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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Stalin's choice 1937–1938</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalin's_choice_1937–1938-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgian_achievements_1938–1950" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgian_achievements_1938–1950"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Georgian achievements 1938–1950</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgian_achievements_1938–1950-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mingrelian_Affair_and_exile_1952–1958" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candide_Charkviani" title="Candide Charkviani – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Candide Charkviani" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandid_%C4%8Carkviani" title="Kandid Čarkviani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kandid Čarkviani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კანდიდ ჩარკვიანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კანდიდ ჩარკვიანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Kandid (Candide) Charkviani</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ka">კანდიდ ჩარკვიანი</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikhail_Kalinin_-_Kandid_Charkviani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mikhail_Kalinin_-_Kandid_Charkviani.jpg/250px-Mikhail_Kalinin_-_Kandid_Charkviani.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mikhail_Kalinin_-_Kandid_Charkviani.jpg/375px-Mikhail_Kalinin_-_Kandid_Charkviani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mikhail_Kalinin_-_Kandid_Charkviani.jpg/500px-Mikhail_Kalinin_-_Kandid_Charkviani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="726" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Charkviani (right) with <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a>, 1944</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Georgian_Communist_Party" title="First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party">First Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Communist_Party_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Communist Party (Soviet Union)">Georgian Communist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />31 August 1938 – 2 April 1952</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lavrenti_Beria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavrenti Beria">Lavrenti Beria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Akaki_Mgeladze" title="Akaki Mgeladze">Akaki Mgeladze</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1907<br /><a href="/wiki/Tsageri" title="Tsageri">Tsageri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutais_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutais Governorate">Kutais Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 September 1994 (aged 86–87)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet Union, Georgian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kandid Charkviani</b> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">კანდიდ ჩარკვიანი</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Кандид Несторович Чарквиани</span>; 1907 – 13 September 1994<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a <a href="/wiki/Georgian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian people">Georgian</a> party and government official, and <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Georgian_Communist_Party" title="First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party">First Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Communist_Party_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Communist Party (Soviet Union)">Communist Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a> from 1938 to 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikaberidze_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandid_Charkviani&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in the Tsageri, <a href="/wiki/Lechkhumi" title="Lechkhumi">Lechkhumi</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. Charkviani graduated from <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a> Gymnasium and <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> Engineering Institute. He began his career working for several publications, including major Georgian newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikaberidze_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charkviani rose to the position of First Secretary of the Georgian SSR through support of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. Yet Charkviani's promotion was met with strong resistance from <a href="/wiki/Lavrenti_Beria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavrenti Beria">Lavrenti Beria</a>, who had been planning to find a replacement for this position amongst his own protégés. However, Stalin made the choice in favour of the young Charkviani (then 32).<sup id="cite_ref-ModernHistory_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModernHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stalin's_choice_1937–1938"><span id="Stalin.27s_choice_1937.E2.80.931938"></span>Stalin's choice 1937–1938</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandid_Charkviani&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stalin's choice 1937–1938"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stalin first learned of Charkviani by reading his articles in the Georgian newspapers. Stalin was appreciative of Charkviani's literary talent so he encouraged the promotion of the youth.<sup id="cite_ref-Montefiore_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montefiore-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charkviani was appointed Head of the Department of Education and Culture at the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia. In September of the same year he assumed his duties as First Secretary of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia%27s_Writer%27s_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgia's Writer's Union (page does not exist)">Georgia's Writer's Union</a>. In this post he made a major contribution to the preparation of an important literary event – the commemoration of the 750th anniversary of "<a href="/wiki/The_Knight_in_the_Panther%27s_Skin" title="The Knight in the Panther's Skin">The Knight in the Panther's Skin</a>", a classic poem by 12th century Georgian poet <a href="/wiki/Shota_Rustaveli" title="Shota Rustaveli">Shota Rustaveli</a>. On 31 August 1938 he was elected as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia. He remained in this post until April 