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id="toc-War-time_organiser_and_dissident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Revolutionary </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revolutionary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Revolutionary subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Left_communist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Left_communist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Left communist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Left_communist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Break_with_Moscow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Break_with_Moscow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Break with Moscow </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Break_with_Moscow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Writer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-imperialism_and_anti-fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-imperialism_and_anti-fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Anti-imperialism and anti-fascism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-imperialism_and_anti-fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Involvement in Ethiopia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Involvement_in_Ethiopia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Involvement in Ethiopia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Friendship_with_Haile_Selassie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friendship_with_Haile_Selassie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Friendship with Haile Selassie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friendship_with_Haile_Selassie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Death and commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings_(selection)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings_(selection)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Writings (selection) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings_(selection)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers,_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers,_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Newspapers, journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers,_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sylvia Pankhurst</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B2%E1%88%8D%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%AB_%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%B8%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5" title="ሲልቪያ ፓንክኸርስት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሲልቪያ ፓንክኸርስት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="سيلفيا بانكهيرست – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيلفيا بانكهيرست" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurstov%C3%A1" title="Sylvia Pankhurstová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurstová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BA%CF%87%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CF%84" title="Σίλβια Πάνκχερστ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σίλβια Πάνκχερστ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="سیلویا پنکهرست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیلویا پنکهرست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84_%ED%8C%BD%ED%81%AC%ED%97%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="실비아 팽크허스트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="실비아 팽크허스트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%98" title="סילביה פנקהרסט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סילביה פנקהרסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="സിൽവിയ പാങ്ക്ഹേസ്റ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിൽവിയ പാങ്ക്ഹേസ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="سيلفيا بانكهيرست – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيلفيا بانكهيرست" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="シルビア・パンクハースト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シルビア・パンクハースト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="سیلویا پنکهرست – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سیلویا پنکهرست" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%91%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82,_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Панкхёрст, Сильвия Эстелла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панкхёрст, Сильвия Эстелла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sylvia Pankhurst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Sylvia Pankhurst</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylvia_Panhurst_c_1920.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/31/Sylvia_Panhurst_c_1920.webp/220px-Sylvia_Panhurst_c_1920.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/31/Sylvia_Panhurst_c_1920.webp/330px-Sylvia_Panhurst_c_1920.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/31/Sylvia_Panhurst_c_1920.webp/360px-Sylvia_Panhurst_c_1920.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="495" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Pankhurst in 1918</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1882-05-05)5 May 1882 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Old_Trafford_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Trafford (district)">Old Trafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 September 1960(1960-09-27) (aged 78) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_(Addis_Ababa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)">Holy Trinity Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_School_of_Art" title="Manchester School of Art">Manchester School of Art</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art" title="Royal College of Art">Royal College of Art</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Activist, writer, artist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organisation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Socialist_Federation" title="Workers' Socialist Federation">East London Federation of Suffragettes</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Committee_Against_War_and_Fascism" title="World Committee Against War and Fascism">World Committee Against War and Fascism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Socialist_Federation" title="Workers' Socialist Federation">Workers' Socialist Federation</a> <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Socialist_Federation#Communist_Workers'_Party" title="Workers' Socialist Federation">Communist Workers' Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Pankhurst (academic)">Richard Pankhurst</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(politician)" title="Richard Pankhurst (politician)">Richard Pankhurst</a> <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Goulden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst" title="Christabel Pankhurst">Christabel Pankhurst</a> (sister) <a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Adela Pankhurst</a> (sister) <a href="/wiki/Helen_Pankhurst" title="Helen Pankhurst">Helen Pankhurst</a> (granddaughter) <a href="/wiki/Alula_Pankhurst" title="Alula Pankhurst">Alula Pankhurst</a> (grandson)</td></tr></tbody></table> Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst (5 May 1882 – 27 September 1960) was an English <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> activist and writer. Following encounters with women-led labour activism in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, she worked to organise working-class women in <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">London's East End</a>. This, together with her refusal in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">1914</a> to enter into a wartime political truce with the government, caused her to break with the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragette</a> leadership of her mother and sister, <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst" title="Christabel Pankhurst">Christabel Pankhurst</a>. Pankhurst welcomed the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and consulted in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>. But as an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">workers' control</a>, she rejected the <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a> party line and criticised the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> regime. Pankhurst was vocal in her support for <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish independence</a>; for anti-colonial struggle throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>; and for anti-<a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> solidarity in Europe. Following its <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">invasion by Italy in 1935</a>, she was devoted to the cause of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a> where, after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, she spent her remaining years as a guest of the restored emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>. The international circulation of her <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">pan-Africanist</a> weekly The New Times and Ethiopia News was regarded by British colonial authorities as a factor in the development of <a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a>, and of the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a> movement in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst (she later dropped her first forename) was born at Drayton Terrace, <a href="/wiki/Old_Trafford_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Trafford (district)">Old Trafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a> (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> Goulden) and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(politician)" title="Richard Pankhurst (politician)">Richard Pankhurst</a>. Dr Pankhurst had been a founding member in 1872 of the <a href="/wiki/National_Society_for_Women%27s_Suffrage" title="National Society for Women's Suffrage">National Society for Women's Suffrage</a>, and played a role in drafting legislation that gave unmarried women householders a vote in local elections, and married women control over their property and earnings.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> According to his daughter, he was also distinguished by his support for <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Irish Home Rule</a>, being "the first English Parliamentary candidate to pledge himself to Irish self-government when he stood at a by-election in Manchester in 1883".<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The family home, for a period in <a href="/wiki/Russell_Square" title="Russell Square">Russell Square</a> in London, hosted radical <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> from both Britain and abroad. These included the Russian <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communards" title="Communards">Communard</a> <a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian</a> <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-3">[3]</a> In 1893, Pankhurst's parents joined the Scottish miner <a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a>, a family friend, as founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party (ILP)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Purvis1996p2602-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spartacus-5">[5]</a> Pankhurst and her sisters, <a href="/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst" title="Christabel Pankhurst">Christabel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Adela</a>, attended <a href="/wiki/Manchester_High_School_for_Girls" title="Manchester High School for Girls">Manchester High School for Girls</a>. In 1903, Pankhurst went on to train as an artist at the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_School_of_Art" title="Manchester School of Art">Manchester School of Art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:23-6">[6]</a> While completing an ILP commission to paint murals in a social hall the party had built in Salford, Pankhurst discovered that the hall, named after her father, would not admit women. It was an episode that helped convince her elder sister, Christabel, of the need for women to organise independently.<a href="#cite_note-:24-7">[7]</a> In 1904, Pankhurst won a scholarship to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art" title="Royal College of Art">Royal College of Art</a> (RCA) in London,<a href="#cite_note-:23-6">[6]</a> but she was incensed to learn that of 16 scholarships awarded by the college each year, 13 were reserved for men, and that, in response to a parliamentary question, Keir Hardie should be told that the authorities "did not contemplate any change".<a href="#cite_note-:24-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suffragette">Suffragette</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Suffragette">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylvia_Pankhurst_carried_by_supporters_June_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Sylvia_Pankhurst_carried_by_supporters_June_1914.jpg/220px-Sylvia_Pankhurst_carried_by_supporters_June_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Sylvia_Pankhurst_carried_by_supporters_June_1914.jpg/330px-Sylvia_Pankhurst_carried_by_supporters_June_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Sylvia_Pankhurst_carried_by_supporters_June_1914.jpg/440px-Sylvia_Pankhurst_carried_by_supporters_June_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Sylvia Pankhurst carried by supporters, London, June 1914</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> (WSPU) was founded as an independent women's movement on 10 October 1903 in the family's Nelson Street home in Manchester.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Pankhurst's sister Christabel had persuaded a group of ILP women that women had to do the work of emancipation themselves, and that they needed a movement free of party affiliation.