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WTO ja ELi põllumajandus - Euroopa Komisjon
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id="ecl-menu-item-ecl-menu-1494907447-0-link" >Avaleht</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__item ecl-menu__item--has-children" data-ecl-menu-item data-ecl-has-children aria-haspopup aria-expanded="false" id="ecl-menu-item-ecl-menu-1494907447-1"><a href="/common-agricultural-policy_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__link" data-untranslated-label="Common agricultural policy" data-ecl-menu-link id="ecl-menu-item-ecl-menu-1494907447-1-link" >Ühine põllumajanduspoliitika</a><button class="ecl-button ecl-button--ghost ecl-menu__button-caret ecl-button--icon-only" type="button" data-ecl-menu-caret aria-label="Juurdepääs alamelementidele" aria-describedby="ecl-menu-item-ecl-menu-1494907447-1-link" aria-expanded="false" ><span class="ecl-button__container"><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-icon--rotate-180 ecl-button__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" data-ecl-icon><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#corner-arrow"></use></svg></span></button><div class="ecl-menu__mega" data-ecl-menu-mega ><ul class="ecl-menu__sublist"><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/common-agricultural-policy/agri-food-supply-chain_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Agri-food supply chain" >Agri-food supply chain</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/common-agricultural-policy/cap-overview_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Common agricultural policy overview" >Ülevaade ühisest põllumajanduspoliitikast</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/common-agricultural-policy/financing-cap_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Financing the CAP" >ÜPP rahastamine</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/common-agricultural-policy/income-support_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Income support" >Sissetulekutoetus</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/common-agricultural-policy/market-measures_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Market measures" >Turumeetmed</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/common-agricultural-policy/rural-development_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Rural development" >Maaelu areng</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem ecl-menu__see-all"><a href="/common-agricultural-policy_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--icon ecl-menu__sublink" ><span class="ecl-link__label">Vaadake kõiki</span><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-icon--rotate-180 ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" ><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#arrow-left"></use></svg></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="ecl-menu__item ecl-menu__item--has-children" data-ecl-menu-item data-ecl-has-children aria-haspopup aria-expanded="false" id="ecl-menu-item-ecl-menu-1494907447-2"><a href="/cap-my-country_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__link" data-untranslated-label="CAP in my country" data-ecl-menu-link id="ecl-menu-item-ecl-menu-1494907447-2-link" >Ühine põllumajanduspoliitika minu riigis</a><button class="ecl-button ecl-button--ghost ecl-menu__button-caret ecl-button--icon-only" type="button" data-ecl-menu-caret aria-label="Juurdepääs alamelementidele" aria-describedby="ecl-menu-item-ecl-menu-1494907447-2-link" aria-expanded="false" ><span class="ecl-button__container"><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-icon--rotate-180 ecl-button__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" data-ecl-icon><use 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aria-hidden="true" ><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#arrow-left"></use></svg></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="ecl-menu__item ecl-menu__item--has-children" data-ecl-menu-item data-ecl-has-children aria-haspopup aria-expanded="false" id="ecl-menu-item-ecl-menu-1494907447-3"><a href="/sustainability_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__link" data-untranslated-label="Sustainability" data-ecl-menu-link id="ecl-menu-item-ecl-menu-1494907447-3-link" >Kestlikkus</a><button class="ecl-button ecl-button--ghost ecl-menu__button-caret ecl-button--icon-only" type="button" data-ecl-menu-caret aria-label="Juurdepääs