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menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page'><a href='https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/for-hcps/' class='parent_link '>For HCPs</a></li> </ul> <button class="btn-trials-mobile"> Find trials </button> </nav> <div id="vue-navigation-container"></div> </div> </div> </header> <main class="main" id="main"> <div id="banner" class="secondary "> <div class="square-photo"> <div class="photo"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1211642948-e1670883161940-1024x787.jpg 1024w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1211642948-e1670883161940-768x590.jpg 768w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1211642948-e1670883161940-300x231.jpg 300w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1211642948-e1670883161940-1536x1181.jpg 1536w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1211642948-e1670883161940-2048x1574.jpg 2048w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1211642948-e1670883161940-1920x1476.jpg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" type="image/jpg"><img src="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1211642948-e1670883161940-1024x787.jpg" role="img" alt="Senior female patient in discussion with doctor during check up in exam room" property="v:image" content="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1211642948-e1670883161940-1024x787.jpg" /></picture> </div> </div> <div class="secondary-cnt"> <h1>What are clinical trials? <span id='search-query'></span></h1> <div class="copy"><p>Clinical trials may help researchers find better treatments. It鈥檚 only through clinical trials that new medicines, treatments, and devices can be approved for public use.</p> </div> </div> </div>  <section> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="wysiwyg-container"> <div class="content"> <h2>What are clinical trials and how do they work?</h2> <p>A clinical trial is a research study designed to learn how our bodies respond to medicines or other treatments. Clinical trials:</p> <ul> <li>Test new ways to help prevent, find, diagnose, or treat diseases</li> <li>Help find out if new investigational treatments, or new uses for existing treatments, are safe and work well</li> </ul> <p>Clinical trials are sometimes called clinical studies and clinical research.</p> </div> </div> <div class="slider-container" id="phase-slider-1"> <div class="slider-content"> <div class="content"> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">Clinical trials happen in phases</span></h2> <p>Before health authority approval, any treatment (vaccine, medicine, medical device, or procedure) must go through 3 phases of clinical trials. Sometimes phase 4 trials are conducted after approval. Each phase tests the treatment鈥檚 safety, how well it works, amount (dose), and side effects. Participation in clinical trials is voluntary.</p> </div> </div> <div class="phase-carousel"> <div class="swiper-container"> <div class="swiper-wrapper"> <div class="swiper-slide"> <div class="phase"> <div class="phase-header"> <h2>Phase 1</h2> </div> <div class="phase-body"> <div class="volunteers"> <div class="icon"> <img src="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/themes/msd/dist/images/icons/icon-volunteers.svg" alt="Volunteers Icon"> </div> <div class="content"> <p>Investigational medication is tested for safety on a relatively small group of 20 to 100 volunteers who are usually healthy, but not always.</p> </div> </div> <div class="trial"> <div class="icon"> <img src="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/themes/msd/dist/images/icons/icon-trial.svg" alt="Trial Icon"> </div> <div class="content"> <p>The trial may happen in a doctor鈥檚 office or a hospital.</p> </div> </div> <p class="goal">The goals of Phase 1 trials are to determine:</p> <ul> <li>If the investigational medication is safe</li> <li>If there are any side effects</li> <li>How the investigational medication is broken down by and discharged from the body</li> <li>How much investigational medication is needed and how often</li> <li>If vaccines cause the intended response from the body鈥檚 immune system</li> </ul> <p>Phase 1 trials can take six months to one year to complete.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="swiper-slide"> <div class="phase"> <div class="phase-header"> <h2>Phase 2</h2> </div> <div class="phase-body"> <div class="volunteers"> <div class="icon"> <img src="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/themes/msd/dist/images/icons/icon-volunteers.svg" alt="Volunteers Icon"> </div> <div class="content"> <p>Tests the medicine or vaccine in approximately 100 to 500 volunteers.</p> </div> </div> <div class="trial"> <div class="icon"> <img src="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/themes/msd/dist/images/icons/icon-trial.svg" alt="Trial Icon"> </div> <div class="content"> <p>In the case of medicines, volunteers usually have the disease or condition the investigational medicine is designed to treat. In vaccine studies, the volunteers are usually healthy.</p> </div> </div> <p class="goal">The goals of Phase 2 trials are to determine: </p> <ul> <li>How well the investigational medication or vaccine works</li> <li>If the investigational medication or vaccine is safe</li> <li>If there are any side effects</li> <li>How much of the investigational medication or vaccine is needed and how often</li> </ul> <p>Phase 2 trials can take from six months to one year to complete</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="swiper-slide"> <div class="phase"> <div class="phase-header"> <h2>Phase 3</h2> </div> <div class="phase-body"> <div class="volunteers"> <div class="icon"> <img src="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/themes/msd/dist/images/icons/icon-volunteers.svg" alt="Volunteers Icon"> </div> <div class="content"> <p>Tests the medicine or vaccine in approximately 1,000 to 5,000 volunteers.</p> </div> </div> <div class="trial"> <div class="icon"> <img src="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/themes/msd/dist/images/icons/icon-trial.svg" alt="Trial Icon"> </div> <div class="content"> <p>For medicines, volunteers have the disease or condition the medicine is designed to treat. In vaccine studies, the volunteers may be healthy or have diseases or conditions. Phase 3 trials may happen in a doctor's office, a clinic, or a hospital.</p> </div> </div> <p class="goal">Researchers closely monitor participants at regular intervals to: </p> <ul> <li>Confirm that the investigational medication or vaccine is effective</li> <li>Identify and monitor side effects</li> <li>Compare the medicine or vaccine to commonly used treatments</li> </ul> <p>Phase 3 trials can take one to four years to complete, depending on the disease, length of study, and number of volunteers.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="swiper-slide"> <div class="phase"> <div class="phase-header"> <h2>Phase 4</h2> </div> <div class="phase-body"> <div class="volunteers"> <div class="icon"> <img src="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/themes/msd/dist/images/icons/icon-volunteers.svg" alt="Volunteers Icon"> </div> <div class="content"> <p>Thousands of people usually participate in ongoing trials.</p> </div> </div> <div class="trial"> <div class="icon"> <img src="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/themes/msd/dist/images/icons/icon-trial.svg" alt="Trial Icon"> </div> <div class="content"> <p>Phase 4 clinical trials are conducted after the medicine or vaccine has been approved by the appropriate government and regulatory agencies and is being marketed.</p> </div> </div> <p class="goal">Researchers continue to gather information about:</p> <ul> <li>The medicine or vaccine and its safety, side effects, and effectiveness</li> </ul> <p>Phase 4 trials are ongoing.