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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_orleans_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/New_orleans_1862.jpg/270px-New_orleans_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/New_orleans_1862.jpg/405px-New_orleans_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/New_orleans_1862.jpg/540px-New_orleans_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>Panoramic view of New Orleans, with Federal fleet at anchor in the river, ca. 1862.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, was the largest city in the South, providing military supplies and thousands of troops for the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a>. Its location near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> made it a prime target for the Union, both for controlling the huge waterway and crippling the Confederacy's vital cotton exports. </p><p>In April 1862, the <a href="/wiki/West_Gulf_Blockading_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="West Gulf Blockading Squadron">West Gulf Blockading Squadron</a> under Captain <a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a> shelled the two substantial forts guarding each of the river-banks, and forced a gap in the defensive boom placed between them. After running the last of the Confederate batteries, they took the surrender of the forts, and soon afterwards the city itself, without further action. The new military governor, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Major General Benjamin Butler</a>, proved effective in enforcing civic order, though his methods aroused protest everywhere. One citizen was hanged for tearing down the US flag, and any woman insulting a Federal soldier would be treated as a prostitute. Looting by troops was also rife, though apparently not with Butler's approval. He was eventually replaced by Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a>, who somewhat improved relations between troops and citizens, but military occupation had to continue well after the war. </p><p>The prompt surrender of the city had saved it from serious damage, so it remains notably well-preserved today. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Mississippi_River_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lower_Mississippi_River_Map.jpg/220px-Lower_Mississippi_River_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lower_Mississippi_River_Map.jpg/330px-Lower_Mississippi_River_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lower_Mississippi_River_Map.jpg/440px-Lower_Mississippi_River_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="3090" /></a><figcaption>Map depicting Louisiana and approaches to New Orleans as depicted during the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Navy_Dept.,_''Official_Naval_Records'',_Vol._18130_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Navy_Dept.,_''Official_Naval_Records'',_Vol._18130-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Orleans_Map_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/New_Orleans_Map_1863.jpg/220px-New_Orleans_Map_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/New_Orleans_Map_1863.jpg/330px-New_Orleans_Map_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/New_Orleans_Map_1863.jpg/440px-New_Orleans_Map_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4007" data-file-height="4370" /></a><figcaption>Approaches to New Orleans, Department of the Gulf Map Number 5, February 14, 1863.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_war_years">Early war years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early war years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans" title="History of New Orleans">history of New Orleans</a> was one of uninterrupted growth. In the 1850 census, New Orleans ranked as the 6th largest city in the United States, with a population reported as 168,675.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUS_Census_Bureau2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Census_Bureau2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the only city in the South with over 100,000 people. By 1840 New Orleans had the largest <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slave market in the nation</a>, which contributed greatly to its wealth. During the antebellum years, two-thirds of the more than one million slaves who moved from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Upper South</a> in <a href="/wiki/Forced_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced migration">forced migration</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> were taken in the slave trade. Estimates are that the slaves generated an ancillary economy valued at 13.5 percent of the price per person, generating tens of billions of dollars through the years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19992,_6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19992,_6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Antebellum era">Antebellum</a> New Orleans was the commercial heart of the Deep South, with <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> comprising fully half of the estimated $156,000,000 (in 1857 dollars) exports, followed by <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>. Over half of all the cotton grown in the U.S. passed through the <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> of New Orleans (1.4 million bales), fully three times more than at the second-leading port of <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>. The city also boasted a number of Federal buildings, including the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Mint" title="New Orleans Mint">New Orleans Mint</a>, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Custom_House_(New_Orleans)" title="United States Custom House (New Orleans)">U.S. Custom House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERightor1900417–462_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERightor1900417–462-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> voted to <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secede</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> on January 22, 1861. On January 29, the Secession Convention reconvened in New Orleans (it had earlier met in <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a>) and passed an ordinance that allowed Federal employees to remain in their posts, but as employees of the state of Louisiana. In March, Louisiana ratified the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Constitution of the Confederate States">Constitution of the Confederate States</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Mint" title="New Orleans Mint">New