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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Spangeschut" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Spangeschut" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. 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id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Gastraphetes_-_catapult_ancestor_-_antica_catapulta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gastraphetes_-_catapult_ancestor_-_antica_catapulta.jpg/260px-Gastraphetes_-_catapult_ancestor_-_antica_catapulta.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Gastraphetes_-_catapult_ancestor_-_antica_catapulta.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Gastraphetes</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Spangeschut</b> is een verzamelbegrip voor <a href="/wiki/Artillerie" title="Artillerie">artilleriewapens</a> uit de <a href="/wiki/Oudheid" title="Oudheid">Oudheid</a>, die hun schietenergie halen uit de <a href="/wiki/Mechanische_spanning" title="Mechanische spanning">spanning</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Boog_(wapen)" title="Boog (wapen)">boogarm</a>. Dit type geschut staat ook wel bekend als booggeschut.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spangeschut&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spangeschut&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Volgens <a href="/wiki/Diodoros_van_Sicili%C3%AB" title="Diodoros van Sicilië">Diodoros van Sicilië</a> kocht <a href="/wiki/Tiran" title="Tiran">tiran</a> <a href="/wiki/Dionysios_I_van_Syracuse" title="Dionysios I van Syracuse">Dionysios I</a> van <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_(Itali%C3%AB)" title="Syracuse (Italië)">Syracuse</a> wapenexperts weg bij de <a href="/wiki/Grieken" title="Grieken">Grieken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romeinen_(volk)" title="Romeinen (volk)">Romeinen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Carthagers" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthagers">Carthagers</a>. Deze ontwikkelden voor hem de eerste "katapults".<sup id="cite_ref-Diodoros_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diodoros-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiermee bedoelde Diodoros spangeschut, waarschijnlijk een zware variant van de <a href="/wiki/Gastraphetes" title="Gastraphetes">gastraphetes</a> (γαστραφέτης, "buikwerper"), een soort van grote <a href="/wiki/Kruisboog" title="Kruisboog">kruisboog</a> die tegen de buik werd aangespannen. Tijdens het <a href="/wiki/Beleg_van_Motya" title="Beleg van Motya">beleg van Motya</a> in 398 v.Chr. heerste onder de troepen van de <a href="/wiki/Carthago" title="Carthago">Carthaagse</a> generaal <a href="/wiki/Himilco_(generaal)" title="Himilco (generaal)">Himilco</a> grote ontmoediging na de inzet van deze nieuwe wapens door Dionysios.<sup id="cite_ref-Diodoros_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diodoros-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Griekenland werd rond 375 v.Chr. de <a href="/wiki/Oxybeles" title="Oxybeles">oxybeles</a> (Οξυβόλος, "pijlschieter") uitgevonden.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinard_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De oxybeles is een grote <a href="/wiki/Composietboog" title="Composietboog">composietboog</a> die op een houten onderstel is gemonteerd. De <a href="/wiki/Pees_(samengevlochten_draden)" title="Pees (samengevlochten draden)">boogpees</a> wordt met een <a href="/wiki/Lier_(werktuig)" title="Lier (werktuig)">lier</a> naar achter getrokken. Behalve pijlen kon dit wapen ook stenen afschieten. De steenwerpende artilleriewapens waarmee de <a href="/wiki/Fokida" title="Fokida">Phocische</a> generaal <a href="/wiki/Onomarchus_(generaal)" title="Onomarchus (generaal)">Onomarchus</a> tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Derde_Heilige_Oorlog" title="Derde Heilige Oorlog">Derde Heilige Oorlog</a> in 353 v.Chr. de <a href="/wiki/Falanx" title="Falanx">Falanx</a> van <a href="/wiki/Philippus_II_van_Macedoni%C3%AB" title="Philippus II van Macedonië">Philippus II van Macedonië</a> versloeg waren mogelijk oxybelai.