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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Determining factors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Determining_factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Determining factors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Determining_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Responsibilities_of_a_citizen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responsibilities_of_a_citizen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Responsibilities of a citizen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responsibilities_of_a_citizen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Polis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Roman ideas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_of_the_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_of_the_Soviet_Socialist_Republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_of_the_Soviet_Socialist_Republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.4</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Different_senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Different senses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Different_senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercosur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercosur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mercosur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercosur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subnational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subnational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Subnational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subnational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Republic of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Citizenship</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgerskap" title="Burgerskap – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Burgerskap" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9" title="مواطنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مواطنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="নাগৰিকত্ব – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নাগৰিকত্ব" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%C3%A3ygua_reko" title="Tetãygua reko – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tetãygua reko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B8" title="ВатӀанчилъи – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ВатӀанчилъи" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C9%99t%C9%99nda%C5%9Fl%C4%B1q" title="Vətəndaşlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vətəndaşlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="وطنداشلیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وطنداشلیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="নাগরিকত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাগরিকত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong-b%C3%AEn" title="Kong-bîn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kong-bîn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewarganegaraan" title="Kewarganegaraan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kewarganegaraan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Гражданлыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гражданлыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Грамадзянства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грамадзянства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkahimanwa" title="Pagkahimanwa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagkahimanwa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Гражданство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гражданство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEavljanstvo" title="Državljanstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Državljanstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciutadania" title="Ciutadania – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciutadania" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Гражданлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гражданлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%8Danstv%C3%AD" title="Občanství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Občanství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B4akhazi" title="Ŵakhazi – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ŵakhazi" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasyddiaeth" title="Dinasyddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dinasyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsborgerskab" title="Statsborgerskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Statsborgerskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsb%C3%BCrgerschaft" title="Staatsbürgerschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Staatsbürgerschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta%C5%9Ba%C5%84stwo" title="Staśaństwo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Staśaństwo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodakondsus" title="Kodakondsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kodakondsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Ιθαγένεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιθαγένεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudadan%C3%ADa" title="Ciudadanía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciudadanía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitanceco" title="Civitanceco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Civitanceco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herritartasun" title="Herritartasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herritartasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="شهروندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهروندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimar%C3%A6ttur" title="Heimarættur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Heimarættur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citoyennet%C3%A9" title="Citoyenneté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Citoyenneté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidadan%C3%ADa" title="Cidadanía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cidadanía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="БӀорахол – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="БӀорахол" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%AF%BC" title="시민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քաղաքացիություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաքացիություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="नागरिकता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नागरिकता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta%C4%87anstwo" title="Staćanstwo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Staćanstwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEavljanstvo" title="Državljanstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Državljanstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitaneso" title="Civitaneso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Civitaneso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewarganegaraan" title="Kewarganegaraan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kewarganegaraan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citatanitate" title="Citatanitate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Citatanitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADkisborgarar%C3%A9ttur" title="Ríkisborgararéttur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ríkisborgararéttur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cittadinanza" title="Cittadinanza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cittadinanza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אזרחות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אזרחות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5" title="ಪೌರತ್ವ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೌರತ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Гражданство – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Гражданство" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მოქალაქეობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოქალაქეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Азаматтық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Азаматтық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraia" title="Uraia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uraia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welat%C3%AEn%C3%AE" title="Welatînî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Welatînî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Жарандуулук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жарандуулук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87" title="ຄວາມເປັນພົນລະເມືອງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄວາມເປັນພົນລະເມືອງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas_(ius_civium)" title="Civitas (ius civium) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Civitas (ius civium)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilson%C4%ABba" title="Pilsonība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pilsonība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilietyb%C4%97" title="Pilietybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pilietybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rger" title="Börger – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Börger" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cittadinanza" title="Cittadinanza – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cittadinanza" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llampolg%C3%A1rs%C3%A1g" title="Állampolgárság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állampolgárság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Државјанство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Државјанство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="പൗരത്വം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൗരത്വം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="नागरिकत्व – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नागरिकत्व" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მენოღალობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მენოღალობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%87" title="مواطنه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مواطنه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewarganegaraan" title="Kewarganegaraan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kewarganegaraan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Иргэншил – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иргэншил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgerschap" title="Burgerschap – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Burgerschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgerlikheid" title="Burgerlikheid – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Burgerlikheid" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="नागरिकता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नागरिकता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91" title="市民 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="市民" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsborgerskap" title="Statsborgerskap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Statsborgerskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsborgar" title="Statsborgar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Statsborgar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciutadanetat" title="Ciutadanetat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ciutadanetat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuqarolik" title="Fuqarolik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fuqarolik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨਾਗਰਿਕਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਗਰਿਕਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="شہریت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شہریت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="تابعیت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تابعیت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obywatelstwo" title="Obywatelstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obywatelstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidadania" title="Cidadania – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cidadania" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cet%C4%83%C8%9Benie" title="Cetățenie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cetățenie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themutnipen" title="Themutnipen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Themutnipen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Горожанство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Горожанство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Гражданство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гражданство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB" title="ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛᱮᱫ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹᱛᱮᱫ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtet%C3%ABsia" title="Shtetësia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shtetësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="ර‍ටවැසිභාවය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ර‍ටවැසිභාවය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Citizenship" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0t%C3%A1tne_ob%C4%8Dianstvo" title="Štátne občianstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štátne občianstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEavljanstvo" title="Državljanstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Državljanstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="شارۆمەندێتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شارۆمەندێتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Држављанство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Држављанство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEavljanstvo" title="Državljanstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Državljanstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansalaisuus" title="Kansalaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansalaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medborgarskap" title="Medborgarskap – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medborgarskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkamamamayan" title="Pagkamamamayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagkamamamayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="குடியுரிமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குடியுரிமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Ватандашлык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ватандашлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="ความเป็นพลเมือง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความเป็นพลเมือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatanda%C5%9Fl%C4%B1k" title="Vatandaşlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vatandaşlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yet_A%CC%B1tyobyin" title="Yet A̱tyobyin – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Yet A̱tyobyin" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Громадянство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Громадянство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="شہریت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شہریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitadinansa" title="Sitadinansa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sitadinansa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%81n_c%C3%B4ng_d%C3%A2n" title="Quyền công dân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quyền công dân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91" title="公民 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="公民" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="בירגערשאפט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בירגערשאפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80y%C3%A8%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%8D%C3%ACl%C3%BA" title="Àyèọmọìlú – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àyèọmọìlú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%AC%8A" title="公民權 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="公民權" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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style="background:#f0f0ff;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Legal_status" title="Legal status">Legal status</a> of <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">persons</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Birthright" title="Birthright">Birthright</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_birth" title="Place of birth">Birthplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_aboard_aircraft_and_ships" title="Birth aboard aircraft and ships">Aboard aircraft and ships</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_sanguinis" title="Jus sanguinis">Jus sanguinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">Jus soli</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_tourism" title="Birth tourism">Birth tourism</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">missing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_citizenship" title="Transnational citizenship">transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">Naturalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ius_Doni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius Doni">Ius Doni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_citizenship" title="Oath of citizenship">Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_test" title="Citizenship test">Test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_citizenship" title="Loss of citizenship">Lost citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denaturalization" title="Denaturalization">denaturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation_of_citizenship" title="Renunciation of citizenship">renounced</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_alien" title="Enemy alien">Enemy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_migration" title="Criminalization of migration">Criminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_protection" title="Diplomatic protection">Diplomatic protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">Expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">Foreign worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integration_of_immigrants" title="Integration of immigrants">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">Permanent residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">Refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_homeland" title="Right to homeland">Right to homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_return" title="Voluntary return">Voluntary return</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_cleansing" title="Identity cleansing">Identity cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Legal_status_of_persons" title="Template:Legal status of persons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Legal_status_of_persons" title="Template talk:Legal status of persons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Legal_status_of_persons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Legal status of persons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Citizenship</b> is a membership and allegiance to a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leydet_2006_w138_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leydet_2006_w138-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though citizenship is often conflated with <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a> in today's English-speaking world,<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_for_Human_Rights_Education_with_Young_people_2011_c993_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual_for_Human_Rights_Education_with_Young_people_2011_c993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> does not usually use the term <i>citizenship</i> to refer to <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these two notions are conceptually <a href="/wiki/Nationality#Nationality_versus_citizenship" title="Nationality">different dimensions</a> of collective membership.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally citizenships have no expiration and allow persons to <a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode" title="Right of abode">work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">reside</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">vote</a> in the polity, as well as identify with the polity, possibly acquiring a <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passport</a>. Though through <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discriminatory</a> laws, like <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">disfranchisement</a> and outright <a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">apartheid</a> citizens have been made <a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class citizens</a>. Historically, <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a> of states were mostly <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">subjects</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Leydet_2006_w138_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leydet_2006_w138-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while citizenship was a particular status which originated in the rights of urban populations, like the rights of the male <a href="/wiki/Public" title="Public">public</a> of <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republics</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">ancient city-states</a>, giving rise to a <a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">civitas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">burgher</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>. Since then states have expanded the status of citizenship to most of their national <a href="/wiki/People" title="People">people</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Citizen_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen rights">extent of citizen rights</a> remain contested. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Nationality#Nationality_versus_citizenship" title="Nationality">Nationality § Nationality versus citizenship</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationality&action=edit#Nationality_versus_citizenship">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Conceptually citizenship and nationality are different dimensions of state membership. Citizenship is focused on the internal political life of the state and nationality is the dimension of state membership in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 15 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> states that everyone has the right to nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationality_IJRC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationality_IJRC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such nationality in international law can be called and understood as citizenship,<sup id="cite_ref-Nationality_IJRC_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationality_IJRC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or more generally as subject or belonging to a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>, and not as ethnicity. This notwithstanding, around 10 million people are <a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">stateless</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationality_IJRC_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationality_IJRC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the concept of full citizenship encompasses not only active political rights, but full <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Social rights">social rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationality_Kadelbach_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationality_Kadelbach-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Historically, the most significant difference between a national and a citizen is that the citizen has the right to vote for elected officials, and the right to be elected.