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <button class="swiper-button-prev"> <span class="text">Previous Slide</span><span class="arrow"></span> </button> <button class="swiper-button-next"> <span class="text">Next Slide</span><span class="arrow"></span> </button> <div class="swiper-pagination"></div> </div> </div> <div class="photo-content-container"> <div class="photo-content"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-6 image-container"> <div class="photo"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1196955874-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1196955874-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1196955874-300x200.jpeg 300w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1196955874-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1196955874-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1196955874-1920x1280.jpeg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" type="image/jpeg"><img src="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1196955874-768x512.jpeg" role="img" alt="GettyImages-1196955874" property="v:image" content="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-1196955874-768x512.jpeg" /></picture> </div> </div> <div class="col-6 wysiwyg-container"> <div class="content"> <h2>The importance of <span style="font-weight: 400;">diverse participants</span></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Age, race, gender, ethnicity, and many other factors play into how a person will react to an investigational medication treatment. To find out if a treatment is safe and works well for all people, researchers must have diverse participants in clinical trials. To read more about MSD鈥檚 commitment to diversity in clinical trials, visit our Diversity section.</span></p> <p><a class="btn-primary" href="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/diversity-inclusion/">Visit our Diversity page</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content-photo"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-6 wysiwyg-container"> <div class="content"> <h2>Clinical trial participation</h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Taking part in a clinical trial is a process. We鈥檝e outlined the steps you can expect before, during, and after being in a clinical trial.</span></p> <p><a class="btn-primary" href="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/process-of-participating/">Visit our Participation process page</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="col-6"> <div class="photo"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-865900230-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-865900230-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-865900230-300x200.jpeg 300w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-865900230-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-865900230-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-865900230-1920x1280.jpeg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" type="image/jpeg"><img src="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-865900230-768x512.jpeg" role="img" alt="GettyImages-865900230" property="v:image" content="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-865900230-768x512.jpeg" /></picture> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="photo-content"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-6 image-container"> <div class="photo"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-605381119-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-605381119-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-605381119-300x200.jpeg 300w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-605381119-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-605381119-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-605381119-1920x1280.jpeg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" type="image/jpeg"><img src="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-605381119-768x512.jpeg" role="img" alt="GettyImages-605381119" property="v:image" content="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/GettyImages-605381119-768x512.jpeg" /></picture> </div> </div> <div class="col-6 wysiwyg-container"> <div class="content"> <h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">What to consider before joining</span></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Before you decide if you鈥檒l join a clinical trial, learn as much as possible about it. You should feel comfortable asking the researchers all your questions about the trial, the care you can expect, and if there are costs. Explore our list of questions to ask the research team.</span></p> <p><a class="btn-primary" href="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/what-to-consider/">Visit our What to consider page </a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="global-cta-container box has-photo"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-6"> <div class="content"> <h2>Still have questions?</h2> <p>Our FAQ section has answers to commonly asked questions and a glossary of words to know.</p> <p><a class="btn-secondary btn-secondary-white btn-secondary-small" href="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/faq/">Frequently asked questions</a></p> <p><a class="btn-secondary btn-secondary-white btn-secondary-small" href="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/glossary/">Glossary</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="col-6"> <div class="photo"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/11/GettyImages-1062186846-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/11/GettyImages-1062186846-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/11/GettyImages-1062186846-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/11/GettyImages-1062186846-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/11/GettyImages-1062186846-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/11/GettyImages-1062186846-1920x1280.jpg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" type="image/jpg"><img src="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/11/GettyImages-1062186846-1024x683.jpg" role="img" alt="A clinical doctor giving some test results to a couple of elderly patients in hospital." property="v:image" content="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/11/GettyImages-1062186846-1024x683.jpg" /></picture> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </main> <footer class="footer"> <a href="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com" class="logo"> <img src="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/MSD-inverse-logo.svg" role="img" alt="MSD-inverse-logo" property="v:image" content="https://www.msdclinicaltrials.com/app/uploads/2022/12/MSD-inverse-logo.svg" /> <span>MSD</span> </a> <div class="content"> <nav class="utility"><ul id="menu-footer-navigation" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-541" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-541"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.msd.com">MSD.com</a></li> <li id="menu-item-542" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-542"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.msdprivacy.com/">MSD Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-543" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-543"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.msd.com/terms-of-use/">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="menu-item-545" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-545"><a href="#" class="ot-sdk-show-settings">Cookie Preferences</a></li> <li id="menu-item-546" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-546"><a href="https://www.msd.com/our-commitment-to-accessibility-for-all/">Accessibility</a></li> </ul></nav> <p class="copyright">Copyright 漏 2025 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. 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