Geoff Huston

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html lang="en-US">  <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" /> <title>Geoff Huston | blabs</title> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.2/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="https://labs.apnic.net/blabs/wp-content/themes/apnic/style.css" /> <style> /* "nojs" css is embedded so it never fails to be applied. */ .js-off{display:none;} .nojs .js-on{display:none;} /* .js-on = show me if js is on/enabled */ .nojs .js-off{display:inherit;}/* .js-off = show me if js is off/disabled */ </style> <link rel="pingback" href="https://labs.apnic.net/blabs/xmlrpc.php" /> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="blabs » Feed" href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="blabs » Comments Feed" href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="blabs » Posts by Geoff Huston Feed" href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/author/gih/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/labs.apnic.net\/blabs\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://labs.apnic.net/blabs/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/wp-json/wp/v2/users/8" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://labs.apnic.net/blabs/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.1" /> <style type="text/css">.recentcomments a{display:inline !important;padding:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}</style></head> <body class="archive author author-gih author-8 one-column content"> <div id="wrapper" class="nojs"> <script> // Embedded and no libs so it never fails to run (unless js is switched off). // Located here so there is no flicker in stuff being shown/hidden. document.getElementById('wrapper').className = document.getElementById('wrapper').className.replace(/nojs/gi,''); </script> <div class="navbar navbar-inverse navbar-fixed-top" role="navigation"> <div class="container"> <div class="navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".navbar-collapse"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav"> <li id="global-apnic-navbar-link-blog"><a href="//blabs.apnic.net">Labs Blog Posts</a></li> <li id="global-apnic-navbar-link-presentations"><a href="//labs.apnic.net/presentations">Labs Presentations</a></li> <li id="global-apnic-navbar-link-measurement"><a href="//labs.apnic.net/measurements">Measurements and Data</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <header id="site-banner" class="container"> <h2 class="apnic"><span>APNIC</span></h2> <h2 class="labs"><span>Labs</span></h2> </header> <div id="page-wrapper" class="container"> <div id="page"> <div id="contents"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-offset-1 col-md-10"> <div> <div class="menu-main-container"><ul id="menu-main" class="nav nav-tabs"><li id="menu-item-9" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-9"><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-6"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/category/routing/">Routing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-7"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/category/security/">Security</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-8"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/category/dns/">DNS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-10" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-10"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/category/ipv6/">IPv6</a></li> <li id="menu-item-11" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-11"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/category/policy/">Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-332" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-332"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/category/ip-addresses/">IP Addresses</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1942" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1942"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/post-quantum-cryptography/">Post-Quantum Cryptography</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="js-off alert alert-error"> <h3>Javascript is disabled</h3> <p>We would like to provide you with a better user experience. Please re-enable Javascript in your web browser.</p> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-offset-1 col-md-6"> <section id="primary"> <div id="content" role="main"> <header class="page-header"> <h1 class="page-title author"> Author Archives: <span class="vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/author/gih/" title="Geoff Huston" rel="me">Geoff Huston</a></span></h1> </header> <nav id="nav-above"> <h3 class="assistive-text">Post navigation</h3> <div class="nav-previous"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/author/gih/page/2/" ><span class="meta-nav">←</span> Older posts</a></div> <div class="nav-next"></div> </nav> <article id="post-1961" class="post-1961 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-routing"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/2025/02/10/bgp-zombies-at-nanog-93/" title="Permalink to BGP Zombies at NANOG 93" rel="bookmark">BGP Zombies at NANOG 93</a></h1> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="sep"></span><time class="entry-date" datetime="2025-02-10T01:17:10+00:00"> 10 Feb 2025</time> <span class="cat-links"> <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links">in</span> <a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/category/routing/" rel="category tag">Routing</a> </span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-summary"> <p>The internet is held together by the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It’s an “interesting” protocol in many ways. Each BGP speaker uses a reliable transport protocol to send local reachability information to its adjacent peers. The inference is once a BGP neighbour has been informed about a new