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-ModernHistory_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModernHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character">Character</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandid_Charkviani&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geronti_Kikodze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geronti Kikodze (page does not exist)">Geronti Kikodze</a>, a prominent 20th century Georgian literary critic and thinker, in his memoirs secretly written in 1954, while harshly criticizing the Communist regime and its leaders, distinguishes Kandid Charkviani for his humane qualities and strong administrative skills: "Charkviani did not lack compassion, he was not easily convinced by informers, and overall, he was a balanced and modest man. In general, Charkviani was rather rational in handling the affairs of the republic." (p. 46)<sup id="cite_ref-Kikodze_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kikodze-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kikodze is illustrative of the tensions existing between Charkviani and Beria's people who worked in the Georgian Intelligence Services. He cites an example when, after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, supposedly on the orders of Beria, who had a personal grudge against Kikodze, Beria's protégés in the Georgian NKVD fabricated charges against him accusing him of having links with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Kikodze writes that through the interference of Charkviani, the charges against him were lifted (pp 48–50).<sup id="cite_ref-Kikodze_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kikodze-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Georgian_achievements_1938–1950"><span id="Georgian_achievements_1938.E2.80.931950"></span>Georgian achievements 1938–1950</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandid_Charkviani&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Georgian achievements 1938–1950"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charkviani presided over the rapid industrialization of Georgia. On his initiative in the post-war years several major projects were implemented despite the resistance on the part of various officials in Moscow bureaucracy. Among them were the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rustavi_Metal_Works&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rustavi Metal Works (page does not exist)">Rustavi Metal Works</a> and the town of <a href="/wiki/Rustavi" title="Rustavi">Rustavi</a>. The original plan supported by Stalin was to build the facility within the boundaries of the capital city Tbilisi. It was on the insistence of Charkviani, who gave priority to environmental considerations, that the plan was altered and eventually, the new town of Rustavi was built along the large scale metallurgical plant.<sup id="cite_ref-ModernHistory_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModernHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other projects included the Automobile Plant in Kutaisi (the second largest city in Georgia), man-made water reservoir ("The <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tbilisi Sea">Tbilisi Sea</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Metro" title="Tbilisi Metro">Tbilisi Subway (Metro)</a> which despite many artificially caused delays was ultimately completed in 1965, as well as dozens of small-scale hydro power stations in various provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-ModernHistory_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModernHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The complexities of the period were largely due to the Second World War and post-war reconstruction. Charkviani was highly instrumental in organizing the production of weaponry and heavy military equipment (fighter planes, etc.) in Georgia. Throughout World War II Georgia also supplied to the front large amounts of agricultural products. During this period the production increased significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-ModernHistory_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModernHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as 1941 on Charkviani's initiative after overcoming serious hurdles erected by certain high-ranking Moscow bureaucrats, it became possible to establish Academy of Sciences of Georgia, which later on came to control a few dozen Research Centers.<sup id="cite_ref-ModernHistory_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModernHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"During his rule Candide Charkviani initiated profound changes that further transformed the Georgian republic altogether," writes Kikodze (p. 46) and emphasizes the success of Charkviani in reinforcing Georgian national identity: "[Apart from developing the Georgian economy at an unprecedented pace] these changes... contributed to the eradication of old provincial isolation within Georgia and strengthened one common national identity [among Georgians]" (pp. 46–47).<sup id="cite_ref-Kikodze_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kikodze-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Mingrelian_Affair_and_exile_1952–1958"><span id="The_Mingrelian_Affair_and_exile_1952.E2.80.931958"></span>The Mingrelian Affair and exile 1952–1958</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandid_Charkviani&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Mingrelian Affair and exile 1952–1958"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charkviani was accused during the <a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Mingrelian Affair">Mingrelian Affair</a> (1952), a conspiracy aimed against <a href="/wiki/Lavrenti_Beria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavrenti Beria">Lavrenti Beria</a>'s protégés in Georgia. For years historians erroneously thought that Candide Charkviani was Mingrelian and that he was punished because of his links with Beria. However, the newly opened archives in Georgia provide evidence that Charkviani, who was Lechkhumian (from the <a href="/wiki/Lechkhumi" title="Lechkhumi">Lechkhumi</a> region of Georgia) and not <a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mingrelian people">Mingrelian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Svan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Svan people">Svan</a>, was accused because he allegedly failed to "detect and repress the criminal nationalist ring of counter revolutionaries within the ranks of the Georgian Communist Party".<sup id="cite_ref-ModernHistory_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModernHistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, it has emerged that Charkviani's relations with Beria had never been smooth and that Beria tolerated Charkviani only because the latter was supported by Stalin.