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<li id="toc-Version_2.0.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_2.0.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Version 2.0.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_2.0.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Open_Publication_Structure_2.0.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_Publication_Structure_2.0.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Open Publication Structure 2.0.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_Publication_Structure_2.0.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_Packaging_Format_2.0.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_Packaging_Format_2.0.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Open Packaging Format 2.0.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_Packaging_Format_2.0.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-.opf_file" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#.opf_file"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.1</span> <span>.opf file</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-.opf_file-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-.ncx_file" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#.ncx_file"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.2</span> <span>.ncx file</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-.ncx_file-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_Container_Format_2.0.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_Container_Format_2.0.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Open Container Format 2.0.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_Container_Format_2.0.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Version_3.0.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_3.0.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Version 3.0.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_3.0.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Version_3.2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_3.2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Version 3.2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_3.2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Version_3.3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_3.3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Version 3.3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_3.3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_rights_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_rights_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Digital rights management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_rights_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_and_privacy_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_and_privacy_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Security and privacy concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_and_privacy_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Container" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Container"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Container</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Container-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_overlays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_overlays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Media overlays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_overlays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Software-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Software subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reading_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reading_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Reading software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reading_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Creation software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">EPUB</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="كتاب النشر الإلكتروني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتاب النشر الإلكتروني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="ইপাব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইপাব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epub" title="Epub – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Epub" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ئی‌پاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ئی‌پاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB_(format)" title="EPUB (format) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="EPUB (format)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC" title="ईपब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईपब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPub" title="EPub – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="EPub" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Publication" title="Electronic Publication – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Electronic Publication" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Publication" title="Electronic Publication – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Electronic Publication" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronska_publikacija" title="Elektronska publikacija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Elektronska publikacija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epub" title="Epub – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Epub" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%DB%87%D9%82_%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="ئېلېكترونلۇق نەشر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېلېكترونلۇق نەشر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="EPUB" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q475488#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:EPUB_file_format" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q475488" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">E-book format</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For publications that are accessed electronically, see <a href="/wiki/Electronic_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic article">Electronic article</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom: 0.15em;">Electronic Publication (EPUB)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Epub_logo_color.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Epub_logo_color.svg/250px-Epub_logo_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Epub_logo_color.svg/330px-Epub_logo_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Epub_logo_color.svg/500px-Epub_logo_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> .epub</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><div class="monospaced"> application/epub+zip</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/File_format#Magic_number" title="File format">Magic number</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><code>PK\x03\x04</code> (<a href="/wiki/Zip_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zip (file format)">Zip</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">September 2007<span class="noprint">; 17 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2007 -09</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3.3<br />May 25, 2023<span class="noprint">; 22 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2023-05-25</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-idpf_specs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idpf_specs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-book</a> <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">file format</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Contained by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">OEBPS Container Format (OCF; <a href="/wiki/ZIP_(file_format)" title="ZIP (file format)">Zip</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Extended from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="/wiki/Open_eBook" title="Open eBook">Open eBook</a>, <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/DTBook" title="DTBook">DTBook</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">ISO/IEC TS 30135</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/publishing/epub3/">w3.org/epub3</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>EPUB</b> is an <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-book</a> <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">file format</a> that uses the ".epub" <a href="/wiki/File_extension" class="mw-redirect" title="File extension">file extension</a>. The term is short for <i>electronic publication</i> and is sometimes stylized as <i>ePUB</i>. EPUB is supported by many <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-readers</a>, and compatible software is available for most smartphones, tablets, and computers. EPUB is a <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">technical standard</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/International_Digital_Publishing_Forum" title="International Digital Publishing Forum">International Digital Publishing Forum</a> (IDPF). It became an official standard of the IDPF in September 2007, superseding the older <a href="/wiki/Open_eBook" title="Open eBook">Open eBook</a> (OEB) standard.<sup id="cite_ref-ops_approved_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ops_approved-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_Industry_Study_Group" title="Book Industry Study Group">Book Industry Study Group</a> endorses EPUB 3 as the format of choice for packaging content and has stated that the global book publishing industry should rally around a single standard.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technically, a file in the EPUB format is a <a href="/wiki/ZIP_(file_format)" title="ZIP (file format)">ZIP archive</a> file consisting of <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> files carrying the content, along with images and other supporting files. EPUB is the most widely supported vendor-independent <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>-based e-book format; it is supported by almost all hardware readers and many software readers and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile apps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A successor to the <a href="/wiki/Open_eBook" title="Open eBook">Open eBook Publication Structure</a>, EPUB 2.0 was approved in October 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a maintenance update (2.0.1) approved in September 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-epub2.0_history_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epub2.0_history-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The EPUB 3.0 specification became effective in October 2011, superseded by a minor maintenance update (3.0.1) in June 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New major features include support for precise layout or specialized formatting (Fixed Layout Documents), such as for comic books,<sup id="cite_ref-teleread_epub_test_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teleread_epub_test-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a> support. The current version of EPUB is 3.2, effective May 8, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The (text of) format specification underwent reorganization<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and clean-up; format supports remotely hosted resources and new font formats (<a href="/wiki/WOFF" class="mw-redirect" title="WOFF">WOFF 2.0</a> and <a href="/wiki/SFNT" title="SFNT">SFNT</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and uses more pure <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2016 <a href="/wiki/International_Digital_Publishing_Forum" title="International Digital Publishing Forum">IDPF</a> members approved <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C) merger,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "to fully align the publishing industry and core Web technology".