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deze artilleriewapens werden verder ontwikkeld onder Philippus en mogelijk nog door zijn zoon <a href="/wiki/Alexander_de_Grote" title="Alexander de Grote">Alexander de Grote</a> gebruikt tijdens zijn beroemde veroveringstochten in Azië en Afrika. </p><p>In China werd rond die tijd de met de oxybeles vergelijkbare <a href="/wiki/Jiaoche-Nu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiaoche-Nu">Jiaoche-Nu</a> (绞车弩, "kruisboog met windas") ontwikkeld. Waarschijnlijk in de <a href="/wiki/5e_eeuw" title="5e eeuw">5e eeuw</a> maar mogelijk eerder werd deze opgevolgd door de <a href="/wiki/Shoushe-Nu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoushe-Nu">Shoushe-Nu</a> met dubbele composietbogen. Kort daarna werd de <a href="/wiki/Chuangzi-Nu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuangzi-Nu">Chuangzi-Nu</a> (三弓床子弩, "driebogige kruisboog met onderraam") uitgevonden. Dit was een grote <a href="/wiki/Kruisboog" title="Kruisboog">kruisboog</a> met drie composietbogen met één enkele boogpees. Doordat de <a href="/wiki/Potenti%C3%ABle_energie" title="Potentiële energie">potentiële energie</a> in drie <a href="/wiki/Boog_(wapen)" title="Boog (wapen)">bogen</a> werd opgeslagen konden grotere <a href="/wiki/Pijl_(wapen)" title="Pijl (wapen)">pijlen</a> met aanzienlijk meer kracht verder worden weggeschoten. </p><p>Rond 340 v.Chr.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinard_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> verscheen het eerste <a href="/wiki/Torsiegeschut" title="Torsiegeschut">torsiegeschut</a>: artilleriewapens die hun schietenergie halen uit het <a href="/wiki/Moment_(mechanica)" title="Moment (mechanica)">torsiemoment</a> dat optreedt bij het in elkaar draaien van pezenbundels en de hierbij optredende <a href="/wiki/Elastische_deformatie" title="Elastische deformatie">elastische deformatie</a> van het spanraam. Vroege Griekse torsiewapens waren de <a href="/wiki/Euthytone" title="Euthytone">euthytone</a> en <a href="/wiki/Palintone" title="Palintone">palintone</a>. Deze wapens waren veel krachtiger en vervingen het spangeschut dan ook geheel. </p><p>In de <a href="/wiki/Middeleeuwen" title="Middeleeuwen">middeleeuwen</a> beleefde het spangeschut een opleving doordat de kennis van de technisch gecompliceerde torsiewapens na de val van het Romeinse Rijk niet meer werd doorgegeven. Middeleeuwse belegeringswapens met een spanboog zijn de <a href="/wiki/Arcuballista" title="Arcuballista">arcuballista</a>, sommige <a href="/wiki/Springald" title="Springald">springalds</a> en mogelijk de <a href="/wiki/Lepelblijde" title="Lepelblijde">lepelblijde</a>. </p> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">H.M.F. Landolt</span>, <i>Militair Woordenboek</i> (Leiden 1861) in: <a href="/wiki/Digitale_Bibliotheek_voor_de_Nederlandse_Letteren" title="Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren">Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/land016mili01_01/land016mili01_01_0008.php#a1018"><i>Geschut</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diodoros-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Diodoros_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diodoros_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Diodoros_van_Sicili%C3%AB" title="Diodoros van Sicilië">Diodoros van Sicilië</a></span>, <i>Bibliotheca historica</i> XIV 42.1, 50.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinard-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Kinard_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinard_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Jeff Kinard</span>, <i>Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact</i> (Santa Barbara 2007) pp. 3, 5. <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9781851095568" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781851095568</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">James R. Ashley</span>, <i>The Macedonian Empire</i> (Jefferson 2004) p. 119. <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9780786419180" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780786419180</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}</style> <div class="navigatie" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Belegeringswapens_in_de_oudheid_en_middeleeuwen"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_belegeringswapens" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie belegeringswapens"><img 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/></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Belegeringswapens_in_de_oudheid_en_middeleeuwen" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Belegeringswapen" title="Belegeringswapen">Belegeringswapens</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Oudheid_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudheid (hoofdbetekenis)">oudheid</a> en <a href="/wiki/Middeleeuwen" title="Middeleeuwen">middeleeuwen</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b>Algemeen:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Belegeringstoren" title="Belegeringstoren">belegeringstoren</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stormram" title="Stormram">stormram</a> · <a href="/wiki/Katapult" title="Katapult">katapult</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Belegeringstoren" title="Belegeringstoren">Belegeringstorens</a> en -<a href="/wiki/Brug_(bouwwerk)" title="Brug (bouwwerk)">bruggen</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Helepolis" title="Helepolis">helepolis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(wapen)" title="Sambuca (wapen)">sambuca</a> · <a href="/wiki/Corvus_(krijgskunde)" title="Corvus (krijgskunde)">corvus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Biesbrug" title="Biesbrug">biesbrug</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Pantser_(militair)" title="Pantser (militair)">Pantserconstructies</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Vinea_(belegeringswerktuig)" title="Vinea (belegeringswerktuig)">vinea</a> · <a href="/wiki/Musculus_(belegeringswerktuig)" title="Musculus (belegeringswerktuig)">musculus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Testudo_(belegeringswerktuig)" title="Testudo (belegeringswerktuig)">testudo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mantelet" title="Mantelet">mantelet</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kat_(constructie)" title="Kat (constructie)">kat</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spankatapulten</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Gastraphetes" title="Gastraphetes">gastraphetes</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oxybeles" title="Oxybeles">oxybeles</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jiaoche-nu" title="Jiaoche-nu">jiaoche-nu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Shoushe-nu" title="Shoushe-nu">shoushe-nu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chuangzi-nu" title="Chuangzi-nu">chuangzi-nu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arcuballista" title="Arcuballista">arcuballista</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lepelblijde" title="Lepelblijde">lepelblijde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Springald#Spanspringald" title="Springald">spanspringald</a> · <a href="/wiki/Einarm" title="Einarm">einarm</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Torsiegeschut" title="Torsiegeschut">Torsiekatapulten</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Monankon" title="Monankon">monankon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Euthytone" title="Euthytone">euthytone</a> · <a href="/wiki/Palintone" title="Palintone">palintone</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">ballista</a> · <a href="/wiki/Onager_(wapen)" title="Onager (wapen)">onager</a> · <a href="/wiki/Polybolos" title="Polybolos">polybolos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Scorpio_(wapen)" title="Scorpio (wapen)">scorpio</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cheiroballistra" title="Cheiroballistra">cheiroballistra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Springald#Torsiespringald" title="Springald">torsiespringald</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ziyar" title="Ziyar">ziyar</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Slingerarm" title="Slingerarm">Slingerarmkatapulten</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Jiche" title="Jiche">jiche</a> · <a href="/wiki/Xuanfeng_pao" title="Xuanfeng pao">xuanfeng pao</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sijiao_pao" title="Sijiao pao">sijiao pao</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hudun_pao" title="Hudun pao">hudun pao</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pierri%C3%A8re" title="Pierrière">pierrière</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bricole" title="Bricole">bricole</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mangonel" title="Mangonel">mangonel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchet</a> · <a href="/wiki/Couillard" title="Couillard">couillard</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pijlentrebuchet" title="Pijlentrebuchet">pijlentrebuchet</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Overige:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Agger_(bouwwerk)" title="Agger (bouwwerk)">agger</a> · <a href="/wiki/Aerotonon" title="Aerotonon">aerotonon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stormladder" title="Stormladder">stormladder</a> · <a href="/wiki/Muurboor" title="Muurboor">muurboor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dolabra" title="Dolabra">dolabra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Falx" title="Falx">falx</a> · <a href="/wiki/Klauw_van_Archimedes" title="Klauw van Archimedes">klauw van Archimedes</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tonnelon" title="Tonnelon">tonnelon</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spangeschut&oldid=66972454">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spangeschut&oldid=66972454</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Belegeringswapen" 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