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikaberidze_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of Mingrelian Affair, in April 1952 Charkviani was demoted to a minor position at the Central Committee in Moscow. Immediately following Stalin's death, all Beria's clients who suffered during the Mingrelian Affair were restored. Yet Charkviani, on Beria's orders, was separated from his family and moved to Central Asia where in 1953-1958 he managed a state construction company in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>. In 1958 he was finally allowed to return to Georgia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandid_Charkviani&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Back in Tbilisi, Charkviani began his research work at the Institute of Economics and Law. He defended his Candidate and Doctor's Dissertations, and in 1981 he was appointed as Director of the Research Institute of People's Economy and Economic Planning, where he worked until 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikaberidze_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charkviani was the author of 40 research papers and monographs pertaining to wine-making, development of the electrical energy sector and other fields of economy. He also translated German poetry into Georgian, including poems by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikaberidze_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His complete book of memoirs was published in 2004. </p><p>Kandid Charkviani was married to Tamar Jaoshvili, an ophthalmologist, for 60 years. They had three sons: Merab, Giorgi and Gela. One of his sons, <a href="/wiki/Gela_Charkviani" title="Gela Charkviani">Gela Charkviani</a>, was the Georgian ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. Kandid Charkviani's grandson was <a href="/wiki/Irakli_Charkviani" title="Irakli Charkviani">Irakli Charkviani</a>, an influential Georgian musician and writer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandid_Charkviani&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nplg.gov.ge/bios/ka/00000259/">კანდიდ ჩარკვიანი</a>. ბიოგრაფიული ლექსიკონი, საქართველოს პარლამენტის ეროვნული ბიბლიოთეკა.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikaberidze-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mikaberidze_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mikaberidze_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mikaberidze_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mikaberidze_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mikaberidze_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikaberidze, Alexander, <i>Candide Charkviani</i> from the Dictionary of Georgian National Biography.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ModernHistory-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ModernHistory_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ModernHistory_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ModernHistory_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ModernHistory_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ModernHistory_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ModernHistory_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ModernHistory_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Modern History of Georgia, Toma Chagelishvili's project of documentaries on Georgian modern history on the Rustavi 2 Channel, <i>Georgians in the Kremlin and Beyond</i> (5 parts) (in Georgian) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614174728/http://www.rustavi2.com/news/programs_rug.php?l=17">"Rustavi 2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rustavi2.com/news/programs_rug.php?l%3D17">the original</a> on 14 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rustavi+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rustavi2.com%2Fnews%2Fprograms_rug.php%3Fl%253D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKandid+Charkviani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montefiore-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Montefiore_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2003) <i>Court of the Red Tsar</i>, London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kikodze-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kikodze_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kikodze_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kikodze_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kikodze, Geronti (1954 published in 1989), <i>Notes of a Contemporary</i>, Mnatobi, Issue 1, Tbilisi, Georgia.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandid_Charkviani&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharkviani2015" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charkviani, Kandid</a> (2015), <a href="/wiki/Gela_Charkviani" title="Gela Charkviani">Gela Charkviani</a> (ed.), <i>სტალინთან ურთიერთობის ეპიზოდები (Episodes of a Relationship with Stalin)</i> (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Artanuji</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C+%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98+%28Episodes+of+a+Relationship+with+Stalin%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pub=Artanuji&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Charkviani&rft.aufirst=Kandid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKandid+Charkviani" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Georgian_Communist_Party" title="First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party">First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party</a> </b><br />1938–1952 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Akaki_Mgeladze" title="Akaki Mgeladze">Akaki Mgeladze</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_Georgia_since_1918" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Georgia" title="Template:Presidents of Georgia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Georgia" title="Template talk:Presidents of Georgia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Georgia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Georgia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_Georgia_since_1918" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">Leaders of Georgia</a> since 1918</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a><br /><small>Prime Minister</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Georgia_(1918%E2%80%931921,_1-2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia"><img alt="Democratic Republic of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_1-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Democratic Republic of Georgia</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Ramishvili" title="Noe Ramishvili">Ramishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a><br /><small>Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1951%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipp_Makharadze" title="Filipp