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_2.0.1">Version 2.0.1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Version 2.0.1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EPUB 2.0 was approved in October 2007, with a maintenance update (2.0.1) intended to clarify and correct errata in the specifications being approved in September 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-epub2.0_history_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epub2.0_history-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EPUB version 2.0.1 consists of three specifications: </p> <ul><li><i>Open Publication Structure</i> (OPS) 2.0.1, contains the formatting of its content.<sup id="cite_ref-ops2.0.1_spec_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ops2.0.1_spec-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Open Packaging Format</i> (OPF) 2.0.1, describes the structure of the <code>.epub</code> file in XML.<sup id="cite_ref-opf2.0.1_spec_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opf2.0.1_spec-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Open Container Format</i> (OCF) 2.0.1, collects all files as a <a href="/wiki/Zip_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zip (file format)">ZIP</a> archive.<sup id="cite_ref-ocf2.0.1_spec_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocf2.0.1_spec-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>EPUB internally uses XHTML or <a href="/wiki/DTBook" title="DTBook">DTBook</a> (an XML standard provided by the <a href="/wiki/DAISY_Digital_Talking_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="DAISY Digital Talking Book">DAISY</a> Consortium) to represent the text and structure of the content document, and a subset of CSS to provide layout and formatting. <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> is used to create the document manifest, <a href="/wiki/Table_of_contents" title="Table of contents">table of contents</a>, and EPUB <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>. Finally, the files are bundled in a <a href="/wiki/Zip_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zip (file format)">zip</a> file as a packaging format. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Open_Publication_Structure_2.0.1">Open Publication Structure 2.0.1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Open Publication Structure 2.0.1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An EPUB file uses XHTML 1.1 (or DTBook) to construct the content of a book as of version 2.0.1. This is different from previous versions (<a href="/wiki/Open_eBook" title="Open eBook">OEBPS</a> 1.2 and earlier), which used a subset of XHTML. There are, however, a few restrictions on certain elements. The <a href="/wiki/Internet_media_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet media type">mimetype</a> for XHTML documents in EPUB is <code>application/xhtml+xml</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-ops2.0.1_spec_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ops2.0.1_spec-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Styling and layout are performed using a subset of CSS 2.0, referred to as <i>OPS Style Sheets</i>. This specialized syntax requires that reading systems support only a portion of CSS properties and adds a few custom properties. Custom properties include <code>oeb-page-head, oeb-page-foot,</code> and <code>oeb-column-number</code>. Font-embedding can be accomplished using the <code>@font-face</code> property, as well as including the font file in the OPF's manifest (see below). The <a href="/wiki/Internet_media_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet media type">mimetype</a> for CSS documents in EPUB is <code>text/css</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-ops2.0.1_spec_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ops2.0.1_spec-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EPUB also requires that <a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a>, <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a>, <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</a> images be supported using the <a href="/wiki/Internet_media_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet media type">mimetypes</a> <code>image/png, image/jpeg, image/gif, image/svg+xml</code>. Other media types are allowed, but creators must include alternative renditions using supported types.<sup id="cite_ref-ops2.0.1_spec_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ops2.0.1_spec-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a table of all required mimetypes, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idpf.org/epub/20/spec/OPS_2.0.1_draft.htm#Section1.3.7">Section 1.3.7</a> of the specification. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> is required, and content producers must use either <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> or <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a> encoding.<sup id="cite_ref-ops2.0.1_spec_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ops2.0.1_spec-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is to support international and multilingual books. However, reading systems are not required to provide the fonts necessary to display every Unicode character, though they are required to display at least a placeholder for characters that cannot be displayed fully.<sup id="cite_ref-ops2.0.1_spec_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ops2.0.1_spec-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example skeleton of an XHTML file for EPUB looks like this: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?></span> <span class="cp"><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd"></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">html</span> <span class="na">xmlns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"</span> <span class="na">xml:lang</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"en"</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">meta</span> <span class="na">http-equiv</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"Content-Type"</span> <span class="na">content</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"application/xhtml+xml; charset=utf-8"</span> <span class="p">/></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">></span>Pride and Prejudice<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">link</span> <span class="na">rel</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"stylesheet"</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"css/main.css"</span> <span class="na">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"text/css"</span> <span class="p">/></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span> ... <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Open_Packaging_Format_2.0.1">Open Packaging Format 2.0.1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Open Packaging Format 2.0.1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The OPF specification's purpose is to "[define] the mechanism by which the various components of an OPS publication are tied together and provides additional structure and semantics to the electronic publication".<sup id="cite_ref-opf2.0.1_spec_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opf2.0.1_spec-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is accomplished by two XML files with the extensions <code>.opf</code> and <code>.ncx</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id=".opf_file">.opf file</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: .opf file"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The OPF file, traditionally named <code>content.opf</code>, houses the EPUB book's metadata, file manifest, and linear reading order. This file has a root element <code>package</code> and four child elements: <code>metadata</code>, <code>manifest</code>, <code>spine</code>, and <code>guide</code>. Furthermore, the <code>package</code> node must have the <code>unique-identifier</code> attribute. The .opf file's mimetype is <code>application/oebps-package+xml</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-opf2.0.1_spec_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opf2.0.1_spec-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <code>metadata</code> element contains all the metadata information for a particular EPUB file. Three metadata tags are required (though many more are available): <code>title</code>, <code>language</code>, and <code>identifier</code>. <code>title</code> contains the title of the book, <code>language</code> contains the language of the book's contents in <a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">RFC 3066</a> format <i>or</i> its successors, such as the newer <a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">RFC 4646</a> and <code>identifier</code> contains a unique identifier for the book, such as its <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> or a <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a>. The <code>identifier</code>'s <code>id</code> attribute should equal the <code>unique-identifier</code> attribute from the <code>package</code> element.<sup id="cite_ref-opf2.0.1_spec_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opf2.0.1_spec-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <code>manifest</code> element lists all the files contained in the package. Each file is represented by an <code>item</code> element, and has the attributes <code>id</code>, <code>href</code>, <code>media-type</code>. All XHTML (content documents), stylesheets, images or other media, embedded fonts, and the NCX file should be listed here. Only the <code>.opf</code> file itself, the <code>container.xml</code>, and the <code>mimetype</code> files should not be included.<sup id="cite_ref-opf2.0.1_spec_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opf2.0.1_spec-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <code>spine</code> element lists all the XHTML content documents in their linear reading order. Also, any content document that can be reached through linking or the table of contents must be listed as well. The <code>toc</code> attribute of <code>spine</code> must contain the <code>id</code> of the NCX file listed in the manifest. Each <code>itemref</code> element's <code>idref</code> is set to the <code>id</code> of its respective content document.<sup id="cite_ref-opf2.0.1_spec_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opf2.0.1_spec-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <code>guide</code> element is an optional element for the purpose of identifying fundamental structural components of the book. Each <code>reference</code> element has the attributes <code>type</code>, <code>title</code>, <code>href</code>. Files referenced in <code>href</code> must be listed in the manifest, and are allowed to have an element identifier (e.g. <code>#figures</code> in the example).