kendall" title="Liz Kendall">Liz Kendall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wintour_3-55">[55]</a></li> <li>25–26 June: At a <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> meeting, Cameron <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">begins renegotiating</a> Britain's EU membership with other EU leaders by setting out his plan to hold a referendum.<a href="#cite_note-Faulconbridge-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-European_Council_1-57">[57]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Jeremy_Corbyn_crop_2,_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jeremy Corbyn's official photograph for Parliament" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Official_portrait_of_Jeremy_Corbyn_crop_2%2C_2020.jpg/170px-Official_portrait_of_Jeremy_Corbyn_crop_2%2C_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Official_portrait_of_Jeremy_Corbyn_crop_2%2C_2020.jpg/255px-Official_portrait_of_Jeremy_Corbyn_crop_2%2C_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Official_portrait_of_Jeremy_Corbyn_crop_2%2C_2020.jpg/340px-Official_portrait_of_Jeremy_Corbyn_crop_2%2C_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a> (pictured in 2020) was elected <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">leader of the Labour Party</a> on 12 September 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Mason_2-58">[58]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>12 September: The results of Labour's leadership election are announced at a special conference at the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Centre" title="Queen Elizabeth II Centre">Queen Elizabeth II Centre</a> in Westminster.<a href="#cite_note-Lowe-59">[59]</a> With 59.5% of the first-preference votes, Corbyn is elected leader of the Labour Party and becomes leader of the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Mason_2-58">[58]</a></li> <li>9 October: <a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a>, a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cross-party" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cross-party">cross-party</a> advocacy group campaigning for the UK to leave the EU, is launched.<a href="#cite_note-Press_Association-60">[60]</a></li> <li>12 October: <a href="/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe" title="Britain Stronger in Europe">Britain Stronger in Europe</a>, a similar organisation advocating for Britain to remain, is launched.<a href="#cite_note-France_24_1-61">[61]</a></li> <li>10 November: Cameron gives a speech on Europe at Chatham House, during which he repeats his commitment to holding a referendum before the end of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Dallison-62">[62]</a> He also sends a letter to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President of the European Council</a>, setting out the four areas where he is seeking EU reform as part of his renegotiations: economic governance, competitiveness, sovereignty and immigration.<a href="#cite_note-Traynor-63">[63]</a></li> <li>17 December: The European Union Referendum Bill 2015–16 is given <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent#United_Kingdom" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> and becomes the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">European Union Referendum Act 2015</a>. By law, a referendum on membership in the EU is set to take place in the UK before the end of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-UK_Parliament_2-52">[52]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016">2016</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2016">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>10 January: In his annual new year interview on <a href="/wiki/The_Andrew_Marr_Show" title="The Andrew Marr Show">The Andrew Marr Show</a>, Cameron vows that he will stay on as prime minister if the UK votes to leave the EU,<a href="#cite_note-The_Irish_Times-64">[64]</a> but states that his government has made no plans to deal with Brexit.<a href="#cite_note-Savage_2-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barker-66">[66]</a></li> <li>19 February: Renegotiations on the UK's membership in the EU are concluded, with Cameron and Tusk signing a finalised deal. The changes will take effect following a vote to remain in the referendum.<a href="#cite_note-European_Council_2-67">[67]</a></li> <li>20 February: <ul><li>Cameron announces that the referendum will be held on 23 June, and that he will be campaigning for Britain to remain.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2-68">[68]</a></li> <li>Six members of <a href="/wiki/Second_Cameron_ministry#Cabinet" title="Second Cameron ministry">Cameron's cabinet</a> declare that they will join Vote Leave and campaign for Brexit.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_2-69">[69]</a></li></ul></li> <li>21 February: <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> Boris Johnson announces that he will advocate for the UK to leave the EU.<a href="#cite_note-Day-70">[70]</a></li> <li>22 February: Speaking in the House of Commons, Cameron promises that, if the British people vote to leave, he will begin the process, i.e., by triggering <a href="/wiki/Article_50" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 50">Article 50</a> of the EU's <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a>, "straight away".<a href="#cite_note-Masterman-71">[71]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pro-EU_Leaflet.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pro-EU_Leaflet.pdf/page1-220px-Pro-EU_Leaflet.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pro-EU_Leaflet.pdf/page1-330px-Pro-EU_Leaflet.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pro-EU_Leaflet.pdf/page1-440px-Pro-EU_Leaflet.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="872" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet" title="Pro-EU leaflet">pro-EU leaflet</a>, sent to UK households by the British government in 2016<a href="#cite_note-Belam-72">[72]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>11–13 April: A <a href="/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet" title="Pro-EU leaflet">pro-EU leaflet</a>—in which the government warns that Brexit will increase the <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a> and lead to a decade or more of uncertainty<a href="#cite_note-Mayes-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stewart_10-74">[74]</a>—is sent to households across England.<a href="#cite_note-Belam-72">[72]</a></li> <li>13 April: The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_Kingdom)" title="Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)">Electoral Commission</a> designates Vote Leave as the referendum's official campaign in favour of leaving the EU, while Britain Stronger in Europe is named as the official campaign in favour of remaining.<a href="#cite_note-James-75">[75]</a></li> <li>15 April: The regulated campaigning period for the referendum begins. Over the next ten weeks, the two official campaigns may spend a maximum of £7 million.<a href="#cite_note-James-75">[75]</a></li> <li>22 April: At a press conference in central London, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> warns that Britain will be at "the back of the queue" if the nation votes for Brexit.<a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_Doug-76">[76]</a></li> <li>9 May: The pro-EU leaflet is sent to households in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-Sky_News_1-77">[77]</a></li> <li>9 June: Six participants—including Johnson—take part in The ITV Referendum Debate, a live TV debate on Brexit, broadcast by <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Withnall_1-78">[78]</a></li> <li>12 June: In another interview on The Andrew Marr Show, Cameron repeats his commitment not to resign as prime minister even if he loses the referendum.<a href="#cite_note-Withnall_2-79">[79]</a></li> <li>16 June: <a href="/wiki/Jo_Cox" title="Jo Cox">Jo Cox</a>, the MP for <a href="/wiki/Batley_and_Spen" class="mw-redirect" title="Batley and Spen">Batley and Spen</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jo_Cox" title="Murder of Jo Cox">murdered</a> by a far-right terrorist.<a href="#cite_note-Cobain-80">[80]</a> Out of respect for Cox, referendum campaigning is suspended across the UK.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_3-81">[81]</a></li> <li>19 June: Campaigning for the referendum resumes.<a href="#cite_note-Hume_2-82">[82]</a></li> <li>21 June: From <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Arena" title="Wembley Arena">Wembley Arena</a>, Johnson and another five campaigners participate in EU Referendum: The Great Debate, live on <a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a>. With 6,000 people in the audience, it is the largest televised debate on the issue.<a href="#cite_note-The_Week_1-83">[83]</a></li> <li>23 June: Polls open for the referendum at around 41,000 polling stations at 07:00 and close at 22:00.<a href="#cite_note-Cowburn_1-84">[84]</a> A total of 33,577,342 votes are cast, representing a turnout of 72.2% of registered voters.<a href="#cite_note-Electoral_Commission-85">[85]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-referendum">Post-referendum</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-referendum">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016_2">2016</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2016">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Cameron_announces_resignation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/David_Cameron_announces_resignation.jpg/220px-David_Cameron_announces_resignation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/David_Cameron_announces_resignation.jpg/330px-David_Cameron_announces_resignation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/David_Cameron_announces_resignation.jpg/440px-David_Cameron_announces_resignation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>Cameron announcing his resignation as prime minister on 24 June 2016<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-86">[86]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>24 June: <ul><li>The votes are counted, and chief counting officer <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Watson_(civil_servant)" title="Jenny Watson (civil servant)">Jenny Watson</a> delivers the final result from Manchester at 07:20 <a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>: 16,141,241 votes (48.11%) to remain in the EU, and 17,410,742 (51.89%) to leave.<a href="#cite_note-Waldie-87">[87]</a></li> <li>Following the result of the referendum, the value of the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> drops to its lowest level since 1985, and the <a href="/wiki/FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100 Index</a> begins the day by falling 8%.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_13-88">[88]</a></li> <li>Stating that he does not believe that he should be "the captain that steers [the] country to its next destination", Cameron announces that he plans to resign as prime minister and leader of the Conservative Party by October.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-86">[86]</a></li></ul></li> <li>25 June: The UK's <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner">European Commissioner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hill,_Baron_Hill_of_Oareford" title="Jonathan Hill, Baron Hill of Oareford">Jonathan Hill</a>, announces his intention to stand down from the role.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_16-89">[89]</a></li> <li>27 June: In Parliament, Cameron confirms that he will not invoke Article 50.<a href="#cite_note-Chadwick-90">[90]</a></li> <li>29 June: Nominations open for the <a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">Conservative Party leadership election</a> triggered by Cameron's resignation.<a href="#cite_note-ITV_1-91">[91]</a></li> <li>30 June: Nominations for the leadership contest close. Johnson confirms that he will not stand.<a href="#cite_note-Hume_1-92">[92]</a> Five other MPs—Theresa May, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Andrea Leadsom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Crabb" title="Stephen Crabb">Stephen Crabb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Liam Fox</a>—achieve the level of support needed to be put on the first ballot.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_15-93">[93]</a></li> <li>7 July: Only two nominees, May and Leadsom, now remain in the leadership race, with the rest having either withdrawn or been eliminated.<a href="#cite_note-Belfast_Telegraph-94">[94]</a></li> <li>11 July: Leadsom withdraws from the contest early. As the only remaining candidate, May is named the new leader of the Conservative Party.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_18-95">[95]</a></li> <li>13 July: <ul><li>Cameron tenders his resignation as prime minister to the Queen at Buckingham Palace.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_19-96">[96]</a></li> <li>The Queen invites May to form a new government as Cameron's replacement. May builds <a href="/wiki/First_May_ministry#Cabinet" title="First May ministry">her cabinet</a>, appointing Hammond as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amber_Rudd" title="Amber Rudd">Amber Rudd</a> as <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, Johnson as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> and Davis to the newly created post of <a href="/wiki/Brexit_secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit secretary">Brexit secretary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_20-97">[97]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gina_Miller_at_Brighton_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photograph of Gina Miller speaking in Brighton in 2018" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gina_Miller_at_Brighton_2018.jpg/220px-Gina_Miller_at_Brighton_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gina_Miller_at_Brighton_2018.jpg/330px-Gina_Miller_at_Brighton_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gina_Miller_at_Brighton_2018.jpg/440px-Gina_Miller_at_Brighton_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2168" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union">first legal challenge over Brexit</a> was brought by the investment manager <a href="/wiki/Gina_Miller" title="Gina Miller">Gina Miller</a> (pictured in 2018).<a href="#cite_note-Gower-98">[98]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>19 July: <ul><li>The first legal challenge over Brexit, <a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union">R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union</a>, is brought by investment manager <a href="/wiki/Gina_Miller" title="Gina Miller">Gina Miller</a> and hairdresser <a href="/wiki/Deir_Dos_Santos" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir Dos Santos">Deir Dos Santos</a>. The <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> hears details of the case—which asks whether Parliament or the prime minister has the authority to begin the process of Britain withdrawing from the EU—in a preliminary hearing.<a href="#cite_note-Gower-98">[98]</a></li> <li>The government confirms that May will not start the formal process by officially invoking Article 50 before the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-Chaplain_1-99">[99]</a></li></ul></li> <li>27 July: <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a> appoints French politician <a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a> as the chief negotiator for the UK leaving the EU.<a href="#cite_note-European_Commission-100">[100]</a></li> <li>12 September: Cameron resigns as the MP for Witney, ending his political career.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_1-101">[101]</a></li> <li>2 October: <ul><li>The 2016 <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference" title="Conservative Party Conference">Conservative Party Conference</a> begins in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_21-102">[102]</a> Speaking on The Andrew Marr Show ahead of the conference, May reveals that she will invoke Article 50 in the first quarter of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_9-103">[103]</a></li> <li>In his opening speech at the conference, Davis announces that the government will repeal the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(UK)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (UK)">European Communities Act 1972</a>, the act that originally made legal provision for the UK's membership of the EEC.<a href="#cite_note-Elgot_1-104">[104]</a></li></ul></li> <li>5 October: May gives her closing speech at the Conservative Party conference, during which she signals her intentions to control immigration from Europe and to leave the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> (ECJ).<a href="#cite_note-McTague_1-105">[105]</a></li> <li>10 October: From the <a href="/wiki/Despatch_box#British_parliamentary_boxes" title="Despatch box">despatch box</a> in the House of Commons, Davis gives a speech to MPs assuring them that there would be "only a considerable upside" to Brexit, and that there would not be a downside.<a href="#cite_note-Parker_1-106">[106]</a></li> <li>2 November: The <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a> selects Brexit as the <a href="/wiki/Word_of_the_year#Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Word of the year">word of the year</a> for 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Flood-107">[107]</a></li> <li>3 November: In the Miller case, a panel of three judges in the High Court find in the claimants' favour, and rules that the prime minister cannot decide to trigger Article 50 without a vote in Parliament first. The government indicates that it will appeal the decision at the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Murkens-108">[108]</a></li> <li>4 November: Writing for the pro-Brexit newspaper the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a>, political editor <a href="/wiki/James_Slack" title="James Slack">James Slack</a> calls the three judges "<a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_People_(headline)" title="Enemies of the People (headline)">enemies of the people</a>" in an article on the High Court's ruling. Slack's article draws more than 1,000 complaints to the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Press_Standards_Organisation" title="Independent Press Standards Organisation">Independent Press Standards Organisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jankowicz-109">[109]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beyond_Brexit-_A_Global_Britain_(31226228132).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Beyond_Brexit-_A_Global_Britain_%2831226228132%29.jpg/220px-Beyond_Brexit-_A_Global_Britain_%2831226228132%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Beyond_Brexit-_A_Global_Britain_%2831226228132%29.jpg/330px-Beyond_Brexit-_A_Global_Britain_%2831226228132%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Beyond_Brexit-_A_Global_Britain_%2831226228132%29.jpg/440px-Beyond_Brexit-_A_Global_Britain_%2831226228132%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, who supported <a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a> during the referendum, speaking at <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a> on 2 December 2016<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_22-110">[110]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>2 December: At Chatham House, Johnson gives his first policy speech as foreign secretary, in which he sets out his vision for the UK after Brexit. He states that, after leaving the EU, the UK will not obstruct closer European defence co-operation.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_22-110">[110]</a></li> <li>5–8 December: The Supreme Court convenes to hear the government's appeal against the High Court ruling. For the first time in the history of the court, all 11 judges sit <a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a> to hear the case.<a href="#cite_note-Holden-111">[111]</a></li> <li>7 December: The House of Commons votes on a motion brought by the Labour Party committing the government to publishing its Brexit plan before it invokes Article 50, and also on an amendment added by May for Article 50 to be invoked before the end of March 2017. MPs vote by 461 to 89 in favour of May's amendment, and by 448 to 75 in favour of the amended motion.<a href="#cite_note-Johnston-112">[112]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017">2017</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2017">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>3 January: Urging in his resignation email for civil servants to challenge "ill-founded arguments and muddled thinking", <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Rogers" title="Ivan Rogers">Ivan Rogers</a> steps down from his role as <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Union" title="Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the European Union">Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elgot_2-113">[113]</a></li> <li>4 January: May appoints career diplomat <a href="/wiki/Tim_Barrow" title="Tim Barrow">Tim Barrow</a> to replace Rogers.<a href="#cite_note-Wintour_4-114">[114]</a></li> <li>17 January: In a speech at <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House" title="Lancaster House">Lancaster House</a> in Westminster, May lays out her "Plan for Britain" following Brexit, including 12 negotiating priorities.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-115">[115]</a> She rules out remaining in the single market or customs union.<a href="#cite_note-Henley_1-116">[116]</a></li> <li>24 January: By a majority of 8 judges to 3, the Supreme Court dismiss the government's appeal of the Miller case, and rule that a vote in Parliament is required before Article 50 can be invoked.<a href="#cite_note-Bowcott-117">[117]</a></li> <li>26 January: In Parliament, Davis introduces the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Notification_of_Withdrawal)_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Bill">European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Bill</a>, a 137-word bill that can give May the power to formally begin the Brexit process by triggering Article 50. Corbyn says that he will instruct Labour MPs to support it.