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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_Bibbsworth_Hall_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_160357.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Near_Bibbsworth_Hall_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_160357.jpg/220px-Near_Bibbsworth_Hall_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_160357.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Near_Bibbsworth_Hall_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_160357.jpg/330px-Near_Bibbsworth_Hall_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_160357.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Near_Bibbsworth_Hall_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_160357.jpg/440px-Near_Bibbsworth_Hall_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_160357.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Farmland near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibbsworth_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibbsworth Hall (page does not exist)">Bibbsworth Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimpton,_Hertfordshire" title="Kimpton, Hertfordshire">Kimpton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>The Treatise</b></i> (original title <i>Le Tretiz</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> poem written in the mid-13th century by <a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Bibbesworth" title="Walter of Bibbesworth">Walter of Bibbesworth</a>, addressed to <a href="/wiki/Dionisie_de_Munchensi" title="Dionisie de Munchensi">Dionisie de Munchensi</a>, with the aim of helping her to teach her children French, the language of the Norman aristocracy. It was a popular text in medieval England, and is a very early example of a book intended for reading to children. </p><p>The dating of the poem is uncertain. Various scholarly estimates place the composition date between Dionisie's marriage in 1234 and 1285. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preface">Preface</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Treatise_(Walter_of_Bibbesworth)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Preface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>How the author and the addressee knew one another is unknown, though their families both farmed land within reach of <a href="/wiki/Hertford" title="Hertford">Hertford</a> Fair, held annually from 1226.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some manuscripts the text opens with a preface stating that the work is written for <i>Madame Dyonise de Mountechensi</i>. In others the poem is preceded by a letter of dedication, addressed simply <i>Chere suer</i> ("Dear sister"), a phrase that expresses equality in their social relationship and some friendship between them. The letter continues: "You have asked me to put in writing for your children a phrase book to teach them French."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating">Dating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Treatise_(Walter_of_Bibbesworth)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dionisie's name had been "de Anesty" until her marriage to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warin_de_Munchensi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warin de Munchensi (page does not exist)">Warin de Munchensi</a> in 1234. From that date she had two young stepchildren, John and <a href="/wiki/Joan_de_Munchensi" title="Joan de Munchensi">Joan de Munchensi</a> (who were grandchildren of <a href="/wiki/William_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="William Marshal">William Marshal</a>) and she soon bore one child of her own, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_de_Munchensi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William de Munchensi (page does not exist)">William</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was perhaps written for Dionisie's marriage or soon after,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "John, William and Joan probably learned their French" from this book.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fate_of_Dionisie's_children"><span id="Fate_of_Dionisie.27s_children"></span>Fate of Dionisie's children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Treatise_(Walter_of_Bibbesworth)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fate of Dionisie's children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dionisie "lacked the requisite fluency" to make her children confident French-speakers<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a knowledge of the language would be essential in the future careers of William, a turbulent politician, and especially Joan: she unexpectedly gained a "very rich inheritance" in 1247, and King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> chose her in the same year to marry his half-brother <a href="/wiki/William_of_Valence" class="mw-redirect" title="William of Valence">William of Valence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topics_of_the_poem">Topics of the poem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Treatise_(Walter_of_Bibbesworth)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Topics of the poem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The author's original intention was probably that the de Munchensi children would be looking at the text while Dionisie read it aloud.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem, written in rhyming lines of irregular length (usually 7 or 8 syllables), presents a series of topics beginning with birth and childhood, listing plants, animals and animal cries, continuing through household tasks and farm work, including fishing, baking, brewing, house-building, ploughing and carting,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ending with a "great feast".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An emphasis on learning to manage a household and an estate has been noted.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The list of <a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">collective nouns</a> for animals and the list of animal cries are the earliest sources for this special vocabulary in any European vernacular.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In-text_English_translations">In-text English translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Treatise_(Walter_of_Bibbesworth)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In-text English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In all manuscripts many significant words in the French text are accompanied by English translations, written between the lines or in the margins. These glosses help to show that the book is intended for children whose first language is English and whose second language is to be French.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A particular aim, according to the text, was that they should "be better taught in speech and not made fun of by others".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Treatise</i> marks a turning point in the linguistic history of medieval England, showing that by its date English "had already become the mother tongue of the children of the Anglo-Norman nobility, and that they learnt it before they were taught French."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_as_a_children's_book"><span id="Use_as_a_children.27s_book"></span>Use as a children's book</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Treatise_(Walter_of_Bibbesworth)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Use as a children's book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is among the very earliest books in any language explicitly intended "for children to hear and read".