<sup id="cite_ref-opf2.0.1_spec_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opf2.0.1_spec-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example OPF file: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><?xml version="1.0"?></span> <span class="nt"><package</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">version=</span><span class="s">"2.0"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns=</span><span class="s">"http://www.idpf.org/2007/opf"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">unique-identifier=</span><span class="s">"BookId"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><metadata</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns:dc=</span><span class="s">"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns:opf=</span><span class="s">"http://www.idpf.org/2007/opf"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><dc:title></span>Pride<span class="w"> </span>and<span class="w"> </span>Prejudice<span class="nt"></dc:title></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><dc:language></span>en<span class="nt"></dc:language></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><dc:identifier</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">id=</span><span class="s">"BookId"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">opf:scheme=</span><span class="s">"ISBN"</span><span class="nt">></span>123456789X<span class="nt"></dc:identifier></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><dc:creator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">opf:file-as=</span><span class="s">"Austen, Jane"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">opf:role=</span><span class="s">"aut"</span><span class="nt">></span>Jane<span class="w"> </span>Austen<span class="nt"></dc:creator></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></metadata></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><manifest></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">id=</span><span class="s">"chapter1"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">href=</span><span class="s">"chapter1.xhtml"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">media-type=</span><span class="s">"application/xhtml+xml"</span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">id=</span><span class="s">"appendix"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">href=</span><span class="s">"appendix.xhtml"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">media-type=</span><span class="s">"application/xhtml+xml"</span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">id=</span><span class="s">"stylesheet"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">href=</span><span class="s">"style.css"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">media-type=</span><span class="s">"text/css"</span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">id=</span><span class="s">"ch1-pic"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">href=</span><span class="s">"ch1-pic.png"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">media-type=</span><span class="s">"image/png"</span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">id=</span><span class="s">"myfont"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">href=</span><span class="s">"css/myfont.otf"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">media-type=</span><span class="s">"application/x-font-opentype"</span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><item</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">id=</span><span class="s">"ncx"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">href=</span><span class="s">"toc.ncx"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">media-type=</span><span class="s">"application/x-dtbncx+xml"</span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></manifest></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><spine</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">toc=</span><span class="s">"ncx"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><itemref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">idref=</span><span class="s">"chapter1"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><itemref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">idref=</span><span class="s">"appendix"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></spine></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><guide></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><reference</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">type=</span><span class="s">"loi"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">title=</span><span class="s">"List Of Illustrations"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">href=</span><span class="s">"appendix.xhtml#figures"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></guide></span> <span class="nt"></package></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id=".ncx_file">.ncx file</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: .ncx file"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NCX file (<b>N</b>avigation <b>C</b>ontrol file for <b>X</b>ML), traditionally named <code>toc.ncx</code>, contains the hierarchical <a href="/wiki/Table_of_contents" title="Table of contents">table of contents</a> for the EPUB file. The specification for NCX was developed for <a href="/wiki/DAISY_Digital_Talking_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="DAISY Digital Talking Book">Digital Talking Book</a> (DTB), is maintained by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=DAISY_Consortium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DAISY Consortium (page does not exist)">DAISY Consortium</a>, and is not a part of the EPUB specification. The NCX file has a mimetype of <code>application/x-dtbncx+xml</code>. </p><p>Of note here is that the values for the <code>docTitle</code>, <code>docAuthor</code>, and <code>meta name="dtb:uid"</code> elements should match their analogs in the OPF file. Also, the <code>meta name="dtb:depth"</code> element is set equal to the depth of the <code>navMap</code> element. <code>navPoint</code> elements can be nested to create a hierarchical table of contents. <code>navLabel</code>'s content is the text that appears in the table of contents generated by reading systems that use the .ncx. <code>navPoint</code>'s <code>content</code> element points to a content document listed in the manifest and can also include an element identifier (e.g. <code>#section1</code>).<sup id="cite_ref-opf2.0.1_spec_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opf2.0.1_spec-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dtb_spec_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtb_spec-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A description of certain exceptions to the NCX specification as used in EPUB is in Section 2.4.1 of the specification.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complete specification for NCX can be found in the <i>Specifications for the Digital Talking Book</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-dtb_spec_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtb_spec-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example .ncx file: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?></span> <span class="cp"><!DOCTYPE ncx PUBLIC "-//NISO//DTD ncx 2005-1//EN"</span> <span class="cp">"http://www.daisy.org/z3986/2005/ncx-2005-1.dtd"></span> <span class="nt"><ncx</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">version=</span><span class="s">"2005-1"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xml:lang=</span><span class="s">"en"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns=</span><span class="s">"http://www.daisy.org/z3986/2005/ncx/"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><head></span> <span class="cm"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><meta</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"dtb:uid"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">content=</span><span class="s">"123456789X"</span><span class="nt">/></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><meta</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"dtb:depth"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">content=</span><span class="s">"1"</span><span class="nt">/></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><meta</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"dtb:totalPageCount"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">content=</span><span class="s">"0"</span><span class="nt">/></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><meta</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"dtb:maxPageNumber"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">content=</span><span class="s">"0"</span><span class="nt">/></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm"></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></head></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><docTitle></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><text></span>Pride<span class="w"> </span>and<span class="w"> </span>Prejudice<span class="nt"></text></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></docTitle></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><docAuthor></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><text></span>Austen,<span class="w"> </span>Jane<span class="nt"></text></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></docAuthor></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><navMap></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><navPoint</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"chapter"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">id=</span><span class="s">"chapter1"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">playOrder=</span><span class="s">"1"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><navLabel><text></span>Chapter<span class="w"> </span>1<span class="nt"></text></navLabel></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><content</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">src=</span><span class="s">"chapter1.xhtml"</span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></navPoint></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></navMap></span> <span class="nt"></ncx></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Open_Container_Format_2.0.1">Open Container Format 2.0.1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Open Container Format 2.0.1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An EPUB file is a group of files that conform to the OPS/OPF standards and are wrapped in a ZIP file.<sup id="cite_ref-epub_101_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epub_101-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OCF specifies how to organize these files in the ZIP, and defines two additional files that must be included. </p><p>The <code>mimetype</code> file must be a text document in ASCII that contains the string <code>application/epub+zip</code>. It must also be uncompressed, unencrypted, and the first file in the ZIP archive. This file provides a more reliable way for applications to identify the mimetype of the file than just the <code>.epub</code> extension.