Orleans Mint</a> was seized; it was used during 1861 to produce Confederate coinage, particularly half-dollars. Since the dies were not changed, these are indistinguishable from 1861-O (the raised O indicating New Orleans) halves minted by the U.S. government. (Using a different reverse die, an unknown number of true Confederate half-dollars were minted, before the <a href="/wiki/Silver_bullion" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver bullion">silver bullion</a> ran out. See <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Mint" title="New Orleans Mint">New Orleans Mint</a>.) </p><p>New Orleans soon became a major source of troops, armament, and supplies to the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a>. Among the early responders to the call for troops was the "<a href="/wiki/Washington_Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Artillery">Washington Artillery</a>," a pre-war <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">militia</a> <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a> that later formed the nucleus of a <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a>. In January 1862, men from the <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free black</a> community of New Orleans formed a regiment of Confederate soldiers called the <a href="/wiki/1st_Louisiana_Native_Guard_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Louisiana Native Guard (CSA)">Louisiana Native Guard</a>. Although they were denied battle participation, the Confederates used the Guard to defend various entrenchments around New Orleans. Several area residents soon rose to prominence in the Confederate States Army, including <a href="/wiki/P.G.T._Beauregard" class="mw-redirect" title="P.G.T. Beauregard">P.G.T. Beauregard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Blanchard" title="Albert G. Blanchard">Albert G. Blanchard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Hays" title="Harry T. Hays">Harry T. Hays</a>, the commander of the famed <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Tigers" title="Louisiana Tigers">Louisiana Tigers infantry brigade</a> which included a large contingent of <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish American</a> New Orleanians. </p><p>The city was initially the site of a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Confederate States Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">ordnance</a> depot. New Orleans shipfitters produced some innovative warships, including the <i><a href="/wiki/CSS_Manassas" title="CSS Manassas">CSS Manassas</a></i> (an early <a href="/wiki/Ironclad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironclad">ironclad</a>), as well as two <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Bayou_St._John_submarine" title="Bayou St. John submarine">Bayou St. John submarine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_(submarine)" title="Pioneer (submarine)">the <i>Pioneer</i></a>) which did not see action before the fall of the city. The Confederate Navy actively defended the lower reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Head_of_Passes" title="Battle of the Head of Passes">Battle of the Head of Passes</a>. </p><p>Early in the Civil War, New Orleans became a prime target for the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">U.S. War Department</a> planned a major attack to seize control of the city and its vital <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a>, to choke off a major source of income and supplies for the fledgling <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_of_New_Orleans">Fall of New Orleans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fall of New Orleans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/New Orleans in the American Civil War">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_New_Orleans" title="Capture of New Orleans">Capture of New Orleans</a></div> <p>The political and commercial importance of New Orleans, as well as its strategic position, marked it out as the objective of a <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> expedition soon after the opening of the Civil War. Captain <a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a> was selected by the Union government for the command of the <a href="/wiki/West_Gulf_Blockading_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="West Gulf Blockading Squadron">West Gulf Blockading Squadron</a> in January 1862. The four heavy ships of his squadron (none of them armored) were, with many difficulties, brought to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mississippi_River" title="Lower Mississippi River">Lower Mississippi River</a>. Around them assembled nineteen smaller vessels (mostly <a href="/wiki/Gunboats" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunboats">gunboats</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">flotilla</a> of twenty <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar boats</a> under Commander <a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">David Dixon Porter</a>. </p><p>The main defenses of the Mississippi River consisted of two permanent forts, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Jackson_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Jackson (Louisiana)">Fort Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Philip" title="Fort St. Philip">Fort St. Philip</a>, along with numerous small auxiliary fortifications. The two forts were of masonry and brick construction, armed with heavy rifled guns as well as <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbores</a> and located on either river bank to command long stretches of the river and the surrounding flats. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Navy">Confederates</a> had some improvised <a href="/wiki/Ironclads" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironclads">ironclads</a> and gunboats, large and small, but these were outnumbered and outgunned by the <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a> fleet. </p><p>On April 16, after elaborate <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a>, the Union's <a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">fleet</a> steamed into position below the forts and prepared for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip</a>. On April 18, the mortar boats opened fire. Their shells fell with great accuracy, and although one of the boats was sunk by counter-fire and two more were disabled, Fort Jackson was seriously damaged. However, the defenses were by no means crippled, even after a second bombardment on April 19. A formidable obstacle to the advance of the Union main fleet was a <a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">boom</a> between