item, whether…</p> </div> <hr/> </article> <article id="post-1959" class="post-1959 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-dns category-operations"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/2025/02/04/dns-nameservers-service-platforms-and-resilience/" title="Permalink to DNS Nameservers: Service Platforms and Resilience" rel="bookmark">DNS Nameservers: Service Platforms and Resilience</a></h1> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="sep"></span><time class="entry-date" datetime="2025-02-04T11:43:44+00:00"> 4 Feb 2025</time> <span class="cat-links"> <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links">in</span> <a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/category/dns/" rel="category tag">DNS</a>, <a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/category/operations/" rel="category tag">Operations</a> </span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-summary"> <p>Last year, in December, I looked at the behaviour of DNS recursive resolvers from the perspective of optimising performance and resilience of name resolution (). When given a choice of nameservers to use to query for a particular name within a domain will the resolver try to make an “optimal”…</p> </div> <hr/> </article> <article id="post-1956" class="post-1956 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-ip-addresses"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/2025/01/11/ip-addresses-in-2024/" title="Permalink to IP Addresses in 2024" rel="bookmark">IP Addresses in 2024</a></h1> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="sep"></span><time class="entry-date" datetime="2025-01-11T23:42:42+00:00"> 11 Jan 2025</time> <span class="cat-links"> <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links">in</span> <a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/category/ip-addresses/" rel="category tag">IP Addresses</a> </span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-summary"> <p>Time for another annual roundup from the world of IP addresses. Let’s see what has changed in the past 12 months in addressing the Internet and look at how IP address allocation information can inform us of the changing nature of the network itself. Back around 1992 the IETF gazed…</p> </div> <hr/> </article> <article id="post-1952" class="post-1952 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-routing"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/2025/01/05/updates-in-2024/" title="Permalink to Updates in 2024" rel="bookmark">Updates in 2024</a></h1> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="sep"></span><time class="entry-date" datetime="2025-01-05T01:10:06+00:00"> 5 Jan 2025</time> <span class="cat-links"> <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links">in</span> <a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/category/routing/" rel="category tag">Routing</a> </span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-summary"> <p>The first part of this annual report on BGP for the year 2024 looked at the size of the routing table and some projections of table growth for both IPv4 and IPv6. However, the scalability of BGP as the Internet’s routing protocol is not just dependant on the number of…</p> </div> <hr/> </article> <article id="post-1950" class="post-1950 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-routing"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/2025/01/02/bgp-in-2024/" title="Permalink to BGP in 2024" rel="bookmark">BGP in 2024</a></h1> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="sep"></span><time class="entry-date" datetime="2025-01-02T05:08:17+00:00"> 2 Jan 2025</time> <span class="cat-links"> <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links">in</span> <a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/category/routing/" rel="category tag">Routing</a> </span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-summary"> <p>At the start of each year, it’s been my habit to report on the behaviour of the Internet’s inter-domain routing system over the previous 12 months, looking in some detail at some metrics from the routing system that can show the essential shape and behaviour of the underlying interconnection fabric…</p> </div> <hr/> </article> <article id="post-1947" class="post-1947 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-dns"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/2024/12/19/dns-nameservers/" title="Permalink to DNS Nameservers" rel="bookmark">DNS Nameservers</a></h1> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="sep"></span><time class="entry-date" datetime="2024-12-19T06:18:07+00:00"> 19 Dec 2024</time> <span class="cat-links"> <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links">in</span> <a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/category/dns/" rel="category tag">DNS</a> </span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-summary"> <p>It’s common folklore in the Domain Name System that a delegated domain name must be served by 2 or more nameservers. The logic for this is based in a desire for service resilience. If one server is unreachable then hopefully the other is not, and recursive resolvers when presented with…</p> </div> <hr/> </article> <article id="post-1944" class="post-1944 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-security"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/2024/11/27/post-quantum-cryptography/" title="Permalink to Post-Quantum Cryptography" rel="bookmark">Post-Quantum Cryptography</a></h1> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="sep"></span><time class="entry-date" datetime="2024-11-27T22:09:23+00:00"> 27 Nov 2024</time> <span class="cat-links"> <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links">in</span> <a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/category/security/" rel="category tag">Security</a> </span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-summary"> <p>It