<sup id="cite_ref-ocf2.0.1_spec_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocf2.0.1_spec-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, there must be a folder named <code>META-INF</code>, which contains the required file <code>container.xml</code>. This XML file points to the file defining the contents of the book. This is the OPF file, though additional alternative <code>rootfile</code> elements are allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-ocf2.0.1_spec_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocf2.0.1_spec-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from <code>mimetype</code> and <code>META-INF/container.xml</code>, the other files (OPF, NCX, XHTML, CSS and images files) are traditionally put in a directory named <code>OEBPS</code>. </p><p>An example file structure: </p> <pre>--ZIP Container-- mimetype META-INF/ container.xml OEBPS/ content.opf chapter1.xhtml ch1-pic.png css/ style.css myfont.otf </pre> <p>An example container.xml, given the above file structure: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?></span> <span class="nt"><container</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">version=</span><span class="s">"1.0"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns=</span><span class="s">"urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><rootfiles></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><rootfile</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">full-path=</span><span class="s">"OEBPS/content.opf"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">media-type=</span><span class="s">"application/oebps-package+xml"</span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></rootfiles></span> <span class="nt"></container></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_3.0.1">Version 3.0.1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Version 3.0.1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The EPUB 3.0 Recommended Specification was approved on 11 October 2011. On June 26, 2014, EPUB 3.0.1 was approved as a minor maintenance update to EPUB 3.0. EPUB 3.0 supersedes the previous release 2.0.1.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EPUB 3 consists of a set of four specifications:<sup id="cite_ref-epub3_overview_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epub3_overview-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>EPUB Publications 3.0</i>, which defines publication-level semantics and overarching conformance requirements for EPUB Publications</li> <li><i>EPUB Content Documents 3.0</i>, which defines profiles of XHTML, SVG and CSS for use in the context of EPUB Publications</li> <li><i>EPUB Open Container Format (OCF) 3.0</i>, which defines a file format and processing model for encapsulating a set of related resources into a single-file (ZIP) EPUB Container.</li> <li><i>EPUB Media Overlays 3.0</i>, which defines a format and a processing model for synchronization of text and audio</li></ul> <p>The EPUB 3.0 format was intended to address the following criticisms: </p> <ul><li>While good for text-centric books, EPUB was rather unsuitable for publications that require precise layout or specialized formatting, such as comic books.<sup id="cite_ref-teleread_epub_test_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teleread_epub_test-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A major issue hindering the use of EPUB for most technical publications was the lack of support for equations formatted as <a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a>. They were included as <a href="/wiki/Bitmap" title="Bitmap">bitmap</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</a> images, precluding proper handling by screen readers and interaction with computer algebra systems. Support for MathML is included in the EPUB 3.0 specification.</li> <li>Other criticisms of EPUB were the specification's lack of detail on linking within or between EPUB books, and its lack of a specification for annotation. Such linking is hindered by the use of a ZIP file as the container for EPUB. Furthermore, it was unclear if it would be better to link by using EPUB's internal structural markup (the OPF specification mentioned above) or directly to files through the ZIP's file structure.<sup id="cite_ref-epub_linking_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epub_linking-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of a standardized way to annotate EPUB books led to difficulty in sharing and transferring annotations and therefore limited the use scenarios of EPUB, particularly in educational settings, because it cannot provide a level of interactivity comparable to the web.<sup id="cite_ref-teleread_epub_annotation_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teleread_epub_annotation-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>On June 26, 2014, the IDPF published EPUB 3.0.1 as a final Recommended Specification.<sup id="cite_ref-V3.0.1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V3.0.1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2014, EPUB 3.0 was published by the <a href="/wiki/International_Standards_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standards Organization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> as ISO/IEC TS 30135 (parts 1–7).<sup id="cite_ref-iso_standard_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso_standard-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2020, EPUB 3.0.1 was published by the <a href="/wiki/International_Standards_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standards Organization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> as ISO/IEC 23736 (parts 1–6).<sup id="cite_ref-iso_standard_2020_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso_standard_2020-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_3.2">Version 3.2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Version 3.2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EPUB 3.2 was announced in 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the final specification was released in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable change is the removal of a specialized subset of CSS, enabling the use of non-epub-prefixed properties. The references to HTML and SVG standards are also updated to "newest version available", as opposed to a fixed version in time.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_3.3">Version 3.3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Version 3.3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The W3C announced version 3.3 on May 25, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes included stricter security and privacy standards; and the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a> media formats.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The format and many readers support the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reflowable_document" title="Reflowable document">Reflowable document</a>: optimize text for a particular display</li> <li>Fixed-layout content:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pre-paginated content can be useful for certain kinds of highly designed content, such as illustrated books intended only for larger screens, such as tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-understanding-epub3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-understanding-epub3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Like an <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> web site, the format supports inline <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector</a> images, metadata, and CSS styling.</li> <li>Page bookmarking</li> <li>Passage highlighting and notes</li> <li>A library that stores books and can be searched</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Font size">Re-sizable</a> fonts, and changeable text and background colors</li> <li>Support for a subset of <a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Better analytical support with compatible platforms<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Digital rights management—can contain <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> (DRM) as an optional layer<sup id="cite_ref-idpf_faq_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idpf_faq-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_rights_management">Digital rights management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Digital rights management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An EPUB file can optionally contain DRM as an additional layer, but it is not required by the specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-idpf_faq_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idpf_faq-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the specification does not name any particular DRM system to use, so publishers can choose a DRM scheme to their liking. However, future versions of EPUB (specifically OCF) <i>may</i> specify a format for DRM.<sup id="cite_ref-ocf2.0.1_spec_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocf2.0.1_spec-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The EPUB specification does not enforce or suggest a particular DRM scheme. This could affect the level of support for various DRM systems on <a href="/wiki/E-book_reader" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book reader">devices</a> and the portability of purchased e-books. Consequently, such DRM incompatibility may segment the EPUB format along the lines of DRM systems, undermining the advantages of a single standard format and confusing the consumer.<sup id="cite_ref-ftimes_epub_drm1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ftimes_epub_drm1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-teleread_epub_drm1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teleread_epub_drm1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-teleread_epub_drm2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teleread_epub_drm2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-teleread_epub_drm3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teleread_epub_drm3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jkontherun_epub_drm1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jkontherun_epub_drm1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adobe_epub_drm1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adobe_epub_drm1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DRMed EPUB files must contain a file called <code>rights.xml</code> within the <code>META-INF</code> directory at the root level of the ZIP container.<sup id="cite_ref-ocf2.0.1_spec_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocf2.0.1_spec-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EPUB is widely used on software readers such as <a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Google Play Books</a> on <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books</a> on <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a>'s e-readers, but not by associated apps for other platforms. iBooks also supports the proprietary iBook format, which is based on the EPUB format but depends upon code from the iBooks app to function.