<a href="#cite_note-King-118">[118]</a></li> <li>1 February: The bill passes its second reading in the House of Commons by 498 votes in favour to 114 against.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_23-119">[119]</a></li> <li>2 February: The government publishes its <a href="/wiki/Brexit_plan" title="Brexit plan">Brexit plan</a> in a <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a>, setting out its strategy for exiting the EU.<a href="#cite_note-Henley_2-120">[120]</a></li> <li>16 March: The bill receives royal assent and becomes the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Notification_of_Withdrawal)_Act_2017" title="European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017">European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UK_Parliament_3-121">[121]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister%E2%80%99s_letter_to_Donald_Tusk_triggering_Article_50.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Prime_Minister%E2%80%99s_letter_to_Donald_Tusk_triggering_Article_50.pdf/page1-170px-Prime_Minister%E2%80%99s_letter_to_Donald_Tusk_triggering_Article_50.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Prime_Minister%E2%80%99s_letter_to_Donald_Tusk_triggering_Article_50.pdf/page1-255px-Prime_Minister%E2%80%99s_letter_to_Donald_Tusk_triggering_Article_50.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Prime_Minister%E2%80%99s_letter_to_Donald_Tusk_triggering_Article_50.pdf/page1-340px-Prime_Minister%E2%80%99s_letter_to_Donald_Tusk_triggering_Article_50.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a>'s letter to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">invoking Article 50</a> and indicating the UK's intention to leave the EU</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>29 March: In Brussels, Barrow hand delivers a letter from May to Tusk that <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">officially invokes Article 50</a>. A two-year negotiating process begins, with the UK due to leave the EU on 29 March 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Asthana-122">[122]</a> Speaking at a press conference immediately afterwards, Tusk says that there is "no reason to pretend that this is a happy day".<a href="#cite_note-ITV_2-123">[123]</a></li> <li>30 March: The government publishes the "Great Repeal Bill" white paper, laying out its plans for legislating on Brexit, including transferring EU regulations into UK legislation.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_1-124">[124]</a></li> <li>18 April: After chairing a meeting of her cabinet, May announces her intention to call a <a href="/wiki/Snap_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap general election">snap general election</a> on 8 June.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_24-125">[125]</a></li> <li>19 April: In the House of Commons, MPs pass a motion for an early general election, providing the legal framework for one to be held on 8 June.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_25-126">[126]</a></li> <li>16 May: The Labour Party launches its manifesto for the election, which includes accepting the referendum result.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_26-127">[127]</a></li> <li>18 May: The Conservatives publish their manifesto. The document repeats May's earlier commitment that the UK "will no longer be members of the single market or customs union",<a href="#cite_note-Blitz_1-128">[128]</a> and proposes new changes to social care: in the <a href="/wiki/Means_test" title="Means test">means test</a> for receiving free care in their own home, a person's property would be included as well as their savings and income.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_27-129">[129]</a></li> <li>22 May: Following a backlash to the proposed reforms, May announces an "absolute limit" on the amount of money that a person would have to pay for social care.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_28-130">[130]</a></li> <li>8 June: The <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> is held, with 32,204,184 votes being cast for a turnout of 68.7%.<a href="#cite_note-House_of_Commons_Library_1-131">[131]</a> The Conservatives win 318 seats in total, a net loss of 13. Although still the largest party in the House of Commons, they no longer have a parliamentary majority, resulting in a hung parliament.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_1-132">[132]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theresa_May_and_FM_Arlene_Foster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photograph of Arlene Foster and Theresa May standing together outside Stormont Castle in June 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Theresa_May_and_FM_Arlene_Foster.jpg/220px-Theresa_May_and_FM_Arlene_Foster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Theresa_May_and_FM_Arlene_Foster.jpg/330px-Theresa_May_and_FM_Arlene_Foster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Theresa_May_and_FM_Arlene_Foster.jpg/440px-Theresa_May_and_FM_Arlene_Foster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>In June 2017, <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> (right) signalled her intention to enter into a confidence-and-supply arrangement with <a href="/wiki/Arlene_Foster" title="Arlene Foster">Arlene Foster</a> (left) of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>9 June: As leader of the largest party in the Commons, May is invited by the Queen to form a new government. She signals her intention to enter into a confidence-and-supply arrangement with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a> (DUP) of Northern Ireland, led by <a href="/wiki/Arlene_Foster" title="Arlene Foster">Arlene Foster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Woodcock-133">[133]</a></li> <li>19 June: Davis travels to Brussels for the first round of Brexit negotiations with Barnier.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_29-134">[134]</a></li> <li>21 June: In the Queen's Speech, eight bills that prepare the UK for Brexit are announced.<a href="#cite_note-Merrick_1-135">[135]</a></li> <li>26 June: The <a href="/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93DUP_agreement" title="Conservative–DUP agreement">Conservative–DUP agreement</a> is finalised, with the DUP agreeing to support the Conservatives on legislation relating to security and Brexit.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_30-136">[136]</a></li> <li>13 July: In Parliament, the government introduces the Great Repeal Bill (now called the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Bill">European Union (Withdrawal) Bill</a>) to the House of Commons.<a href="#cite_note-UK_Parliament_4-137">[137]</a></li> <li>27 July: Rudd commissions the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Advisory_Committee" title="Migration Advisory Committee">Migration Advisory Committee</a> to produce a report analysing the social and economic contributions and costs of EU citizens in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-Elgot_5-138">[138]</a></li> <li>22 September: May delivers a speech from <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. She proposes a two-year "transition" period after Brexit, during which the current arrangements for market access will continue to apply.<a href="#cite_note-Henley_3-139">[139]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_Brexit_protest_for_Conservative_conference,_October_1,_2017_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Manchester_Brexit_protest_for_Conservative_conference%2C_October_1%2C_2017_20.jpg/220px-Manchester_Brexit_protest_for_Conservative_conference%2C_October_1%2C_2017_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Manchester_Brexit_protest_for_Conservative_conference%2C_October_1%2C_2017_20.jpg/330px-Manchester_Brexit_protest_for_Conservative_conference%2C_October_1%2C_2017_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Manchester_Brexit_protest_for_Conservative_conference%2C_October_1%2C_2017_20.jpg/440px-Manchester_Brexit_protest_for_Conservative_conference%2C_October_1%2C_2017_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4504" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption>An anti-Brexit protest in Manchester on 1 October 2017<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_57-140">[140]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1 October: An anti-Brexit march takes place outside the Conservative Party Conference in Manchester. Speeches are delivered by <a href="/wiki/Vince_Cable" title="Vince Cable">Vince Cable</a>, the leader of the Liberal Democrats, and the Conservative politician <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dorrell" title="Stephen Dorrell">Stephen Dorrell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_57-140">[140]</a></li> <li>8 December: The EU and UK publish a joint report on the progress made during the first round of negotiations,<a href="#cite_note-Huberty-141">[141]</a> allowing them to move talks to the next stage.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_31-142">[142]</a></li> <li>13 December: In the House of Commons, MPs vote on an amendment to the European Union (Withdrawal) Bill tabled by the MP <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Grieve" title="Dominic Grieve">Dominic Grieve</a>, which seeks to secure a "<a href="/wiki/Meaningful_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaningful vote">meaningful vote</a>" on any withdrawal agreement. Eleven Conservative MPs vote in favour of the amendment, which passes by 309 votes to 305. It is May's first Commons defeat over Brexit legislation.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart_1-143">[143]</a></li> <li>15 December: The EU announces that "sufficient progress" has been made in the first phase of Brexit negotiations, and that talks can proceed to the second phase.<a href="#cite_note-Randerson-144">[144]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018">2018</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2018">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>17 February: Speaking at the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Security_Conference" title="Munich Security Conference">Munich Security Conference</a>, May calls for continued co-operation on security after Brexit.<a href="#cite_note-Bennhold-145">[145]</a></li> <li>20 February: Davis delivers a speech in Vienna, in which he pledges that Britain will keep co-operating with EU regulatory authorities in order to ensure a "future economic partnership".<a href="#cite_note-Islam-146">[146]</a></li> <li>26 February: In a speech at <a href="/wiki/Coventry_University" title="Coventry University">Coventry University</a>, Corbyn confirms that Labour will support a customs union with the EU, and that his party will directly oppose May's refusal to enter one.<a href="#cite_note-Cooper_1-147">[147]</a></li> <li>28 February: The European Commission publish a 118-page proposed Brexit withdrawal agreement, which translates the joint report published on 8 December 2017 into a draft legal text. Speaking at <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Questions" title="Prime Minister's Questions">Prime Minister's Questions</a>, May says that the Commission's proposed agreement would "undermine the UK common market".<a href="#cite_note-Crisp_1-148">[148]</a></li> <li>2 March: May gives a speech at <a href="/wiki/Mansion_House,_London" title="Mansion House, London">Mansion House, London</a>, repeating that Britain will leave the single market and the customs union, and that the jurisdiction of the ECJ in the UK would end. Barnier welcomes this "clarity".<a href="#cite_note-Allegretti_1-149">[149]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Davis_and_Michel_Barnier_Speech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/David_Davis_and_Michel_Barnier_Speech.jpg/220px-David_Davis_and_Michel_Barnier_Speech.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/David_Davis_and_Michel_Barnier_Speech.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">David Davis</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a> (right) announcing a "broad agreement" on the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Brexit withdrawal agreement</a> on 2 March 2018<a href="#cite_note-Radosavljevic-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>19 March: In Brussels, Davis and Barnier announce that they have reached a "broad agreement" of the withdrawal agreement, and that a "large part" of it has been agreed.<a href="#cite_note-Radosavljevic-1">[1]</a> A draft version of the agreement is published.<a href="#cite_note-ITV_3-150">[150]</a></li> <li>16 May: The European Union (Withdrawal) Bill enters its third reading at the House of Lords.<a href="#cite_note-UK_Parliament_4-137">[137]</a> The Lords propose 15 amendments to the bill.<a href="#cite_note-Jersey_Evening_Post_1-151">[151]</a></li> <li>28 June: The bill is granted royal assent and becomes the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2018" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018">European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UK_Parliament_4-137">[137]</a></li> <li>6 July: May chairs a meeting of her cabinet at <a href="/wiki/Chequers" title="Chequers">Chequers</a>, the prime minister's country residence, to discuss and agree on a collective approach for future negotiations on Brexit. The agreement becomes known as the <a href="/wiki/Chequers_plan" title="Chequers plan">Chequers plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_2-152">[152]</a></li> <li>9 July: <ul><li>Davis resigns as Brexit secretary, followed by his deputy <a href="/wiki/Steve_Baker_(politician)" title="Steve Baker (politician)">Steve Baker</a>. In his resignation letter, Davis criticises the Chequers plan, saying that it is "certainly not returning control of our laws in any real sense".<a href="#cite_note-Stewart_2-153">[153]</a> May appoints <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Dominic Raab</a> to replace him.<a href="#cite_note-Sabbagh-154">[154]</a></li> <li>Johnson resigns as foreign secretary, stating in his letter than the Chequers plan "sticks in the throat".<a href="#cite_note-Stewart_3-155">[155]</a> He is replaced by <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-France_24_2-156">[156]</a></li></ul></li> <li>20 July: As part of a two-day visit to Northern Ireland, May delivers a speech in Belfast calling for a new deal with the EU on the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-France_24_3-157">[157]</a></li> <li>24 July: The government publishes a white paper on how the withdrawal agreement will be put into law.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_32-158">[158]</a></li> <li>23 August: Raab releases 25 "technical notices", which detail how individuals and businesses can prepare in the event that the UK leaves the EU without the withdrawal agreement being approved by both sides (known as a "<a href="/wiki/No-deal_Brexit" title="No-deal Brexit">no-deal Brexit</a>").<a href="#cite_note-Young-159">[159]</a></li> <li>19–20 September: Following a European Council meeting in <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, Tusk warns in a statement that the Chequers plan will not work as it "risks undermining the single market".<a href="#cite_note-ITV_4-160">[160]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammond_ready_for_2018_Autumn_Budget.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hammond_ready_for_2018_Autumn_Budget.jpg/220px-Hammond_ready_for_2018_Autumn_Budget.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hammond_ready_for_2018_Autumn_Budget.jpg/330px-Hammond_ready_for_2018_Autumn_Budget.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hammond_ready_for_2018_Autumn_Budget.jpg/440px-Hammond_ready_for_2018_Autumn_Budget.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Philip Hammond</a> holding up the <a href="/wiki/Budget_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget box">budget box</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street" title="Downing Street">Downing Street</a> before delivering the <a href="/wiki/2018_United_Kingdom_budget" title="2018 United Kingdom budget">2018 budget</a> on 29 October<a href="#cite_note-Blitz_2-161">[161]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>29 October: In the <a href="/wiki/2018_United_Kingdom_budget" title="2018 United Kingdom budget">2018 budget</a>, Hammond increases spending on preparations for Brexit by an additional £500 million.<a href="#cite_note-Blitz_2-161">[161]</a></li> <li>13 November: Using a <a href="/wiki/Humble_address" title="Humble address">humble address</a>, Labour tables a motion to force the government to publish the legal advice it has received on the withdrawal agreement before a Brexit deal is put to Parliament. After the DUP comes out in favour of the motion, ministers order Conservative MPs to abstain from voting on it, and it subsequently passes without a vote.<a href="#cite_note-Elgot_3-162">[162]</a></li> <li>14 November: The EU and UK negotiating teams agree on the draft text of the withdrawal agreement, which is published as a 585-page document.<a href="#cite_note-Henley_4-163">[163]</a></li> <li>15 November: Four ministers, including Raab, resign from the government. Raab writes in his resignation letter that he "cannot in good conscience" support the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-Sky_News_2-164">[164]</a></li> <li>16 November: May appoints <a href="/wiki/Steve_Barclay" title="Steve Barclay">Steve Barclay</a> as the new Brexit secretary.<a href="#cite_note-Dickson_1-165">[165]</a></li> <li>25 November: EU leaders officially endorse the withdrawal agreement, with Juncker saying that it is "the best deal possible" and "the only deal possible".<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_14-166">[166]</a></li> <li>4 December: Five days of parliamentary debate on Brexit (scheduled for 4–6 and 10–11 December) begin.<a href="#cite_note-Sloat_1-167">[167]</a></li> <li>10 December: On the penultimate day of debate, May gives a statement to the House of Commons, stating that Parliament's first meaningful vote on the deal—scheduled for the following day—will be postponed so that she can seek "further assurances" from the EU.<a href="#cite_note-Dickson_2-168">[168]</a> In a post on Twitter, Corbyn calls this a "desperate step".<a href="#cite_note-Mcilkenny-169">[169]</a></li> <li>12 December: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Brady" title="Graham Brady">Graham Brady</a>, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/1922_Committee" title="1922 Committee">1922 Committee</a>, announces that he has received letters of no confidence in May from at least 48 Conservatives MPs, exceeding the threshold of 15% of all Conservative MPs. He declares that a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a> in May's leadership will be held between 18:00 and 20:00 that evening.<a href="#cite_note-Merrick_2-170">[170]</a></li> <li>The confidence vote is held, with May winning by 200 to 117.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_33-171">[171]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019">2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2019">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>9 January: <ul><li>The House of Commons begins a second five-day period of parliamentary debate on Brexit.<a href="#cite_note-Gibraltar_Chronicle_1-172">[172]</a></li> <li>Grieve tables an amendment to a business motion saying that, if May loses the vote on her withdrawal agreement, she must return to the Commons with a new plan for Brexit within three working days, rather than the 21 days plus seven sitting days normally permitted.<a href="#cite_note-Buchan-173">[173]</a> Grieve's amendment passes by 308 votes to 297.<a href="#cite_note-Holyrood_1-174">[174]</a></li></ul></li> <li>15 January: <ul><li>The first meaningful vote on the withdrawal agreement is held in the House of Commons. The government is defeated by 432 votes against to 202 in favour. With a margin of 230, it is the largest defeat of any government in the House of Commons.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart_4-175">[175]</a></li> <li>Corbyn describes the defeat as "catastrophic", and tables a <a href="/wiki/2019_vote_of_confidence_in_the_May_ministry" title="2019 vote of confidence in the May ministry">vote of confidence in the government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart_4-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_34-176">[176]</a></li></ul></li> <li>16 January: MPs vote in the confidence ballot brought by Corbyn. The DUP vote with the government, which wins by 325 to 306.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_35-177">[177]</a></li> <li>21 January: <ul><li>May delivers a statement to the House of Commons on her government's approach to Brexit following the parliamentary defeat.<a href="#cite_note-Elbaum-178">[178]</a></li> <li>Speaking on the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a> documentary series <a href="/wiki/Inside_Europe:_Ten_Years_of_Turmoil" title="Inside Europe: Ten Years of Turmoil">Inside Europe: Ten Years of Turmoil</a>, Tusk claims that Cameron did not think he would need to hold the EU referendum, as he expected that, after the 2015 general election, he would enter into another coalition government with the Liberal Democrats, who would then block the poll.<a href="#cite_note-Simons-179">[179]</a> Tusk's claims are rejected on Twitter by <a href="/wiki/Craig_Oliver_(British_journalist)" title="Craig Oliver (British journalist)">Craig Oliver</a>, Cameron's former <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Director_of_Communications" title="Downing Street Director of Communications">Downing Street Director of Communications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boffey_1-180">[180]</a></li></ul></li> <li>29 January: The government tables a motion on its Brexit plans to the House of Commons, which votes on seven amendments to May's statement. Two amendments—one brought by Brady; the other by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Spelman" title="Caroline Spelman">Caroline Spelman</a>—are passed.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_3-181">[181]</a></li> <li>11 March: May travels to <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> for a meeting on the withdrawal agreement with Juncker and Barnier. In a statement afterwards, she says that she has secured "legally binding" changes that "strengthen and improve" the Brexit deal.