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Purvis1996p2602-4">[4]</a> In 1906, Sylvia Pankhurst started to work full-time for WSPU, with Christabel and their mother. She devised the WSPU logo and various leaflets, banners, and posters as well as the decoration of its meeting halls.<a href="#cite_note-year1906-11">[11]</a> In 1907 she toured industrial towns in England and Scotland, painting portraits of working-class women in their working environments.<a href="#cite_note-Chambers-12">[12]</a> She was later to write that she witnessed "so much distress", that she felt unable to return to her "beloved profession".<a href="#cite_note-:24-7">[7]</a> She became a full-time organiser, with <a href="/wiki/Alice_Hawkins" title="Alice Hawkins">Alice Hawkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Gawthorpe" title="Mary Gawthorpe">Mary Gawthorpe</a>, helping establish the WSPU in <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crawford23-13">[13]</a> Pankhurst contributed articles to the WSPU's newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(newspaper)" title="Votes for Women (newspaper)">Votes for Women</a> and, in 1911, she published a propagandist history of the WSPU's campaign, The Suffragette: The History of the Women's Militant Suffrage Movement.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> It included her witness account of <a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday</a> 18 November 1910, in which 300 women marched to the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Houses of Parliament</a> as part of their campaign to press for voting rights under the <a href="/wiki/Conciliation_Bill_of_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Conciliation Bill of 1911">Conciliation Bill</a>, and were met with violence, some of it sexual, from the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> and male bystanders.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In 1912, Pankhurst led a march on <a href="/wiki/Mountjoy_Prison" title="Mountjoy Prison">Mountjoy Prison</a> in Dublin in solidarity with two English WPSU militants who had violently sought to disrupt the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>'s visit to the Irish capital. They had thrown a hatchet, to which a suffrage message was attached, into the carriage in which he was travelling with <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a> and had attempted to set fire to the theatre in which the Prime Minister was to speak.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Between February 1913 and August 1914, Sylvia was arrested eight times for protest actions in London. After the passing of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_(Temporary_Discharge_for_Ill_Health)_Act_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act 1913">Cat and Mouse Act</a>, she would be released for short periods to recuperate from hunger striking. Supporters would carry her back to her home and offices in Old Ford Street, <a href="/wiki/Bow,_London" title="Bow, London">Bow</a>, where, when the police came to re-arrest her, street battles would ensue.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In June 1914, supporters carried her to the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Visitors%27_Gallery" title="Visitors' Gallery">Strangers' Gallery</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> where she announced that she would continue her hunger strike until Asquith agreed to receive a deputation of East London women.<a href="#cite_note-:6-3">[3]</a> Asquith met the deputation of six working mothers.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> After listening to them pay tribute to the work Pankhurst had done "in arousing the women of the East End to the importance of the vote in their daily lives", and describe their hardships,<a href="#cite_note-:18-20">[20]</a> the Prime Minister reiterated the government's position: votes for women would have to await a general democratic reform of the franchise.<a href="#cite_note-:6-3">[3]</a> That did not occur until <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">1918</a>, with votes extended to married, property owning women over thirty. Full voting equality took another <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1928" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation of the People Act 1928">ten years</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encounters_women-led_labour_activism_in_the_United_States">Encounters women-led labour activism in the United States</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Encounters women-led labour activism in the United States">edit</a>]</div> Pankhurst undertook two speaking tours in the United States: in the first three months of 1911 and again at the beginning of 1912.<a href="#cite_note-:9-21">[21]</a> Writing letters home, mostly to Keir Hardie, she described herself as having to persuade her largely middle-class hosts that sweated female labour and mother-child poverty were as much a feature of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> as the Old. She related her experience of going into factories, workshops, workhouses and prisons, of observing the application of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Taylorist principles</a> (rendering workers "part of the machinery"),<a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[22]</a> and of witnessing in the South the virtual criminalisation of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-21">[21]</a> In January 1911, she was in Chicago. A strike wave, which had begun in 1909 with "the uprising of the 20,000" mostly immigrant, <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> women workers in the sweatshops of New York, had spread to the city's clothing workers. Union pickets had been beaten and arrested. Two had been shot dead. Pankhurst visited strikers in their police cells, and observed that their conditions were as bad anything suffragettes had been subject to in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-:10-23">[23]</a> That same month, in New York City, she met the pioneer socialist feminist <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a>, together with a twenty-year-old <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Elizabeth Gurley Flynn</a>. A year later, Flynn was to be the <a href="/wiki/Bread_and_Roses_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread and Roses Strike">"Bread and Roses"</a> strategist for the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bread_and_Roses_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread and Roses Strike">Lawrence textile strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Back in New York City at the beginning of 1912, Pankhurst observed in laundry workers the same ability to overcome through collective action the racial, ethnic and sexual divisions systematically exploited by employers.<a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[22]</a> In Chicago, Pankhurst had been in the company of <a href="/wiki/Zelie_Emerson" title="Zelie Emerson">Zelie Passavant Emerson</a>. Emerson had come to the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Trade_Union_League" title="Women's Trade Union League">Women's Trade Union League</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">settlement house movement.</a> Pankhurst had encountered settlement houses in England: as a child she had visited the first of these, Ancoats Brotherhood in Manchester. But in their outreach to women as both domestic and wage workers, in America she saw a potentially potent form of women-led activism.<a href="#cite_note-:20-25">[25]</a> Returning to London with Emerson, it was an example she sought to replicate in London's East End.<a href="#cite_note-:10-23">[23]</a> Before being followed back to England by Emerson, in April 1912 Pankhurst joined the funeral procession in New York City for the 146 garment workers killed in the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire" title="Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire">Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire</a>. Speaking beside labour organiser <a href="/wiki/Rose_Schneiderman" title="Rose Schneiderman">Rose Schneiderman</a>, she said that their deaths were the result of working-class people being denied the right to represent themselves.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="East_London_socialist">East London socialist</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: East London socialist">edit</a>]</div> In a first show of independence, and with the support of <a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Scurr" title="Julia Scurr">Julia Scurr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evelina_Haverfield" title="Evelina Haverfield">Eveline Haverfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Cressall" title="Nellie Cressall">Nellie Cressall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">George Lansbury</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:12-27">[27]</a> Pankhurst renamed the East London Federation of the WPSU, the <a href="/wiki/East_London_Federation_of_Suffragettes" class="mw-redirect" title="East London Federation of Suffragettes">East London Federation of Suffragettes</a>. Although it was to remain a women's—and women-led—emancipatory movement, it was opened to trade unionists and to men.<a href="#cite_note-:6-3">[3]</a> Pankhurst noted that "the East End was the greatest homogeneous working-class area accessible to the House of Commons by popular demonstrations" and proposed that the "creation of a woman's movement in that great abyss of poverty would be a call and a rallying cry to the rise of similar movements in all parts of the country".<a href="#cite_note-:7-28">[28]</a> In this spirit, in November 1913, Pankhurst spoke at the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Hall">Albert Hall</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a>, in support of the men and women of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Transport_and_General_Workers%27_Union" title="Irish Transport and General Workers' Union">Irish Transport and General Workers' Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">locked-out by Dublin employers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-29">[29]</a> In January 1914, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Norah_Smyth" title="Norah Smyth">Nora Smyth</a>, Pankhurst visited her sister Christabel in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, where she was taking refuge from the <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_(Temporary_Discharge_for_Ill_Health)_Act_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act 1913">Cat and Mouse Act</a>, to discuss the future of the ELFS.<a href="#cite_note-:16-30">[30]</a> Christabel was insistent upon an independent, women-only WPSU, and was incredulous at her sister's unwillingness to attack socialists unpledged to women's suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Pankhurst was equally insistent on supporting popular and labour struggles, and critical of what she considered to the WPSU's social elitism. The sisters agreed that they and their organisations should go their separate ways.<a href="#cite_note-:16-30">[30]</a> From the East London Federation of Suffragettes, in 1914 Pankhurst formed the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Socialist_Federation" title="Workers' Socialist Federation">Workers' Suffrage Federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-27">[27]</a> At the suggestion of <a href="/wiki/Zelie_Emerson" title="Zelie Emerson">Emerson</a>, Pankhurst started a WSF paper.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Provisionally titled Workers' Mate, the newspaper first appeared as <a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Dreadnought" class="mw-redirect" title="The Women's Dreadnought">The Woman's Dreadnought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-33">[33]</a> Nora Smyth (who helped pay the bills) and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Phillips_(suffragette)" title="Mary Phillips (suffragette)">Mary Phillips</a> were the principal contributors, with Smyth illustrating the paper with her photographs of domestic East End poverty.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In the first edition of the paper (8 March 1914), Pankhurst's editorial defended their insistence on building a working-class suffragette campaign:<a href="#cite_note-:17-35">[35]</a><blockquote>Those Suffragists who say that it is the duty of the richer and more fortunate women to win the Vote, and that their poorer sisters need not feel themselves called upon to aid in the struggle appear, in using such arguments, to forget that it is the Vote for which we are fighting. The essential principle of the vote is that each one of us shall have a share of power to help himself or herself and us all. It is in direct opposition to the idea that some few, who are more favoured, shall help and teach and patronize the others.</blockquote>This "struck a strong chord with many women socialists of an earlier generation who had serious reservations about the WSPU". <a href="/wiki/Amy_Hicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Amy Hicks">Amy Hicks</a>, a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation" title="Social Democratic Federation">Social Democratic Federation</a>, supported the ELFS from its start;<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> as did <a href="/wiki/Dora_Montefiore" title="Dora Montefiore">Dora Montefiore</a> who had left the WSPU in 1906,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and had also spoken on behalf of the Dublin workers at the Albert Hall.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The ELFS supported labour struggles and organised rent strikes.