alamelementidele" aria-describedby="ecl-menu-item-ecl-menu-1494907447-3-link" aria-expanded="false" ><span class="ecl-button__container"><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-icon--rotate-180 ecl-button__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" data-ecl-icon><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#corner-arrow"></use></svg></span></button><div class="ecl-menu__mega" data-ecl-menu-mega ><ul class="ecl-menu__sublist"><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/sustainability/economic-sustainability_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Economic sustainability" >Majanduslik kestlikkus</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/sustainability/socially-sustainable-cap_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Social sustainability" >Sotsiaalne kestlikkus</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/sustainability/environmental-sustainability_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Environmental sustainability" >Keskkonnasäästlikkus</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/sustainability/forestry_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Forestry" >Metsandus</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/sustainability/digitalisation_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Digitalisation" >Digiüleminek</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/sustainability/research-and-innovation_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Research and innovation" >Teadusuuringud ja innovatsioon</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem ecl-menu__see-all"><a href="/sustainability_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--icon ecl-menu__sublink" ><span class="ecl-link__label">Vaadake kõiki</span><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-icon--rotate-180 ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" ><use 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xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#corner-arrow"></use></svg></span></button><div class="ecl-menu__mega" data-ecl-menu-mega ><ul class="ecl-menu__sublist"><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/farming/crop-productions-and-plant-based-products_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Crop productions and plant-based products" >Taimekasvatus ja taimsed saadused</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/farming/animal-products_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Animal products" >Loomsed saadused</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/farming/fas_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Farm advisory system" >Põllumajandusettevõtete nõustamise süsteem</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/farming/certification_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Certification" >Sertifitseerimine</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/farming/organic-farming_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Organic farming" >Mahepõllumajandus</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/farming/geographical-indications-and-quality-schemes_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Geographical indications and quality schemes" >Geograafilised tähised ja kvaliteedikavad</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem ecl-menu__see-all"><a href="/farming_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--icon ecl-menu__sublink" ><span class="ecl-link__label">Vaadake kõiki</span><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-icon--rotate-180 ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" ><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#arrow-left"></use></svg></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="ecl-menu__item ecl-menu__item--current ecl-menu__item--has-children" data-ecl-menu-item data-ecl-has-children aria-haspopup aria-expanded="false" id="ecl-menu-item-ecl-menu-1494907447-5"><a href="/international_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__link ecl-menu__link--current" data-untranslated-label="International" data-ecl-menu-link id="ecl-menu-item-ecl-menu-1494907447-5-link" >Rahvusvaheline</a><button class="ecl-button ecl-button--ghost ecl-menu__button-caret ecl-button--icon-only" type="button" data-ecl-menu-caret aria-label="Juurdepääs alamelementidele" aria-describedby="ecl-menu-item-ecl-menu-1494907447-5-link" aria-expanded="false" ><span class="ecl-button__container"><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-icon--rotate-180 