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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Olympic medal table</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpika_medala_klasifiko" title="Olimpika medala klasifiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Olimpika medala klasifiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جدول مدال المپیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جدول مدال المپیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Method of sorting Olympic medals</div> <p>The <b>Olympic medal table</b> is a method of sorting the medal placements of countries in the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympics</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) does not officially recognize a ranking of participating countries at the Olympic Games.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the IOC does publish medal tallies for information purposes, showing the total number of <a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal" title="Olympic medal">Olympic medals</a> earned by athletes representing each country's respective <a href="/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee" title="National Olympic Committee">National Olympic Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Araton_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Araton-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention used by the IOC is to sort by the number of gold medals the athletes from a country have earned. In the event of a tie in the number of gold medals, the number of silver medals is taken into consideration, and then the number of bronze medals. If two countries have an equal number of gold, silver, and bronze medals, they are ordered in the table alphabetically by their <a href="/wiki/List_of_IOC_country_codes" title="List of IOC country codes">IOC country code</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_medal_table&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Olympic Charter, Chapter 1, section 6 states that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Olympic Games are competitions between athletes in individual or team events and not between countries...<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Charter goes even further in Chapter 5, section 57, expressly prohibiting the IOC from producing an official ranking: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The IOC and the OCOG shall not draw up any global ranking per country. A roll of honour bearing the names of medal winners and those awarded <a href="/wiki/Olympic_diploma" title="Olympic diploma">diplomas</a> in each event shall be established by the OCOG and the names of the medal winners shall be featured prominently and be on permanent display in the main stadium.</p></blockquote> <p>According to Australian IOC member <a href="/wiki/Kevan_Gosper" title="Kevan Gosper">Kevan Gosper</a>, the IOC began to accommodate medals tables in 1992, releasing 'information' based on the 'gold first' standard.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medal tables provided on its website carry this disclaimer: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The International Olympic Committee (IOC) does not recognise global ranking per country; the medal tables are displayed for information only. Furthermore, the results that we publish are official and are taken from the "Official Report" - a document published for each Olympic Games by the Organising Committee. However, for the first Olympic Games (until Antwerp in 1920), it is difficult to give the exact number of medals awarded to some countries since teams were composed of athletes from different countries. The medal tables by country are based on the number of medals won, with gold medals taking priority over silver and bronze. A team victory counts as one medal.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_reports">Official reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_medal_table&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Official reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each <a href="/wiki/OCOG" class="mw-redirect" title="OCOG">Olympic Games organising committee</a> (except in 1904) has published an official report after the conclusion of the Games, which among other things list the results of each event. Some early reports included an overall national ranking, including those of 1908,<sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1908_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1908-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1912,<sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1912_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1912-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1924 (Summer<sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1924s_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1924s-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Winter<sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1924w_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1924w-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and 1928 (Winter<sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1928_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1928-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The 1912 and 1924 tables are described as "official" while that of 1928 is "unofficial". </p><p>The 1932 Winter Games report states, "There is no official point score in the Olympic Games" and quotes General Rule 19 of the 1930 Olympic Charter, "In the Olympic Games there is no classification according to points".<sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1932w_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1932w-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It states that the country-based organisation of teams is "chiefly for practical convenience" and that country rankings are "a grave injustice on the smaller countries".<sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1932w_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1932w-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It continues that "it has been the experience of all previous Olympic Games that the press of the world insist on exploiting the aspect of national rivalry by creating and publishing a wholly unofficial point score of their own devising, most often on the basis of 10, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points for the six places recognized on the table of honour". The report itself provides such a table "for ready reference".<sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1932w_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1932w-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_goals">National goals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_medal_table&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: National goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sports funding agencies of some nations have set targets of reaching a certain rank in the medals table, usually based on gold medals; examples are Australia, Japan, France, and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funding is reduced for sports with low prospects of medals.