<a href="#cite_note-:10-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War-time_organiser_and_dissident">War-time organiser and dissident</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: War-time organiser and dissident">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pankhurst%27s_Toy_Factory_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Pankhurst%27s_Toy_Factory_1915.jpg/220px-Pankhurst%27s_Toy_Factory_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Pankhurst%27s_Toy_Factory_1915.jpg/330px-Pankhurst%27s_Toy_Factory_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Pankhurst%27s_Toy_Factory_1915.jpg/440px-Pankhurst%27s_Toy_Factory_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>WSF toy factory, London East End, 1915</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany</a> on 4 August 1914 found Pankhurst in Dublin investigating the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Walk_massacre" title="Bachelor's Walk massacre">Bachelor's Walk massacre</a>. After allowing the initial popular enthusiasm for the war to pass, Pankhurst (who on 8 August decried the "heedless" rush to war of "men-made governments") and the WSF campaigned against conscription and in solidarity with <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a>. These were positions for which she was attacked in the WSPU newspaper, patriotically renamed Britannia.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Pankhurst retained the confidence of some WSPU veterans. She was invited by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_McCracken_(Irish_writer)" title="Elizabeth McCracken (Irish writer)">Elizabeth McCracken</a> to <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, where Christabel's wartime directive had put a halt to a particularly militant campaign,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> to speak in support of equal pay for women doing war work.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> It was a demand Pankhurst championed along with universal food rationing, debt relief and improved allowances for soldiers wives. By helping to shift some the costs of the war off the back of women and poor, she believed that these were measures that might hasten its end.<a href="#cite_note-:17-35">[35]</a> At the same time, in the East End docks community, the ELFS/WSF sought to offer women practical assistance. They organised "cost-price" canteens, employment in a toy-making cooperative (whose product was in high demand in West-End shops),<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and (in what had been a pub converted from the Gunmakers' Arms to the Mothers ' Arms) childcare offered on <a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori</a> principles, a home visiting centre, and free medical care and advice.<a href="#cite_note-:10-23">[23]</a> Not wishing to be diverted by actions that might be interpreted as charity (and for which wealthy patrons had to be solicited), Pankhurst had misgivings. She feared that "organised relief, even the kindliest and most understanding, might introduce some savour of patronage or condescension, and mar our affectionate comradeship, in which we were all equals". Mitigation was sought in a policy of paying women not less than the minimum wage paid to men in the area and by creating the separate League of Rights for Soldiers' and Sailors' Wives and Relatives, in which women who wished to challenge government benefit decisions were encouraged to act collectively.<a href="#cite_note-:17-35">[35]</a> Pankhurst later wrote: <blockquote>It was my great joy that we were stimulating working women to speak up for themselves and their sort, and to master, despite their busy lives, the intricacies of Royal warrants and Army regulations, so as to secure the promised allowances, such as they were, for themselves and their neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></blockquote>In 1915, Pankhurst supported the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">International Women's Peace Congress</a>, held at <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>. Her sister Christabel, meanwhile, seconded British diplomatic efforts, travelling to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> after the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February 1917 Revolution</a> to rally support for the country's continued participation in the war.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The 28 July 1917 edition of her paper appeared under a new title Worker's Dreadnought—WSF members "realised that solidarity between men and women was essential if they were going to win their fight"— and with a new strap-line, "Socialism. Internationalism, Votes for All". It printed, three days in advance of <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon" title="Siegfried Sassoon">Siegfried Sassoon</a>'s "wilful defiance of military authority":<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> his statement that having become "a War of aggression and conquest", the conflict was being "deliberately prolonged by those who have the power to end it". It led to a police raid on the paper's offices. The issue of 6 October 1917 advocating a peace referendum among the troops, was destroyed and the type broken up.<a href="#cite_note-:7-28">[28]</a> In May 1918, the WSF, in line with the paper, was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Socialist_Federation" title="Workers' Socialist Federation">Workers' Socialist Federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Reflecting her growing belief, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia, that only <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviets</a> could form the "guiding and co-ordinating machinery" for a socialist transformation, Pankhurst refused an invitation to stand for the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency)">Sheffield Hallam</a> constituency in the December <a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918 "Coupon election</a>". The WSF did go on to support other socialist candidates,<a href="#cite_note-:5-48">[48]</a> but claimed to do so merely to "make propaganda ... for "the Soviet system [in which] those who make the laws are delegates chosen from amongst the workers themselves".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">check quotation syntax</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Revolutionary">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Left_communist">Left communist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Left communist">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Left_communism" title="Category:Left communism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="line-height:1.0em;font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Liste_1924_-_19.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liste_1924_-_19.svg/160px-Liste_1924_-_19.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liste_1924_-_19.svg/240px-Liste_1924_-_19.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Liste_1924_-_19.svg/320px-Liste_1924_-_19.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Leninism">Anti-Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">Mass strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_centralism" title="Organic centralism">Organic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bordigism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordigism">Bordigism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism_in_China" title="Left communism in China">In China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Appel" title="Jan Appel">Jan Appel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Cervetto" title="Arrigo Cervetto">Arrigo Cervetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chirik" title="Marc Chirik">Marc Chirik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onorato_Damen" title="Onorato Damen">Onorato Damen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Fortichiari" title="Bruno Fortichiari">Bruno Fortichiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Gorter" title="Herman Gorter">Herman Gorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mattick" title="Paul Mattick">Paul Mattick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandizo_Munis" title="Grandizo Munis">Grandizo Munis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavril_Myasnikov" title="Gavril Myasnikov">Gavril Myasnikov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Pannekoek" title="Anton Pannekoek">Anton Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Parodi" title="Lorenzo Parodi">Lorenzo Parodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schr%C3%B6der_(German_politician)" title="Karl Schröder (German politician)">Karl Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Coupat" title="Julien Coupat">Julien Coupat</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties#Left_communist_organizations_by_country" title="List of communist parties">Extant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotta_Comunista" title="Lotta Comunista">Communist Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Organisation_(UK)" title="Communist Workers' Organisation (UK)">Communist Workers' Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Current" title="International Communist Current">International Communist Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Party" title="International Communist Party">International Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Internationalist Communist Party (Italy)">Internationalist Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Committee" title="The Invisible Committee">The Invisible Committee</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Parliamentary_Communist_Federation" title="Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation">Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Bulletin_Group" title="Communist Bulletin Group">Communist Bulletin Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_(UK,_1919)" title="Communist League (UK, 1919)">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_International" title="Communist Workers' International">Communist Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Workers' Party of Germany">Communist Workers' Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vpered" title="Vpered">Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shengwulian" title="Shengwulian">Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialists_of_Germany" title="International Socialists of Germany">International Socialists of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_for_Proletarian_Culture" title="League for Proletarian Culture">League for Proletarian Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Communists_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Left Communists (Weimar Republic)">Left Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_Working_Group" title="Marxist Working Group">Marxist Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (Netherlands)">Revolutionary Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Workers_Ferment" title="Revolutionary Workers Ferment">Revolutionary Workers Ferment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Socialism or Barbarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(UK)" title="Solidarity (UK)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Group_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party" title="Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party">Workers' Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Socialist_Federation" title="Workers' Socialist Federation">Workers' Socialist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Truth" title="Workers' Truth">Workers' Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiqqun" title="Tiqqun">Tiqqun</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">Industrial unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-leftism" title="Ultra-leftism">Ultra-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workerism" title="Workerism">Workerism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Left_communism_sidebar" title="Template:Left communism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Left_communism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Left communism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Left_communism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Left communism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> By March 1919, Pankhurst was insisting that the choice was clear: socialists had to build "an industrial republic on Soviet lines," and abandon the Parliamentary system.<a href="#cite_note-:5-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>, who in his 1920 thesis <a href="/wiki/Left-Wing_Communism:_An_Infantile_Disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder">Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder</a> profiled the WSF,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> advised Pankhurst that, tactically, the blanket rejection of parliamentarianism is a "mistake".