ecl-button__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" data-ecl-icon><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#corner-arrow"></use></svg></span></button><div class="ecl-menu__mega" data-ecl-menu-mega ><ul class="ecl-menu__sublist"><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/international/international-cooperation_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="International cooperation and agreements" >Rahvusvaheline koostöö ja kokkulepped</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem ecl-menu__subitem--current" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/international/agricultural-trade_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink ecl-menu__sublink--current" data-untranslated-label="Agricultural international trade" aria-current="page" >Rahvusvaheline põllumajandustoodetega kauplemine</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem ecl-menu__see-all"><a href="/international_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--icon ecl-menu__sublink" ><span class="ecl-link__label">Vaadake kõiki</span><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-icon--rotate-180 ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" ><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#arrow-left"></use></svg></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="ecl-menu__item ecl-menu__item--has-children" data-ecl-menu-item data-ecl-has-children aria-haspopup aria-expanded="false" id="ecl-menu-item-ecl-menu-1494907447-6"><a href="/data-and-analysis_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__link" data-untranslated-label="Data and analysis" data-ecl-menu-link id="ecl-menu-item-ecl-menu-1494907447-6-link" >Andmed ja analüüs</a><button class="ecl-button ecl-button--ghost ecl-menu__button-caret ecl-button--icon-only" type="button" data-ecl-menu-caret aria-label="Juurdepääs alamelementidele" aria-describedby="ecl-menu-item-ecl-menu-1494907447-6-link" aria-expanded="false" ><span class="ecl-button__container"><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-icon--rotate-180 ecl-button__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" data-ecl-icon><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#corner-arrow"></use></svg></span></button><div class="ecl-menu__mega" data-ecl-menu-mega ><ul class="ecl-menu__sublist"><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="https://agridata.ec.europa.eu/" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Agri-food data portal" >Põllumajandusliku toidutööstuse andmeportaal</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/data-and-analysis/financing_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Financing" >Rahastamine</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/data-and-analysis/sustainability-and-organic-farming_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Sustainability and organic farming data" >Kestlikkus ja mahepõllumajandus</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/data-and-analysis/employment-and-growth_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Employment and growth in rural areas" >Tööhõive ja majanduskasv maapiirkondades</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/data-and-analysis/markets_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Markets" >Turud</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem" data-ecl-menu-subitem ><a href="/data-and-analysis/farm-structures-and-economics_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-menu__sublink" data-untranslated-label="Farm structures and economics" >Põllumajandusettevõtete struktuur ja majandamine</a></li><li class="ecl-menu__subitem ecl-menu__see-all"><a href="/data-and-analysis_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--icon ecl-menu__sublink" ><span class="ecl-link__label">Vaadake kõiki</span><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-icon--rotate-180 ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" ><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#arrow-left"></use></svg></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></section></div></nav> </div> </header> <div class="ecl-u-mb-2xl" id="block-ewcms-theme-page-header"> <div class="ecl-page-header" ><div class="ecl-container"><nav class="ecl-breadcrumb ecl-page-header__breadcrumb" aria-label="Oled siin:" aria-label="" data-ecl-breadcrumb="true" data-ecl-auto-init="Breadcrumb" ><ol class="ecl-breadcrumb__container"><li class="ecl-breadcrumb__segment" data-ecl-breadcrumb-item="static"><a