<a href="#cite_note-Connolly-182">[182]</a></li> <li>12 March: The House of Commons holds the second meaningful vote on the deal. MPs again reject the deal, this time by 391 votes against to 242 in favour, a majority of 149.<a href="#cite_note-Rayner_1-183">[183]</a></li> <li>13 March: Spelman's amendment to the government's Brexit plans—that the UK must not leave the EU without a deal—is debated by the House of Commons. MPs vote in favour of the amendment, thereby rejecting a no-deal Brexit, by 312 to 308.<a href="#cite_note-Chaplain_2-184">[184]</a></li> <li>14 March: With the UK set to leave the EU on 29 March without a deal in place, MPs vote on an amended motion on whether Article 50 should be extended beyond 29 March. By 413 votes to 202, the motion passes.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart_5-185">[185]</a></li> <li>18 March: Citing a convention dating back to 1604, <a href="/wiki/John_Bercow" title="John Bercow">John Bercow</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">speaker of the House of Commons</a>, rules that the government cannot present the withdrawal agreement for a third meaningful vote without substantial changes to it first.<a href="#cite_note-Booth-186">[186]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister%27s_letter_to_President_Tusk_-_20_March_2019.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Prime_Minister%27s_letter_to_President_Tusk_-_20_March_2019.pdf/page1-170px-Prime_Minister%27s_letter_to_President_Tusk_-_20_March_2019.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Prime_Minister%27s_letter_to_President_Tusk_-_20_March_2019.pdf/page1-255px-Prime_Minister%27s_letter_to_President_Tusk_-_20_March_2019.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Prime_Minister%27s_letter_to_President_Tusk_-_20_March_2019.pdf/page1-340px-Prime_Minister%27s_letter_to_President_Tusk_-_20_March_2019.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a>'s letter to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a>, requesting the first extension of the Article 50 period</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>20 March: May writes a letter to Tusk, requesting an extension of the Article 50 period until 30 June 2019.<a href="#cite_note-ITV_5-187">[187]</a></li> <li>21 March: The European Council agree that the Article 50 period can be extended to 22 May if Parliament votes to accept the withdrawal agreement, but only to 12 April otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-LBC_1-188">[188]</a></li> <li>23 March: A march organised by the group <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vote" title="People's Vote">People's Vote</a>—who are campaigning for another referendum on Brexit—takes place in London.<a href="#cite_note-Forrest-189">[189]</a> Researchers at <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan University</a> estimate the number in attendance to be between 312,000 and 400,000.<a href="#cite_note-Stokel-Walker-190">[190]</a></li> <li>27 March: <ul><li>Bercow selects eight Brexit plans from MPs that might win the support of the majority of the House of Commons. MPs debate and vote on all eight options in a series of "<a href="/wiki/Indicative_votes" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative votes">indicative votes</a>", but each one is rejected by the House.<a href="#cite_note-Maidment-191">[191]</a></li> <li>Speaking to the 1922 Committee, May promises to resign as Conservative leader and prime minister if MPs pass the withdrawal agreement.<a href="#cite_note-McTague_2-192">[192]</a></li></ul></li> <li>29 March: <ul><li>This is the day that the Article 50 period was originally planned to end and Brexit would take place.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_41-193">[193]</a></li> <li>Parliament votes for a third time on the Brexit deal. This time, the deal is rejected by 344 votes against to 286 in favour.<a href="#cite_note-Pickard-194">[194]</a></li></ul></li> <li>1 April: Bercow selects another four possible Brexit plans from MPs, which are then debated and voted on. All four are defeated.<a href="#cite_note-Mance-195">[195]</a></li> <li>2 April: In a televised address from 10 Downing Street, May reveals that she will ask for a further extension to Article 50, and offers to meet with Corbyn to get a deal through Parliament. Corbyn welcomes her attempt to "reach out".<a href="#cite_note-Cooper_2-196">[196]</a></li> <li>5 April: May writes to Tusk and requests that Brexit be delayed until 30 June.<a href="#cite_note-Gibraltar_Chronicle_2-197">[197]</a></li> <li>10 April: The European Council meet, and agree that the Article 50 period be extended to 31 October 2019, or the first day of the month after a withdrawal agreement is agreed by both the UK and the EU. The EU leaders stress that, if the UK is still a member between 23 and 26 May, then it will have to hold <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">elections to the European Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-European_Council_3-198">[198]</a></li> <li>7 May: With the bipartisan talks between the Conservatives and Labour having not yet reached an agreement, <a href="/wiki/David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">David Lidington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_the_Cabinet_Office" title="Minister for the Cabinet Office">minister for the Cabinet Office</a>, confirms that Britain will participate in the European Parliament elections.<a href="#cite_note-Holyrood_2-199">[199]</a></li> <li>17 May: Talks between the Conservatives and Labour break down without an agreement, as Labour withdraws from them.<a href="#cite_note-France_24_4-200">[200]</a></li> <li>21 May: May unveils a new withdrawal agreement: a package of 10 commitments aimed at reaching a compromise in Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-ITV_6-201">[201]</a></li> <li>23 May: The UK holds elections to the European Parliament. At 37.2%, turnout is the second-highest in any European election in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Sloat_2-202">[202]</a> The Conservatives lose 15 seats with a vote share of 9.1%,<a href="#cite_note-Clarke-203">[203]</a> making it their worst result in a national election since 1832.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-204">[204]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theresa_May_declares_resignation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Theresa_May_declares_resignation.jpg/220px-Theresa_May_declares_resignation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Theresa_May_declares_resignation.jpg/330px-Theresa_May_declares_resignation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Theresa_May_declares_resignation.jpg/440px-Theresa_May_declares_resignation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>May declaring her resignation as prime minister on 24 May 2019<a href="#cite_note-Langfitt-205">[205]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>24 May: May announces that she will resign as prime minister and leader of the Conservative Party, effective 7 June, and that she will continue as <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_prime_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Caretaker prime minister">caretaker prime minister</a> until a new leader is chosen.<a href="#cite_note-Langfitt-205">[205]</a></li> <li>31 May: An opinion poll of voting intentions by the market research firm <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> puts the Liberal Democrats in first place with 24%.<a href="#cite_note-Read-206">[206]</a> It is the first time in nine years that such a poll has not been topped by either the Conservatives or Labour.<a href="#cite_note-Schofield_1-207">[207]</a></li> <li>7 June: Nominations open at 10:00 in the leadership election to replace May. They close again at 17:00, with ten candidates—including Johnson, Hunt, Gove, Raab and Leadsom—having received enough endorsements to be placed on the first ballot.<a href="#cite_note-Dickson_3-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_2-209">[209]</a></li> <li>20 June: Johnson and Hunt are the only two remaining candidates in the contest, with the rest having either been eliminated or withdrawn. The winner is set to be selected in a ballot by members of the Conservative Party.<a href="#cite_note-Rayner_2-210">[210]</a></li> <li>2 July: EU leaders elect <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Charles Michel</a> as the new president of the European Council, replacing Tusk.<a href="#cite_note-Jersey_Evening_Post_2-211">[211]</a></li> <li>16 July: <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> is elected the new president of the European Commission. She replaces Juncker.<a href="#cite_note-Boffey_2-212">[212]</a></li> <li>18 July: MPs approve, with a majority of 41, an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_(Executive_Formation_etc)_Act_2019" title="Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019">Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019</a> that blocks <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prorogation in the United Kingdom">suspension of Parliament</a> between 9 October and 18 December, unless a new <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Northern Ireland Executive</a> is formed.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_42-213">[213]</a></li> <li>23 July: The result of ballot of Conservative Party members is announced at the Queen Elizabeth II Centre. With 92,153 votes to Hunt's 46,656, Johnson is elected the new leader of the party.<a href="#cite_note-Yahoo-214">[214]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_PM_Johnson_enters_Number_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/New_PM_Johnson_enters_Number_10.jpg/220px-New_PM_Johnson_enters_Number_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/New_PM_Johnson_enters_Number_10.jpg/330px-New_PM_Johnson_enters_Number_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/New_PM_Johnson_enters_Number_10.jpg/440px-New_PM_Johnson_enters_Number_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Johnson entering 10 Downing Street for the first time as prime minister on 24 July 2019<a href="#cite_note-Reals-215">[215]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>24 July: <ul><li>May offers her resignation to the Queen, and recommends that she invite Johnson to form a new government.<a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press_1-216">[216]</a></li> <li>The Queen asks Johnson to form a government in her name, and he officially becomes prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-Reals-215">[215]</a></li></ul></li> <li>25 July: Johnson appoints <a href="/wiki/First_Johnson_ministry#Cabinet" title="First Johnson ministry">his cabinet</a>. Barclay remains as Brexit secretary, while Raab becomes foreign secretary.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_43-217">[217]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barclay_signed_the_1972_Brussels_Act.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Barclay_signed_the_1972_Brussels_Act.jpg/220px-Barclay_signed_the_1972_Brussels_Act.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Barclay_signed_the_1972_Brussels_Act.jpg/330px-Barclay_signed_the_1972_Brussels_Act.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Barclay_signed_the_1972_Brussels_Act.jpg/440px-Barclay_signed_the_1972_Brussels_Act.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steve_Barclay" title="Steve Barclay">Steve Barclay</a> signing an order to repeal the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(UK)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (UK)">European Communities Act 1972</a> on 18 August 2019<a href="#cite_note-GBC-218">[218]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>18 August: Barclay signs an order to repeal the European Communities Act 1972, ending all EU laws in the country when Britain leaves the union. Speaking afterwards, he describes the signing as a "landmark moment".<a href="#cite_note-GBC-218">[218]</a></li> <li>28 August: Johnson asks the Queen to prorogue Parliament, suspending parliamentary business from 9 September to 14 October.<a href="#cite_note-Elgot_4-219">[219]</a> The Queen approves this timetable at a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy Council</a> at <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_44-220">[220]</a></li> <li>2 September: In response to the prorogation, <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Benn" title="Hilary Benn">Hilary Benn</a> publishes a draft text of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._6)_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 6) Bill">European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 6) Bill</a>, which will legislate that, if a withdrawal agreement is not passed by Parliament by 19 October, then the prime minister must seek an extension to the Article 50 period to 31 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Craig,_Robert-221">[221]</a></li> <li>3 September: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Lee_(politician)" title="Phillip Lee (politician)">Phillip Lee</a>, a Conservative MP, <a href="/wiki/Crosses_the_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosses the floor">crosses the floor</a> to join the Liberal Democrats. In doing so, Johnson loses his majority in the House of Commons.<a href="#cite_note-Merrick_3-222">[222]</a></li> <li>Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Letwin" title="Oliver Letwin">Oliver Letwin</a> tables a motion for Benn's bill to be passed through each stage of the House of Commons the following day. The motion passes by 328 to 301, with 21 Conservative MPs voting to support it.<a href="#cite_note-Walker_4-223">[223]</a></li></ul></li> <li>4 September: <ul><li>Conservative <a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip" title="Chief Whip">Chief Whip</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Spencer_(British_politician)" title="Mark Spencer (British politician)">Mark Spencer</a> phones the 21 MPs who voted in favour of Letwin's motion to <a href="/wiki/2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs" title="2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs">suspend them from the Conservative Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morrison-224">[224]</a> Johnson now has a majority of minus 43.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-225">[225]</a></li> <li>The European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 6) Bill passes all its stages in the House of Commons. In its third reading, MPs vote in its favour by 327 to 299.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_45-226">[226]</a></li></ul></li> <li>5 September: Answering a question during a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Q_and_A#Noun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Q and A">Q&A</a> at a police training college in <a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a>, Johnson asserts that he would rather be "dead in a ditch" than request another extension to the Article 50 period.<a href="#cite_note-Schofield_2-227">[227]</a></li> <li>6 September: A panel of three senior judges in the High Court in England reject an appeal brought by Miller against the prorogation, <a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_The_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="R (Miller) v The Prime Minister">R (Miller) v The Prime Minister</a>, and rule that the decision is not justiciable, i.e., it is a political question rather than a legal one. The court therefore declines to intervene.<a href="#cite_note-Brenncke-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cameron,_David_R.-229">[229]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bercow_Announces_Retirement_(B).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bercow_Announces_Retirement_%28B%29.jpg/220px-Bercow_Announces_Retirement_%28B%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bercow_Announces_Retirement_%28B%29.jpg/330px-Bercow_Announces_Retirement_%28B%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bercow_Announces_Retirement_%28B%29.jpg/440px-Bercow_Announces_Retirement_%28B%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Bercow" title="John Bercow">John Bercow</a> announcing his resignation as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">speaker of the House of Commons</a> on 9 September 2019<a href="#cite_note-Cowburn_2-230">[230]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>9 September: <ul><li>Benn's bill achieves royal assent and becomes the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UK_Parliament_5-231">[231]</a></li> <li>Bercow announces his intention to resign as speaker of the house either before or on 31 October, the day that Britain is due to leave the EU.<a href="#cite_note-Cowburn_2-230">[230]</a></li> <li>On the advice of Johnson, the Queen <a href="/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 British prorogation controversy">prorogues</a> Parliament until the Queen's Speech on 14 October.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_46-232">[232]</a></li></ul></li> <li>11 September: In the case of <a href="/wiki/Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland">Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland</a>, appeal court judges in Scotland rule that Johnson's decision to prorogue Parliament is unlawful. The government say that they are disappointed in the decision, and will appeal it in the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-Fouzder-233">[233]</a></li> <li>24 September: The Supreme Court delivers its verdict on the Miller and the Cherry cases. Sitting en banc for only the second time in the court's history, the judges unanimously reverse the High Court's decision, saying that Johnson's decision is justiciable. They also rule that the prorogation was "unlawful, null and of no effect", i.e., Parliament was never prorogued.<a href="#cite_note-Cameron,_David_R.-229">[229]</a></li> <li>25 September: Following the Supreme Court's verdict, MPs are recalled to the House of Commons.<a href="#cite_note-Kottasová-234">[234]</a></li> <li>3 October: In the House of Commons, Johnson gives a statement on his proposals for a new withdrawal agreement.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-235">[235]</a></li> <li>8 October: In anticipation of the UK leaving the EU without an agreement, the government publishes the "No-Deal Readiness Report", outlining its plans for a no-deal Brexit.<a href="#cite_note-Lovegrove-236">[236]</a></li> <li>10 October: After three hours of discussion at <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Manor" title="Thornton Manor">Thornton Manor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, Johnson and Irish <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Varadkar" title="Leo Varadkar">Leo Varadkar</a> release a joint statement agreeing on "a pathway to a possible deal".<a href="#cite_note-Staunton-237">[237]</a></li> <li>14 October: Parliament returns for the Queen's Speech, which includes seven Brexit-related bills.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_47-238">[238]</a></li> <li>17 October: The UK and European Commission agree on a revised withdrawal agreement containing a new <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">protocol on Northern Ireland</a>. Juncker recommends to EU leaders that the deal is endorsed.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_3-239">[239]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Commons_debating_Brexit_deal_-_19_October_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/House_of_Commons_debating_Brexit_deal_-_19_October_2019.jpg/220px-House_of_Commons_debating_Brexit_deal_-_19_October_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/House_of_Commons_debating_Brexit_deal_-_19_October_2019.jpg/330px-House_of_Commons_debating_Brexit_deal_-_19_October_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/House_of_Commons_debating_Brexit_deal_-_19_October_2019.jpg/440px-House_of_Commons_debating_Brexit_deal_-_19_October_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>MPs debate the renegotiated Brexit deal in a rare Saturday sitting on 19 October 2019<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_48-240">[240]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>19 October: <ul><li>MPs debate the new Brexit deal in a rare Saturday sitting in the House of Commons. To insure against Britain leaving the EU before the withdrawal agreement is ratified, Letwin tables a motion to delay consideration of the agreement until the legislation to implement it has been passed.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_48-240">[240]</a> Letwin's amendment passes by 322 votes in favour to 306 against, requiring Johnson, under the Benn Act, to request another extension to the Article 50 period.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart_6-241">[241]</a></li> <li>Johnson sends two letters to Tusk: an unsigned official request to delay Brexit until 31 January 2020, and a signed personal letter explaining his opposition to the delay.<a href="#cite_note-Mason_3-242">[242]</a></li></ul></li> <li>21 October: Bercow refuses a request from the government for a new vote on the withdrawal proposal, applying the convention that a motion that is the same "in substance" as an earlier one cannot be brought back during the course of a single parliamentary session.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_49-243">[243]</a></li> <li>22 October: Speaking in the House of Commons, Johnson announces that the government will pause legislation related to the Brexit deal and will instead "accelerate" preparations for a no-deal Brexit.<a href="#cite_note-Ward-244">[244]</a></li> <li>24 October: Johnson asks Corbyn in a letter to support a government motion for an early general election on 12 December. Corbyn insists that he would not support a general election until the possibility of a no-deal Brexit is removed first.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_50-245">[245]</a></li> <li>28 October: <ul><li>Tusk confirms in a post on Twitter that the leaders of the EU nations have agreed to delay Brexit until 31 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_4-246">[246]</a></li> <li>In the House of Commons, the government motion for an early general election on 12 December. Conservative MPs vote in favour, but Labour abstain, and the motion receives only 299 votes, fewer than the two-thirds threshold required under the <a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act_2011" title="Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011">Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011</a> (434 votes).