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EPUB is a popular format for <a href="/wiki/Electronic_data_interchange" title="Electronic data interchange">electronic data interchange</a> because it can be an open format and is based on HTML, as opposed to Amazon's proprietary format for Kindle readers. Popular EPUB producers of <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Open license">open licensed</a> content include <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/SciELO" title="SciELO">SciELO</a> and others. </p><p>In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Send_to_Kindle_service" title="Amazon Kindle">Send to Kindle service</a> removed support for its own <a href="/wiki/Kindle_File_Format" title="Kindle File Format">Kindle File Format</a> in favor of EPUB.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_and_privacy_concerns">Security and privacy concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Security and privacy concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EPUB requires readers to support the <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, CSS, <a href="/wiki/SVG" title="SVG">SVG</a> formats, making EPUB readers use the same technology as web browsers. </p><p>Such formats are associated with various types of security issues and privacy-breaching behaviors e.g. <a href="/wiki/Web_beacon" title="Web beacon">Web beacons</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSRF" class="mw-redirect" title="CSRF">CSRF</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Cross_Site_History_Manipulation_(XSHM)">XSHM</a> due to their complexity and flexibility. </p><p>Such vulnerabilities can be used to implement <a href="/wiki/Web_tracking" title="Web tracking">web tracking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross-device_tracking" title="Cross-device tracking">cross-device tracking</a> on EPUB files.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Security researchers also identified attacks leading to local files and other user data being uploaded.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "EPUB 3.1 Overview" document provides a security warning:<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Authors need to be aware that scripting in an EPUB Publication can create security considerations that are different from scripting within a Web browser. For example, typical same-origin policies are not applicable to content that has been downloaded to a user's local system. Therefore, it is strongly encouraged that scripting be limited to container constrained contexts.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An EPUB file is an archive that contains, in effect, a website. It includes HTML files, images, CSS style sheets, and other assets. It also contains metadata. EPUB 3.3 is the latest version. By using <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, publications can contain video, audio, and interactivity, just like websites in web browsers.<sup id="cite_ref-understanding-epub3_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-understanding-epub3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Container">Container</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Container"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An EPUB publication is delivered as a single file. This file is an unencrypted zipped archive containing a set of interrelated resources.<sup id="cite_ref-ocf3.0_spec_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocf3.0_spec-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An OCF (Open Container Format) Abstract Container defines a file system model for the contents of the container. The file system model uses a single common root directory for all contents in the container. All (non-remote) resources for publications are in the directory tree headed by the container's root directory, though EPUB mandates no specific file system structure for this. The file system model includes a mandatory directory named META-INF that is a direct child of the container's root directory. META-INF stores container.xml. </p><p>The first file in the archive must be the <a href="/wiki/Mimetype" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimetype">mimetype</a> file. It must be unencrypted and uncompressed so that non-ZIP utilities can read the mimetype. The mimetype file must be an <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> file that contains the string "application/epub+zip". This file provides a more reliable way for applications to identify the mimetype of the file than just the .epub extension.<sup id="cite_ref-ocf3.0_spec_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocf3.0_spec-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example file structure: </p> <pre>--ZIP Container-- mimetype META-INF/ container.xml OEBPS/ content.opf chapter1.xhtml ch1-pic.png css/ style.css myfont.otf toc.ncx </pre> <p>There must be a META-INF directory containing container.xml. This file points to the file defining the contents of the book, the OPF file, though additional alternative rootfile elements are allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-ocf3.0_spec_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocf3.0_spec-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from mimetype and META-INF/container.xml, the other files (OPF, NCX, XHTML, CSS and images files) are traditionally put in a directory named OEBPS. An example container.xml: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?></span> <span class="nt"><container</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">version=</span><span class="s">"1.0"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">xmlns=</span><span class="s">"urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container"</span><span class="nt">></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><rootfiles></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"><rootfile</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">full-path=</span><span class="s">"OEBPS/content.opf"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">media-type=</span><span class="s">"application/oebps-package+xml"</span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nt"></rootfiles></span> <span class="nt"></container></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publication">Publication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ePUB container must contain:<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>At least one content document.</li> <li>One navigation document.</li> <li>One package document listing all publication resources. This file should use the file extension <i>.opf</i>. It contains metadata, a manifest, fallback chains, bindings, and a spine. This is an ordered sequence of ID references defining the default reading order.</li></ul> <p>The ePUB container may contain: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Style_sheet_language" title="Style sheet language">Style sheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_Lexicon_Specification" title="Pronunciation Lexicon Specification">Pronunciation Lexicon Specification</a> (PLS) documents</li> <li>Media overlay documents</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contents">Contents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Content documents include<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/HTML_5" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML 5">HTML 5</a> content, navigation documents, <a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</a> documents, scripted content documents, and fixed layout documents. Contents also include CSS and PLS documents. Navigation documents supersede the NCX grammar used in EPUB 2. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_overlays">Media overlays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Media overlays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Books with synchronized audio narration are created in EPUB 3 by using media overlay documents to describe the timing for the pre-recorded audio narration and how it relates to the EPUB Content Document markup. The file format for Media Overlays is defined as a subset of <a href="/wiki/Synchronized_Multimedia_Integration_Language" title="Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language">SMIL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EPUB reader software exists for all major computing platforms, such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Digital_Editions" title="Adobe Digital Editions">Adobe Digital Editions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">calibre</a> on desktop platforms, <a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Google Play Books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aldiko" title="Aldiko">Aldiko</a> on Android and iOS, and Apple Books on macOS and iOS. There is also cross-platform editor software for creating EPUB files, including the <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open source</a> programs calibre and <a href="/wiki/Sigil_(application)" title="Sigil (application)">Sigil</a>. </p><p>Most modern <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> also support EPUB reader <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plugins</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a> browser had EPUB reader capability built in until September 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reading_software">Reading software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reading software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Android_e-reader_software" title="Comparison of Android e-reader software">Comparison of Android e-reader software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:EPUB_readers" title="Category:EPUB readers">Category:EPUB readers</a></div> <p>The following software can read and display EPUB files. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Reading systems and software<sup id="cite_ref-epub_101_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epub_101-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Software </th> <th scope="col">License </th> <th scope="col">Platform </th> <th scope="col">DRM formats supported </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Digital_Editions" title="Adobe Digital Editions">Adobe Digital Editions</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple, Inc">Apple</a> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a>, Android, iOS </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Content_Server" title="Adobe Content Server">Adobe Content Server</a> </td> <td>Requires online activation for EPUB files with DRM. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Aldiko" title="Aldiko">Aldiko</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>Android </td> <td>Adobe Content Server </td> <td>Supports EPUB for Android devices. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>OS X, iOS </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FairPlay" title="FairPlay">FairPlay</a><sup id="cite_ref-latimes_ibooks_drm_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes_ibooks_drm-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Supports EPUB 2 and EPUB 3. Books <i>not</i> readable directly on computers other than Macs. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bluefire_Reader" title="Bluefire Reader">Bluefire Reader</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>Apple iOS, Android </td> <td>Adobe Content Server </td> <td>Supports EPUB for Android and iOS devices. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Calibre_(ebook_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calibre (ebook software)">calibre</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> </td> <td>Windows, OS X, Linux </td> <td>None </td> <td>Primarily for library management, conversion, and transferring to devices, it includes an EPUB reader and editor. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calibre-ebook.com/about">"About"</a>. <i>Calibre</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Calibre&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalibre-ebook.com%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEPUB" class="Z3988"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/FBReader" title="FBReader">FBReader</a> </th> <td>Proprietary<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Windows, Linux, Android, <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a>, OS X </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Readium_LCP" title="Readium LCP">Readium LCP</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Foliate_(software)" title="Foliate (software)">Foliate</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> </td> <td>Linux </td> <td>None </td> <td>Supports also Mobi, AZW(3) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Google Play Books</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>Web application, Android, Apple iOS </td> <td>Lektz DRM </td> <td>Supports downloading purchased books as EPUB and/or PDF. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kitabu" title="Kitabu">Kitabu</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>OS X </td> <td>None </td> <td>Supports ePub3, ePub2, fixed layout. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kobo_eReader" title="Kobo eReader">Kobo</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>Windows, OS X, Android, Apple iOS, Kobo eReader Software, </td> <td>Adobe Content Server </td> <td>Supports EPUB 2 and EPUB 3. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lector_(software)" title="Lector (software)">Lector</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> </td> <td>Linux </td> <td>None </td> <td>Supports also Mobi, AZW(3/4), CBR/CBZ, PDF, DjVu, FB2 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lektz#Ebook_reader" title="Lektz">Lektz Readers</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">Web application</a>, Google <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, OS X, <a href="/wiki/IOS_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="IOS (Apple)">iOS</a>, Windows </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lektz" title="Lektz">Lektz</a> </td> <td>eBook Readers for PDF, ePUB/2 and ePUB3 providing uniform experience across different platforms - iOS, Android, Windows PC, Mac Desktop and Web. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/MuPDF" title="MuPDF">MuPDF</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">AGPL</a> </td> <td>Unix-like, Windows, Android, iOS </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/OverDrive,_Inc." title="OverDrive, Inc.">Libby</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>Windows, Android, Apple macOS, iOS, iPadOS </td> <td> </td> <td>Free app for eBooks and audiobooks from local libraries. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lucifox_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucifox (software)">Lucifox</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> </td> <td>Windows, OS X, Linux </td> <td>None </td> <td>Ebook reader add-on with annotations for Firefox. Supports open standard ebooks in EPUB 3- and EPUB 2 format and retrieval of books from OPDS book catalogues. (Development discontinued January 2017) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Okular" title="Okular">Okular</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> </td> <td>Windows, OS X, Linux </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Snapplify" title="Snapplify">Snapplify</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>All Web browsers, Apple iOS, Android </td> <td>Adobe Content Server <a href="/wiki/Snapplify" title="Snapplify">Snapplify</a> SnappSafe DRM </td> <td>Supports downloading purchased books as EPUB and/or PDF. Supports PDF, ePUB2 and ePUB3 standard of e-books. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/OverDrive,_Inc." title="OverDrive, Inc.">Sora</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>Windows, Android, Apple macOS, iOS, iPadOS </td> <td> </td> <td>Free app for eBooks and audiobooks from schools. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/STDU_Viewer" title="STDU Viewer">STDU Viewer</a> </th> <td>Freeware </td> <td>Windows </td> <td> </td> <td>Supports many documents format including EPUB. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra_PDF" title="Sumatra PDF">Sumatra PDF</a> (based on <a href="/wiki/MuPDF" title="MuPDF">MuPDF</a>) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> </td> <td>Windows </td> <td>Adobe Content Server </td> <td>Supports EPUB for devices. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">xochitl </th> <td>Proprietary<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Remarkable_(tablet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remarkable (tablet)">Codex</a> </td> <td>None </td> <td>GUI for the <a href="/wiki/Remarkable_(tablet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remarkable (tablet)">reMarkable and reMarkable 2 Paper Tablets</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_software">Creation software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Creation software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following software can create EPUB files. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Creation software </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Software </th> <th scope="col">License </th> <th scope="col">Platform </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ABBYY_FineReader" title="ABBYY FineReader">ABBYY FineReader</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> Windows </td> <td>Version 11 exports to EPUB format. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Abiword" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiword">Abiword</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, Linux, Windows </td> <td>Support EPUB 2.0 format export since 2.9.1 release<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">Adobe InDesign</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>Windows, OS X </td> <td>Exports to EPUB format. Versions prior to 5.5 create EPUBs that require significant editing to pass ePubCheck or ePubPreFlight. As from InDesign CC 2014, InDesign can export in ePub3 fixed-layout format. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Adobe_RoboHelp" title="Adobe RoboHelp">Adobe RoboHelp</a> </th> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Windows </td> <td>Online documentation tool that supports export to EPUB format </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_Word_Processor" title="Atlantis Word Processor">Atlantis Word Processor</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">Shareware</a> </td> <td>Windows, <a href="/wiki/Portable_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable app">Portable app</a> </td> <td>Converts any document to EPUB; supports multilevel TOCs, font embedding, and batch conversion. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Booktype" title="Booktype">Booktype</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> </td> <td>Web </td> <td>Book production platform that outputs to many formats, including EPUB. The platform can import content in various formats and supports collaborative editing. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">calibre</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> </td> <td>Windows, OS X, FreeBSD, Linux </td> <td>Conversion software and e-book organizer. Allows plugins, including for editing EPUB files; there is for instance a plugin to merge several EPUB files into one.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">eLML </th> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Windows, OS X, FreeBSD, Linux </td> <td>The eLesson Markup Language is a platform-independent XML-based open-source framework to create eLearning content. It supports various output formats like SCORM, HTML, PDF and also eBooks based on the EPUB format. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Feedbooks" title="Feedbooks">Feedbooks</a> </th> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Web </td> <td>Free cloud service for downloading public domain works and for self-publishing. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Help & Manual </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>Windows </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Single-sourcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-sourcing">Single source publishing</a> tool that generates EPUB amongst several other documentation formats. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/HelpNDoc" title="HelpNDoc">HelpNDoc</a> </th> <td>Free for personal use, commercial otherwise. </td> <td>Windows </td> <td>Help authoring tool that generates EPUB files and other formats. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">iBooks Author</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>OS X </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a> and page layout application. Free from Apple. Can export .ibooks format, which is a proprietary format based on EPUB.<sup id="cite_ref-edbottjan22_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edbottjan22-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are restrictions on the commercial distribution of works created with iBooks in the .ibooks format.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These restrictions apply to the .ibooks format only<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it can be argued that a file renamed to .epub is not distributed in the .ibooks format. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/IStudio_Publisher" title="IStudio Publisher">iStudio Publisher</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>OS X </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a> and page layout application. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/LibreOffice_Writer" title="LibreOffice Writer">LibreOffice Writer</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">Mozilla Public License</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a> </td> <td>Windows, OS X, Linux </td> <td>Text processor with a functionality to export as EPUB3 format since version 6.0. Also allowed to export as EPUB format via installing extension, such as eLaix.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lulu.com" title="Lulu.com">Lulu.com</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>Web </td> <td>Converts .doc, .docx, or PDF manuscripts to an EPUB so that they may be sold on the Website in question. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/MadCap_Flare" class="mw-redirect" title="MadCap Flare">Madcap Flare</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>Windows </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Single-sourcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-sourcing">Single source publishing</a> tool that can export content as EPUB. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_xml" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen xml">oXygen XML Editor</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>OS X, Windows, FreeBSD, Linux </td> <td>oXygen XML editor is the first tool that supports creating, transforming, and validating the documents that comprise the EPUB package. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pages_(iWork)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pages (iWork)">Pages</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>Mac OS X </td> <td>Word processor that can export to EPUB format </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>Apple <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></span> </td> <td>Word processor for mobile devices that can export to EPUB format </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pandoc" title="Pandoc">Pandoc</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License#Version_2" title="GNU General Public License">GPLv2</a> </td> <td>Unix-like, Windows </td> <td>Can convert to and from EPUB versions 2 and 3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Playwrite_(software)" title="Playwrite (software)">Playwrite</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>OS X </td> <td>Native EPUB-based word processor. Native to EPUB 3 with EPUB 2 compatibility. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/QuarkXPress" title="QuarkXPress">QuarkXPress</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>OS X, Windows </td> <td>Desktop publishing tool, page layout application. Exports also to the EPUB format. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Serif <a href="/wiki/PagePlus" title="PagePlus">PagePlus</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>Windows </td> <td>Desktop publishing program that can export to the EPUB 2 and EPUB 3 format. Comes with built-in output conversion profiles for targeting specific devices, as well as generic devices. Also includes pre-tested blank eBook templates, or can open and edit existing PDF files and publish as EPUB. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Scrivener_(software)" title="Scrivener (software)">Scrivener</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>Windows, OS X </td> <td>Program for writers. Includes organization capabilities for fiction writers. Publishes to multiple formats. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sigil_(application)" title="Sigil (application)">Sigil</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> </td> <td>Windows, FreeBSD, Linux, OS X </td> <td>Can open and edit EPUB books, instead of just converting from other formats to EPUB. Since version 0.7, supports embedding video or audio in EPUB.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/EXeLearning" title="EXeLearning">eXeLearning</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> </td> <td>Windows, Linux, OS X </td> <td>Can be used to create educational interactive Web content, HTML5, IMS, SCORM and EPUB3 books<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mellel" title="Mellel">Mellel</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>OS X </td> <td>Word processor application, can export its documents to EPUB<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a> </th> <td>Proprietary </td> <td>Web </td> <td>Cloud word processor, can export to EPUB. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For a table of the required XHTML modules and a description of the restrictions, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idpf.org/epub/20/spec/OPS_2.0.1_draft.htm#Section2.2">"Section 2.2"</a>, <i>ePub OPS 2.0.1</i> (specification draft), IDPF</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+2.2&rft.btitle=ePub+OPS+2.0.1&rft.pub=IDPF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidpf.org%2Fepub%2F20%2Fspec%2FOPS_2.0.1_draft.htm%23Section2.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEPUB" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For a table of supported properties and detailed information, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idpf.org/epub/20/spec/OPS_2.0.1_draft.htm#Section3.0">"Section 3.0"</a>, <i>ePub OPS 2.0.1</i> (specification draft), IDPF</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+3.0&rft.btitle=ePub+OPS+2.0.1&rft.pub=IDPF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidpf.org%2Fepub%2F20%2Fspec%2FOPS_2.0.1_draft.htm%23Section3.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEPUB" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For a full listing of metadata, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idpf.org/epub/20/spec/OPF_2.0.1_draft.htm#Section2.2">"Section 2.2"</a>, <i>ePub OPF 2.0.1</i> (specification draft), IDPF</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+2.2&rft.btitle=ePub+OPF+2.0.1&rft.pub=IDPF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidpf.org%2Fepub%2F20%2Fspec%2FOPF_2.0.1_draft.htm%23Section2.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEPUB" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> A list of possible values for <code>type</code> is in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idpf.org/epub/20/spec/OPF_2.0.1_draft.htm#Section2.6">"Section 2.6"</a>, <i>ePub OPDF 2.0.1</i> (specification draft), IDPF</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+2.6&rft.btitle=ePub+OPDF+2.0.1&rft.pub=IDPF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidpf.org%2Fepub%2F20%2Fspec%2FOPF_2.0.1_draft.htm%23Section2.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEPUB" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Detailed descriptions of the differences between 3.0 and 2.0.1 can be found on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idpf.org/epub/30/spec/epub30-changes.html"><i>ePub 3.0 spec changes</i></a>, IDPF</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ePub+3.0+spec+changes&rft.pub=IDPF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidpf.org%2Fepub%2F30%2Fspec%2Fepub30-changes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEPUB" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-idpf_specs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-idpf_specs_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/epub-33/">"EPUB 3.3 specification"</a>. <i>IDPF</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IDPF&rft.atitle=EPUB+3.3+specification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fepub-33%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEPUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ops_approved-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ops_approved_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebooklyn.net/p/ops-20-elevated-to-official-idpf.html">"OPS 2.0 Elevated to Official IDPF Standard"</a>. <i>IDPF</i>. eBooklyn. 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class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPUB&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/standard/53255.html">ISO/IEC TS 30135-1:2014 - EPUB3 — Part 1: EPUB3 Overview</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://validator.idpf.org/">IDPF EPUB Validator</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170505065646/http://validator.idpf.org/">Archived</a> 2017-05-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/w3c/epubcheck">Github-repository</a>)</li></ul> <div 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formats">Formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ePub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FictionBook" title="FictionBook">FictionBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_archive" title="Comic book archive">CBR/CBZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_File_Format" title="Kindle File Format">Kindle File Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobipocket" title="Mobipocket">Mobipocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_file" title="Text file">Plain text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">IBA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">Devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookeen" title="Bookeen">Bookeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elonex_ebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Elonex ebook">Elonex ebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnTourage_eDGe" title="EnTourage eDGe">enTourage eDGe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanlin_eReader" title="Hanlin eReader">Hanlin eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRiver_Story" title="IRiver Story">iRiver Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_eReader" title="Kobo eReader">Kobo eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx_Boox" title="Onyx Boox">Onyx Boox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_Logic" title="Plastic Logic">Plastic Logic Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PocketBook_International" title="PocketBook International">PocketBook eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_eBook" title="Rocket eBook">Rocket eBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftBook" title="SoftBook">SoftBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat" title="Adobe Acrobat">Adobe Acrobat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Digital_Editions" title="Adobe Digital Editions">Adobe Digital Editions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldiko" title="Aldiko">Aldiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books</a> <small>(iBooks)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Aquafadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Aquafadas">Aquafadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blio" title="Blio">Blio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefire_Reader" title="Bluefire Reader">Bluefire Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBReader" title="FBReader">FBReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foliate_(software)" title="Foliate (software)">Foliate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Google Play Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle app">Kindle app</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitabu" title="Kitabu">Kitabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lector_(software)" title="Lector (software)">Lector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lektz" title="Lektz">Lektz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifox" title="Lucifox">Lucifox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Reader" title="Microsoft Reader">Microsoft Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuPDF" title="MuPDF">MuPDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okular" title="Okular">Okular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverDrive_Media_Console" title="OverDrive Media Console">OverDrive Media Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapplify" title="Snapplify">Snapplify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STDU_Viewer" title="STDU Viewer">STDU Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatra_PDF" title="Sumatra PDF">Sumatra PDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABBYY_FineReader" title="ABBYY FineReader">ABBYY FineReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AbiWord" title="AbiWord">AbiWord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">Adobe InDesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_RoboHelp" title="Adobe RoboHelp">Adobe RoboHelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Aquafadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Aquafadas">Aquafadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_Word_Processor" title="Atlantis Word Processor">Atlantis