href="https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/index_et" class="ecl-link ecl-link--standalone ecl-link--no-visited ecl-breadcrumb__link" >Avaleht</a><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--fluid ecl-breadcrumb__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><use 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selle kohta, kuidas EL toetab WTO tööd, ning teave põllumajanduslepingu ja ELi prioriteetide kohta põllumajandusläbirääkimistel. </p></div></div></div> </div> <main class="ecl-u-pb-xl" id="main-content" data-inpage-navigation-source-area="h2.ecl-u-type-heading-2, div.ecl-featured-item__heading"> <div class="ecl-container"> <div class="ecl-row"> <div class="ecl-col-s-12 ewcms-top-sidebar"> <div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ecl-row"> <div class="ecl-col-s-12"> <div id="block-ewcms-theme-main-page-content" data-inpage-navigation-source-area="h2, div.ecl-featured-item__heading" class="ecl-u-mb-l"> <article dir="ltr"> <div> <div class="ecl-u-mb-2xl"> <a id="paragraph_2787"></a> <div class="ecl-row inpage-navigation-container"> <div class="ecl-col-l-3"> <nav class="ecl-inpage-navigation oe-theme-ecl-inpage-navigation ecl-u-z-dropdown" data-ecl-auto-init="InpageNavigation" data-ecl-auto-initialized="true" data-ecl-inpage-navigation="true" aria-labelledby="ecl-inpage-navigation-1020431317" ><div class="ecl-inpage-navigation__title" id="ecl-inpage-navigation-1020431317">Lehekülje sisu</div><div class="ecl-inpage-navigation__body"><div class="ecl-inpage-navigation__trigger-wrapper"><button type="button" class="ecl-inpage-navigation__trigger" id="ecl-inpage-navigation-1020431317-trigger" data-ecl-inpage-navigation-trigger="true" aria-controls="ecl-inpage-navigation-list" aria-expanded="false"><span class="ecl-inpage-navigation__trigger-current" data-ecl-inpage-navigation-trigger-current="true">Lehekülje sisu</span><svg class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-icon--rotate-180 ecl-inpage-navigation__trigger-icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="false" ><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#corner-arrow"></use></svg></button></div><ul class="ecl-inpage-navigation__list" data-ecl-inpage-navigation-list="true" id="ecl-inpage-navigation-1020431317-list"></ul></div></nav> </div> <div class="ecl-col-l-9" data-inpage-navigation-source-area="h2, div.ecl-featured-item__heading"> <div class="ecl-u-mb-2xl"> <a id="paragraph_346"></a> <div class="ecl"><h2 id="wtooverview">WTO ülevaade</h2> <p><a href="https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/thewto_e.htm" class="ecl-link ecl-link--icon ecl-link--icon-after"><span class="ecl-link__label">Maailma Kaubandusorganisatsioon</span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external"></use></svg></a> (WTO) loodi 1995. aastal kui normipõhise mitmepoolse kaubandussüsteemi nurgakivi. WTO on liikmesusel põhinev organisatsioon, millel on 164 liiget (juuli 2019). Selle põhilised tegevussuunad on:</p> <ul> <li>mitmepoolsed kaubandusläbirääkimised turgude järkjärguliseks liberaliseerimiseks;</li> <li>kaubanduse põhiliste õiguslike reeglite kehtestamine lepingute vormis;</li> <li>liikmetevaheliste kaubandusvaidluste lahendamine;</li> <li>liikmete kaubanduspoliitika jälgimine.</li> </ul> <p>Euroopa Liit on WTO liige ja maailma suurima kaubandusblokina on ELil WTOs võtmeroll. ELi esindab Euroopa Komisjon, pidades ühe üksusena läbirääkimisi kõigi ELi riikide nimel. EL toetab aktiivselt WTO tööd mitmepoolsete eeskirjade kehtestamisel ja kaubanduse liberaliseerimisel, püüdes:</p> <ul> <li>hoida turud avatud ja tagada Euroopa ettevõtetele uusi turge;</li> <li>tugevdada mitmepoolseid eeskirju ja tagada nende järgimine teiste poolt;</li> <li>edendada kaubanduse kestlikku arengut.</li> </ul> <p>Kehtivate eeskirjade üle peeti läbirääkimisi Uruguay voorus (1986–1994), mille tulemusena sõlmiti Maailma Kaubandusorganisatsiooni asutamisleping (Marrakechi leping). Marrakechi leping on tegelikult kaubanduseeskirjade eri aspekte käsitlevate lepingute kogum. Sellesse kuuluvad 1947. aasta üldise tolli- ja kaubanduskokkuleppe (GATT) läbivaatamine ning intellektuaalomandit, vaidluste lahendamist, tehnilisi kaubandustõkkeid, sanitaar- ja fütosanitaareeskirju ning eelkõige põllumajandust käsitlevad lepingud.</p> <h3>Seotud teave</h3> <p><a href="https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/eu-and-wto_en" class="ecl-link">ELi kaubandus ja WTO</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/world-trade-organization-wto/european-union-and-world-trade-organization_en">ELi esindus WTOs</a></p> <h3>Vaidluste lahendamine</h3> <p>WTO pakub liikmesriikidele mehhanismi WTO lepingute rakendamisega seotud liikmetevaheliste vaidluste lahendamiseks.