<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_51-247">[247]</a></li></ul></li> <li>29 October: The government introduces the <a href="/wiki/Early_Parliamentary_General_Election_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Parliamentary General Election Bill">Early Parliamentary General Election Bill</a> to set aside the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 and hold a general election on 12 December. MPs vote in favour of the bill by 438 to 20.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_52-248">[248]</a></li> <li>31 October: The bill is given royal assent and becomes the <a href="/wiki/Early_Parliamentary_General_Election_Act_2019" title="Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019">Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019</a>. A general election will now be held on 12 December.<a href="#cite_note-UK_Parliament_6-249">[249]</a></li> <li>4 November: Replacing Bercow, <a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Hoyle" title="Lindsay Hoyle">Lindsay Hoyle</a> is elected the new speaker of the House of Commons.<a href="#cite_note-Parker_2-250">[250]</a></li> <li>21 November: At an event at <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_University" title="Birmingham City University">Birmingham City University</a>, Corbyn launches Labour's "most radical" manifesto in decades.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart_7-251">[251]</a> On Brexit, the manifesto says that Labour would renegotiate a new Brexit deal by March and then put that deal to the public in a referendum within six months.<a href="#cite_note-LBC_2-252">[252]</a></li> <li>24 November: Johnson unveils the Conservatives' manifesto at the Telford International Centre. He pledges that, if the Conservatives win a majority, he will bring the withdrawal agreement back to Parliament for a vote before Christmas and that the UK will leave the EU by 31 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Courea-253">[253]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revealing_Brexit_documents_(49188329926)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Revealing_Brexit_documents_%2849188329926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Revealing_Brexit_documents_%2849188329926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Revealing_Brexit_documents_%2849188329926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Revealing_Brexit_documents_%2849188329926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Revealing_Brexit_documents_%2849188329926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Revealing_Brexit_documents_%2849188329926%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3528" data-file-height="3248" /></a><figcaption>Corbyn presenting the leaked document from <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> on 6 December 2019<a href="#cite_note-Stewart_8-254">[254]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>6 December: Corbyn accuses Johnson of misrepresenting the impact of his Brexit agreement, as he reveals a leaked document from <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> suggesting that prices will rise and businesses will struggle in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart_8-254">[254]</a></li> <li>11 December: At a <a href="/wiki/Photo_op" title="Photo op">photo op</a> at a catering company in <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>, Johnson removes a pie from an oven as a metaphor for the Conservatives' "oven-ready" Brexit deal.<a href="#cite_note-Settle-255">[255]</a></li> <li>12 December: The <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> is held. A total of 32,014,110 votes are cast for a turnout of 67.3%.<a href="#cite_note-House_of_Commons_Library_2-256">[256]</a> The Conservatives win 365 seats, giving them a majority of 80 in the House of Commons. Labour win 203 seats, a net loss of 59.<a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press_2-257">[257]</a></li> <li>13 December: Following Labour's losses at the election, Corbyn reveals that he will stand down as party leader.<a href="#cite_note-Colson-258">[258]</a></li> <li>20 December: MPs vote in the House of Commons on the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill">European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill</a>, which would ratify the withdrawal agreement into law. With the Conservatives now having an 80-seat majority, the bill passes its second reading by 358 votes in favour to 234 against, setting Britain on course to leave the EU on 31 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart_9-259">[259]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020">2020</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2020">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>8 January: Von der Leyen visits London, and warns at an event that the timeframe to achieve a post-Brexit trade deal is "very, very tight".<a href="#cite_note-Amaro-260">[260]</a></li> <li>9 January: The European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill passes its third reading by 330 votes in favour to 231 against.<a href="#cite_note-ITV_7-261">[261]</a></li> <li>23 January: <ul><li>The bill receives royal assent and becomes the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UK_Parliament_7-262">[262]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Constitutional_Affairs" title="European Parliament Committee on Constitutional Affairs">European Parliament Committee on Constitutional Affairs</a> vote in favour of the withdrawal agreement by 23 votes to 3.<a href="#cite_note-Wishart-263">[263]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg/220px-Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg/330px-Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg/440px-Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption>Johnson signing the withdrawal agreement on 24 January 2020<a href="#cite_note-Proctor-264">[264]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>24 January: Von der Leyen and Michel sign the withdrawal agreement in the EU's <a href="/wiki/Europa_building" title="Europa building">Europa building</a> in Brussels. The document is then delivered in a <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_bag" title="Diplomatic bag">diplomatic bag</a> to Johnson in 10 Downing Street, who also signs it.<a href="#cite_note-Proctor-264">[264]</a></li> <li>27 January: Johnson appoints <a href="/wiki/David_Frost,_Baron_Frost" title="David Frost, Baron Frost">David Frost</a> to lead trade negotiation with the EU on his behalf.<a href="#cite_note-Mason_4-265">[265]</a></li> <li>28 January: <a href="/wiki/Chris_Pincher" title="Chris Pincher">Chris Pincher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Europe_and_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State for Europe and the Americas">Minister of State for Europe and the Americas</a>, becomes the final UK minister to attend an EU meeting as he speaks at the <a href="/wiki/General_Affairs_Council" title="General Affairs Council">General Affairs Council</a> in Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_53-266">[266]</a></li> <li>29 January: MEPs vote to ratify the withdrawal agreement by 621 votes in favour to 49 against. It is the final time that MEPs from the UK sit in the European Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Boffey_3-267">[267]</a></li> <li>30 January: By responding via email to four <a href="/wiki/Yes%E2%80%93no_question" title="Yes–no question">yes–no questions</a>, the remaining members of the EU conclude the ratification of the withdrawal agreement.<a href="#cite_note-Stevis-Gridneff-268">[268]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brexit_crowds_in_Parliament_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Brexit_crowds_in_Parliament_Square.jpg/220px-Brexit_crowds_in_Parliament_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Brexit_crowds_in_Parliament_Square.jpg/330px-Brexit_crowds_in_Parliament_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Brexit_crowds_in_Parliament_Square.jpg/440px-Brexit_crowds_in_Parliament_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3812" data-file-height="2426" /></a><figcaption>Thousands gather in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a> to mark the moment that the UK officially leaves the EU at 23:00 on 31 January 2020<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_54-269">[269]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>31 January: The UK officially withdraws from the EU at 23:00 GMT. Thousands of Brexit supporters gather in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a> to celebrate the moment. A transition period, where most EU laws will continue to be in force until 31 December, begins.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_54-269">[269]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transition_period">Transition period</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transition period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Transition_period" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Brexit withdrawal agreement § Transition period</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_2">2020</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2020">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>2 March: Trade talks on the UK and EU's future relationship, led by Barnier and Frost, begin.<a href="#cite_note-Crisp_2-270">[270]</a></li> <li>12 March: As a result of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the UK and EU call off the second round of face-to-face trade talks, and decide instead to explore continuing the negotiations through <a href="/wiki/Video_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video conferencing">video conferencing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pylas-271">[271]</a></li> <li>30 March: The <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_Agreement_Joint_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal Agreement Joint Committee">Withdrawal Agreement Joint Committee</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Joint_committee_(diplomatic)" title="Joint committee (diplomatic)">joint committee</a> co-chaired by both the EU and UK, set up to implement the withdrawal agreement—meets for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Wright,_Georgina-272">[272]</a></li> <li>12 June: At a meeting of the joint committee, Gove formally confirms that the UK will not extend the transition period beyond 31 December.<a href="#cite_note-McGuinness-273">[273]</a></li> <li>15 June: Johnson, von der Leyen, Michel and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President of the European Parliament</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Sassoli" title="David Sassoli">David Sassoli</a> meet for high-level talks by video conference. In a joint statement afterwards, both sides agreed that the negotiations had been "constructive", but that "new momentum" was needed.<a href="#cite_note-Casalicchio-274">[274]</a></li> <li>8 September: Speaking in the House of Commons, <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Lewis" title="Brandon Lewis">Brandon Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Secretary of State for Northern Ireland">Secretary of State for Northern Ireland</a>, says that proposed legislation for the UK's internal market breaks international law "in a very specific and limited way".<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_5-275">[275]</a></li> <li>9 September: The proposed legislation—now called the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Bill">United Kingdom Internal Market Bill</a>—is published.<a href="#cite_note-Culbertson-276">[276]</a></li> <li>10 September: Following a meeting between Gove and European Commission Vice-President <a href="/wiki/Maro%C5%A1_%C5%A0ef%C4%8Dovi%C4%8D" title="Maroš Šefčovič">Maroš Šefčovič</a>, a statement from the European Commission warns that adopting the bill would violate the withdrawal agreement and break international law.<a href="#cite_note-O'Reilly-277">[277]</a></li> <li>16 September: Referencing the internal market bill in her first annual <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_(European_Union)" title="State of the Union (European Union)">State of the Union</a> address, von der Leyen warns the government against reneging on the withdrawal agreement, and says that it cannot be "unilaterally changed, disregarded, disapplied".<a href="#cite_note-ITV_8-278">[278]</a></li> <li>29 September: The bill passes its third reading in House of Commons by 340 votes to 256.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-279">[279]</a></li> <li>1 October: Speaking in Brussels, von der Leyen announces that the European Commission has launched legal action against the UK over the internal market bill by writing a letter of formal notice to the government, the first step in an infringement procedure.<a href="#cite_note-McGee-280">[280]</a></li> <li>16 October: In a televised statement, Johnson warns that there will be no more trade negotiations unless there is "fundamental change" to the EU's approach, and that the UK should prepare for a no-deal Brexit.<a href="#cite_note-Crisp_3-281">[281]</a></li> <li>7 November: Johnson and von der Leyen agree to trade negotiations continuing into the following week, and promise to "redouble" the efforts to reach a deal.<a href="#cite_note-Howie-282">[282]</a></li> <li>4 December: Barnier and Frost pause negotiations, saying that the conditions to reach an agreement have not been met.<a href="#cite_note-Lawless-283">[283]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_Speaks_to_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_(50691988901).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour photograph of Boris Johnson speaking on the phone with Ursula von der Leyen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Boris_Johnson_Speaks_to_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2850691988901%29.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_Speaks_to_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2850691988901%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Boris_Johnson_Speaks_to_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2850691988901%29.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_Speaks_to_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2850691988901%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Boris_Johnson_Speaks_to_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2850691988901%29.jpg/440px-Boris_Johnson_Speaks_to_Ursula_von_der_Leyen_%2850691988901%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6096" data-file-height="4411" /></a><figcaption>Johnson speaking with <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> on 7 December 2020<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-284">[284]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>7 December: Von der Leyen and Johnson speak by phone, then say afterwards that significant differences on three issues—fair-competition rules, fishing rights and the governance of future disputes—still remain in the way of a free trade deal.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-284">[284]</a></li> <li>9 December: Johnson travels to Brussels for a three-hour working dinner with von der Leyen. The deadlock is not broken, but both sides agree to a final decision before a deadline of 13 December.<a href="#cite_note-Williams=Grut-285">[285]</a></li> <li>13 December: Following a phone call between the pair, Johnson and von der Leyen say that negotiations will continue beyond the deadline. Johnson says that the two sides are "very far apart on some key issues", and that Britain should prepare for tariffs under <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> terms after the end of the transition period.<a href="#cite_note-Allegretti_2-286">[286]</a></li> <li>17 December: <ul><li>Speaking on behalf of Johnson, a Downing Street spokeswoman says that it is very likely that a trade agreement will not be reached, as negotiations are in a "serious situation".<a href="#cite_note-Demianyk_1-287">[287]</a></li> <li>The United Kingdom Internal Market Bill achieves royal assent and becomes the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020">United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UK_Parliament_8-288">[288]</a></li></ul></li> <li>24 December: The UK and EU reach an agreement on a post-Brexit free trade deal, called the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement. Although the text of the agreement has yet to be released, the deal has been agreed in principle, allowing goods to be sold without tariffs or quotas. Johnson hails the deal as "fantastic news".<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_55-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boffey_4-290">[290]</a></li> <li>26 December: The full text of the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, running to more than 1,200 pages, is released.<a href="#cite_note-Euractiv-291">[291]</a></li> <li>30 December: The government introduces a bill to Parliament to implement the trade deal, with the intention of its passing through all stages in one day. MPs in the House of Commons vote on the bill by 521 in favour to 78 against.<a href="#cite_note-Syal_1-292">[292]</a></li> <li>31 December: <ul><li>The Queen grants royal assent to the bill at 00:35, and it becomes the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Future_Relationship)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020">European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020</a>, 14 hours after it was introduced.<a href="#cite_note-UK_Parliament_9-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syal_2-294">[294]</a></li> <li>At 23:00, the UK formally completes its separation from the EU with the ending of the transition period.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_56-295">[295]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brexit#Impact" title="Brexit">Brexit § Impact</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Economic effects of Brexit</a></div> Brexit has had lasting impacts on both the EU and UK, and will continue to for many years.<a href="#cite_note-Chen-296">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-Inman-297">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dhingra-298">[298]</a> The broad consensus of economists is that leaving the EU has had a substantially negative effect on the UK's economy.<a href="#cite_note-The_Week_2-2">[2]</a> In a January 2021 survey of leading US and European economists, 86% expected that the UK's economy would be several percentage points smaller by 2030 than it would have been if it had remained in the bloc.<a href="#cite_note-Vaitilingam-299">[299]</a> Two years later, in February 2023, an analysis by <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg Economics">Bloomberg Economics</a> concluded that Brexit was costing the UK £100 billion a year in lost output, leaving the country's economy 4% smaller than it otherwise would have been.<a href="#cite_note-Goncalves-3">[3]</a> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility" title="Office for Budget Responsibility">Office for Budget Responsibility</a> has also forecasted that Brexit will cause Britain's economy to be 4% smaller,<a href="#cite_note-Sleigh-4">[4]</a> and exports and imports to be 15% lower.<a href="#cite_note-Grice_2-300">[300]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit">[update]</a>, public opinion of Brexit has also shifted. From 2016 to 2021, views within Britain remained relatively evenly split, with analysts attributing changing patterns to the declining population of elderly Brexit-supporting voters and an increasing number of younger Remain supporters reaching voting age.<a href="#cite_note-The_Week_2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frese-301">[301]</a> From 2022 onwards, public opinion changed, with polling conducted by YouGov finding that the public felt that the UK was wrong to leave the EU by 56% to 32%, and that a quarter of Brexit supporters regretted their vote.<a href="#cite_note-The_Week_2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ashton-302">[302]</a> Among Leave voters who regretted their decision, the most common reasons were a feeling that things had gotten worse since the referendum, and concerns over the economy and <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis" title="2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis">cost of living</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sky_News_3-303">[303]</a> In January 2023, a similar poll by <a href="/wiki/UnHerd" title="UnHerd">UnHerd</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Focaldata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Focaldata (page does not exist)">Focaldata</a> concluded that in all but three of Britain's 632 constituencies, a plurality of people agreed that the UK was wrong to leave the EU.