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After London's <a href="/wiki/London_bid_for_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="London bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics">successful bid</a> to host the <a href="/wiki/2012_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Olympics">2012 Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/UK_Sport" title="UK Sport">UK Sport</a> submitted a funding request to the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Department for Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Culture, Media and Sport</a> setting an "aspirational goal" of fourth place in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="2012 Summer Olympics medal table">2012 medals table</a>, to be reviewed after the <a href="/wiki/2008_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Olympics">2008 Olympics</a>, for which a target of eighth place was set.<sup id="cite_ref-nao2008_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nao2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cm200708_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cm200708-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_Olympic_Association" title="British Olympic Association">British Olympic Association</a> dissociated itself from setting targets.<sup id="cite_ref-cm200708_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cm200708-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Britain <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Olympics">finished fourth in 2008</a>, the 2012 target was settled at fourth, with the team <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Olympics">ultimately finishing third</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Australia_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Australia at the 2012 Summer Olympics">Australia's disappointing 10th-place</a> in the 2012 medals table prompted the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Sports_Commission" title="Australian Sports Commission">Australian Sports Commission</a> to draw up a ten-year plan which included a "medium-term" goal of a top-five place in the Summer Olympics and Paralympics and a top-15 place in the winter games.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_bid_for_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Tokyo bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics">Tokyo bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Olympic_Committee" title="Japanese Olympic Committee">Japanese Olympic Committee</a> set a 2016 target of third place in gold medals, which it retained even after the games were awarded in 2009 to Rio de Janeiro.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranking_systems">Ranking systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_medal_table&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ranking systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:250px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"I believe each country will highlight what suits it best. One country will say, 'Gold medals.' The other country will say, 'The total tally counts.' We take no position on that." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><b><a href="/wiki/IOC" class="mw-redirect" title="IOC">IOC</a> President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rogge" title="Jacques Rogge">Jacques Rogge</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Rogge_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>As the IOC does not consider its sorting of nations to be an official ranking system, various methods of ranking nations are used. Some sort rankings decided by the total number of medals the country has but most list by the gold medals counted. However, if two or more teams have the same number of gold medals, the silver medals are then judged from the most to the least and then the bronze medals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medal_count_ranking">Medal count ranking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_medal_table&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medal count ranking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>gold first</b> ranking system described above is used by most of the world media, as well as the IOC. While the gold first ranking system has been used occasionally by some American media outlets, newspapers in the United States primarily publish medal tables ordered by the <b>total number</b> of medals won.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This difference in rankings has its origins in the early days of the Olympics, when the IOC did not publish or recognise medal tables.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="2008 Summer Olympics medal table">2008 Summer Olympics</a>, with China and the U.S. topping the gold and total medal tallies respectively,<sup id="cite_ref-times_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then again at the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="2010 Winter Olympics medal table">2010 Winter Olympics</a> when Canada and the U.S. finished 1st and 3rd respectively in the "gold first" ranking,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 3rd and 1st respectively in terms of total medals won.<sup id="cite_ref-Vancouver_2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vancouver_2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other exceptions are the <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1896 Summer Olympics medal table">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1912 Summer Olympics medal table">1912</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1964 Summer Olympics medal table">1964</a> Summer Olympics when the United States finished first in gold medal count, but second in the overall medal count. In an 24 August 2008 news conference, IOC President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rogge" title="Jacques Rogge">Jacques Rogge</a> confirmed that the IOC does not have a view on any particular ranking system.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogge_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, an inherent bias has been observed in these medal rankings against team sports. While in individual sports there are multiple chances for a single athlete to win a medal, in team sports a group of athletes can only win one medal for their country. If the men's and women's swimming events are combined, there are ninety possible medals that can be achieved by success in the sport. Basketball or football, on the contrary, have just two possible gold medals each.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This circumstance is detrimental to countries with a strong tradition in team sports, and has led some to propose a system where all the individual medals given out to team members are counted.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been noted that, with medals standing as an indicator of Olympic success, the current system acts as an incentive for countries to increase funding and support to individual sports.