Makharadze">Makharadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarp_Mdivani" title="Polikarp Mdivani">Mdivani</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a><br /><small>First Secretaries of Georgian Communist Party</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1951%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic"><img alt="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Lominadze" title="Vissarion Lominadze">Lominadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Kakhiani" title="Mikheil Kakhiani">Kakhiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levan_Gogoberidze" title="Levan Gogoberidze">Gogoberidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Mamulia" title="Samson Mamulia">Mamulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrenty_Kartvelishvili" title="Lavrenty Kartvelishvili">Kartvelishvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Beria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charkviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akaki_Mgeladze" title="Akaki Mgeladze">Mgeladze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandre_Mirtskhulava" title="Aleksandre Mirtskhulava">Mirtskhulava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Mzhavanadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumber_Patiashvili" title="Jumber Patiashvili">Patiashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givi_Gumbaridze" title="Givi Gumbaridze">Gumbaridze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avtandil_Margiani" title="Avtandil Margiani">Margiani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jimi_Mikeladze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jimi Mikeladze (page does not exist)">Mikeladze</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Modern Georgia</a><br /><small>Presidents</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Georgia_(1990%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Georgia (1990–2004)"><img alt="Flag of Georgia (1990–2004)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Georgia (1990–2004)</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Standard of the President"><img alt="Standard of the President" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Standard of the President</figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Gamsakhurdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nino_Burjanadze" title="Nino Burjanadze">Burjanadze</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Saakashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nino_Burjanadze" title="Nino Burjanadze">Burjanadze</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Saakashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Margvelashvili" title="Giorgi Margvelashvili">Margvelashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Zourabichvili</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Georgian_presidential_election" title="1991 Georgian presidential election">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Georgian_general_election" title="1992 Georgian general election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Georgian_presidential_election" title="1995 Georgian presidential election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2000 Georgian presidential election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2004 Georgian presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2008 Georgian presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2013 Georgian presidential election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2018 Georgian presidential election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2024 Georgian presidential election">2024</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>* Acting head of state</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4507395#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4507395#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4507395#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000035050842">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/16515552">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1536008/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqbrYYWbhXcmWwxKF8cT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1081041803">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97097889">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/192911929">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kandid_Charkviani&oldid=1255136602">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kandid_Charkviani&oldid=1255136602</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_secretaries_of_the_Georgian_Communist_Party" title="Category:First secretaries of the Georgian Communist Party">First secretaries of the Georgian Communist Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1907_births" title="Category:1907 births">1907 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1994_deaths" title="Category:1994 deaths">1994 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Category:Candidates of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">Candidates of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_convocation_members_of_the_Soviet_of_the_Union" title="Category:First convocation members of the Soviet of the Union">First convocation members of the Soviet of the Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Second_convocation_members_of_the_Soviet_of_the_Union" title="Category:Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union">Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Third_convocation_members_of_the_Soviet_of_the_Union" title="Category:Third convocation members of the Soviet of the Union">Third convocation members of the Soviet of the Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Racha-Lechkhumi_and_Kvemo_Svaneti" title="Category:People from Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti">People from Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Kutais_Governorate" title="Category:People from Kutais Governorate">People from Kutais Governorate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_Friendship_of_Peoples" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples">Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_politicians_from_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:20th-century politicians from Georgia (country)">20th-century politicians from Georgia (country)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2020">Use dmy dates from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Georgian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Georgian-language text">Articles containing Georgian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Georgian-language_sources_(ka)" title="Category:CS1 Georgian-language sources (ka)">CS1 Georgian-language sources (ka)</a></li></ul></div></div> 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