<a href="#cite_note-Demianyk_2-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-Withers-305">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history_(1990%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of British history (1990–present)">Timeline of British history (1990–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Partygate" title="Timeline of Partygate">Timeline of Partygate</a> – a similar political timeline of the UK involving Johnson</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Radosavljevic-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radosavljevic_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radosavljevic_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radosavljevic_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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Retrieved 28 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Second+treaty+of+Maastricht+brings+full+union+closer&rft.date=1992-02-07&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Ffeb%2F09%2Ftreaty-on-european-union-signed-in-maastricht-1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCarroll-6"><a href="#cite_ref-OCarroll_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Carroll2020" class="citation news cs1">O'Carroll, Lisa (29 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/29/the-highs-and-lows-of-britains-47-years-in-the-eec-and-eu">"The highs and lows of Britain's 47 years in the EEC and EU"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317100507/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/29/the-highs-and-lows-of-britains-47-years-in-the-eec-and-eu">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+highs+and+lows+of+Britain%27s+47+years+in+the+EEC+and+EU&rft.date=2020-01-29&rft.aulast=O%27Carroll&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjan%2F29%2Fthe-highs-and-lows-of-britains-47-years-in-the-eec-and-eu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Hill_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Timothy Martyn (25 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.significancemagazine.com/politics/252-forecast-error-european-referenda-past-and-present">"Forecast error: European referenda, past and present"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Significance_(magazine)" title="Significance (magazine)">Significance</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329115547/https://www.significancemagazine.com/politics/252-forecast-error-european-referenda-past-and-present">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Significance&rft.atitle=Forecast+error%3A+European+referenda%2C+past+and+present&rft.date=2016-05-25&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.significancemagazine.com%2Fpolitics%2F252-forecast-error-european-referenda-past-and-present&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Clark_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2008" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Neil (10 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jun/10/labour.margaretthatcher">"Not so suicidal after all"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328155435/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jun/10/labour.margaretthatcher">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Not+so+suicidal+after+all&rft.date=2008-06-10&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2008%2Fjun%2F10%2Flabour.margaretthatcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hope-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Hope_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHope2010" class="citation news cs1">Hope, Christopher (3 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/7362487/Michael-Foot-Labours-1983-general-election-manifesto-and-the-longest-suicide-in-history.html">"Michael Foot: Labour's 1983 general election manifesto and 'the longest suicide in history'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120522002854/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/7362487/Michael-Foot-Labours-1983-general-election-manifesto-and-the-longest-suicide-in-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Michael+Foot%3A+Labour%27s+1983+general+election+manifesto+and+%27the+longest+suicide+in+history%27&rft.date=2010-03-03&rft.aulast=Hope&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F7362487%2FMichael-Foot-Labours-1983-general-election-manifesto-and-the-longest-suicide-in-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirkup-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Kirkup_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkup2013" class="citation news cs1">Kirkup, James (8 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/margaret-thatcher/9980360/Margaret-Thatcher-Conflict-over-Europe-led-to-final-battle.html">"Margaret Thatcher: Conflict over Europe led to final battle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006035919/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/margaret-thatcher/9980360/Margaret-Thatcher-Conflict-over-Europe-led-to-final-battle.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Margaret+Thatcher%3A+Conflict+over+Europe+led+to+final+battle&rft.date=2013-04-08&rft.aulast=Kirkup&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fmargaret-thatcher%2F9980360%2FMargaret-Thatcher-Conflict-over-Europe-led-to-final-battle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_36-11"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_36_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4502652.stm">"Cameron chosen as new Tory leader"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 6 December 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302224203/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4502652.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cameron+chosen+as+new+Tory+leader&rft.date=2005-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F4502652.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hough-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Hough_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough2010" class="citation news cs1">Hough, Andrew (11 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron/7712545/David-Cameron-becomes-youngest-Prime-Minister-in-almost-200-years.html">"David Cameron becomes youngest Prime Minister in almost 200 years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310145712/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron/7712545/David-Cameron-becomes-youngest-Prime-Minister-in-almost-200-years.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=David+Cameron+becomes+youngest+Prime+Minister+in+almost+200+years&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fdavid-cameron%2F7712545%2FDavid-Cameron-becomes-youngest-Prime-Minister-in-almost-200-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_17-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_17_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_17_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/">"Election 2010 – Results"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 7 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423034121/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Election+2010+%E2%80%93+Results&rft.date=2010-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fshared%2Felection2010%2Fresults%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_37-14"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_37_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8667071.stm">"Election 2010: First hung parliament in UK for decades"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 7 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610145528/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8667071.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Election+2010%3A+First+hung+parliament+in+UK+for+decades&rft.date=2010-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F8667071.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-15"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/05/07/uk.elections/index.html">"Political uncertainty in UK as rivals jostle for power"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 8 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310152453/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/05/07/uk.elections/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+uncertainty+in+UK+as+rivals+jostle+for+power&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2010-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F05%2F07%2Fuk.elections%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wintour_5-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Wintour_5_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintour2010" class="citation news cs1">Wintour, Patrick (12 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/may/12/david-cameron-nick-clegg-coalition">"David Cameron and Nick Clegg lead coalition into power"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310152452/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/may/12/david-cameron-nick-clegg-coalition">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=David+Cameron+and+Nick+Clegg+lead+coalition+into+power&rft.date=2010-05-12&rft.aulast=Wintour&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2010%2Fmay%2F12%2Fdavid-cameron-nick-clegg-coalition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_38-17"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_38_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-15390884">"Timeline: Campaigns for a European Union referendum"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 21 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016205813/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-15390884">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2019. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310152500/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/oct/24/david-cameron-tory-rebellion-europe">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=David+Cameron+rocked+by+record+rebellion+as+Europe+splits+Tories+again&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2011%2Foct%2F24%2Fdavid-cameron-tory-rebellion-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redford-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Redford_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedford" class="citation news cs1">Redford, Pete. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/eu-rebellion-cameron/">"The EU Referendum rebellion has left David Cameron with little room to manoeuvre and is picking apart his liberal conservative project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310152454/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/eu-rebellion-cameron/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+EU+Referendum+rebellion+has+left+David+Cameron+with+little+room+to+manoeuvre+and+is+picking+apart+his+liberal+conservative+project&rft.aulast=Redford&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Fpoliticsandpolicy%2Feu-rebellion-cameron%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_40-20"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_40_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-14834871">"100,000 sign petition calling for EU referendum"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 8 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310155854/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-14834871">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=100%2C000+sign+petition+calling+for+EU+referendum&rft.date=2011-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-14834871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_39-21"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_39_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-21013771">"David Cameron speech: UK and the EU"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 23 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310153846/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-21013771">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=David+Cameron+speech%3A+UK+and+the+EU&rft.date=2023-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-21013771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright,_Oliver-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright,_Oliver_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright,_Oliver_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright,_Oliver_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightCooper2016" class="citation news cs1">Wright, Oliver; Cooper, Charlie (24 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-eu-referendum-david-cameron-resignation-announcement-2013-a7101281.html">"The speech that was the start of the end of David Cameron"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416172402/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-eu-referendum-david-cameron-resignation-announcement-2013-a7101281.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2019. 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Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost+UK&rft.atitle=Is+%27Brexit%27+the+Worst+Political+Portmanteau+in+History%3F&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft.aulast=Lewis-Hargreave&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2Fsam-lewishargreave%2Fis-brexit-the-worst-polit_b_10615036.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tempest-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Tempest_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempest2017" class="citation web cs1">Tempest, Matthew (10 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/uk-europe/news/oxford-english-dictionary-the-man-who-coined-brexit/">"Oxford English Dictionary: The man who coined 'Brexit' first appeared on Euractiv blog"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Euractiv" title="Euractiv">Euractiv</a>. 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Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euractiv&rft.atitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary%3A+The+man+who+coined+%27Brexit%27+first+appeared+on+Euractiv+blog&rft.date=2017-01-10&rft.aulast=Tempest&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fuk-europe%2Fnews%2Foxford-english-dictionary-the-man-who-coined-brexit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2016" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Lindsay (3 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mashable.com/article/brexit-word-of-the-year">"'Brexit' tops the list of Collins Dictionary's 2016 words of the year"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225154143/https://mashable.com/article/brexit-word-of-the-year">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Brexit%27+tops+the+list+of+Collins+Dictionary%27s+2016+words+of+the+year&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Mashable&rft.date=2016-11-03&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2Farticle%2Fbrexit-word-of-the-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wintour_1-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Wintour_1_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintourWatt2013" class="citation news cs1">Wintour, Patrick; Watt, Nicholas (16 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/may/16/cameron-snubbed-tory-eu-referendum">"EU referendum: Cameron snubbed by 114 Tory MPs over Queens' speech"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708024434/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/may/16/cameron-snubbed-tory-eu-referendum">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=EU+referendum%3A+Cameron+snubbed+by+114+Tory+MPs+over+Queens%27+speech&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft.aulast=Wintour&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Watt%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2013%2Fmay%2F16%2Fcameron-snubbed-tory-eu-referendum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wintour_2-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Wintour_2_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintourDavies2013" class="citation news cs1">Wintour, Patrick; Davies, Caroline (16 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/may/16/eu-referendum-bill-james-wharton">"EU referendum bill to be put forward by Tory MP"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404044109/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/may/16/eu-referendum-bill-james-wharton">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=EU+referendum+bill+to+be+put+forward+by+Tory+MP&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft.aulast=Wintour&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Davies%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2013%2Fmay%2F16%2Feu-referendum-bill-james-wharton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UK_Parliament_1-28"><a href="#cite_ref-UK_Parliament_1_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/1202/stages">"European Union (Referendum) Bill"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/UK_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Parliament">UK Parliament</a>. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230222210452/https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/1202/stages">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Union+%28Referendum%29+Bill&rft.place=London&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbills.parliament.uk%2Fbills%2F1202%2Fstages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grice_1-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Grice_1_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrice2013" class="citation news cs1">Grice, Andrew (5 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/eu-referendum-bill-mps-back-in-out-poll-by-3040-8690173.html">"EU referendum bill: MPs back in/out poll by 304–0"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615175421/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/eu-referendum-bill-mps-back-in-out-poll-by-3040-8690173.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=EU+referendum+bill%3A+MPs+back+in%2Fout+poll+by+304%E2%80%930&rft.date=2013-07-05&rft.aulast=Grice&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Feu-referendum-bill-mps-back-in-out-poll-by-3040-8690173.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craig,_Jon-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Craig,_Jon_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2014" class="citation web cs1">Craig, Jon (31 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/eu-in-out-referendum-bill-killed-off-by-peers-10419138">"EU In–Out Referendum Bill Killed Off by Peers"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404165627/https://news.sky.com/story/eu-in-out-referendum-bill-killed-off-by-peers-10419138">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+In%E2%80%93Out+Referendum+Bill+Killed+Off+by+Peers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sky+News&rft.date=2014-01-31&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Feu-in-out-referendum-bill-killed-off-by-peers-10419138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Savage_1-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Savage_1_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage2014" class="citation news cs1">Savage, Michael (12 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/miliband-wont-hold-eu-vote-if-he-wins-election-nfq73q7vdzj">"Miliband won't hold EU vote if he wins election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614165438/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/miliband-wont-hold-eu-vote-if-he-wins-election-nfq73q7vdzj">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Miliband+won%27t+hold+EU+vote+if+he+wins+election&rft.date=2014-03-12&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fmiliband-wont-hold-eu-vote-if-he-wins-election-nfq73q7vdzj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_12-32"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_12_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/vote2014/eu-uk-results">"Vote 2014"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 23 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170609080832/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/vote2014/eu-uk-results">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vote+2014&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fevents%2Fvote2014%2Feu-uk-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ship-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Ship_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShip2014" class="citation web cs1">Ship, Chris (12 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/2014-06-12/david-cameron-might-actually-succeed-with-referendum">"Backbench bill puts EU referendum back on the agenda"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705143310/http://www.itv.com/news/2014-06-12/david-cameron-might-actually-succeed-with-referendum/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Backbench+bill+puts+EU+referendum+back+on+the+agenda&rft.place=London&rft.pub=ITV&rft.date=2014-06-12&rft.aulast=Ship&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2F2014-06-12%2Fdavid-cameron-might-actually-succeed-with-referendum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_4-34"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_4_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-29811202">"EU referendum bill: Tories accuse Lib Dems of 'killing off' bill"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 28 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129093022/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-29811202">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EU+referendum+bill%3A+Tories+accuse+Lib+Dems+of+%27killing+off%27+bill&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-29811202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chakelian-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Chakelian_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakelian2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chakelian, Anoosh (19 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2014/12/2015-election-campaign-officially-begins-what-does-mean">"The 2015 election campaign officially begins: what does this mean?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219092952/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2014/12/2015-election-campaign-officially-begins-what-does-mean">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+2015+election+campaign+officially+begins%3A+what+does+this+mean%3F&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft.aulast=Chakelian&rft.aufirst=Anoosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2F2014%2F12%2F2015-election-campaign-officially-begins-what-does-mean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-McSmith-36"><a href="#cite_ref-McSmith_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcSmith2015" class="citation news cs1">McSmith, Andy (30 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-they-re-changing-guard-at-buckingham-palace-maybe-10144922.html">"General Election 2015: They're changing guard at Buckingham Palace...maybe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310165606/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/generalelection/general-election-2015-they-re-changing-guard-at-buckingham-palace-maybe-10144922.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=General+Election+2015%3A+They%27re+changing+guard+at+Buckingham+Palace...maybe&rft.date=2015-03-30&rft.aulast=McSmith&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fgeneralelection%2Fgeneral-election-2015-they-re-changing-guard-at-buckingham-palace-maybe-10144922.