the forts, designed to detain vessels under close fire if they attempted to run past. Gunboats were repeatedly sent at night to endeavor to destroy the barrier, but they had little success. US Navy bombardment of the forts continued, disabling only a few Confederate guns. The gunners of Fort Jackson were under cover and limited in their ability to respond. </p><p>At last, on the night of April 23, the gunboats <i>Pinola</i> and <i>Itasca</i> ran in and opened a gap in the boom. At 2:00 a.m. on April 24, the fleet <a href="/wiki/Weigh_anchor" title="Weigh anchor">weighed anchor</a>, Farragut in the <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvette</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Hartford_(1858)" title="USS Hartford (1858)"><i>Hartford</i></a> leading. After a severe conflict at close quarters with the forts and ironclads and fire rafts of the defense, almost all the Union fleet (except the mortar boats) forced its way past. The ships soon steamed upriver past the <a href="/wiki/Chalmette,_Louisiana" title="Chalmette, Louisiana">Chalmette</a> <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">batteries</a>, the final significant Confederate defensive works protecting New Orleans from a sea-based attack. </p><p>At noon on April 25, Farragut anchored in front of the prized city. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Jackson,_Louisiana" title="Fort Jackson, Louisiana">Forts Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Philip" title="Fort St. Philip">St. Philip</a>, isolated and continuously bombarded by the mortar boats, surrendered on April 28. Soon afterwards, the <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> portion of the <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> expedition marched into New Orleans and occupied the city without further resistance, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_New_Orleans" title="Capture of New Orleans">capture of New Orleans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Navy_Dept.,_''Official_Naval_Records'',_Vol._18131_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Navy_Dept.,_''Official_Naval_Records'',_Vol._18131-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Orleans had been captured without a battle in the city itself and so it was spared the destruction suffered by many other cities of the American South. It retains a historical flavor, with a wealth of 19th-century structures far beyond the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans" title="History of New Orleans">colonial</a> city boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/French_Quarter" title="French Quarter">French Quarter</a>. </p><p>The city was in Confederate hands for 455 days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Orleans_under_Union_Army">New Orleans under Union Army</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New Orleans under Union Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/New Orleans in the American Civil War">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Federal commander, <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Benjamin Butler</a>, soon subjected New Orleans to <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> that was widely reported as an affront in the Southern press. He was accused of many acts that offended the Rebels' sentiments, such as the seizure of $800,000 that had been deposited in the office of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consul</a>. Butler was <a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nicknamed</a> "The Beast," or "Spoons Butler" (the latter arising from reports of <a href="/wiki/Silver_(household)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver (household)">silverware</a> looted from local homes by some Union troops, although there is no evidence that Butler himself was personally involved). Butler ordered the inscription "The Union Must and Shall Be Preserved" to be carved into the base of the celebrated equestrian statue of General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, the hero of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Square,_New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson Square, New Orleans, Louisiana">Jackson Square</a> which the white secccessionist population disliked intensely. </p><p>Arriving federal troops saw New Orleans, still covered with smoke from its burned warehouses and smoldering docks. They witnessed the hostility of the multitudes of unemployed white men and how the richer and influential citizens encouraged it, particularly the women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188687_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188687-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The occupiers saw the Confederacy's largest city's strange streets crowded with people, going around in aimless confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188634_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter188634-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Above the general tumult, as the troops entered the streets, could be heard the loud strains of "Bonny Blue Flag," and other secession songs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188634_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter188634-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As troops debarked from the transports, some were ordered to load the muskets in readiness for any emergency that might arise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188634_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter188634-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, many troops on their arms and to further insure their safety, were issued very strict orders against leaving the quarters for any purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188634_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter188634-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enforcement of military discipline was strict and few felt the local whites could be trusted, and the soldiers were liable at any moment to have to fight for their lives. The men knew they were in a hostile city and little temptation to leave quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188687Carpenter188634_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188687Carpenter188634-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning at once, their main duties became police and provost guard duty and the distribution of food to the starving citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the federal troops began to appear in public, and travel about on their duties, the bitter hatred of the local white secessionists manifested in numerous