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-48">[48]</a> In June 1920, the WSF co-hosted the inaugural meeting conference of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(British_Section_of_the_Third_International)" title="Communist Party (British Section of the Third International)">Communist Party (BSTI)</a>. In preparation for the meeting, Pankhurst published a manifesto in the Workers' Dreadnought. Rather than the developing <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a> model of the <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">party-state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">centrally planned economy</a>, it embraced ideas closer to the <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">councilism</a> of the Dutch revolutionary Marxist <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalism</a> of her partner <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Corio" title="Silvio Corio">Silvio Corio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-20">[20]</a> Her contribution was to highlight the potential for extending their models of collective decision-making from the workplace into the domestic sphere. What she called Household Soviets would ensure that "mothers and those who are organisers of the family life of the community" are "adequately represented, and may take their due part in the management of society"<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-48">[48]</a> In any event, it was the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a> (CPGB), formed by the <a href="/wiki/British_Socialist_Party#BSP_as_a_proto-communist_party_.281918-1920.29" title="British Socialist Party">British Socialist Party</a> in August 1920 (with <a href="/wiki/Dora_Montefiore" title="Dora Montefiore">Montefiore</a> on its provisional council),<a href="#cite_note-Allen-53">[53]</a> that gained Moscow's approval. In July, Pankhurst had smuggled herself into <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Russia">Soviet Russia</a> to attend the Second Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>. There Lenin personally persuaded her that her objections were less important than unity, and that it would be possible for her to maintain a platform within the CPGB.<a href="#cite_note-:5-48">[48]</a> On her return, Pankhurst was sufficiently enthused to offer a paean to the new Soviet society:<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><blockquote>From Russia... I brought away with me a prevailing memory of beautiful, well-grown children and healthy people. It appears that a happy contentment and buoyant, confident enthusiasm is radiating from the active makers of the revolution and builders of the proletarian state, to wider and wider sections of people...<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></blockquote>In September, with <a href="/wiki/Willie_Gallacher_(politician)" title="Willie Gallacher (politician)">Willie Gallacher</a> Pankhurst called a conference, inviting representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Shop_Stewards_Movement" title="Shop Stewards Movement">Shop Stewards Movement</a>, the CPGB, the Scottish Worker's Committee and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Parliamentary_Communist_Federation" title="Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation">Glasgow Communist Group</a>. All the groups at the conference bar <a href="/wiki/Guy_Aldred" title="Guy Aldred">Guy Aldred</a>'s Glasgow Communist Group agreed to merge with the Communist Party of Great Britain in January 1921.<a href="#cite_note-:5-48">[48]</a> In the interim, in October 1920, she had been arrested in the offices of the Dreadnought and sentenced to six months for calling on dockers not to load arms for shipment to the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">anti-Bolshevik forces</a> in Russia. Pankhurst said she considered a hunger strike but was afraid the weapon was no longer available as the government had just allowed <a href="/wiki/Terence_MacSwiney" title="Terence MacSwiney">Terence MacSwiney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> mayor of <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, to die in <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Brixton" title="HM Prison Brixton">Brixton Prison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> While in <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Holloway" title="HM Prison Holloway">Holloway</a>, Pankhurst wrote poems published in 1922 as Writ on Cold Slate.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> "Above all" they are the stories of her cellmates – "the young and the old, the homeless and the hungry, mothers, pregnant women and babies born in captivity – 'dregs from the ancient system's wheel of waste'".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Break_with_Moscow">Break with Moscow</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Break with Moscow">edit</a>]</div> In September 1921, arguing that there had to be "free expression and circulation of opinion within the Party" and "an independent Communist voice, free to express its mind unhampered by Party discipline",<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Pankhurst refused to hand over control of the Workers Dreadnought to the CPGB, and was expelled.<a href="#cite_note-:5-48">[48]</a> In an "Open Letter to Lenin" in November, Pankhurst warned that the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> had begun to "desert communism" and, by default, were opening Europe to path taken in Italy by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Fascisti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> She had serialised <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>'s 1918 critique of Bolshevik policy,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and had herself repeated Luxemburg's charge that in sanctioning the division of the land into small peasant holdings, the Bolsheviks had betrayed the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> She had also opened the Dreadnought to <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a>'s "The Workers' Opposition", a critique of the developing Soviet bureaucracy,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and to appeals from anarchists in Bolshevik prisons.<a href="#cite_note-:19-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> By July 1923, Pankhurst concluded that "the term 'dictatorship of the proletariat' has been used to justify the dictatorship of a party clique of officials over their own party members and over the people at large". Socialism, as interpreted by the Bolsheviks, had been stripped of its emancipatory promise. In one of her last contributions to Dreadnought on the subject of <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Soviet regime</a> she wrote:<a href="#cite_note-:5-48">[48]</a><blockquote>The Bolsheviks pose now as the prophets of centralised efficiency, trustification, State control and the discipline of the proletariat in the name of increased production... Russian workers remain wage slaves, and very poor ones, working, not from free will, but under compulsion of economic need, and kept in their subordinate position by ... State coercion.</blockquote>Stirred by the example in Germany of the <a href="/wiki/General_Workers%27_Union_of_Germany" title="General Workers' Union of Germany">General Workers' Union</a> (AAUD), and on the principle, advanced by <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> that Communism can be achieved only by workers "acting where they stand in the process of production", the Dreadnought group called for an "All-Workers Revolutionary Union" (AWRU). This was to organise on <a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">industrial unionist</a> lines, with recallable delegates elected, in rising succession, from workshops, factories, districts, and regions to national councils. With this <a href="/wiki/One_Big_Union_(concept)" title="One Big Union (concept)">One Big Union</a> programme, in February 1922 they formed themselves as the Communist Workers' Party (CWP).<a href="#cite_note-:5-48">[48]</a> When in July 1923 the CWP announced its campaign to build the AWRU, it was with the admission that they had no funds and very few people. It had managed to established just three branches outside London, in Sheffield, Plymouth and Portsmouth. Despite optimism concerning a rise in revolutionary sentiment, by the end of 1923 the CWP had dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-:5-48">[48]</a> On 14 June 1924, <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Dreadnought" title="Workers' Dreadnought">Workers' Dreadnought</a> itself ceased publication.<a href="#cite_note-:5-48">[48]</a> This was not before raising the alarm at the triumph fascism in Italy, condemning the then-Communist condoned white labourism in South Africa's <a href="/wiki/Rand_Rebellion" title="Rand Rebellion">Rand Rebellion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and employing its first black correspondent, the Jamaican writer <a href="/wiki/Claude_McKay" title="Claude McKay">Claude McKay</a>. With McKay, Pankhurst shared outrage at the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Herald_(United_Kingdom)" title="Daily Herald (United Kingdom)">Daily Herald</a>'s campaign against the French employment of black colonial <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Occupation of the Rhineland">troops in Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writer">Writer</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Writer">edit</a>]</div> With her partner, the Italian <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Corio" title="Silvio Corio">Silvio Erasmus Corio</a>, Pankhurst retired to a cottage in then rural <a href="/wiki/Woodford_Green" title="Woodford Green">Woodford Green</a>, Essex (now in the London Borough of Redbridge).<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> While Corio ran a tearoom, Pankhurst researched and wrote an eclectic series of books: an anti-colonial historical-cultural treatise. India and the Earthly Paradise (1926);<a href="#cite_note-:3-72">[72]</a> a promotion of the <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">international auxiliary language</a> <a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a>, Delphos, or the future of International Language (1928);<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Save the Mothers: A plea for measures to prevent the annual loss of about 3000 child-bearing mothers and 20,000 infant lives in England and Wales and a similar grievous wastage in other countries (1930); her largely autobiographical accounts,The Suffragette Movement (1931) and The Home Front (1932); and a biography of her mother, The Life of Emmeline Pankhurst (1935), who, since the birth of Pankhurst's son <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(Ethiopianist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Pankhurst (Ethiopianist)">Richard</a> in 1927, had broken off all contact.<a href="#cite_note-:4-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-imperialism_and_anti-fascism">Anti-imperialism and anti-fascism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anti-imperialism and anti-fascism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suffragette_Sylvia_Pankhurst_Suffragette_Sylvia_Pankhurst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Suffragette_Sylvia_Pankhurst_Suffragette_Sylvia_Pankhurst.jpg/220px-Suffragette_Sylvia_Pankhurst_Suffragette_Sylvia_Pankhurst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Suffragette_Sylvia_Pankhurst_Suffragette_Sylvia_Pankhurst.jpg/330px-Suffragette_Sylvia_Pankhurst_Suffragette_Sylvia_Pankhurst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Suffragette_Sylvia_Pankhurst_Suffragette_Sylvia_Pankhurst.jpg/440px-Suffragette_Sylvia_Pankhurst_Suffragette_Sylvia_Pankhurst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Pankhurst protesting in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> against British policies in India, 1932</figcaption></figure> While the Dreadnought did not take a consistent line on the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, an editorial written by Pankhurst on the event stated in part that: "Justice can make but one reply to the Irish rebellion and that is the demand that Ireland should be allowed to govern itself".<a href="#cite_note-:6-3">[3]</a> She placed the rising in the context of the limitations of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Irish Home Rule movement</a>, and argued that "[everybody] knows it was the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Carsonites</a> who first armed". She claimed that the rebels were animated by "high ideals", and stated that the Dreadnought "[understands] why rebellion breaks out in Ireland and we share the sorrow of those who are weeping today for the rebels whom the government has shot."<a href="#cite_note-:82-75">[75]</a> In commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919-1921), the Dreadnought suggested that "with their industries being destroyed by English capitalists, and with their lives always in danger from the military . . . Irish men and women are compelled to become Communists in word and deed". The paper was open to assertions of <a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a>'s daughter <a href="/wiki/Nora_Connolly_O%27Brien" title="Nora Connolly O'Brien">Nora</a> that with "the awakening of a revolutionary spirit (caused by the insurrection of 1916) has come an intensive growth of revolutionary thought". In the event, Pankhurst was disappointed by the outcome: the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> of 1921 described in the Dreadnought as "a sad, humiliating compromise of the stand for a completely independent Irish Republic".<a href="#cite_note-:82-75">[75]</a> In India and the Earthly Paradise, published in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay</a> in 1926, Pankhurst claimed that the social and family structures in <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">ancient India</a> resembled the essential features of communism: equality, fraternity and mutuality. She further argued in the work that these structures were corrupted and destroyed by priests, monarchies and successive wave of foreign invaders, citing the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste system in India</a> to support her arguments.<a href="#cite_note-:3-72">[72]</a> The work has been described as a "'romantic Communist' contribution to <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a>" which may have been the "result of [Pankhurst's] contacts with fringe elements of that movement".<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Though she was unable to find a publisher for the work in Britain, Pankhurst continued to involve herself on Indian affairs. She participated in protests against the slow progress of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a> and criticised the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>'s use of aerial bombing during the <a href="/wiki/Saya_San#Saya_San_Rebellion" title="Saya San">Saya San Rebellion</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier</a>. In 1935, Pankhurst commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Air_War_Memorial" title="Anti–Air War Memorial">Anti–Air War Memorial</a> in Woodford Green, London as "a protest against war in the air".