</p> <p><a href="https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/enforcement-and-protection/dispute-settlement/wto-dispute-settlement_en#_policy%20" class="ecl-link">Vaidluste lahendamine ja juhtumid</a></p> <h2 id="wtoandagriculture">WTO ja põllumajandus</h2> <p>Seoses põllumajanduse tähtsusega ülemaailmses kaubanduses sõlmiti põllumajanduse erileping, millega reguleeritakse omamaist toetust, ekspordikonkurentsi (eelkõige -subsiidiume) ja turulepääsu.</p> <h3>Põllumajandusleping</h3> <p><a href="https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/14-ag_01_e.htm" class="ecl-link ecl-link--icon ecl-link--icon-after"><span class="ecl-link__label">WTO põllumajanduslepingu</span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external"></use></svg></a> eesmärk on luua „õiglane ja turule orienteeritud põllumajandustoodetega kauplemise süsteem“. Selles on sätestatud eeskirjad, mida kohaldatakse kõigi WTO liikmete suhtes, et tagada põllumajanduse toetamise ja kaitse oluline progresseeruv vähendamine. Leping oli Uruguay voorus saavutatud tulemuste osa, olles otsustav samm ülemaailmse põllumajanduse suurema turule orienteerituse suunas.</p> <p>Lisaks üldeeskirjadele, mida kohaldatakse kõigi WTO liikmete suhtes, sisaldab leping ka üksikute liikmete võetud erikohustusi, sealhulgas seoses põllumajandustoodetega kauplemise ja toetustega, samuti tariife ja tariifikvoote, mis on sätestatud nimekirjades.</p> <p><a href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/ag_work_e.htm" class="ecl-link ecl-link--icon ecl-link--icon-after ecl-link"><span class="ecl-link__label">Põllumajanduskomitee</span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external"></use></svg></a> teostab järelevalvet lepingust tulenevate kohustuste täitmise üle. Komitees on esindatud kõik WTO liikmed ja nad võivad lepingu rakendamise teemadel üksteisega nõu pidada. Liikmed teatavad oma kohustuste täitmisest ja vastavad teiste liikmete küsimustele. Teadete läbivaatamine kuulub põllumajanduskomitee ühe peamise ülesande – jälgida, kas liikmed täidavad oma kohustusi – alla.</p> <h3>Omamaine toetus ja „kastid“</h3> <p>Uruguay voor muutis viisi, kuidas valitsused võivad riiklikku põllumajanduspoliitikat kujundada. Põllumajanduslepingus liigitatakse riiklikud põllumajandustoetused erinevatesse liikidesse ehk „kastidesse“. Kaubandust moonutavate meetmete (nn kollane kast) suhtes kehtivad piirangud: <em>de minimis</em> piirangut kohaldatakse kõigi liikmete suhtes ja lisasummasid (mida WTOs kirjeldatakse „Toetuse liitmäära“ kohustustena) kohaldatakse mõne liikme suhtes enne Uruguay vooru tehtud kulutuste alusel. Muu toetuse – millel kaubandust või tootmist moonutav mõju puudub või on minimaalne (nn roheline kast) – ja teatavate tootmist piiravate programmide (nn sinine kast) suhtes piiranguid ei kohaldata.</p> <h3>Turulepääs</h3> <p>Uruguay voor asendas põllumajanduses paljud mittetariifsed meetmed tavaliste tollimaksudega ning nägi ette tariifide vähendamise. Vastutasuks nähti põllumajanduslepinguga ette erikaitsemehhanism, et võimaldada teatavate põllumajandustoodete impordile ajutisi lisatariife eriolukorras, näiteks kui import kasvab järsult või kui impordihind langeb järsult alla teatud võrdlushinna. 38 WTO liikmel, sealhulgas ELil, on õigus kasutada erikaitsemeetmeid, nagu on sätestatud nende nimekirjades.</p> <h3>Ekspordikonkurents</h3> <p>Põllumajanduslepinguga piirati ekspordisubsiidiumide ja mõnede muude ekspordimeetmete kasutamist. 2015. aasta detsembris Nairobis toimunud ministrite konverentsil läksid WTO liikmed siiski palju kaugemale ja leppisid kokku ekspordisubsiidiumide kaotamises. Arenenud riigid pidid seda tegema kohe (mõne üleminekuperioodiga kuni 2020. aasta lõpuni), arenguriigid 2023. aasta lõpuks ja vähim arenenud riigid 2030. aasta lõpuks. Lisaks kehtestati <a href="https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc10_e/nairobipackage_e.htm" class="ecl-link ecl-link--icon ecl-link--icon-after"><span class="ecl-link__label">Nairobi paketiga</span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external"></use></svg></a> eeskirjad ekspordikrediidi ja ekspordikrediidi garantiide, rahvusvahelise toiduabi ja põllumajandustooteid eksportivate riiklike kaubandusettevõtete kohta.