ways from disgust looks to vehement verbal attacks. Despite this defiance, the Rebel sympathizers did not attempt any acts of personal violence against the regiment's members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188635_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter188635-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occupying units found it took great discipline to adhere to Butler's strict orders for his soldiers as well as for the citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butler ordered all officers to never appear on the streets alone or without their side arms, all troops must pass through the streets in silence taking no offence to insults and threats, and if any violence was attempted must simply arrest the offenders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was an ordeal of temper and of discipline punctuated by rumors of an uprising by the locals and of Lovell's army returning to recapture the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These wise and humane restrictions were often very galling to the pride of the men and under repeated provocation, resentment sometimes got the better of prudence, and the loyal soldiers became exasperated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188635_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter188635-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in a period of unease during which, night after night the troops slept on their arms, in readiness for instant action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188687_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188687-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the occupation continued, they went quietly about their appointed duty, and presently concluded that while they remained in the city, they were relatively safe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188636_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter188636-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Police and provost duty was the troops' first service as Butler wanted to reestablish law and order quickly. In the organization of police districts, there was commandant of a district, and each captain was assigned to a subdistrict, the soldiers taking the place of the city police, which Butler had disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688Carpenter188636–37_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688Carpenter188636–37-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large details were made each morning to protect public and private property, to seize concealed arms, and arrest suspicious and disorderly persons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688Carpenter188636–37_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688Carpenter188636–37-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butler was very active in rebuilding the city and soon realized he could use the telegraph lines in and about the city for the benefit of his military operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188689Carpenter188637_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188689Carpenter188637-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were in a disarray and the Confederates, before evacuation, had destroyed or secreted the apparatus of the telegraph offices, cut wires, and done all they could to make the lines inoperative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188689Carpenter188637–38_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188689Carpenter188637–38-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butler began to select men from his forces for special service running the telegraph system. Needing a practical and capable telegrapher for the system superintendent, he asked his regimental commanders for such a man, and found the 8th Vermont's Quarter Master Sergeant J. Elliot Smith<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fitting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688–89Carpenter188638–39_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688–89Carpenter188638–39-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Saturday, May 17, Smith was commissioned a lieutenant on Butler's staff and charged with of putting all the city's telegraph lines and of the fire alarm telegraph in order at the earliest possible moment. A young man of ability and energy, he began in earnest. Allowed a detail 40 men to assist him, Smith chose his operators and assistants and taught them practical telegraphy. Soon, Smith had the lines working to all points occupied by Butler's troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688–89Carpenter188638–39_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688–89Carpenter188638–39-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, local white citizens showed their hostility by closing stores and other public places to the federal troops, but economic necessity overrode their attitude, and they soon reopened their businesses. At first, local white merchants demanded coin or Confederate money. This behavior ceased when Rebel forces failed to return, and they realized that the U.S. government was not leaving. Local traders soon accepted U.S. currency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188638_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter188638-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The occupiers gradually saw that the white male population's sentiments were not as spiteful as that of the women who never missed a chance to insult and abuse them. Wearing small Confederate flags conspicuously on their dresses, or waving them in their hands in public places, they would rise and leave a street car if a Union officer entered it. .