Word Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booktype" title="Booktype">Booktype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligra" title="Calligra">Calligra Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collabora_Online" title="Collabora Online">Collabora Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXeLearning" title="EXeLearning">eXeLearning</a></li> <li>Help & Manual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HelpNDoc" title="HelpNDoc">HelpNDoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">iBooks Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IStudio_Publisher" title="IStudio Publisher">iStudio Publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MadCap_Software" title="MadCap Software">MadCap Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_XML_Editor" title="Oxygen XML Editor">Oxygen XML Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PagePlus" title="PagePlus">PagePlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuarkXPress" title="QuarkXPress">QuarkXPress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrivener_(software)" title="Scrivener (software)">Scrivener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil_(application)" title="Sigil (application)">Sigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer2epub" title="Writer2epub">Writer2epub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ebook_suppliers" title="Category:Ebook suppliers">Vendors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_Store" title="Kindle Store">Amazon Kindle Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baen_Free_Library" title="Baen Free Library">Baen Free Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booktrack" title="Booktrack">Booktrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BookWalker" title="BookWalker">BookWalker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedbooks" title="Feedbooks">Feedbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarir_Bookstore" title="Jarir Bookstore">Jarir.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo Bookstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashwords" title="Smashwords">Smashwords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noncommercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aozora_Bunko" title="Aozora Bunko">Aozora Bunko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faded_Page" class="mw-redirect" title="Faded Page">Faded Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Australia" title="Project Gutenberg Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Canada" title="Project Gutenberg Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-readers" title="Comparison of e-readers">Comparison of ebook readers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_iOS_e-reader_software" title="Comparison of iOS e-reader software">Comparison of iOS ebook reader software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Android_e-reader_software" title="Comparison of Android e-reader software">Comparison of Android ebook reader software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-book_lending" title="E-book lending">E-book lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author Conference">iBooks Author Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Digital_Publishing_Forum" title="International Digital Publishing Forum">International Digital Publishing Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_single" title="Kindle single">Kindle single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Publication_Distribution_System" title="Open Publication Distribution System">OPDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflowable_document" title="Reflowable document">Reflowable document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Archive_formats518" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archive_formats" title="Template:Archive formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archive_formats" title="Template talk:Archive formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archive_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archive formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archive_formats518" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Archive_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive format">Archive formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archiving only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar_(Unix)" title="Ar (Unix)">ar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cpio" title="Cpio">cpio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shar_(file_format)" title="Shar (file format)">shar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(computing)" title="Tar (computing)">tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBR_(file_format)" title="LBR (file format)">LBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doom_modding" title="Doom modding">WAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WARC_(file_format)" title="WARC (file format)">WARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compression only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brotli" title="Brotli">Brotli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bzip2" title="Bzip2">bzip2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compress_(software)" title="Compress (software)">compress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gzip" title="Gzip">gzip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zopfli" title="Zopfli">Zopfli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Markov_chain_algorithm" title="Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm">LZMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ4_(compression_algorithm)" title="LZ4 (compression algorithm)">LZ4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lzip" title="Lzip">lzip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lzop" title="Lzop">lzop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQ_(program)" title="SQ (program)">SQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XZ_Utils" title="XZ Utils">xz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zstd" title="Zstd">Zstandard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archiving and compression</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7z" title="7z">7z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACE_(compressed_file_format)" title="ACE (compressed file format)">ACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARC_(file_format)" title="ARC (file format)">ARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARJ" title="ARJ">ARJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B1_(file_format)" title="B1 (file format)">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(file_format)" title="Cabinet (file format)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFS_(file_format)" title="CFS (file format)">cfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Pro" title="Compact Pro">cpt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_(disk_archiver)" title="Dar (disk archiver)">dar</a></li> <li>DGCA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Disk_Image" title="Apple Disk Image">.dmg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALZip" title="ALZip">.egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB_Archiver" title="KGB Archiver">kgb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHA_(file_format)" title="LHA (file format)">LHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lrzip" class="mw-redirect" title="Lrzip">lrzip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZX" title="LZX">LZX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPQ_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="MPQ (file format)">MPQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PeaZip#Native_archive_format" title="PeaZip">PEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAR_(file_format)" title="RAR (file format)">RAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rzip" title="Rzip">rzip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StuffIt" title="StuffIt">sit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/StuffIt" title="StuffIt">sitx</a></li></ul></li> <li>SQX</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAQ" title="PAQ">UDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xar_(archiver)" title="Xar (archiver)">Xar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo_(file_format)" title="Zoo (file format)">zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_(file_format)" title="ZIP (file format)">ZIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZPAQ" title="ZPAQ">ZPAQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Package_format" title="Package format">Software packaging and distribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apk_(file_format)" title="Apk (file format)">apk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/App_(file_format)" title="App (file format)">App</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APPX" class="mw-redirect" title="APPX">APPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deb_(file_format)" title="Deb (file format)">deb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/App_(file_format)" title="App (file format)">HAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.ipa" title=".ipa">ipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAR_(file_format)" title="JAR (file format)">JAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WAR_(file_format)" title="WAR (file format)">WAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_EE_Connector_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Java EE Connector Architecture">Java RAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EAR_(file_format)" title="EAR (file format)">EAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">MSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/App_Installer" title="App Installer">MSIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_(macOS)" title="Package (macOS)">Package (macOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager" title="RPM Package Manager">RPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAP_(file_format)" title="XAP (file format)">XAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAML_Browser_Applications" title="XAML Browser Applications">XBAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Document packaging and distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_eBook" title="Open eBook">OEB Package Format</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OEBPS Container Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Packaging_Conventions" title="Open Packaging Conventions">Open Packaging Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAQ" title="PAQ">PAQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_na_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Non-article page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/16px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/23px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/31px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_archive_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of archive formats">Comparison</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_archive_formats" title="List of archive formats">List</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Archive_formats" title="Category:Archive 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