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_6-37"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_6_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-30477250">"2015 election campaign officially begins on Friday"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 18 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201091825/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-30477250">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2015+election+campaign+officially+begins+on+Friday&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-30477250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_5-38"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_5_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2015-32315705">"EU referendum bill: Election 2015: Liberal Democrat manifesto at-a-glance"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 15 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504115202/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2015-32315705">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EU+referendum+bill%3A+Election+2015%3A+Liberal+Democrat+manifesto+at-a-glance&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Felection-2015-32315705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keith-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Keith_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2015" class="citation web cs1">Keith, Daniel (6 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/manifesto-check-lib-dems-as-eu-reformists-41213">"Manifesto Check: Lib Dems as EU 'reformists'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218105925/https://theconversation.com/manifesto-check-lib-dems-as-eu-reformists-41213">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Manifesto+Check%3A+Lib+Dems+as+EU+%27reformists%27&rft.date=2015-05-06&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fmanifesto-check-lib-dems-as-eu-reformists-41213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason_1-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Mason_1_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2015" class="citation news cs1">Mason, Rowena (13 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/13/labour-election-manifesto-key-points">"Labour manifesto 2015 – the key points"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230222210448/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/13/labour-election-manifesto-key-points">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Labour+manifesto+2015+%E2%80%93+the+key+points&rft.date=2015-04-13&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Rowena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2Fapr%2F13%2Flabour-election-manifesto-key-points&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perraudin-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Perraudin_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerraudin2015" class="citation news cs1">Perraudin, Frances (14 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/14/conservatives-election-manifesto-2015-the-key-points">"Conservatives election manifesto 2015 – the key points"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402084711/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/apr/14/conservatives-election-manifesto-2015-the-key-points">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Conservatives+election+manifesto+2015+%E2%80%93+the+key+points&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft.aulast=Perraudin&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2Fapr%2F14%2Fconservatives-election-manifesto-2015-the-key-points&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blick-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Blick_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlick2019" class="citation book cs1">Blick, Andrew (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4NKIDwAAQBAJ">Stretching the Constitution: The Brexit Shock in Historic Perspective</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-50990-581-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-50990-581-2"><bdi>978-1-50990-581-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223111420/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4NKIDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stretching+the+Constitution%3A+The+Brexit+Shock+in+Historic+Perspective&rft.place=London&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-50990-581-2&rft.aulast=Blick&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4NKIDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Economist-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Economist_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Economist_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/britain/2015/04/24/april-24th-ed-miliband-does-foreign-policy">"April 24th: Ed Miliband does foreign policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. London. 24 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312152214/https://www.economist.com/britain/2015/04/24/april-24th-ed-miliband-does-foreign-policy">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=April+24th%3A+Ed+Miliband+does+foreign+policy&rft.date=2015-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbritain%2F2015%2F04%2F24%2Fapril-24th-ed-miliband-does-foreign-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-LabourList-44"><a href="#cite_ref-LabourList_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://labourlist.org/2015/04/full-text-of-ed-milibands-foreign-policy-speech-at-chatham-house/">"Full text of Ed Miliband's foreign policy speech at Chatham House"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/LabourList" title="LabourList">LabourList</a>. 24 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312152218/https://labourlist.org/2015/04/full-text-of-ed-milibands-foreign-policy-speech-at-chatham-house/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+text+of+Ed+Miliband%27s+foreign+policy+speech+at+Chatham+House&rft.place=London&rft.pub=LabourList&rft.date=2015-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flabourlist.org%2F2015%2F04%2Ffull-text-of-ed-milibands-foreign-policy-speech-at-chatham-house%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cameron,_David-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Cameron,_David_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron, David</a> (25 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427073031/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron/11561628/David-Cameron-Weve-saved-the-economy-from-ruin-dont-let-Ed-Miliband-spoil-it.html">"David Cameron: We've saved the economy from ruin – don't let Ed Miliband spoil it"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron/11561628/David-Cameron-Weve-saved-the-economy-from-ruin-dont-let-Ed-Miliband-spoil-it.html">the original</a> on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=David+Cameron%3A+We%27ve+saved+the+economy+from+ruin+%E2%80%93+don%27t+let+Ed+Miliband+spoil+it&rft.date=2015-04-25&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fdavid-cameron%2F11561628%2FDavid-Cameron-Weve-saved-the-economy-from-ruin-dont-let-Ed-Miliband-spoil-it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Travis-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Travis_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravis2015" class="citation news cs1">Travis, Alan (8 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/08/what-will-the-new-tory-government-do">"What will the new Tory government do?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230222210450/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/08/what-will-the-new-tory-government-do">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=What+will+the+new+Tory+government+do%3F&rft.date=2015-05-08&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2Fmay%2F08%2Fwhat-will-the-new-tory-government-do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_11-47"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_11_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2015/results">"Election 2015 – Results"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 8 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150510034229/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2015/results">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Election+2015+%E2%80%93+Results&rft.date=2015-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Felection%2F2015%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osborn-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Osborn_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsbornClarkeFranklinStraumann2015" class="citation news cs1">Osborn, Matt; Clarke, Seán; Franklin, Will; Straumann, Ralph (8 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/ng-interactive/2015/may/07/live-uk-election-results-in-full">"UK 2015 general election results in full"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913214657/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/ng-interactive/2015/may/07/live-uk-election-results-in-full">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UK+2015+general+election+results+in+full&rft.date=2015-05-08&rft.aulast=Osborn&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Se%C3%A1n&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Will&rft.au=Straumann%2C+Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2Fng-interactive%2F2015%2Fmay%2F07%2Flive-uk-election-results-in-full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_7-49"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_7_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-32633388">"Labour election results: Ed Miliband resigns as leader"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 8 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508003709/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-32633388">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Labour+election+results%3A+Ed+Miliband+resigns+as+leader&rft.date=2015-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fhealth-32633388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_8-50"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_8_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2015-32633462">"Election results: Nick Clegg resigns after Lib Dem losses"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 18 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150515161631/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2015-32633462">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Election+results%3A+Nick+Clegg+resigns+after+Lib+Dem+losses&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Felection-2015-32633462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_1-51"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_1_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-32894214">"Queen's Speech 2015: EU referendum, tax freeze and right-to-buy"</a>. 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London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 20 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200830054302/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-35621079">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EU+referendum%3A+Cameron+sets+June+date+for+UK+vote&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-35621079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt_2-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Watt_2_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt2016" class="citation news cs1">Watt, Nicholas (20 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/feb/20/michael-gove-and-five-other-cabinet-members-break-ranks-with-pm-over-eu">"Michael Gove and five other cabinet members break ranks with PM over EU"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224163051/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/feb/20/michael-gove-and-five-other-cabinet-members-break-ranks-with-pm-over-eu">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Michael+Gove+and+five+other+cabinet+members+break+ranks+with+PM+over+EU&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F20%2Fmichael-gove-and-five-other-cabinet-members-break-ranks-with-pm-over-eu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Day-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Day_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2016" class="citation web cs1">Day, Kate (21 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/boris-johnson-to-back-out-campaign-in-uk-referendum-report/">"Boris Johnson backs Out of Europe push"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico_Europe" title="Politico Europe">Politico Europe</a>. Brussels. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224155852/https://www.politico.eu/article/boris-johnson-to-back-out-campaign-in-uk-referendum-report/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico+Europe&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+backs+Out+of+Europe+push&rft.date=2016-02-21&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fboris-johnson-to-back-out-campaign-in-uk-referendum-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masterman-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Masterman_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastermanMurray2022" class="citation book cs1">Masterman, Roger; Murray, Colin (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IodoEAAAQBAJ">Constitutional and Administrative Law</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University</a>. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-15848-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-15848-0"><bdi>978-1-009-15848-0</bdi></a>. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125130157/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/11/criticism-pro-eu-leaflet-facebook">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Criticism+over+pro-EU+leaflet+on+Facebook&rft.date=2016-04-11&rft.aulast=Belam&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2016%2Fapr%2F11%2Fcriticism-pro-eu-leaflet-facebook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayes-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Mayes_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayesAtkinson2021" class="citation news cs1">Mayes, Joe; Atkinson, Andrew (9 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-09/100-days-of-brexit-was-it-as-bad-as-project-fear-warned">"100 Days of Brexit: Was It as Bad as 'Project Fear' Warned?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174534/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-09/100-days-of-brexit-was-it-as-bad-as-project-fear-warned">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=100+Days+of+Brexit%3A+Was+It+as+Bad+as+%27Project+Fear%27+Warned%3F&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft.aulast=Mayes&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2021-04-09%2F100-days-of-brexit-was-it-as-bad-as-project-fear-warned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart_10-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_10_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewartMason2016" class="citation news cs1">Stewart, Heather; Mason, Rowena (7 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/06/cameron-to-push-case-remain-eu-with-9m-taxpayer-funded-publicity-blitz">"EU referendum: £9m taxpayer-funded publicity blitz pushes case to remain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-3224">1756-3224</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1149244233">1149244233</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128104928/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/apr/06/cameron-to-push-case-remain-eu-with-9m-taxpayer-funded-publicity-blitz">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Media_Group" title="Haymarket Media Group">Haymarket</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414182114/https://www.prweek.com/article/1391046/vote-leave-named-official-brexit-campaign-stronger-confirmed-pro-eu-group">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PRWeek&rft.atitle=Vote+Leave+named+official+Brexit+campaign+and+Stronger+In+confirmed+as+pro-EU+group&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Sam+Burne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prweek.com%2Farticle%2F1391046%2Fvote-leave-named-official-brexit-campaign-stronger-confirmed-pro-eu-group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer,_Doug-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_Doug_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2016" class="citation web cs1">Palmer, Doug (22 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2016/04/obama-brexit-trade-222320">"Obama: Brexit would move U.K. to the 'back of the queue' on U.S. trade deals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico_Europe" title="Politico Europe">Politico Europe</a>. Brussels. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224163051/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/04/obama-brexit-trade-222320">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico+Europe&rft.atitle=Obama%3A+Brexit+would+move+U.K.+to+the+%27back+of+the+queue%27+on+U.S.+trade+deals&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2016%2F04%2Fobama-brexit-trade-222320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sky_News_1-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Sky_News_1_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/pm-no-apology-for-9-3m-pro-eu-leaflets-10233237">"PM: 'No Apology' for £9.3m Pro-EU Leaflets"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a>. 7 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125115816/https://news.sky.com/story/pm-no-apology-for-9-3m-pro-eu-leaflets-10233237">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PM%3A+%27No+Apology%27+for+%C2%A39.3m+Pro-EU+Leaflets&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sky+News&rft.date=2016-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fpm-no-apology-for-9-3m-pro-eu-leaflets-10233237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Withnall_1-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Withnall_1_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithnall2016" class="citation news cs1">Withnall, Adam (9 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/eu-referendum-tv-debate-live-boris-johnson-and-nicola-sturgeon-clash-on-itv-a7073466.html">"EU referendum ITV debate: Johnson clashes with Remain camp over £350m figure – as it happened"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224173137/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/eu-referendum-tv-debate-live-boris-johnson-and-nicola-sturgeon-clash-on-itv-a7073466.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023. 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Retrieved 1 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico+Europe&rft.atitle=Brexit+Phase+2+can+begin+after+EU+declares+%27sufficient+progress%27&rft.date=2017-12-15&rft.aulast=Randerson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fbrexit-phase-2-can-begin-after-eu-declares-sufficient-progress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennhold-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Bennhold_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennholdErlanger2018" class="citation news cs1">Bennhold, Katrin; Erlanger, Steven (17 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/17/world/europe/uk-theresa-may-munich.html">"Theresa May, in Munich, Calls for Swift Security Pact and Offers Concession"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190302024719/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/17/world/europe/uk-theresa-may-munich.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Theresa+May%2C+in+Munich%2C+Calls+for+Swift+Security+Pact+and+Offers+Concession&rft.date=2018-02-17&rft.aulast=Bennhold&rft.aufirst=Katrin&rft.au=Erlanger%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F02%2F17%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fuk-theresa-may-munich.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Islam-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Islam_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslam2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Islam" title="Faisal Islam">Islam, Faisal</a> (20 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/david-davis-says-there-will-be-no-mad-max-style-free-for-all-post-brexit-11258901">"David Davis says there will be no 'Mad Max-style' free-for-all post-Brexit"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131024544/https://news.sky.com/story/david-davis-says-there-will-be-no-mad-max-style-free-for-all-post-brexit-11258901">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Davis+says+there+will+be+no+%27Mad+Max-style%27+free-for-all+post-Brexit&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sky+News&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft.aulast=Islam&rft.aufirst=Faisal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fdavid-davis-says-there-will-be-no-mad-max-style-free-for-all-post-brexit-11258901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper_1-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_1_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperMcTague2018" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, Charlie; McTague, Tom (26 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/jeremy-corbyn-changed-britains-brexit-landscape/">"How Jeremy Corbyn changed Britain's Brexit landscape"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico_Europe" title="Politico Europe">Politico Europe</a>. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327111948/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2018/02/28/brexit-eu-set-unveil-controversial-irish-border-treaty-theresa/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=%27Unworkable%27+Brussels%27+deal+would+put+EU+customs+staff+on+British+soil&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft.aulast=Crisp&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Rothwell%2C+James&rft.au=Maidment%2C+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F02%2F28%2Fbrexit-eu-set-unveil-controversial-irish-border-treaty-theresa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Allegretti_1-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Allegretti_1_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllegretti2018" class="citation web cs1">Allegretti, Aubrey (2 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/theresa-may-defends-cherry-picking-a-brexit-deal-in-mansion-house-speech-11273198">"Theresa May defends 'cherry-picking' a Brexit deal in Mansion House speech"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theresa+May+defends+%27cherry-picking%27+a+Brexit+deal+in+Mansion+House+speech&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sky+News&rft.date=2018-03-02&rft.aulast=Allegretti&rft.aufirst=Aubrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Ftheresa-may-defends-cherry-picking-a-brexit-deal-in-mansion-house-speech-11273198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITV_3-150"><a href="#cite_ref-ITV_3_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/utv/2018-03-19/uk-and-eu-agree-draft-withdrawal-plans">"UK and EU agree Brexit transition plans"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>. 19 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322133353/http://www.itv.com/news/utv/2018-03-19/uk-and-eu-agree-draft-withdrawal-plans/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2018. 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Retrieved 3 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jersey+Evening+Post&rft.atitle=Labour+launches+push+for+Brexit+deal+retaining+single+market+benefits&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjerseyeveningpost.com%2Fmorenews%2Fuknews%2F2018%2F06%2F05%2Flabour-launches-push-for-brexit-deal-retaining-single-market-benefits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker_2-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2018" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Peter (6 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jul/06/what-the-cabinet-has-agreed-at-chequers-brexit-meeting">"What the cabinet has agreed at Chequers Brexit meeting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125192306/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jul/06/what-the-cabinet-has-agreed-at-chequers-brexit-meeting">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731123700/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jul/08/david-davis-resigns-as-brexit-secretary-reports-say">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2018. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818115222/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jul/09/dominic-raab-appointed-new-brexit-secretary-in-uk-cabinet-reshuffle">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2018. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180831034544/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jul/09/boris-johnson-resigns-as-foreign-secretary-brexit">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2018. 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Paris: <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>. 9 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109024045/http://www.france24.com/en/20180709-uk-british-pm-theresa-may-appoints-jeremy-hunt-new-foreign-secretary-johnson-brexit">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. 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Paris: <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>. 9 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926010313/https://www.france24.com/en/20180720-uk-brexit-theresa-may-northern-ireland-dup-foster-white-paper-belfast-sinn-fein">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2022. 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London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 24 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117132919/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-44941792">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2021. 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Retrieved 3 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Grieve+amendment%3A+What+could+it+mean+for+Theresa+May%27s+Brexit+plans+and+a+second+referendum%3F&rft.date=2019-01-09&rft.aulast=Buchan&rft.aufirst=Lizzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fgrieve-amendment-what-is-brexit-vote-theresa-may-plan-b-defeat-second-referendum-a8719251.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holyrood_1-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Holyrood_1_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holyrood.com/news/view,theresa-may-will-have-three-days-to-come-up-with-plan-b-if-her-brexit-deal-is-rejected_9721.htm">"Theresa May will have three days to come up with plan B if her Brexit deal is rejected"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_(magazine)" title="Holyrood (magazine)">Holyrood</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. 9 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310131725/https://www.holyrood.com/news/view,theresa-may-will-have-three-days-to-come-up-with-plan-b-if-her-brexit-deal-is-rejected_9721.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holyrood&rft.atitle=Theresa+May+will+have+three+days+to+come+up+with+plan+B+if+her+Brexit+deal+is+rejected&rft.date=2019-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holyrood.com%2Fnews%2Fview%2Ctheresa-may-will-have-three-days-to-come-up-with-plan-b-if-her-brexit-deal-is-rejected_9721.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart_4-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_4_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_4_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2019" class="citation news cs1">Stewart, Heather (16 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jan/15/theresa-may-loses-brexit-deal-vote-by-majority-of-230">"May suffers heaviest parliamentary defeat of a British PM in the democratic era"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713150628/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jan/15/theresa-may-loses-brexit-deal-vote-by-majority-of-230">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=May+suffers+heaviest+parliamentary+defeat+of+a+British+PM+in+the+democratic+era&rft.date=2019-01-16&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2Fjan%2F15%2Ftheresa-may-loses-brexit-deal-vote-by-majority-of-230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_34-176"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_34_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-46885828">"Brexit: Theresa May's deal is voted down in historic Commons defeat"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 15 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803190808/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-46885828">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brexit%3A+Theresa+May%27s+deal+is+voted+down+in+historic+Commons+defeat&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-46885828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_35-177"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_35_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-46899466">"May's government survives no-confidence vote"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 16 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190211223820/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-46899466">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2019. 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Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theresa+May%27s+Brexit+plan+B+looks+like+a+tweaked+version+of+rejected+plan&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft.aulast=Elbaum&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fstoryline%2Fbrexit-referendum%2Ftheresa-may-s-brexit-plan-b-expected-be-tweaked-version-n960881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simons-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Simons_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2019" class="citation web cs1">Simons, Ned (21 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/david-cameron-believed-brexit-referendum-would-never-happen-claims-eu-chief_uk_5c45d6d1e4b027c3bbc3f5d1">"David Cameron Believed Brexit Referendum Would Never Happen, Claims EU Chief"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="HuffPost UK">HuffPost UK</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224120733/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/david-cameron-believed-brexit-referendum-would-never-happen-claims-eu-chief_uk_5c45d6d1e4b027c3bbc3f5d1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost+UK&rft.atitle=David+Cameron+Believed+Brexit+Referendum+Would+Never+Happen%2C+Claims+EU+Chief&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2Fentry%2Fdavid-cameron-believed-brexit-referendum-would-never-happen-claims-eu-chief_uk_5c45d6d1e4b027c3bbc3f5d1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boffey_1-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Boffey_1_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoffey2019" class="citation news cs1">Boffey, Daniel (21 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/21/donald-tusk-warned-david-cameron-about-stupid-eu-referendum-bbc">"Cameron did not think EU referendum would happen, says Tusk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224120740/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/21/donald-tusk-warned-david-cameron-about-stupid-eu-referendum-bbc">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cameron+did+not+think+EU+referendum+would+happen%2C+says+Tusk&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft.aulast=Boffey&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fjan%2F21%2Fdonald-tusk-warned-david-cameron-about-stupid-eu-referendum-bbc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker_3-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_3_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2019" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Peter (29 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jan/29/amendments-to-may-statement-brexit-bill">"Full list: amendments to May's statement on defeat of her Brexit bill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322150208/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jan/29/amendments-to-may-statement-brexit-bill">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Full+list%3A+amendments+to+May%27s+statement+on+defeat+of+her+Brexit+bill&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2Fjan%2F29%2Famendments-to-may-statement-brexit-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connolly-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Connolly_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnollyShammasWoodcock2019" class="citation news cs1">Connolly, Shaun; Shammas, John; Woodcock, Andrew (11 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/uk-news/theresa-may-strasbourg-brexit-backstop-15958879">"Theresa May secures 'legally-binding changes' to backstop in last-ditch Brexit talks during Strasbourg visit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reach_plc" title="Reach plc">Reach</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313151634/https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/uk-news/theresa-may-strasbourg-brexit-backstop-15958879">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Theresa+May+secures+%27legally-binding+changes%27+to+backstop+in+last-ditch+Brexit+talks+during+Strasbourg+visit&rft.date=2019-03-11&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft.au=Shammas%2C+John&rft.au=Woodcock%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Ftheresa-may-strasbourg-brexit-backstop-15958879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rayner_1-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Rayner_1_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayner2019" class="citation news cs1">Rayner, Gordon (13 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/03/12/brexit-vote-latest-news-meaningful-vote-result-theresa-may-deal/">"Theresa May loses Brexit vote by crushing margin of 149 – and is now expected to come out against no-deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313151647/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/03/12/brexit-vote-latest-news-meaningful-vote-result-theresa-may-deal/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Theresa+May+loses+Brexit+vote+by+crushing+margin+of+149+%E2%80%93+and+is+now+expected+to+come+out+against+no-deal&rft.date=2019-03-13&rft.aulast=Rayner&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F03%2F12%2Fbrexit-vote-latest-news-meaningful-vote-result-theresa-may-deal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaplain_2-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Chaplain_2_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaplain2019" class="citation news cs1">Chaplain, Chloe (13 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inews.co.uk/news/brexit/no-deal-brexit-amendment-caroline-spelman-269122">"Theresa May loses amendment vote 312–308 as MPs push to reject no-deal Brexit completely"</a>. <a href="/wiki/I_(newspaper)" title="I (newspaper)">i</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313151634/https://inews.co.uk/news/brexit/no-deal-brexit-amendment-caroline-spelman-269122">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=i&rft.atitle=Theresa+May+loses+amendment+vote+312%E2%80%93308+as+MPs+push+to+reject+no-deal+Brexit+completely&rft.date=2019-03-13&rft.aulast=Chaplain&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbrexit%2Fno-deal-brexit-amendment-caroline-spelman-269122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart_5-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_5_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewartElgotWalker2019" class="citation news cs1">Stewart, Heather; Elgot, Jessica; Walker, Peter (14 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/mar/14/mps-vote-by-majority-of-210-to-extend-article-50-and-delay-brexit">"MPs back Brexit delay as votes lay bare cabinet divisions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313151635/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/mar/14/mps-vote-by-majority-of-210-to-extend-article-50-and-delay-brexit">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=MPs+back+Brexit+delay+as+votes+lay+bare+cabinet+divisions&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=Elgot%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Walker%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2Fmar%2F14%2Fmps-vote-by-majority-of-210-to-extend-article-50-and-delay-brexit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Booth-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Booth_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoothAdam2019" class="citation news cs1">Booth, William; Adam, Karla (18 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/brexit-in-disarray-after-house-speaker-moves-to-block-third-vote-on-deal/2019/03/18/0ec55516-499b-11e9-8cfc-2c5d0999c21e_story.html">"Brexit in disarray after House speaker moves to block third vote on deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220416092723/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/brexit-in-disarray-after-house-speaker-moves-to-block-third-vote-on-deal/2019/03/18/0ec55516-499b-11e9-8cfc-2c5d0999c21e_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2022. 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Retrieved 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EU+nations+agree+to+Brexit+extension+until+January+31%3A+Tusk&rft.date=2019-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-britain-eu-idUSKBN1X70TU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_51-247"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_51_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-50213548">"Brexit: PM to try again for 12 December election after MPs reject plan"</a>. 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Brussels. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320174048/https://www.politico.eu/article/boris-johnson-uk-and-eu-could-strike-brexit-deal-before-august/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico+Europe&rft.atitle=Brexit+summit%3A+Tigers+and+pigs+...+but+no+fish&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft.aulast=Casalicchio&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fboris-johnson-uk-and-eu-could-strike-brexit-deal-before-august%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters_5-275"><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_5_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-lewis-law-idINKBN25Z1ZS">"UK bill will break international law 'in limited way', minister says"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 8 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320174048/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-lewis-law-idINKBN25Z1ZS">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UK+bill+will+break+international+law+%27in+limited+way%27%2C+minister+says&rft.date=2020-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-britain-eu-lewis-law-idINKBN25Z1ZS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Culbertson-276"><a href="#cite_ref-Culbertson_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulbertson2020" class="citation web cs1">Culbertson, Alix (15 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/controversial-internal-market-bill-breaks-international-law-government-admits-12065832">"Brexit: What is the Internal Market Bill and why is it controversial?"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320174050/https://news.sky.com/story/controversial-internal-market-bill-breaks-international-law-government-admits-12065832">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brexit%3A+What+is+the+Internal+Market+Bill+and+why+is+it+controversial%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sky+News&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft.aulast=Culbertson&rft.aufirst=Alix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fcontroversial-internal-market-bill-breaks-international-law-government-admits-12065832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Reilly-277"><a href="#cite_ref-O'Reilly_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ReillySpeare-Cole2020" class="citation news cs1">O'Reilly, Luke; Speare-Cole, Rebecca (10 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/maros-sefcovic-government-withdraw-bill-boris-johnson-brexit-deal-a4544756.html">"EU threatens UK with legal action over trade bill that 'breaches Withdrawal Agreement'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320174049/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/maros-sefcovic-government-withdraw-bill-boris-johnson-brexit-deal-a4544756.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=EU+threatens+UK+with+legal+action+over+trade+bill+that+%27breaches+Withdrawal+Agreement%27&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft.au=Speare-Cole%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fmaros-sefcovic-government-withdraw-bill-boris-johnson-brexit-deal-a4544756.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITV_8-278"><a href="#cite_ref-ITV_8_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/2020-09-16/congressmen-say-no-free-trade-deal-if-uk-breaks-good-friday-agreement-for-brexit">"Boris Johnson warned Brexit deal cannot be 'unilaterally changed, disregarded, disapplied'"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boris+Johnson+warned+Brexit+deal+cannot+be+%27unilaterally+changed%2C+disregarded%2C+disapplied%27&rft.place=London&rft.pub=ITV&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2F2020-09-16%2Fcongressmen-say-no-free-trade-deal-if-uk-breaks-good-friday-agreement-for-brexit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDonald-279"><a href="#cite_ref-McDonald_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2020" class="citation web cs1">McDonald, Andrew (29 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/brexit-uks-internal-market-bill-passes-with-ease/">"Brexit: UK's Internal Market Bill passes with ease"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico_Europe" title="Politico Europe">Politico Europe</a>. 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Retrieved 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+launches+legal+action+against+UK+for+breaching+Brexit+deal+and+international+law&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2020%2F10%2F01%2Fuk%2Feu-legal-action-brexit-intl-gbr%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crisp_3-281"><a href="#cite_ref-Crisp_3_281-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrisp2020" class="citation news cs1">Crisp, James (16 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/10/16/analysis-brexit-trade-talks-still-far/">"Boris Johnson: we need a 'fundamental change' in the EU's approach to trade talks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325204233/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/10/16/analysis-brexit-trade-talks-still-far/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326094513/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/boris-johnson-european-commission-ursula-von-der-leyen-brexit-trade-deal-b55136.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. 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Toronto: <a href="/wiki/The_Woodbridge_Company" title="The Woodbridge Company">The Woodbridge Company</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327085850/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-eu-tells-britain-to-decide-what-kind-of-future-relationship-it-wants/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023. 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Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK%27s+Johnson+to+head+to+Brussels+to+try+and+break+Brexit+deadlock&rft.place=Doha&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Feconomy%2F2020%2F12%2F7%2Fuks-johnson-to-head-to-brussels-to-break-brexit-deadlock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams=Grut-285"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams=Grut_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams-Grut2020" class="citation web cs1">Williams-Grut, Oscar (10 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/pound-dollar-euro-10-december-brussels-boris-johnson-ursula-von-der-leyen-brexit-083324604.html">"Pound slides after Brussels summit fails to break Brexit deadlock"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! 