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188639_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter188639-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid meeting soldiers on the sidewalk, they would step into the street. All this hostility and evil treatment the 8th bore with patience winning Butler's approval. It finally came to a head when a woman spat in the faces of two Federal officers who were quietly walking along the street. In response, Butler issued the famous <a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_General_Order_No._28" class="mw-redirect" title="Butler's General Order No. 28">General Order No. 28</a> which caused such actions to cease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188639_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter188639-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This order became notorious to the white secessionist residents. It was also repeated in the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause</a> mythology in schools throughout the former confederacfy. It stated that if any woman should insult or show contempt for any Federal officer or soldier, she shall be regarded and shall be held liable to be treated as a "woman of the town plying her avocation," a common <a href="/wiki/Prostitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitute">prostitute</a>. That order provoked storms of protests both in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">North</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> as well as abroad, particularly in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. </p><p>Among Butler's other acts cited as controversial was the June hanging of <a href="/wiki/William_Mumford" class="mw-redirect" title="William Mumford">William Mumford</a>, a pro-Confederacy man who had torn down the US flag over the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Mint" title="New Orleans Mint">New Orleans Mint</a>, against Union orders. He also imprisoned a large number of uncooperative citizens. Despite these, Butler's administration had benefits to the city, which was kept both orderly and his massive cleanup efforts made it unusually healthy by 19th century standards. However, the international furor over Butler's acts helped fuel his removal from command of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Gulf" title="Department of the Gulf">Department of the Gulf</a> on December 17, 1862. </p><p>Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a> later assumed command at New Orleans. Under Banks, relationships between the troops and citizens improved, but the scars left by the Lost Cause's depiction of Butler's administration lingered for decades. Federal troops continued to occupy the city well after the war through the early part of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War_heritage">Civil War heritage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civil War heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/New Orleans in the American Civil War">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A number of significant structures and buildings associated with the Civil War still stand in New Orleans, and vestiges of the city's defenses are evident downriver, as well as upriver at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Parapet" title="Camp Parapet">Camp Parapet</a>. </p><p>On Camp Street, Louisiana's Civil War Museum at <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall_Museum" title="Confederate Memorial Hall Museum">Confederate Memorial Hall Museum</a>, founded in 1891 by war veterans, boasts the second-largest collection of Confederate military artifacts in the country, after <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Confederacy">Museum of the Confederacy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_New_Orleans_people_of_the_Confederate_military">Notable New Orleans people of the Confederate military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable New Orleans people of the Confederate military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P.G.T._Beauregard" class="mw-redirect" title="P.G.T. Beauregard">P.G.T. Beauregard</a>, Confederate general and inventor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Judah P. Benjamin</a>, United States Senator, Confederate Attorney General, Secretary of War and Secretary of State</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Blanchard" title="Albert G. Blanchard">Albert G. Blanchard</a>, Confederate general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Hays" title="Harry T. Hays">Harry T. Hays</a>, Confederate general</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 50em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovell wrote to the Confederate War Department, that he made formal offer to the mayor and to prominent citizens, to return "and not leave as long as one brick remained upon another" if they desired. Despite their open hostility to U.S. federal authorities, they, however, "urged decidedly that it be not done," <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, of Montpelier, was a brother the 8th's Quartermaster and after the war had a career as the superintendent of the fire alarm telegraph in New York city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188689_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188689-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter noted an instance when the 8th Vermont's Quartermaster ran into a boyhood friend who had moved to the city. This Vermont native’s secessionist feeling was so strong that he refused to renew the friendship while the man was wearing his uniform<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188638_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter188638-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Navy_Dept.,_''Official_Naval_Records'',_Vol._18130-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Navy_Dept.,_''Official_Naval_Records'',_Vol._18130_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S._Navy_Dept.,_Official_Naval_Records,_Vol._18">U.S. Navy Dept., <i>Official Naval Records</i>, Vol. 18</a>, p. 130<i>Plate between page 130 and 132</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Census_Bureau2022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUS_Census_Bureau2022_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUS_Census_Bureau2022">US Census Bureau (2022)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19992,_6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19992,_6_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1999">Johnson (1999)</a>, pp. 2, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERightor1900417–462-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERightor1900417–462_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRightor1900">Rightor (1900)</a>, pp. 417–462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Navy_Dept.,_''Official_Naval_Records'',_Vol._18131-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Navy_Dept.,_''Official_Naval_Records'',_Vol._18131_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU.S._Navy_Dept.,_Official_Naval_Records,_Vol._18">U.S. Navy Dept., <i>Official Naval Records</i>, Vol. 18</a>, p. 131<i>- General Order of Flag Officer Farragut, U.S. Navy, April 16, 1862, pp.131-132</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188687-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188687_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188687_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict1886">Benedict (1886)</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter188634-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188634_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188634_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188634_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188634_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1886">Carpenter (1886)</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188687Carpenter188634-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188687Carpenter188634_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict1886">Benedict (1886)</a>, p. 87; <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1886">Carpenter (1886)</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict1886">Benedict (1886)</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter188635-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188635_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188635_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1886">Carpenter (1886)</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter188636-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188636_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1886">Carpenter (1886)</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688Carpenter188636–37-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688Carpenter188636–37_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688Carpenter188636–37_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict1886">Benedict (1886)</a>, p. 88; <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1886">Carpenter (1886)</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188689Carpenter188637-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188689Carpenter188637_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict1886">Benedict (1886)</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1886">Carpenter (1886)</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188689Carpenter188637–38-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188689Carpenter188637–38_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict1886">Benedict (1886)</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1886">Carpenter (1886)</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188689-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188689_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict1886">Benedict (1886)</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688–89Carpenter188638–39-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688–89Carpenter188638–39_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedict188688–89Carpenter188638–39_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedict1886">Benedict (1886)</a>, pp. 88–89; <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1886">Carpenter (1886)</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter188638-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188638_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188638_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1886">Carpenter (1886)</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter188639-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188639_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter188639_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1886">Carpenter (1886)</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 50em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenedict1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville_Benedict" title="George Grenville Benedict">Benedict, George Grenville</a> (1886). "The Eighth Regiment". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vermontincivilwa02bene/page/n95/mode/1up"><i>Vermont in the Civil War: A History of the Part Taken by the Vermont Soldiers and Sailors in the War for the Union, 1861-5</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. Vol. II. Burlington, VT: Free Press Association. pp. 80–181. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/02015600">02015600</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301252961">301252961</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Eighth+Regiment&rft.btitle=Vermont+in+the+Civil+War%3A+A+History+of+the+Part+Taken+by+the+Vermont+Soldiers+and+Sailors+in+the+War+for+the+Union%2C+1861-5&rft.place=Burlington%2C+VT&rft.pages=80-181&rft.pub=Free+Press+Association&rft.date=1886&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F301252961&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F02015600&rft.aulast=Benedict&rft.aufirst=George+Grenville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvermontincivilwa02bene%2Fpage%2Fn95%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1886" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, George N. (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofeighthr01carp"><i>History of the Eighth Regiment Vermont Volunteers. 1861-1865</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. Civil War unit histories: Union -- New England. Vol. 8. Boston, MA: Press of Deland & Barta. p. 420. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/02015654">02015654</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/547285">547285</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Eighth+Regiment+Vermont+Volunteers.+1861-1865&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.series=Civil+War+unit+histories%3A+Union+--+New+England&rft.pages=420&rft.pub=Press+of+Deland+%26+Barta&rft.date=1886&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F547285&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F02015654&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=George+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofeighthr01carp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Johnson_(historian)" title="Walter Johnson (historian)">Johnson, Walter</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vph2lmW5xVMC"><i>Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. ACLS Fellows' Publications. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 2, 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03915-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03915-5"><bdi>978-0-674-03915-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54644159">54644159</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soul+by+Soul%3A+Life+Inside+the+Antebellum+Slave+Market&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.series=ACLS+Fellows%27+Publications&rft.pages=2%2C+6&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54644159&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03915-5&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvph2lmW5xVMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRightor1900" class="citation book cs1">Rightor, Henry (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/standardhistoryo00righ/page/417/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Standard history of New Orleans, Louisiana</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. Chicago, IL: The Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 417–462. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/902936037">902936037</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+history+of+New+Orleans%2C+Louisiana&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=417-462&rft.pub=The+Lewis+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1900&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F902936037&rft.aulast=Rightor&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstandardhistoryo00righ%2Fpage%2F417%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Census_Bureau2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/US_Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="US Census Bureau">US Census Bureau</a> (October 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1864/dec/1860a.html">"1860 Census: Population of the United States"</a>. <i>Census.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=1860+Census%3A+Population+of+the+United+States&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft.au=US+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F1864%2Fdec%2F1860a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Navy_Dept.,_Official_Naval_Records,_Vol._18" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy Department">U.S. Navy Department</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924051350977"><i>West Gulf Blockading Squadron (February 21, 1862 - July 14, 1862)</i></a>. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies. Vol. XVIII. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857196196">857196196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Gulf+Blockading+Squadron+%28February+21%2C+1862+-+July+14%2C+1862%29.&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Navies&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1904&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F857196196&rft.au=U.S.+Navy+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fcoo.31924051350977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans+in+the+American+Civil+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_King" title="Grace King">Grace King</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Louisiana/New_Orleans/_Texts/KINPAP/home.html"><i>New Orleans, the Place and the People</i></a> (1895)</li> <li>John Smith Kendall: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Louisiana/New_Orleans/_Texts/KENHNO/home.html"><i>History of New Orleans</i></a> (1922)</li> <li>Clara Solomon and Elliott Ashkenazi (ed.), <i>The Civil War diary of Clara Solomon : Growing up in New Orleans, 1861-1862.</i> Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press (1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1968-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-1968-7">0-8071-1968-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Houzeau" title="Jean-Charles Houzeau">Jean-Charles Houzeau</a>, <i>My Passage at the New Orleans Tribune: A Memoir of the Civil War Era</i>. Louisiana State University Press (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2689-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2689-6">0-8071-2689-6</a>.</li> <li>Albert Gaius Hills and Gary L. Dyson (ed.), "A Civil War Correspondent in New Orleans, the Journals and Reports of Albert Gaius Hills of the Boston Journal." McFarland and Company, Inc.(2013) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7193-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7193-5">978-0-7864-7193-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans in the American Civil War</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwaralbum.com/louisiana/neworleans.htm">New Orleans Civil War photo album</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.confederatemuseum.com/">Confederate Memorial Hall museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206190603/http://www.bryansbush.com/hub.php?page=articles&layer=a0610">"The Washington Artillery, 5th Company, at the Battle of Perryville"</a>—Article by Civil War historian/author Bryan S. Bush</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crt.state.la.us/louisiana-state-museum/online-exhibits/the-cabildo/the-civil-war/">Online exhibit about the Civil War</a> at <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Museum" title="Louisiana State Museum">Louisiana State Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._Cities_during_the_American_Civil_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._cities_in_the_Civil_War" title="Template:U.S. cities in the Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._cities_in_the_Civil_War" title="Template talk:U.S. cities in the Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._cities_in_the_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. cities in the Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._Cities_during_the_American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">U.S. Cities during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cincinnati in the American Civil War">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cleveland in the American Civil War">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Harrisburg in the American Civil War">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indianapolis in the American Civil War">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York City in the American Civil War">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Philadelphia in the American Civil War">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pittsburgh in the American Civil War">Pittsburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lexington in the American Civil War">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisville in the American Civil War">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romney,_West_Virginia,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Romney, West Virginia, in the American Civil War">Romney, West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="St. Louis in the American Civil War">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Columbia, South Carolina, in the American Civil War">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama,_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile, Alabama, in the American Civil War">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nashville,_Tennessee" title="History of Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia#Civil_War" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="St. Augustine in the American Civil