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remained a popular text for two centuries, as shown both by the number of manuscripts in which it survives independently,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by its re-use as part of the 14th-century collection <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Femina_Nova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Femina Nova (page does not exist)">Femina Nova</a></i>, compiled for older students at a period when few English children learned French in their early years.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Treatise_(Walter_of_Bibbesworth)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samantha Letters, <i>Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516</i> (2005) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40419">Hertfordshire</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalby (2012) pp. 9–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridgeway (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As argued by Dalby (2012) p. 15; "not later than 1250" according to Baugh and Cable (1993) p. 134; "between 1240 and 1250" according to Tony Hunt, "Bibbesworth, Walter of" in <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (2004); "prior to 1270 and most likely before 1254" according to Kennedy (2003) p. 131; "second half of the thirteenth century" in a "scholarly consensus" claimed by Rothwell (1990); "c. 1285" according to Hieatt (1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy (2003) p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glyn Burgess in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a></i> (5 October 2012) pp. 26–27; Rothwell (1968) p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Joan became an heiress owing to the deaths of all five Marshal uncles and lastly (in early 1247) her brother John. Dalby (2012) pp. 12–13; Richard Vaughan, transl., <i>The Illustrated Chronicles of Matthew Paris</i> (Stroud: Sutton, 1993) p. 29; Baugh (1959) p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael T. Clanchy, <i>From Memory to Written Record</i> (London: Arnold, 1979) p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jambeck (2005) pp. 161–163 and <i>passim</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The feast is the subject of Hieatt (1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothwell (1982) p. 282; Kennedy (2003) p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sayers (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen (1929) p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lines 27–28; Jambeck (2005) pp. 168–169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright (1857)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalby (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prospectbooks.co.uk/samples/WalterofBibbesworth.pdf">p. 7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baugh and Cable (1993) p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kristol (1990); Rothwell (1968); W. Rothwell, "The Teaching and Learning of French in Later Medieval England" in <i>Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur</i> vol. 111 (2001) pp. 1–18</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Treatise_(Walter_of_Bibbesworth)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Editions and translations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wright_(antiquarian)" title="Thomas Wright (antiquarian)">Thomas Wright</a>, ed., <i>A Volume of Vocabularies</i> (London, 1857) pp. 142–174 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/avolumevocabula00wriggoog">Text at archive.org</a> (edition)</li> <li>Annie Owen, ed., <i>Le Traité de Walter de Bibbesworth sur la langue française</i>. Paris: PUF, 1929 (edition)</li> <li>Constance B. Hieatt, "Ore pur parler del array de une graunt mangerye": The Culture of the "Newe Get, c. 1285" in Mary J. Carruthers, Elizabeth D. Kirk, eds, <i>Acts of Interpretation. The text in its contexts 700–1600. Essays on Medieval and Renaissance Literature in honor of E. Talbot Donaldson</i> (Norman, Oklahoma: Pilgrim Books, 1982) pp. 219–233 (partial edition and translation)</li> <li>William Rothwell, ed., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/texts/bibbes-contents.html">Walter de Bibbesworth: Le Tretiz</a></i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_Text_Society" title="Anglo-Norman Text Society">Anglo-Norman Text Society</a>, 1990 (complete edition)</li> <li>Kathleen Kennedy, transl., "Le Tretiz of Walter of Bibbesworth" in Daniel T. Kline, ed., <i>Medieval Literature for Children</i> (London: Routledge, 2003) pp. 131–142 (partial translation)</li> <li>William Rothwell, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/texts/bibb-gt.pdf">Walter de Bibbesworth: Le Tretiz together with two Anglo-French poems in praise of women</a></i> (2009: complete online edition)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" title="Andrew Dalby">Andrew Dalby</a>, ed. and transl., <i>The Treatise of Walter of Bibbesworth</i>. Totnes: Prospect Books, 2012. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903018-86-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903018-86-6">978-1-903018-86-6</a> (edition, based on Rothwell, and complete English translation) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prospectbooks.co.uk/samples/WalterofBibbesworth.pdf">Preview</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Studies</dt></dl> <ul><li>Albert C. Baugh, "The Date of Walter of Bibbesworth's Traité" in Horst Oppel, ed., <i>Festschrift für Walther Fischer</i> (Heidelberg: Winter, 1959) pp. 21–33</li> <li>Albert C. Baugh, T. Cable, <i>A History of the English Language</i>. 4th ed. London, 1993</li> <li>Alexander Bell, "Notes on Walter de Bibbesworth's <i>Treatise</i>" in <i>Philological Quarterly</i> vol. 41 (1962) pp. 361–372</li> <li>Renate Haas, "Femina: female roots of "foreign" language teaching and the rise of mother-tongue ideologies" in <i><a href="/wiki/Exemplaria" title="Exemplaria">Exemplaria</a></i> vol. 19 no. 1 (2007) pp. 139–162</li> <li>Karen K. Jambeck, "The <i>Tretiz</i> of Walter of Bibbesworth: cultivating the vernacular" in Albrecht Classen, ed., <i>Childhood in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance</i> (Berlin: Walter De Gruyter, 2005) pp. 159–184</li> <li>Kathleen Kennedy, "Changes in Society and Language Acquisition: the French language in England 1215–1480" in <i>English Language Notes</i> vol. 35 (1998) pp. 1–15</li> <li>Andres Kristol, "L'enseignement du français en Angleterre (XIIIe-XVe siècles): les sources manuscrites" in <i>Romania</i> vol. 111 (1990) pp. 289–330</li> <li>William Rothwell, "A Mis-Judged Author and a Mis-Used Text: Walter de Bibbesworth and His "Tretiz"" in <i>Modern Language Review</i> vol. 77 (1982) pp. 282–293</li> <li>William Rothwell, "Anglo-French and Middle English Vocabulary in <i>Femina Nova</i>" in <i>Medium Aevum</i> vol. 69 (2000) pp. 34–58</li> <li>William Rothwell, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/articlesA/s_and_s.xml">Sugar and Spice and All Things Nice: From Oriental Bazar to English Cloister in Anglo-French</a>" in <i>Modern Language Review</i> vol. 94 (1999) pp. 647–659</li> <li>William Rothwell, "The Teaching of French in Medieval England" in <i>Modern Language Review</i> vol. 63 (1968) pp. 37–46</li> <li>William Sayers, "Animal vocalization and human polyglossia in Walter of Bibbesworth's 13th-century domestic treatise in Anglo-Norman French" in <i>Sign System Studies</i> (Tartu, 2009) pp. 173–187</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/20px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/30px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/41px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1536" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature" title="Portal:Children's literature">Children's literature portal</a></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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