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationality_Kadelbach_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationality_Kadelbach-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinction between full citizenship and other, lesser relationships goes back to antiquity. Until the 19th and 20th centuries, it was typical for only a certain percentage of people who belonged to the state to be considered as full citizens. In the past, a number of people were excluded from citizenship on the basis of sex, socioeconomic class, ethnicity, religion, and other factors. However, they held a legal relationship with their government akin to the modern concept of nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationality_Kadelbach_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationality_Kadelbach-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Determining_factors">Determining factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Determining factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Citizenship" title="Special:EditPage/Citizenship">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A person can be recognized as a citizen on a number of bases. </p> <ul><li>Nationality. Nationality and citizenship are generally indissociable, citizenship being in most cases a consequence of nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Place of residence. In some countries, <a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage" title="Non-citizen suffrage">non-citizens can vote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some countries <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_citizen_voting" title="Non-resident citizen voting">citizens residing outside of country of citizenship can vote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-x226_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x226-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Citizenship by <a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizenship" title="Honorary citizenship">honorary conferment</a>. This type of citizenship is conferred to an individual as a sign of honour.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Excluded categories. In most countries, minors are not considered as full citizens. In the past, there have been exclusions on entitlement to citizenship on grounds such as skin color, ethnicity, sex, land ownership status, and free status (not being a <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slave</a>). Most of these exclusions no longer apply in most places. Modern examples include some <a href="/wiki/Gulf_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf countries">Gulf countries</a> which rarely grant citizenship to non-Muslims, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> is known for granting citizenship to foreign athletes, but they all have to profess the <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> faith in order to receive citizenship. The United States grants citizenship to those born as a result of reproductive technologies, and internationally adopted children born after February 27, 1983. Some exclusions still persist for internationally adopted children born before February 27, 1983, even though their parents meet citizenship criteria.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responsibilities_of_a_citizen">Responsibilities of a citizen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Responsibilities of a citizen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every citizen has obligations that are required by law and some responsibilities that benefit the community. Obeying the laws of a country and paying taxes are some of the obligations required of citizens by law. Voting and community services form part of responsibilities of a citizen that benefits the community.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ghana" title="Constitution of Ghana">Constitution of Ghana</a> (1992), Article 41, obligates citizens to promote the prestige and good name of Ghana and respect the symbols of Ghana. Examples of national symbols includes the Ghanaian flag, coat of arms, money, and state sword. These national symbols must be treated with respect and high esteem by citizens since they best represent Ghanaians.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from responsibilities, citizens also have rights. Some of the rights are the right to pursue life, liberty and happiness, the right to worship, right to run for elected office and right to express oneself. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_citizenship" title="History of citizenship">History of citizenship</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polis"><i>Polis</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Polis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a></div> <p>Many thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a> in his work extending the biopolitical framework of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a>'s <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sexuality">History of Sexuality</a> in the book, <i>Homo Sacer</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> point to the concept of citizenship beginning in the early <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, although others see it as primarily a modern phenomenon dating back only a few hundred years and, for humanity, that the concept of citizenship arose with the first <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a>. <i>Polis</i> meant both the political assembly of the city-state as well as the entire society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199832_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199832-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citizenship concept has generally been identified as a western phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZarrow19974_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZarrow19974-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a general view that citizenship in ancient times was a simpler relation than modern forms of citizenship, although this view has come under scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y17_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relation of citizenship has not been a fixed or static relation but constantly changed within each society, and that according to one view, citizenship might "really have worked" only at select periods during certain times, such as when the Athenian politician <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> made reforms in the early Athenian state.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citizenship was also contingent on a variety of biopolitical assemblages, such as the bioethics of emerging Theo-Philosophical traditions. It was necessary to fit Aristotle's definition of the besouled (the animate) to obtain citizenship: neither the sacred olive tree nor spring would have any rights. </p><p>An essential part of the framework of Greco-Roman ethics is the figure of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_Sacer" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo Sacer">Homo Sacer</a></i> or the bare life. </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hosking" title="Geoffrey Hosking">Geoffrey Hosking</a> in his 2005 <i>Modern Scholar</i> lecture course suggested that citizenship in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> arose from an appreciation for the importance of <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-twsfjiui_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsfjiui-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hosking explained: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It can be argued that this growth of slavery was what made Greeks particularly conscious of the value of freedom. After all, any Greek farmer might fall into debt and therefore might become a slave, at almost any time ... When the Greeks fought together, they fought in order to avoid being enslaved by warfare, to avoid being defeated by those who might take them into slavery. And they also arranged their political institutions so as to remain free men.