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London: <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327090404/https://news.sky.com/story/brexit-talks-to-go-the-extra-mile-as-uk-and-eu-keep-trying-to-break-the-deadlock-12160869">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327105558/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/boris-johnson-von-der-leyen-brexit-talks_uk_5fdbb5e5c5b610200988cf70">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023. 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Retrieved 21 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London+Mayor+Khan+Warns+of+%27Immense%27+Brexit+Damage+to+City&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomberg+News&rft.date=2023-01-12&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=Harris%2C+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-01-12%2Flondon-mayor-khan-warns-of-immense-brexit-damage-to-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Sky_News_3-303"><a href="#cite_ref-Sky_News_3_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230106214047/https://news.sky.com/story/politics-latest-labour-leader-keir-starmer-to-deliver-first-speech-of-2023-after-rishi-sunak-criticised-for-being-detached-from-reality-12593360">"Top reason for Leave voters changing minds on Brexit revealed"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a>. 6 January 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/politics-latest-labour-leader-keir-starmer-to-deliver-first-speech-of-2023-after-rishi-sunak-criticised-for-being-detached-from-reality-12593360">the original</a> on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+reason+for+Leave+voters+changing+minds+on+Brexit+revealed&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sky+News&rft.date=2023-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fpolitics-latest-labour-leader-keir-starmer-to-deliver-first-speech-of-2023-after-rishi-sunak-criticised-for-being-detached-from-reality-12593360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demianyk_2-304"><a href="#cite_ref-Demianyk_2_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemianyk2023" class="citation web cs1">Demianyk, Graeme (30 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/brexit-was-a-mistake-poll_uk_63d7e898e4b01e92886c334e">"Almost All Constituencies Think Brexit Was a Mistake, Poll Shows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="HuffPost UK">HuffPost UK</a>. London. Retrieved 21 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost+UK&rft.atitle=Almost+All+Constituencies+Think+Brexit+Was+a+Mistake%2C+Poll+Shows&rft.date=2023-01-30&rft.aulast=Demianyk&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2Fentry%2Fbrexit-was-a-mistake-poll_uk_63d7e898e4b01e92886c334e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Withers-305"><a href="#cite_ref-Withers_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithers2023" class="citation web cs1">Withers, Matt (30 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/britains-wave-of-bregret/">"Britain's wave of Bregret"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_European" title="The New European">The New European</a>. London. Retrieved 21 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+European&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+wave+of+Bregret&rft.date=2023-01-30&rft.aulast=Withers&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theneweuropean.co.uk%2Fbritains-wave-of-bregret%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Brexit" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Brexit&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> Similar timelines <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/europe-general-elections-elections-referendums-david-cameron-f673af169925d30e524169ef92c4f386">"Timeline of events in Britain's exit from the European Union"</a> at <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cer.eu/brexit-timeline">"Brexit timeline"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_European_Reform" title="Centre for European Reform">Centre for European Reform</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7960/CBP-7960.pdf">"Brexit timeline: events leading to the UK's exit from the European Union"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_Library" title="House of Commons Library">House of Commons Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-timeline-events-uk-leave-eu-referendum-may-boris-parliament-a9310221.html">"Brexit timeline: Flashpoints from the 2016 referendum to leaving the EU in 2020"</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/pmn/news-pmn/timeline-of-brexit-and-events-leading-to-mays-departure/wcm/eb24f977-d140-466b-9103-f00a05f07c3d">"Timeline of Brexit and events leading to May's departure"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Sun" title="Vancouver Sun">Vancouver Sun</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2016_referendum_on_the_United_Kingdom&#039;s_membership_of_the_European_Union,_and_Brexit" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brexit_topics" title="Template:Brexit topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brexit_topics" title="Template talk:Brexit topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2016_referendum_on_the_United_Kingdom&#039;s_membership_of_the_European_Union,_and_Brexit" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 referendum</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">Renegotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Referendum results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Withdrawal agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland protocol">Northern Ireland protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">Trade negotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendum question</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">"<a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015#Referendum_question" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?</a>"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendum legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">European Union Referendum Act 2015</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Act_2016_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_(Date_of_Referendum_etc.)_Regulations_2016" title="European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016">European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union_Referendum_(Conduct)_Regulations_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016">The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972" title="Treaty of Accession 1972">1972 Accession Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">European Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation" title="United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation">UK opt-outs from EU legislation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_relating_to_the_European_Communities_and_the_European_Union" title="Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union">Legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(UK)" title="European Communities Act 1972 (UK)">European Communities Act 1972</a> <ul><li>Amendments: <a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1986" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1993" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_1998" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_(Amendment)_Act_2002" title="European Communities (Amendment) Act 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Amendment)_Act_2008" title="European Union (Amendment) Act 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011" title="European Union Act 2011">2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area_Act_1993" title="European Economic Area Act 1993">European Economic Area Act 1993</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed bills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Bill_2004%E2%80%932005" title="European Union Bill 2004–2005">European Union Bill 2004–05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_(Repeal)_Bills" title="European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills">European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314" title="European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14">European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2014 European Parliament election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By-elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Clacton_by-election" title="2014 Clacton by-election">2014 Clacton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election" title="2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election">2014 Heywood and Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election" title="2014 Rochester and Strood by-election">2014 Rochester and Strood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities" title="Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities">UK accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973 EC enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">UK membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">1975 EC membership referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rebate" title="UK rebate">UK rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_speech" title="Bruges speech">Bruges speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._No._No._(Margaret_Thatcher)" title="No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)">No. No. No.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels" title="Maastricht Rebels">Maastricht Rebels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out" title="The European Union: In or Out">The European Union: In or Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_speech" title="Bloomberg speech">Bloomberg speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">Russian interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_Competences_Review" title="Balance of Competences Review">Balance of Competences Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">2015–16 renegotiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euroscepticism in the UK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Opinion polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Fear" title="Project Fear">Project Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum" title="Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum">Unlawful campaigning allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Movie" title="Brexit: The Movie">Brexit: The Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet" title="Pro-EU leaflet">Pro-EU leaflet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaign organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_campaign_organisations_supporting_Remain_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="List of campaign organisations supporting Remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Remain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe" title="Britain Stronger in Europe">Britain Stronger in Europe</a> (official campaign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_In_for_Britain" title="Labour In for Britain">Labour In for Britain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leave</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave</a> (official campaign)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave.EU" title="Leave.EU">Leave.EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeLeave" title="BeLeave">BeLeave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Out" title="Grassroots Out">Grassroots Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Leave" title="Labour Leave">Labour Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain" title="Campaign for an Independent Britain">Campaign for an Independent Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better_Off_Out" title="Better Off Out">Better Off Out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Britain_Out" title="Get Britain Out">Get Britain Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">Aftermath of referendum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political party leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Conservative <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2020_Scottish_Conservatives_leadership_election" title="February 2020 Scottish Conservatives leadership election">Scottish, February 2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(UK)" title="2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election">UKIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Brexit" title="Opposition to Brexit">Opposition to Brexit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement">Proposed second referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Vote" title="People's Vote">People's Vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition" title="Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition">Petition to revoke Article 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys" title="Led By Donkeys">Led By Donkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollocks_to_Brexit" title="Bollocks to Brexit">Bollocks to Brexit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2017 United Kingdom local elections">2017 local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2018 United Kingdom local elections">2018 local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2019 United Kingdom local elections">2019 local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2019 European Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit Party">Brexit Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By-elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Witney_by-election" title="2016 Witney by-election">2016 Witney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Richmond_Park_by-election" title="2016 Richmond Park by-election">2016 Richmond Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sleaford_and_North_Hykeham_by-election" title="2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham by-election">2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Copeland_by-election" title="2017 Copeland by-election">2017 Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Stoke-on-Trent_Central_by-election" title="2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central by-election">2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Peterborough_by-election" title="2019 Peterborough by-election">2019 Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Brecon_and_Radnorshire_by-election" title="2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election">2019 Brecon and Radnorshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_to_Leave" class="mw-redirect" title="March to Leave">March to Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_Alliance" title="Brexit Alliance">Brexit Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit Party">Brexit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Alliance_for_Reform" title="Independent Alliance for Reform">Independent Alliance for Reform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brexit process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union">Miller I case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union">Invocation of Article 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Negotiations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_divorce_bill" title="Brexit divorce bill">Brexit divorce bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017" title="Brexit negotiations in 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018" title="Brexit negotiations in 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019" title="Brexit negotiations in 2019">2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Withdrawal agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">Parliamentary votes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-deal_Brexit" title="No-deal Brexit">No-deal Brexit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowhammer" title="Operation Yellowhammer">Operation Yellowhammer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 British prorogation controversy">Prorogation of Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland">Miller II / Cherry case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_for_finance" title="Fish for finance">Fish for finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of Brexit">Impact of Brexit and potential effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">on Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Northern_Ireland_Executive_formation" title="2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation">2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border" title="Brexit and the Irish border">Brexit and the Irish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill" title="Northern Ireland Protocol Bill">proposed changes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea_border" title="Irish Sea border">Irish Sea border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar" title="Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar">on Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union" title="Impact of Brexit on the European Union">on the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology" title="Brexit and arrangements for science and technology">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit" title="Economic effects of Brexit">Economic effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">EU–UK relations after Brexit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brexit legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">White papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_plan" title="Brexit plan">Brexit plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal Bill plan">Repeal Bill plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chequers_plan" title="Chequers plan">Chequers plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement plan">Brexit withdrawal agreement plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enacted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Notification_of_Withdrawal)_Act_2017" title="European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017">Notification of Withdrawal Act 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2018" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018">Withdrawal Act 2018</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018" title="Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018">Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019">Cooper–Letwin Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_(No._2)_Act_2019" title="European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019">Benn Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">Withdrawal Agreement Act 2020</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)">Gibraltar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020"> Internal Market Act 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Future_Relationship)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020">Future Relationship Act 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Continuity)_(Scotland)_Act_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020">UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_(Referendum)_Bills" title="Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills">Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_(Legal_Continuity)_(Scotland)_Bill_2018" title="UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018">UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_(Public_Vote)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319" title="European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19">European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_50p_coin" title="Brexit 50p coin">Brexit 50p coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_Britain" title="Change Britain">Change Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_UK" title="Change UK">Change UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_with_Ed_Miliband" title="Chaos with Ed Miliband">Chaos with Ed Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_People_(headline)" title="Enemies of the People (headline)">Enemies of the People</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave_Means_Leave" title="Leave Means Leave">Leave Means Leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys" title="Led By Donkeys">Led By Donkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_United" title="More United">More United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Future_Forum" title="Northern Future Forum">Northern Future Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_European" title="The New European">The New European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Britain" title="Open Britain">Open Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="Proposed second Scottish independence referendum">Proposed second Scottish independence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_du_Brexit" title="Rue du Brexit">Rue du Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms" title="Glossary of Brexit terms">Terminology (Glossary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufton_Street" title="Tufton Street">Tufton Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory" title="Voting pencil conspiracy theory">Voting pencil conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_EU_law_(UK_Law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retained EU law (UK Law)">Retained EU law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brexit_in_popular_culture" title="Brexit in popular culture">Media depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remainiacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Remainiacs">Remainiacs</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcards_from_the_48%25" title="Postcards from the 48%">Postcards from the 48%</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_Tonight_(video_game)" title="Not Tonight (video game)">Not Tonight</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Uncivil_War" title="Brexit: The Uncivil War">Brexit: The Uncivil War</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BorderIrish" title="BorderIrish">@BorderIrish</a> (2018–2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Brexit" title="Category:Brexit">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/21px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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