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In 1934, the French feminist <a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Duch%C3%AAne" title="Gabrielle Duchêne">Gabrielle Duchêne</a> organized the World Assembly of Women, and chaired its World Committee of Women against War and Fascism (CMF: Comité mondial des femmes contre la guerre et le fascisme).<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Pankhurst was among the non-Communist British sponsors of the Committee along with <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Despard" title="Charlotte Despard">Charlotte Despard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Wilkinson" title="Ellen Wilkinson">Ellen Wilkinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vera_Brittain" title="Vera Brittain">Vera Brittain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Storm_Jameson" title="Storm Jameson">Storm Jameson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Six_Point_Group" title="Six Point Group">Six Point Group</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women_Teachers" title="National Union of Women Teachers">National Union of Women Teachers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 1935 the Committee pooled resources with the <a href="/wiki/League_against_Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="League against Imperialism">League against Imperialism</a> and the West-African Union des Travailleurs Nègres to promote freedom of speech and to protest repression throughout the European colonial empires.<a href="#cite_note-:11-81">[81]</a> The Women's World Committee was active in support of the International Committee for the Defence of the Ethiopian People, which held its first meeting on 2 September 1935 before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Italian invasion of Ethiopia</a> was launched in October 1935.<a href="#cite_note-:11-81">[81]</a> Having already in her Open Letter to Lenin (1922) identified Fascism as a gathering threat in Europe, Pankhurst acted in support of Italian exiles (her partner <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Corio" title="Silvio Corio">Silvio Corio</a> among them). She was a founding member of the anti-fascist Friends of Italian Freedom, the Italian Information Bureau and the Women's International <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Matteotti" title="Giacomo Matteotti">Matteotti</a> Committee.<a href="#cite_note-:4-74">[74]</a> Later, in the 1930s, she became a vice-president of the League for the Boycott of Aggressor Nations and the Anti-Nazi Council which sought trade embargoes against <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a>'s Italy and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>'s Germany.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> To <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> (who professed to be "unmoved" by the murder of <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Matteotti" title="Giacomo Matteotti">Giacomo Matteotti</a>) she wrote (9 July 1935):<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><blockquote>You have said that "liberty, as understood by the upholders of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, is a putrefying corpse". To a large extent you are right, for if people are slaves of economic stress, as so many are everywhere today, they often find themselves unable to exercise the liberty of standing up for their convictions as they would desire, but at least in the non-Fascist countries, most of us are able to do propaganda for our convictions, as you and I do.</blockquote>Pankhurst wrote to <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, her constituency <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a>, concurring with him on the need for a more resolute foreign policy, but was unable to persuade him of the need for immediate action against the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Italian invasion of Ethiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In 2004, the release of previously classified government files revealed that throughout the 1930s and 1940s <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> had monitored Ms Pankhurst's movements and intercepted her letters and telephone calls.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Involvement_in_Ethiopia">Involvement in Ethiopia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Involvement in Ethiopia">edit</a>]</div> From 1936, <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a> monitored Pankhurst's correspondence. In 1940 she wrote to <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Swinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Swinton">Viscount Swinton</a>, then chairing a committee investigating <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Column" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Column">Fifth Columnists</a>, and enclosed lists of active Fascists still at large and of anti-Fascists who had been <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">interned</a>. A copy of this letter on MI5's file carries a note in Swinton's hand reading: "I should think a most doubtful source of information."<a href="#cite_note-mi5-86">[86]</a> Meanwhile, the authorities took an increasingly grim view of her anti-colonial agitation, heightened from 1935 as she became "the main protagonist of the 'print activism'" in the cause of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-87">[87]</a> In July 1935, representing the <a href="/wiki/World_Committee_Against_War_and_Fascism" title="World Committee Against War and Fascism">Women's Committee against War and Fascism</a>, Pankhurst together with George Brown<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> (<a href="/wiki/League_of_Coloured_Peoples" title="League of Coloured Peoples">League of Coloured Peoples</a>), <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Reynolds" title="Reginald Reynolds">Reginald Reynolds</a> (<a href="/wiki/No_More_War_Movement" title="No More War Movement">No More War movement</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Bridgeman" title="Reginald Bridgeman">Reginald Bridgeman</a> (<a href="/wiki/League_against_Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="League against Imperialism">League against Imperialism</a>) organised a public protest in support of Ethiopia at <a href="/wiki/Essex_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Essex Hall">Essex Hall</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Italian invasion</a> commenced in October, she began publication of The New Times and Ethiopia News. As well as reporting Italian atrocities in Ethiopia (and from <a href="/wiki/July_1936_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_Granada" title="July 1936 coup d'état in Granada">July 1936</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francoist</a> atrocities in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spain</a>), it provided an outlet for anti-colonialist writers elsewhere in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-:13-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Cunard" title="Nancy Cunard">Nancy Cunard</a>, for whom it was no accident that the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish fascist rebellion</a> first broke out in an African colony (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>), also wrote for the paper, as did <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Pankhurst visited Ethiopia in 1944 after it had been liberated by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> forces from Italian occupation, and criticised what she perceived as British ambitions to take over the region. In another visit which lasted from 1950 to 1951, she visited <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, which was then under a <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea#British_Military_Administration_and_the_end_of_the_colony" title="Italian Eritrea">British military administration</a>. Pankhurst observed the administration's dismantlement of Italian-built port installations in Eritrea, which were sent to <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> as <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a>, criticising the policy in a pamphlet titled Why are we destroying the Eritrean ports? In opposition to the British authorities, she supported Eritrea, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> becoming part of Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In 1947, a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> official commented that "we agree with you... that this horrible old harridan should be choked to death with her own pamphlets".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The New Times and Ethiopia News remained in circulation for 20 years and at its height sold 40,000 copies weekly. This included an extensive circulation throughout West Africa and the West Indies.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 1956, the Governor of Jamaica, Sir Hugh Foot, was informed that Pankhurst's paper was radicalising a "sect" who called themselves the "<a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a>". At the same time, he was cautioned that she could be relied upon to "react violently to any suggestion that her paper should not be made available to all and sundry".<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In some <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colonies</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> from where the nationalist <a href="/wiki/I._T._A._Wallace-Johnson" title="I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson">I. T. A. Wallace Johnson</a> contributed pieces, the paper had, indeed, been banned.<a href="#cite_note-:22-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friendship_with_Haile_Selassie">Friendship with Haile Selassie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Friendship with Haile Selassie">edit</a>]</div> Pankhurst did have political contact with <a href="/wiki/T._Ras_Makonnen" title="T. Ras Makonnen">T. Ras Makonnen</a>, the West Indian pan-Africanist (a Guyanese of Ethiopian descent),<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Companion-96">[96]</a> but there is no indication that she was engaged with the new spiritual movement in Jamaica. Such, nonetheless, was her seeming <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> that she has since been proposed as the "first white Rastafarian".<a href="#cite_note-:14-97">[97]</a> Her biographer Patricia Romero suggests that Pankhurst was overwhelmed by Haile Selassie so that "her republicanism departed from Waterloo station in June 1936, when the emperor's train rolled in" and she encountered him for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Others explain the devotional relationship, at least in part, by reference to her strong anti-imperialist, anti-fascist and anti-racist sympathies:<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> "Pankhurst loved to defend the underdog and she saw in Selassie much more a defeated victim of fascism than a reactionary monarch".<a href="#cite_note-:14-97">[97]</a> According to her son, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(Ethiopianist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Pankhurst (Ethiopianist)">Richard</a>, her mother did not hesitate to tell Haile Selassie that, as a life-long republican, she supported him only because of the cause he represented, and that while she was cautious about involving herself in Ethiopia's domestic politics, she did voice support for trade unions and for universal suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 1956, encouraged by Haile Selassie to aid with women's development, Pankhurst and her son Richard moved into an imperial guest house in the Ethiopian capital to <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> (Corio had died in 1954).<a href="#cite_note-:21-101">[101]</a> She raised funds for <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>'s first teaching hospital, and wrote extensively on <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ethiopia" title="Culture of Ethiopia">Ethiopian art and culture</a>. She dedicated Ethiopia: A Cultural History (1955)<a href="#cite_note-:13-90">[90]</a> to Haile Selassie: "Guardian of Education, Pioneer of Progress, Leader and Defender of his People in Peace and War".<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_commemoration">Death and commemoration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death and commemoration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylvia_Pankhurst_Grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sylvia_Pankhurst_Grave.jpg/220px-Sylvia_Pankhurst_Grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sylvia_Pankhurst_Grave.jpg/330px-Sylvia_Pankhurst_Grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sylvia_Pankhurst_Grave.jpg/440px-Sylvia_Pankhurst_Grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Pankhurst's grave</figcaption></figure> Pankhurst died in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> in 1960, aged 78, and received a full <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> at which Haile Selassie named her "an honorary Ethiopian". She is the only foreigner buried in front of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_(Addis_Ababa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral (Addis Ababa)">Holy Trinity Cathedral</a> in Addis Ababa, in a section reserved for patriots of the Italian war.