War">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma,_Alabama,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Selma, Alabama, in the American Civil War">Selma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Winchester, Virginia, in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wilmington, North Carolina, in the American Civil War">Wilmington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Louisiana_in_the_Civil_War" title="Template:Louisiana in the Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Louisiana_in_the_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Louisiana in the Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Louisiana_in_the_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Louisiana in the Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana in the American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_secession" title="Louisiana secession">Louisiana secession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_Confederate_Civil_War_units" title="List of Louisiana Confederate Civil War units">Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_Union_Civil_War_units" title="List of Louisiana Union Civil War units">Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi River in the American Civil War">Mississippi River in the American Civil War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1861</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Head_of_Passes" title="Battle of the Head of Passes">Battle of the Head of Passes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1862</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_New_Orleans" title="Capture of New Orleans">Capture of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baton_Rouge_(1862)" title="Battle of Baton Rouge (1862)">Battle of Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Donaldsonville" title="First Battle of Donaldsonville">Battle of Donaldsonville I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Georgia_Landing" title="Battle of Georgia Landing">Battle of Georgia Landing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Bisland" title="Battle of Fort Bisland">Battle of Fort Bisland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Irish_Bend" title="Battle of Irish Bend">Battle of Irish Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vermilion_Bayou" title="Battle of Vermilion Bayou">Battle of Vermilion Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plains_Store" title="Battle of Plains Store">Battle of Plains Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Hudson" title="Siege of Port Hudson">Siege of Port Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milliken%27s_Bend" title="Battle of Milliken's Bend">Battle of Milliken's Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_LaFourche_Crossing" title="Battle of LaFourche Crossing">Battle of LaFourche Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Donaldsonville" title="Second Battle of Donaldsonville">Battle of Donaldsonville II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goodrich%27s_Landing" title="Battle of Goodrich's Landing">Battle of Goodrich's Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kock%27s_Plantation" title="Battle of Kock's Plantation">Battle of Kock's Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stirling%27s_Plantation" title="Battle of Stirling's Plantation">Battle of Stirling's Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayou_Bourbeux" title="Battle of Bayou Bourbeux">Battle of Bayou Bourbeux</a> (aka <a href="/wiki/Grand_Coteau,_Louisiana" title="Grand Coteau, Louisiana">Grand Coteau</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1864</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_DeRussy" title="Battle of Fort DeRussy">Battle of Fort DeRussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Henderson%27s_Hill" title="Battle of Henderson's Hill">Battle of Henderson's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansfield" title="Battle of Mansfield">Battle of Mansfield</a> (aka Sabine Cross-Roads)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill" title="Battle of Pleasant Hill">Battle of Pleasant Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair%27s_Landing" title="Battle of Blair's Landing">Battle of Blair's Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monett%27s_Ferry" title="Battle of Monett's Ferry">Battle of Monett's Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_26%E2%80%9327_April_1864" title="Action of 26–27 April 1864">Action of 26–27 April 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_near_Alexandria" title="Actions near Alexandria">Actions near Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calcasieu_Pass" title="Battle of Calcasieu Pass">Battle of Calcasieu Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansura" title="Battle of Mansura">Battle of Mansura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yellow_Bayou" title="Battle of Yellow Bayou">Battle of Yellow Bayou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement<br /><span class="nobold">(by city or town)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Orleans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Watkins_Allen" title="Henry Watkins Allen">Henry W. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P.G.T._Beauregard" class="mw-redirect" title="P.G.T. Beauregard">P.G.T. Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Blanchard" title="Albert G. Blanchard">Albert G. Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_L._Gibson" title="Randall L. Gibson">Randall L. Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gray_(politician)" title="Henry Gray (politician)">Henry Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Hays" title="Harry T. Hays">Harry T. Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Richardson_Liddell" title="St. John Richardson Liddell">St. John Liddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Mouton" title="Alfred Mouton">Alfred Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_T._Nicholls" title="Francis T. Nicholls">Francis T. Nicholls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Augustus_Stafford" title="Leroy Augustus Stafford">Leroy A. Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Richard Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Military_District" title="Fifth Military District">Fifth Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials#Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">Confederate monuments and memorials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials#Louisiana" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall_Museum" title="Confederate Memorial Hall Museum">Confederate Memorial Hall Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; 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