</p> <h4>Seotud teave</h4> <p><a href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/ag_intro02_access_e.htm" class="ecl-link ecl-link--icon ecl-link--icon-after ecl-link"><span class="ecl-link__label">Turulepääs lahtiseletatuna</span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external"></use></svg></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/ag_intro03_domestic_e.htm" class="ecl-link ecl-link--icon ecl-link--icon-after ecl-link"><span class="ecl-link__label">Omamaine toetus lahtiseletatuna</span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external"></use></svg></a></p> <p><a href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/ag_intro04_export_e.htm" class="ecl-link ecl-link--icon ecl-link--icon-after"><span class="ecl-link__label">Ekspordikonkurents/-subsiidiumid lahtiseletatuna</span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external"></use></svg></a></p> <h3>WTO ministrite konverentsid</h3> <p>Ministrite konverents on WTO kõrgeim otsuseid tegev organ. Konverentsil, mis toimub tavaliselt iga kahe aasta tagant, võivad osaleda kõik WTO liikmed, sealhulgas EL. Viimastel aastatel on kaks konverentsi toonud kaasa olulisi muutusi põllumajandustoodetega kauplemises.</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc9_e/brief_agneg_e.htm" class="ecl-link ecl-link--icon ecl-link--icon-after"><span class="ecl-link__label">Balil astuti 2013. aastal</span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external"></use></svg></a> neli olulist sammu. Liikmed leppisid kokku ajutises rahuklauslis, et pidada läbirääkimisi püsiva lahenduse üle, mis käsitleb riigivarude loomist toiduga kindlustatuse eesmärgil. Samuti võtsid nad vastu deklaratsiooni äärmise vaoshoituse kohta igat liiki ekspordisubsiidiumide kasutamisel ning laiendasid üldteenuste loetelu rohelises kastis. Lisaks võeti vastu otsus, millega suurendatakse tariifikvootide haldamise läbipaistvust ja mis sisaldab mehhanisme süstemaatiliselt alatäidetavate kvootide jaoks.</li> <li>WTO liikmed jätkasid <a href="https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc10_e/briefing_notes_e/brief_agriculture_e.htm" class="ecl-link ecl-link--icon ecl-link--icon-after"><span class="ecl-link__label">2015. aastal Nairobis</span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external"></use></svg></a> Balil alustatud tööd, võttes vastu otsuse, millega kaotatakse põllumajandustoodete ekspordisubsiidiumid ning kehtestatakse ekspordikrediidi ja ekspordikrediidi garantiide, rahvusvahelise toiduabi ja põllumajandustooteid eksportivate riiklike kaubandusettevõtete eeskirjad. Samuti leppisid nad kokku selles, et jätkavad läbirääkimisi seoses põllumajanduse, toiduga kindlustatuse eesmärgil riigivarude loomise, turulepääsu ning arenguriikidele mõeldud erikaitsemehhanismiga.</li> </ul> <p>Ministrite 12. konverents, mis lükati COVID-19 pandeemia tõttu 2020. aastal edasi, toimus 12.–17. juunil 2022 Šveitsis Genfis. Põllumajandust käsitlevad tulemused sisaldasid <a href="https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/MIN22/28.pdf&Open=True" class="ecl-link ecl-link--icon ecl-link--icon-after ecl-link"><span class="ecl-link__label">ministrite deklaratsiooni toiduga kindlustamatusega seotud hädaolukorra meetmete kohta</span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external"></use></svg></a> (WT/MIN(22)/28) ja ministrite otsust, millega vabastatakse Maailma Toiduprogrammi (<a href="https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/MIN22/29.pdf&Open=True" class="ecl-link ecl-link--icon ecl-link--icon-after ecl-link"><span class="ecl-link__label">WFP</span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" class="ecl-icon ecl-icon--xs ecl-link__icon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><use xlink:href="/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/icons/sprites/icons.svg#external"></use></svg></a>) raames humanitaareesmärkidel ostetavad toiduained ekspordikeeldudest või -piirangutest (WT/MIN(22)/29). Mõlemaga vastatakse rahvusvahelise üldsuse nõudmisele, et WTO liikmed võtaksid viivitamata meetmeid, et tegeleda toiduga kindlustamatuse probleemiga.</p> <h2 id="euagriculture">ELi põllumajandus</h2> <p>EL on muutnud oma põllumajanduse toetusprogrammi, et arendada edasi õiglast ja läbipaistvat turupõhist poliitikat. See protsess algas enne Uruguay vooru ja on jätkunud tänaseni. Selle raames soodustatakse kaubandust vähem moonutavate poliitikavahendite kasutamist. Suurem osa põllumajandustootjatele mõeldud toetusest antakse tootmiskohustusega sidumata otsetoetustena. Alljärgnev graafik näitab ELi poliitika üleminekut kollase kasti meetmetelt kaubandust mittemoonutava rohelise kasti toetusele. Muud graafikud näitavad arenguid teiste peamiste kaubanduspartnerite juures.