<a href="#cite_note-owen.org-103">[103]</a> Pankhurst's name and picture (and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters) are on the <a href="/wiki/Plinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinth">plinth</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Millicent_Fawcett" title="Statue of Millicent Fawcett">statue of Millicent Fawcett</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a>, Westminster, London.<a href="#cite_note-gov-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> There is a two-dimensional silhouette constructed of <a href="/wiki/Corten_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Corten steel">Corten steel</a> representing Pankhurst as a campaigning suffragette in <a href="/wiki/Mile_End" title="Mile End">Mile End</a> Park, <a href="/wiki/Bethnal_Green" title="Bethnal Green">Bethnal Green</a>, London.<a href="#cite_note-:03-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> She is also the subject of a mural, completed 2018 by Jerome Davenport, on the gable-end of the Lord Morpeth pub on Old Ford Road in <a href="/wiki/Bow,_London" title="Bow, London">Bow</a>, London. It is next door to the house in which she lived between 1914 and 1924 while working with the <a href="/wiki/East_London_Federation_of_Suffragettes" class="mw-redirect" title="East London Federation of Suffragettes">ELFS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Socialist_Federation" title="Workers' Socialist Federation">WSF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In October 2022, London's <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Vic" title="The Old Vic">Old Vic Theatre</a> announced for 25 January 2023 the world premiere of <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_(musical)" title="Sylvia (musical)">Sylvia</a>, a hip hop musical about Pankhurst. Directed and choreographed by <a href="/wiki/Kate_Prince" title="Kate Prince">Kate Prince</a>, it seek to tell her story to "younger and more diverse audiences".<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> Pankhurst objected in principle to entering into a marriage and to taking a husband's name. Near the end of the First World War, she began living with Italian anarchist <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Corio" title="Silvio Corio">Silvio Corio</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and moved to <a href="/wiki/Woodford_Green" title="Woodford Green">Woodford Green</a>, where she lived for over 30 years — a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> and Pankhurst Green opposite London Underground's <a href="/wiki/Woodford_tube_station" title="Woodford tube station">Woodford tube station</a> commemorate her ties to the area. At Woodford Green in 1927, at the age of 45, she gave birth to a son, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Pankhurst (academic)">Richard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> As she refused to marry the child's father, her mother broke ties with her and did not speak to her again.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Richard became a leading student of Ethiopian history and the first director of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Ethiopian_Studies" title="Institute of Ethiopian Studies">Institute of Ethiopian Studies</a> at <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_University" title="Addis Ababa University">Addis Ababa University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-114">[114]</a> His son, Pankhurst's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Alula_Pankhurst" title="Alula Pankhurst">Alula Pankhurst</a> is an Ethiopian scholar and social development consultant in Addis Ababa, and has been a contributor to the Ethiopia Observer which continues to publish.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> From an early age Pankhurst had an ambition to become a "painter and draughtsman in the service of the great movements for social betterment".<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> She trained at Manchester School of Art (1900–02) and then the Royal College of Art in London (1904–06). As part of her work campaigning for the WSPU, for which she created designs for a range of banners, jewellery and graphic logos. Her motif of the 'angel of freedom', a trumpeting emblem had wider appeal across the campaign for women's suffrage, appearing on banners, political pamphlets, cups and saucers.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> An exhibition of her artistic works took place at <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a> in 2013–14. Information about the exhibition, together with photographs of the artwork itself, is part of the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University" title="Sheffield Hallam University">Sheffield Hallam University</a> Research Archive.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Pankhurst found it difficult to reconcile her artistic vocation with her political activities, eventually deciding that they were incompatible. She said: "Mothers came to me with their wasted little ones. I saw starvation look at me from patient eyes. I knew that I should never return to my art".<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> By 1912, she had all but abandoned her artistic career in order to concentrate on her political activism.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings_(selection)">Writings (selection)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Writings (selection)">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1911: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suffragettehisto00pankuoft">The Suffragette: The History of the Women's Militant Suffrage Movement</a>, London: Gay & Hancock</li> <li>1913: "Forcibly Fed: The Story of My Four Weeks in Holloway Gaol", <a href="/wiki/McClure%27s_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="McClure's Magazine">McClure's Magazine</a>, August, pp. 87–92.</li> <li>1918: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/pankhurst-sylvia/1918/education.htm">Education of the Masses</a>. London: Worker's Dreadnought Publications.</li> <li>1920: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/library/constitution-british-soviets-points-communist-programme-sylvia-pankhurst">A constitution for British soviets. Points for a communist programme</a>". Workers' Dreadnought, 19 June.</li> <li>1921: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/library/soviet-russia-i-saw-it-1920-congress-kremlin-sylvia-pankhurst">"Soviet Russia as I saw it"</a>, Workers' Dreadnought, 16 April.</li> <li>1921: Soviet Russia as I Saw It. London: Worker's Dreadnought Publications.</li> <li>1922: Writ on Cold Slate. Prison Poems by Sylvia Pankhurst. London: Worker's Dreadnought Publications. Reissued 2021 by Smokestack Books.</li> <li>1921: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/library/freedom-discussion-sylvia-pankhurst">Free discussion"</a>, Workers' Dreadnought, 17 September.</li> <li>1921-1923: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/pankhurst-sylvia/communism-tactics/index.htm">"Communism and its Tactics"</a>, Workers' Dreadnought (serialisation).</li> <li>1922: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/article/open-letter-lenin-sylvia-pankhurst">Open Letter to Lenin</a>". Workers Dreadnought. 4 November.</li> <li>1926: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=icQcAAAAMAAJ">India and the Earthly Paradise</a>. Bombay: Sunshine Publishing House.</li> <li>1927: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/delphosfutureofi00pankuoft">Delphos or the Future of International Language</a>, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co</li> <li>1930: Save the Mothers: A plea for measures to prevent the annual loss of about 3000 child-bearing mothers and 20,000 infant lives in England and Wales. London: A.A. Knopf</li> <li>1930: Poems of Mihai Eminescu, translated from the Rumanian and rendered into the original metre by E. Sylvia Pankhurst and I. O. Stefanovici. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & co., Ltd.</li> <li>1931: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iEd9CgAAQBAJ">The Suffragette Movement: An Intimate Account of Persons and Ideals.</a> Reissued 1984 by Chatto & Windus.</li> <li>1932 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zF5nAAAAMAAJ">The Home Front: A Mirror to Life in England During the First World War</a>. Reissued 1987 by The Cresset Library.</li> <li>1935: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofemmelinepa0000pank/page/n7/mode/2up">The Life of Emmeline Pankhurst. The suffragette struggle for women's citizenship</a>, London: T. Werner Laurie</li> <li>1951: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UXYWAAAAIAAJ">Ex-Italian Somaliland.</a> Digitized 2006 by the Philosophical Library.</li> <li>1952: Eritrea on the Eve: The Past and Future of Italy's "First-Born" Colony, Ethiopia's Ancient Sea Province. Woodford Green: New Times and Ethiopia Books.</li> <li>1953: with Richard Pankhurst, Ethiopia and Eritrea: The Last Phase of the Reunion Struggle 1941–52. Woodford Green: Lalibela House.</li> <li>1955: Ethiopia: A Cultural History. Woodford Green: Lalibela House.</li> <li>1987: E. Sylvia Pankhurst: Portrait of a Radical, London: Yale University Press.</li> <li>1993: A Sylvia Pankhurst Reader, ed. by Kathryn Dodd, Manchester University Press.</li> <li>2019: A Suffragette in America: Reflections on Prisoners, Pickets and Political Change, Ed. Katherine Connelly. London: Pluto Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newspapers,_journals">Newspapers, journals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Newspapers, journals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Women's Dreadnought. 1914–1917.</li> <li>Workers' Dreadnought. 1917–1924.</li> <li>Germinal. 1923.<a href="#cite_note-:21-101">[101]</a></li> <li>The New Times and Ethiopia News 1935–1956.</li> <li>Ethiopia Observer. 1956–present.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Air_War_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Air War Memorial">Anti-Air War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre</a> in Manchester</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Sylvia_Pankhurst" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst (artwork)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Lynch" title="Patricia Lynch">Patricia Lynch</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Burton, S "Relatively Famous: Richard Pankhurst, The Red Doctor", BBC History Magazine, February 2007, 8:2, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://womanandhersphere.com/tag/isabella-tod/">"Suffrage Stories:'We Believe That The Rousing Of The Irish People Had Best Be Left To Irish Women'"</a>. Woman and her Sphere. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woman+and+her+Sphere&rft.atitle=Suffrage+Stories%3A%27We+Believe+That+The+Rousing+Of+The+Irish+People+Had+Best+Be+Left+To+Irish+Women%27&rft.date=2014-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwomanandhersphere.com%2Ftag%2Fisabella-tod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen2021" class="citation news cs1">Pedersen, Susan (4 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v43/n05/susan-pedersen/worth-the-upbringing">"Susan Pedersen · Worth the Upbringing: Thirsting for the Vote"</a>. London Review of Books. Retrieved 6 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Susan+Pedersen+%C2%B7+Worth+the+Upbringing%3A+Thirsting+for+the+Vote&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv43%2Fn05%2Fsusan-pedersen%2Fworth-the-upbringing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purvis1996p2602-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis1996p2602_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis1996p2602_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis1996" class="citation journal cs1">Purvis, June (1996). "A 'pair of ... infernal queens'? A reassessment of the dominant representations of Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst, first-wave feminists in Edwardian Britain". Women's History Review. 5 (2): 260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612029600200112">10.1080/09612029600200112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+History+Review&rft.atitle=A+%27pair+of+...+infernal+queens%27%3F+A+reassessment+of+the+dominant+representations+of+Emmeline+and+Christabel+Pankhurst%2C+first-wave+feminists+in+Edwardian+Britain&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=260&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09612029600200112&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spartacus-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Spartacus_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkin" class="citation web cs1">Simkin, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spartacus-educational.com/WpankhurstS.htm">"Sylvia Pankhurst"</a>. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sylvia+Pankhurst&rft.pub=Spartacus+Educational&rft.aulast=Simkin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FWpankhurstS.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Pankhurst, (Estelle) Sylvia (1882–1960)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F37833">10.1093/ref:odnb/37833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pankhurst%2C+%28Estelle%29+Sylvia+%281882%E2%80%931960%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F37833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulhallen2021" class="citation web cs1">Mulhallen, Jacqueline (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sylviapankhurst.com/artist">"Artist"</a>. Sylvia Pankhurst. Retrieved 19 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sylvia+Pankhurst&rft.atitle=Artist&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Mulhallen&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sylviapankhurst.com%2Fartist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullockPankhurst1992" class="citation book cs1">Bullock, Ian; Pankhurst, Richard (1992). Sylvia Pankhurst: From Artist to Anti-Fascist. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sylvia+Pankhurst%3A+From+Artist+to+Anti-Fascist&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Pankhurst%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/June_Purvis" title="June Purvis">Purvis, June</a> (2002). Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography. London: Routledge. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23978-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23978-3"><bdi>978-0-415-23978-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emmeline+Pankhurst%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23978-3&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Pankhurst, Christabel (1959). Unshackled: The Story of How We Won the Vote. London: Hutchison, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-year1906-11"><a href="#cite_ref-year1906_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinslow2008" class="citation book cs1">Winslow, Barbara (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 409.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Women+in+World+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Winslow&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chambers-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Chambers_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers" class="citation web cs1">Chambers, Emma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/display/bp-spotlight-sylvia-pankhurst">"Women Workers of England"</a>. Tate Gallery. Retrieved 3 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+Workers+of+England&rft.pub=Tate+Gallery&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Ftate-britain%2Fdisplay%2Fbp-spotlight-sylvia-pankhurst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford23-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Crawford23_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2003" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Elizabeth (2 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a2EK9P7-ZMsC&pg=PA281">The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928</a>. Routledge. pp. 281–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-43402-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-43402-1"><bdi>978-1-135-43402-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women%27s+Suffrage+Movement%3A+A+Reference+Guide+1866-1928&rft.pages=281-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft.isbn=978-1-135-43402-1&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da2EK9P7-ZMsC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercer2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Mercer, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1439723">"Writing and Re-Writing Suffrage History: Sylvia Pankhurst's 'The Suffragette'"</a>. Women's History Magazine. Vol. 56. pp. 11–18. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1439723">1439723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=Writing+and+Re-Writing+Suffrage+History%3A+Sylvia+Pankhurst%27s+%27The+Suffragette%27&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1439723%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Mercer&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1439723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst2013" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Sylvia (2013). The Suffragette Movement – An Intimate Account of Persons and Ideals (Kindle ed.). London: Warton Press. p. 6656. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1027059219">1027059219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suffragette+Movement+%E2%80%93+An+Intimate+Account+of+Persons+and+Ideals&rft.place=London&rft.pages=6656&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Warton+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1027059219&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Margaret (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1395496">"Conflicting Interests: The British and Irish Suffrage Movements"</a>. Feminist Review (50): (127–147) 135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1395496">10.2307/1395496</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-7789">0141-7789</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1395496">1395496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Review&rft.atitle=Conflicting+Interests%3A+The+British+and+Irish+Suffrage+Movements&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=%28127-147%29+135&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0141-7789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1395496%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1395496&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1395496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoman_and_her_Sphere2014" class="citation web cs1">Woman and her Sphere (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://womanandhersphere.com/tag/isabella-tod/">"Suffrage Stories:'We Believe That The Rousing Of The Irish People Had Best Be Left To Irish Women'"</a>. Woman and her Sphere. Retrieved 25 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woman+and+her+Sphere&rft.atitle=Suffrage+Stories%3A%27We+Believe+That+The+Rousing+Of+The+Irish+People+Had+Best+Be+Left+To+Irish+Women%27&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Woman+and+her+Sphere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwomanandhersphere.com%2Ftag%2Fisabella-tod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/WpankhurstS.htm">"Sylvia Pankhurst"</a>. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 10 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.atitle=Sylvia+Pankhurst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FWpankhurstS.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchives2014" class="citation web cs1">Archives, The National (19 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/working-womens-struggle-vote/">"The National Archives - The working women's struggle for the vote"</a>. The National Archives blog. Retrieved 6 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Archives+blog&rft.atitle=The+National+Archives+-+The+working+women%27s+struggle+for+the+vote&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft.aulast=Archives&rft.aufirst=The+National&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fworking-womens-struggle-vote%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlyleMatgamma2001" class="citation web cs1">Carlyle, Susan; Matgamma, Sean (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2001-09-30/sylvia-pankhurst-and-democracy">"Sylvia Pankhurst and Democracy | Workers' Liberty"</a>. www.workersliberty.org. Retrieved 11 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.workersliberty.org&rft.atitle=Sylvia+Pankhurst+and+Democracy+%7C+Workers%27+Liberty&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Carlyle&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Matgamma%2C+Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.workersliberty.org%2Fstory%2F2001-09-30%2Fsylvia-pankhurst-and-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst2019" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, E. Sylvia (2019). Connelly, Katherine (ed.). A suffragette in America : reflections on prisoners, pickets and political change. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78680-454-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78680-454-9"><bdi>978-1-78680-454-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1099434698">1099434698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+suffragette+in+America+%3A+reflections+on+prisoners%2C+pickets+and+political+change&rft.place=London&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1099434698&rft.isbn=978-1-78680-454-9&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=E.+Sylvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly2021" class="citation book cs1">Connelly, Katherine (2021). "'East Side Londoners'". In Hughes-Johnson, Alexandra; Jenkins, Lyndsey (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2321krx.17">'East Side Londoners': Sylvia Pankhurst's lecture tours of North America and the East London Federation of Suffragettes</a>. Local, National and International Dimensions. University of London Press. pp. (263–284), 268–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912702-95-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912702-95-4"><bdi>978-1-912702-95-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2321krx.17">j.ctv2321krx.17</a>. Retrieved 12 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27East+Side+Londoners%27&rft.btitle=%27East+Side+Londoners%27%3A+Sylvia+Pankhurst%27s+lecture+tours+of+North+America+and+the+East+London+Federation+of+Suffragettes&rft.series=Local%2C+National+and+International+Dimensions&rft.pages=%28263-284%29%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E268-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.pub=University+of+London+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv2321krx.17%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-912702-95-4&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv2321krx.17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_23-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly2020" class="citation web cs1">Connelly, Catherine (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/chicagohistorymuseum/docs/2020fall-chm-chicagohistory-vol44-no2/s/11612615">"Sylvia Pankhurst the East London Suffragettes and the Chicago Strikers"</a>. issuu. 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Peterborough, England: The Cresset Library. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-172911-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-172911-4"><bdi>0-09-172911-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Home+Front&rft.place=Peterborough%2C+England&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=The+Cresset+Library&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-09-172911-4&rft.aulast=Sylvia&rft.aufirst=Pankhurst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1999" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Mary (1999). Sylvia Pankhurst: A Life in Radical Politics. 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School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, PhD Thesis. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Civilisation.+Assessments+of+the+Soviety+Union+in+Britain+1929-1941&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=School+of+Slavonic+and+East+European+Studies%2C+University+College+London%2C+PhD+Thesis&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Flewers&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F10108834%2F1%2FThe_new_civilisation_Assessme.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Pankburst, Sylvia (1921) Soviet Russia as I Saw It, Workers Dreadnought Publications, London, p. 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/10/29/102906136.html?pageNumber=17">"Punish Sylvia Pankhurst"</a>. New York Times. 29 October 1920. p. 17. Retrieved 7 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Punish+Sylvia+Pankhurst&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1920-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1920%2F10%2F29%2F102906136.html%3FpageNumber%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1921" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Sylvia (1921). Writ on Cold Slate. Prison Poems by Sylvia Pankhurst. 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Bombay: Sunshine Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+the+Earthly+Paradise&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=Sunshine+Publishing+House&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Estelle+Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DicQcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAray2017" class="citation conference cs1">Aray, Başak (22 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35511377">Sylvia Pankhurst and the International Auxiliary Language</a>. 4th Interlinguistic Symposium / 4. Sympozjum Interlingwistyczne / 4-a Interlingvistika Simpozio. Poznan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Sylvia+Pankhurst+and+the+International+Auxiliary+Language&rft.place=Poznan&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft.aulast=Aray&rft.aufirst=Ba%C5%9Fak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35511377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/women_suffrage_and_politics_sylvia_pankhurst/introduction-to-sylvia-pankhurst.aspx">"Introduction to Women, Suffrage and Politics: The Papers of Sylvia Pankhurst, 1882-1960"</a>. www.ampltd.co.uk. 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A&C Black. p. 476. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5814-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5814-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-5814-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+British+and+Irish+Political+Organizations%3A+Parties%2C+Groups+and+Movements+of+the+20th+Century&rft.pages=476&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5814-8&rft.aulast=Barberis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=McHugh%2C+John&rft.au=Tyldesley%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqps14mSlghcC%26pg%3DPA476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoittin2010" class="citation book cs1">Boittin, Jennifer Anne (1 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWaqeK-utKsC&pg=PA161">Colonial Metropolis: The Urban Grounds of Anti-Imperialism and Feminism in Interwar Paris</a>. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 246, 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2993-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2993-8"><bdi>978-0-8032-2993-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Metropolis%3A+The+Urban+Grounds+of+Anti-Imperialism+and+Feminism+in+Interwar+Paris&rft.pages=246%2C+161&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-2993-8&rft.aulast=Boittin&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZWaqeK-utKsC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuckestein2014" class="citation book cs1">Huckestein, Erika Maria (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/dissertations/z029p6071?locale=en">From Pacifist to Anti-Fascist? 