may be useful to start this article by defining what I am talking about. No, “Post-Quantum Cryptography” is not about using the next generation of computer processors that may come after quantum computing, whatever that may be, to perform cryptography. It’s not even about “Quantum Cryptography”, which is all…</p> </div> <hr/> </article> <article id="post-1939" class="post-1939 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-dns"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/2024/11/20/dns-oarc-43/" title="Permalink to DNS OARC 43" rel="bookmark">DNS OARC 43</a></h1> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="sep"></span><time class="entry-date" datetime="2024-11-20T18:48:07+00:00"> 20 Nov 2024</time> <span class="cat-links"> <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links">in</span> <a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/category/dns/" rel="category tag">DNS</a> </span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-summary"> <p>The DNS Operations, Analysis, and Research Center (DNS-OARC) brings together DNS service operators, DNS software implementors, and researchers together to share concerns, information and learn together about the operation and evolution of the DNS. They meet between two to three times a year in a workshops format. The most recent…</p> </div> <hr/> </article> <article id="post-1936" class="post-1936 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-technology"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/2024/10/31/ethernet-at-nanog-92/" title="Permalink to Ethernet at NANOG 92" rel="bookmark">Ethernet at NANOG 92</a></h1> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="sep"></span><time class="entry-date" datetime="2024-10-31T00:16:37+00:00"> 31 Oct 2024</time> <span class="cat-links"> <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links">in</span> <a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/category/technology/" rel="category tag">Technology</a> </span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-summary"> <p>Ethernet has been the mainstay of much of the networking environment for almost 50 years now, but that doesn’t mean that it’s remained unchanged over that period. The evolution of this technology has featured continual increases in the scale of Ethernet networks, increasing in capacity, reach and connections. I’d like…</p> </div> <hr/> </article> <article id="post-1932" class="post-1932 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-ipv6"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/2024/10/19/the-ipv6-transition/" title="Permalink to The IPv6 Transition" rel="bookmark">The IPv6 Transition</a></h1> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="sep"></span><time class="entry-date" datetime="2024-10-19T23:51:03+00:00"> 19 Oct 2024</time> <span class="cat-links"> <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links">in</span> <a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/category/ipv6/" rel="category tag">IPv6</a> </span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-summary"> <p>I wrote an article in May 2022, asking “Are we there yet?” about the transition to IPv6. At the time I concluded the article on an optimistic note, observing that we may not be ending the transition just yet, but we are closing in. I thought at the time that…</p> </div> <hr/> </article> <nav id="nav-below"> <h3 class="assistive-text">Post navigation</h3> <div class="nav-previous"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/index.php/author/gih/page/2/" ><span class="meta-nav">←</span> Older posts</a></div> <div class="nav-next"></div> </nav> </div> </section> </div> <div class="col-md-offset-1 col-md-3"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav"> <li id="global-apnic-navbar-link-apnic"><a href="//www.apnic.net/">APNIC</a></li> <li id="global-apnic-navbar-link-myapnic"><a href="//myapnic.net/">MyAPNIC</a></li> <li id="global-apnic-navbar-link-training"><a href="//training.apnic.net/">Training</a></li> <li id="global-apnic-navbar-link-conferences"><a href="//conference.apnic.net/">Conferences</a></li> <li id="global-apnic-navbar-link-icons" class="active"><a href="https://labs.apnic.net/">Labs</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-5 col-xs-6 col-left"> <div id="footer-stamp"> <p><strong>APNIC</strong><br/> Asia Pacific Network<br/> Information Centre</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 col-xs-6 col-middle"> <div id="footer-contact"> <h2 class="h4">Contact us</h2> <p><a href="mailto:research@apnic.net">research@apnic.net</a><br/>Tel: +61 7 3858 3188</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 text-right col-right"> <ul class="list-inline"> <li><a href="//www.youtube.com/user/apnicmultimedia"><img src="//labs.apnic.net/template-files/social-media/32/youtube.png" width="25" alt="YouTube" title="YouTube"/></a></li><li><a href="//www.flickr.com/photos/apnictraining/"><img src="//labs.apnic.net/template-files/social-media/32/flickr.png" width="25" alt="Flickr" title="Flickr"/></a></li><li><a href="//www.facebook.com/APNIC"><img src="//labs.apnic.net/template-files/social-media/32/facebook.png" width="25" alt="Facebook" title="Facebook"/></a></li><li><a href="//twitter.com/apnic"><img src="//labs.apnic.net/template-files/social-media/32/twitter.png" width="25" alt="Twitter" title="Twitter"/></a></li><li><a href="//www.linkedin.com/company/apnic"><img src="//labs.apnic.net/template-files/social-media/32/linkedin.png" width="25" alt="LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn"/></a> </li><li><a href="https://www.apnic.net/apnic-info/rss/apnic-news"><img src="https://labs.apnic.net/template-files/social-media/32/rss.png" width="25" alt="RSS" title="RSS"/></a></li> </ul> <div id="footer-copyright"> <p class="text-right">© 2015 APNIC | <a href="https://www.apnic.net/apnic-info/privacy">Privacy</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Geoff Huston | blabs