</p> <h3>ELi omamaise toetuse areng</h3> <article lang="en"> <div><script type="application/json">{"service":"charts","version":"2.0","custom":["\/\/ec.europa.eu\/assets\/agri\/js\/custom-wto-eu-graph.js"]}</script> </div> </article> <h3>Teiste liikmete teatatud omamaise toetuse areng</h3> <article lang="en"> <div><script type="application/json">{"service":"charts","version":"2.0","custom":["\/\/ec.europa.eu\/assets\/agri\/js\/custom-wto-usa-graph.js"]}</script> </div> </article> <article lang="en"> <div><script type="application/json">{"service":"charts","version":"2.0","custom":["\/\/ec.europa.eu\/assets\/agri\/js\/custom-wto-china-graph.js"]}</script> </div> </article> <article lang="en"> <div><script type="application/json">{"service":"charts","version":"2.0","custom":["\/\/ec.europa.eu\/assets\/agri\/js\/custom-wto-india-graph.js"]}</script> </div> </article> <article lang="en"> <div><script type="application/json">{"service":"charts","version":"2.0","custom":["\/\/ec.europa.eu\/assets\/agri\/js\/custom-wto-japan-graph.js"]}</script> </div> </article> <article lang="en"> <div><script type="application/json">{"service":"charts","version":"2.0","custom":["\/\/ec.europa.eu\/assets\/agri\/js\/custom-wto-norway-graph.js"]}</script> </div> </article> <h2 id="negotiations">Läbirääkimised</h2> <h3 id="process">Protsess</h3> <p>Praegune läbirääkimistevoor algas 2001. aasta novembris Kataris Dohas. Nn Doha voorus ehk <a href="https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/eu-and-wto/doha-development-agenda_en" class="ecl-link">Doha arengukavas</a> keskenduti kaubanduse edasisele liberaliseerimisele, lihtsustades samal ajal arenguriikide integreerumist WTO mitmepoolsesse süsteemi. Vaatamata ELi jõupingutustele on põllumajandusläbirääkimised takerdunud. Mõne arenguriigi tähtsust peamiste eksportijate ja põllumajandustoodetega kauplejatena on suurendanud eelkõige muutused nende majandusarengu tasemes. Läbirääkimised on blokeeritud eelkõige seetõttu, et mõned WTO liikmed ei soovi oma põllumajanduspoliitikat reformida.</p> <p>Sellele vaatamata jätkavad WTO liikmed läbirääkimisi põllumajandustoodetega kauplemise reformimiseks. See toimub põllumajanduskomitee eriistungitel, mille eesmärk on teha ettepanekuid WTO ministrite konverentsiks.</p> <h3>ELi prioriteedid põllumajandusläbirääkimistel</h3> <p>EL jätkab mitmepoolsuse ja rahvusvahelise koostöö edendamist. WTO ning normipõhine ja kaasav rahvusvaheline kaubandussüsteem on ülemaailmse toiduga kindlustatuse ja arengu seisukohast üliolulised. Põllumajandustoodetega kauplemise valdkonnas jätkab EL tööd õiglasema ja läbipaistvama süsteemi nimel. Põllumajanduslepingu kolme samba osas on ELil järgmised prioriteedid.</p> <p><strong>Omamaine toetus.</strong> Kaubandust moonutavate meetmete vähendamine on oluline samm õiglasema põllumajandustoodetega kauplemise süsteemi suunas. EL on muutnud omamaist toetussüsteemi, mis koosneb nüüd peamiselt kaubandust mittemoonutavatest meetmetest. See on parandanud põllumajandustoodete turu ja kaubanduse toimimist. EL jätkab surve avaldamist teistele liikmetele, et nad teeksid sama.</p> <p><strong>Turulepääs.</strong> Põllumajandustoodete turulepääs on ülemaailmse kaubandussüsteemi lahutamatu osa. Turulepääsu saaks WTOs kõige edukamalt parandada kaasavate ja laiaulatuslike läbirääkimiste abil, mille käigus käsitletakse nii pääsu põllumajanduslikule kui ka mittepõllumajanduslikule turule ning teenuseid. Turulepääsuga seotud küsimused on tähelepanu keskmes loomulikult ka vabakaubanduslepingute üle peetavatel kahepoolsetel läbirääkimistel.</p> <p><strong>Ekspordikonkurents.</strong> EL usub, et edasised läbirääkimised peaksid tuginema Nairobis astutud sammudele, eelkõige seoses täiendavate eeskirjadega, mis käsitlevad ekspordikrediiti ja ekspordikrediidi garantiisid, rahvusvahelist toiduabi ja põllumajandustooteid eksportivaid riiklikke kaubandusettevõtteid.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div data-inpage-navigation-source-area="h2"> <div id="block-eventsbysubjectdisplayonlandingpagesnothomepage"> <div class="ecl-u-mb-2xl"> <a id="paragraph_3749"></a> <div id="block-eventsbysubject" class="ecl-u-mt-l"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-newsbysubjectdisplayonlandingpagesnothomepage"> <div class="ecl-u-mb-2xl"> <a id="paragraph_3247"></a> <div id="block-newsbysubject" class="ecl-u-mt-l"> <div class="ecl-content-item-block"><div class="ecl-row"><div 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