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Tsehai Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9723172-3-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9723172-3-8"><bdi>978-0-9723172-3-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sylvia+Pankhurst%3A+Counsel+for+Ethiopia+%3A+a+Biographical+Essay+on+Ethiopian%2C+Anti-fascist+and+Anti-colonialist+History%2C+1934-1960&rft.pub=Tsehai+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9723172-3-8&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg1Xyq9NlWskC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenji2017" class="citation web cs1">Benji, Ras (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rasbenji.wordpress.com/2017/02/14/soul-rebel-sylvia-pankhurst/">"Soul Rebel : Sylvia Pankhurst"</a>. Jah Rastafari. Retrieved 8 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jah+Rastafari&rft.atitle=Soul+Rebel+%3A+Sylvia+Pankhurst&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Benji&rft.aufirst=Ras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frasbenji.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F02%2F14%2Fsoul-rebel-sylvia-pankhurst%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sylviapankhurst.gn.apc.org/sylvia.htm">"About Sylvia Pankhurst"</a>. sylviapankhurst.gn.apc.org. 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Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive. Retrieved 21 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sheffield+Hallam+University+Research+Archive&rft.atitle=Sylvia+Pankhurst%3A+The+Suffragette+as+a+Militant+Artist&rft.date=2013-09&rft.aulast=Reeve&rft.aufirst=Hester&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshura.shu.ac.uk%2F6836%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTickner1987" class="citation book cs1">Tickner, Lisa (1987). The Spectacle of Women. London. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spectacle+of+Women&rft.place=London&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Tickner&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2019" class="citation book cs1">Norris, Katy (2019). Sylvia Pankhurst. London: Eiderdown Books. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9160416-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9160416-0-8"><bdi>978-1-9160416-0-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1108724269">1108724269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sylvia+Pankhurst&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Eiderdown+Books&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1108724269&rft.isbn=978-1-9160416-0-8&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Katy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Richard Pankhurst, Sylvia Pankhurst: Artist and Crusader, An Intimate Portrait (Virago Ltd, 1979), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-448-22840-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-448-22840-8">0-448-22840-8</a></li> <li>Richard Pankhurst, Sylvia Pankhurst: Counsel for Ethiopia (Hollywood, CA: Tsehai, 2003) London: Global Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0972317228" title="Special:BookSources/0972317228">0972317228</a></li> <li>Ian Bullock and Richard Pankhurst (eds) Sylvia Pankhurst. From Artist to Anti-Fascist (Macmillan, 1992) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-54618-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-54618-0">0-333-54618-0</a></li> <li>Shirley Harrison, Sylvia Pankhurst, A Crusading Life 1882–1960 (Aurum Press, 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1854109057" title="Special:BookSources/1854109057">1854109057</a></li> <li>Shirley Harrison, Sylvia Pankhurst, The Rebellious Suffragette (Golden Guides Press Ltd, 2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1780950187" title="Special:BookSources/1780950187">1780950187</a></li> <li>Shirley Harrison, Sylvia Pankhurst, Citizen of the World (Hornbeam Publishing Ltd, 2009), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9553963-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9553963-2-8">978-0-9553963-2-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Barbara Castle</a>, Sylvia and Christabel Pankhurst (Penguin Books, 1987), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-008761-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-008761-3">0-14-008761-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Pugh_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Pugh (author)">Martin Pugh</a>, The Pankhursts: The History of One Radical Family (Penguin Books, 2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0099520435" title="Special:BookSources/0099520435">0099520435</a></li> <li>Patricia W. Romero, E. Sylvia Pankhurst. Portrait of a Radical (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1987) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300036914" title="Special:BookSources/0300036914">0300036914</a></li> <li>Barbara Winslow, Sylvia Pankhurst: Sexual Politics and Political Activism (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-16268-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-16268-5">0-312-16268-5</a></li> <li>Katherine Connolly, Sylvia Pankhurst. Suffragette, Socialist and Scourge of Empire (Pluto Press, 2013); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745333229" title="Special:BookSources/9780745333229">9780745333229</a></li> <li>Katy Norris, Sylvia Pankhurst (Eiderdown Books, 2019); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9160416-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9160416-0-8">978-1-9160416-0-8</a></li> <li>Rachel Holmes, Sylvia Pankhurst. Natural Born Rebel (Francis Boutle Publishers, 2020); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088804-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088804-1-8">978-1-4088804-1-8</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvia_Pankhurst&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sylvia_Pankhurst" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sylviapankhurst.com">Sylviapankhurst.com</a>, a comprehensive information resource about Sylvia Pankhurst from Hornbeam Publishing Limited, sponsored by the UK Heritage Lottery Fund</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/WpankhurstS.htm">Sylvia Pankhurst biography</a>, spartacus-educational.com; accessed 4 April 2014</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/tags/sylvia-e-pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst Archive</a>, libcom.org; accessed 4 April 2014</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F65544">"Archival material relating to Sylvia Pankhurst"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Sylvia+Pankhurst&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF65544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASylvia+Pankhurst" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298213#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10622/ARCH01029">Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst papers</a> archived at the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Social_History" title="International Institute of Social History">International Institute of Social History</a> in Amsterdam</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATLN=6&CATID=8445952&SearchInit=4&CATREF=HO+405%2F35798">Application for naturalisation of Mrs Margarethe Morgenstern and her husband Erwin, including a written plea from Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027145744/http://www.geocities.com/knightrose.geo/irelan4.htm">"Communism or Reforms"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 27 October 2009), two articles by Pankhurst and Anton Pannekoek, first published in the Workers Dreadnought in 1922; first published as a pamphlet in 1974 by Workers Voice, a Liverpudlian Communist group.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://af-north.org/other%20pamphlets/othertexts.htm">Three pamphlets detailing the work of Sylvia Pankhurst as an anti-Bolshevik Communist</a>, "Anti-Parliamentarism and Communism in Britain, 1917–1921" by R.F. Jones, Anti-Parliamentary Communism: The Movement for Workers Councils in Britain, Class War on the Home Front</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwrite.org.uk/sylviapankhurst/buy-the-dvd/">Sylvia Pankhurst: Everything is Possible</a> – A documentary that chronicles the life and political campaigns of Sylvia Pankhurst and includes an exclusive interview with her son Richard Pankhurst and his wife Rita. The accompanying website includes images of a large number of security files held on Pankhurst, from the collection at the National Archives.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch00844">Profile</a>, nrs.Harvard.edu; accessed 4 April 2014</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library">Profile</a>, radcliffe.Harvard.edu (Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130805212656/http://thebrowserreview.com/articles/sylvia-pankhurst-i-was-forcibly-fed/">"I Was Forcibly Fed"</a> by Sylvia Pankhurst, McClure's (August 1913)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/14572">Works by Sylvia Pankhurst</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Template:Emmeline Pankhurst"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Template talk:Emmeline Pankhurst"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emmeline Pankhurst"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emmeline_Pankhurst64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Franchise_League" title="Women's Franchise League">Women's Franchise League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Party_(UK)" title="Women's Party (UK)">Women's Party</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emmeline_Pankhurst,_seated_(1913).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg/90px-Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg/135px-Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg/180px-Emmeline_Pankhurst%2C_seated_%281913%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3125" data-file-height="4122" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_WSPU_march" title="1906 WSPU march">1906 WSPU march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Sunday" title="Women's Sunday">Women's Sunday (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday (1910)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre (home and museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial" title="Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial">Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)" title="Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)">Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Sister_Suffragette" title="Sister Suffragette">Sister Suffragette</a>" (1964 song)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_to_Shoulder" title="Shoulder to Shoulder">Shoulder to Shoulder</a> (1974 BBC serial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)">Suffragette</a> (2015 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu:_Mrs._Pankhurst%27s_Amazons" title="Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons">Suffrajitsu: Mrs. Pankhurst's Amazons</a> (2015 graphic novel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_(musical)" title="Sylvia (musical)">Sylvia</a> (2018 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Goulden" title="Sophia Goulden">Sophia Goulden (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Clarke" title="Mary Jane Clarke">Mary Jane Clarke (sister, associate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(politician)" title="Richard Pankhurst (politician)">Richard Pankhurst (husband, associate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst" title="Christabel Pankhurst">Christabel Pankhurst (daughter, associate)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sylvia Pankhurst (daughter, associate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Adela Pankhurst (daughter, associate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(Ethiopianist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Pankhurst (Ethiopianist)">Richard Pankhurst (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alula_Pankhurst" title="Alula Pankhurst">Alula Pankhurst (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Pankhurst" title="Helen Pankhurst">Helen Pankhurst (great-granddaughter)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_House_(suffragette%27s_rest)" title="Eagle House (suffragette's rest)">Eagle House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Historiography of the Suffragettes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/17751/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv4hXKKFRP4RYx9vhrXh3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118874675">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50052783">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12174360q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12174360q">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00551198">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV007696">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35518743">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0001043&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5531813">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1529702">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069213658">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90152697">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvx0mg22zck9xh">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/982164">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118874675.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118874675">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/055813755">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dn46bk">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Briefly reviewed in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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