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_the_Cold_War">During the Cold War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_medal_table&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: During the Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> brought considerable support for the adoption of a formal ranking system, with the top three countries being awarded overall gold, silver, and bronze medals at the closing ceremonies. Proposed formats varied as to how many points were to be awarded for each gold, silver, and bronze medal (with team medals only counting once) — but nothing was ever officially proceeded with. After the Cold War ended, support for doing this quickly evaporated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population-size,_resources-per-person_and_multivariate_prediction_models_and_ratings"><span id="Population-size.2C_resources-per-person_and_multivariate_prediction_models_and_ratings"></span>Population-size, resources-per-person and multivariate prediction models and ratings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_medal_table&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Population-size, resources-per-person and multivariate prediction models and ratings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sporting success predictions and ratings can be <a href="/wiki/Univariate" title="Univariate">univariate</a>, i.e. based on one independent variable, such as a country's population size and the number of medals is divided by the population of the country,<sup id="cite_ref-nzherald_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzherald-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardianrogers_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianrogers-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/multivariate" class="extiw" title="wikt:multivariate">multivariate</a>, where resources-per-person in the form of GDP per capita and other variables are included. </p><p>Resources per person in the form of <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> per capita has been included in an article by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> published during the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a><sup id="cite_ref-guardianrogers_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianrogers-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s News Lab for the Rio 2016 games.<sup id="cite_ref-flagandmap_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flagandmap-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already in 2002, the research done by Meghan Busse of <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> suggested that both a large population and high per capita GDP are needed to generate high medal totals,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and predictive models have been built trying to predict success with <a href="/wiki/Multivariate_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Multivariate analysis">multivariate analysis</a>, taking also past results and host-nation advantage into account.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weighted_ranking">Weighted ranking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_medal_table&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Weighted ranking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Systematic rankings based upon a weighted point system with the most points awarded to a gold medal have also been devised. Those used in the official reports were: </p> <ul><li>1908: 5:3:1 — gold medals 5 points, silver medals 3 points, and bronze medals 1 point.<sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1908_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1908-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-times_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1912: 3:2:1 — the report also compares this "Swedish" method with the 5:3:1 "English" method.<sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1912_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1912-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1924: 10:5:4:3:2:1 — so points were awarded for 4th to 6th places, where no medals were awarded.<sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1924s_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1924s-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1924w_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1924w-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IOC did require top six finishers to be listed in the report in a "table of honour".<sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1932w_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1932w-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1928: 6:5:4:3:2:1 — separate totals are listed depending on whether the <a href="/wiki/Military_patrol" title="Military patrol">military patrol</a> was included or not, as <a href="/wiki/Military_patrol_at_the_1928_Winter_Olympics" title="Military patrol at the 1928 Winter Olympics">its status was downgraded</a> belatedly to <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_sport" title="Demonstration sport">demonstration sport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1928_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1928-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1932: same as 1924, and described as the usual scheme in newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1932w_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1932w-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The 1908 and 1924 systems share the points for tied placings: for example, in a two-way tie for second, each gets half the sum of the points for second and third place.<sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1908_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1908-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1924s_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1924s-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-officialreport1924w_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialreport1924w-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, a 3:2:1 system was used by the Australian Geography Teachers Association.<sup id="cite_ref-AGTA_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGTA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This weighting values a gold medal as much weight as a silver and a bronze medal combined. In response to the 2008 controversy over medal rank, Jeff Z. Klein in a <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> blog post proposed a 4:2:1 system as a compromise between the total-medals and golds-first methods.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These systems have been popular in certain places at certain times, but none of them have been adopted on a large scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_medal_table&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Olympic Games medal table">All-time Olympic Games medal table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-time_Paralympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Paralympic Games medal table">All-time Paralympic Games medal table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-time_Youth_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Youth Olympic Games medal table">All-time Youth Olympic Games medal table</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_medal_table&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WSJ-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="Template talk:Olympic Games medal table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic Games medal table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Olympic_Games_medal_tables" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Olympic Games medal tables</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #BFD7FF"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal" title="Olympic medal">Olympic medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Olympic Games medal table">All-time Olympic Games medal table</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-time_Youth_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Youth Olympic Games medal table">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin_Medal" title="Pierre de Coubertin Medal">Pierre de Coubertin Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games#Medal_count" title="1906 Intercalated Games">Intercalated Games (1906)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFD7FF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1896 Summer Olympics medal table">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1900 Summer Olympics medal table">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1904 Summer Olympics medal table">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1908 Summer Olympics medal table">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1912 Summer Olympics medal table">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1920 Summer Olympics medal table">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1924 Summer Olympics medal table">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1928 Summer Olympics medal table">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1932 Summer Olympics medal table">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1936 Summer Olympics medal table">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1948 Summer Olympics medal table">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1952 Summer Olympics medal table">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1956 Summer Olympics medal table">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1960 Summer Olympics medal table">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1964 Summer Olympics medal table">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1968 Summer Olympics medal table">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1972 Summer Olympics medal table">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1976 Summer Olympics medal table">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1980 Summer Olympics medal table">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1984 Summer Olympics medal table">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1988 Summer Olympics medal table">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1992 Summer Olympics medal table">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="1996 Summer Olympics medal table">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="2000 Summer Olympics medal table">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="2004 Summer Olympics medal table">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="2008 Summer Olympics medal table">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="2012 Summer Olympics medal table">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="2016 Summer Olympics medal table">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="2020 Summer Olympics medal table">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics_medal_table" title="2024 Summer Olympics medal table">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFD7FF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1924 Winter Olympics medal table">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1928 Winter Olympics medal table">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1932 Winter Olympics medal table">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1936 Winter Olympics medal table">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1948 Winter Olympics medal table">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1952 Winter Olympics medal table">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1956 Winter Olympics medal table">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1960 Winter Olympics medal table">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1964 Winter Olympics medal table">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1968 Winter Olympics medal table">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1972 Winter Olympics medal table">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1976 Winter Olympics medal table">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1980 Winter Olympics medal table">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1984 Winter Olympics medal table">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1988 Winter Olympics medal table">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1992 Winter Olympics medal table">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1994 Winter Olympics medal table">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="1998 Winter Olympics medal table">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="2002 Winter Olympics medal table">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="2006 Winter Olympics medal table">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="2010 Winter Olympics medal table">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="2014 Winter Olympics medal table">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="2018 Winter Olympics medal table">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics_medal_table" title="2022 Winter Olympics medal table">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFD7FF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Youth Olympic Games">Summer Youth Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_medal_table" title="2010 Summer Youth Olympics medal table">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Summer_Youth_Olympics_medal_table" title="2014 Summer Youth Olympics medal table">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_medal_table" title="2018 Summer Youth Olympics medal table">2018</a></li> <li><s>2022</s></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFD7FF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Youth Olympic Games">Winter Youth Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics_medal_table" title="2012 Winter Youth Olympics medal table">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Winter_Youth_Olympics_medal_table" title="2016 Winter Youth Olympics medal table">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Winter_Youth_Olympics_medal_table" title="2020 Winter Youth Olympics medal table">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Winter_Youth_Olympics_medal_table" title="2024 Winter Youth Olympics medal table">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #BFD7FF"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Olympic_medalists" title="Lists of Olympic medalists">Lists of Olympic medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stripped_Olympic_medals" title="List of stripped Olympic medals">List of stripped Olympic medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medals_by_host_nation" title="List of Olympic medals by host nation">List of Olympic medals by host nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_teams_by_medals_won" title="List of Olympic teams by medals won">List of Olympic teams by medals won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ties_for_medals_at_the_Olympics" title="List of ties for medals at the Olympics">List of ties for medals at the Olympics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img 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