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Geoffrey Hosking, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-twsfjiui_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsfjiui-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_greca,_pietra_tombale_di_donna_con_la_sua_assistente,_100_ac._circa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arte_greca%2C_pietra_tombale_di_donna_con_la_sua_assistente%2C_100_ac._circa.JPG/220px-Arte_greca%2C_pietra_tombale_di_donna_con_la_sua_assistente%2C_100_ac._circa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arte_greca%2C_pietra_tombale_di_donna_con_la_sua_assistente%2C_100_ac._circa.JPG/330px-Arte_greca%2C_pietra_tombale_di_donna_con_la_sua_assistente%2C_100_ac._circa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arte_greca%2C_pietra_tombale_di_donna_con_la_sua_assistente%2C_100_ac._circa.JPG/440px-Arte_greca%2C_pietra_tombale_di_donna_con_la_sua_assistente%2C_100_ac._circa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>Geoffrey Hosking suggests that fear of being enslaved was a central motivating force for the development of the Greek sense of citizenship. Sculpture: a Greek woman being served by a slave-child.</figcaption></figure> <p>Slavery permitted slave-owners to have substantial free time and enabled participation in public life.<sup id="cite_ref-twsfjiui_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsfjiui-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polis citizenship was marked by exclusivity. Inequality of status was widespread; citizens (πολίτης <i>politēs</i> < πόλις 'city') had a higher status than non-citizens, such as women, slaves, and resident foreigners (<a href="/wiki/Metic" title="Metic">metics</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y16_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y16-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199833_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199833-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first form of citizenship was based on the way people lived in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> times, in small-scale organic communities of the polis. The obligations of citizenship were deeply connected to one's everyday life in the polis. These small-scale organic communities were generally seen as a new development in world history, in contrast to the established ancient civilizations of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> or Persia, or the hunter-gatherer bands elsewhere. From the viewpoint of the ancient Greeks, a person's public life could not be separated from their private life, and Greeks did not distinguish between the two worlds according to the modern western conception. The obligations of citizenship were deeply connected with everyday life. To be truly human, one had to be an active citizen to the community, which <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> famously expressed: "To take no part in the running of the community's affairs is to be either a beast or a god!" This form of citizenship was based on the obligations of citizens towards the community, rather than rights given to the citizens of the community. This was not a problem because they all had a strong affinity with the polis; their own destiny and the destiny of the community were strongly linked. Also, citizens of the polis saw obligations to the community as an opportunity to be virtuous, it was a source of honor and respect. In Athens, citizens were both rulers and ruled, important political and judicial offices were rotated and all citizens had the right to speak and vote in the political assembly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_ideas">Roman ideas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, citizenship expanded from small-scale communities to the entirety of the empire. Romans realized that granting citizenship to people from all over the empire legitimized Roman rule over conquered areas. Roman citizenship was no longer a status of political agency, as it had been reduced to a judicial safeguard and the expression of rule and law.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rome carried forth Greek ideas of citizenship such as the principles of <a href="/wiki/Equality_under_the_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Equality under the law">equality under the law</a>, civic participation in government, and notions that "no one citizen should have too much power for too long",<sup id="cite_ref-twsffujfk_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsffujfk-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Rome offered relatively generous terms to its captives, including chances for lesser forms of citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-twsffujfk_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsffujfk-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Greek citizenship was an "emancipation from the world of things",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199835_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199835-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Roman sense increasingly reflected the fact that citizens could act upon material things as well as other citizens, in the sense of buying or selling property, possessions, titles, goods. One historian explained: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The person was defined and represented through his actions upon things; in the course of time, the term property came to mean, first, the defining characteristic of a human or other being; second, the relation which a person had with a thing; and third, the thing defined as the possession of some person.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/J._G._A._Pocock" title="J. G. A. Pocock">J. G. A. Pocock</a>, 1998<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199836_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199836-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Roman citizenship reflected a struggle between the upper-class <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> interests against the lower-order working groups known as the <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeian</a> class.<sup id="cite_ref-twsffujfk_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsffujfk-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A citizen came to be understood as a person "free to act by law, free to ask and expect the law's protection, a citizen of such and such a legal community, of such and such a legal standing in that community".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199837_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199837-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citizenship meant having rights to have possessions, immunities, expectations, which were "available in many kinds and degrees, available or unavailable to many kinds of person for many kinds of reason".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199837_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199837-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law itself was a kind of bond uniting people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199838_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199838-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman citizenship was more impersonal, universal, multiform, having different degrees and applications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199838_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199838-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the European <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, citizenship was usually associated with cities and towns (see <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">medieval commune</a>), and applied mainly to middle-class folk. Titles such as <a href="/wiki/Burgher_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgher (title)">burgher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_burgher" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand burgher">grand burgher</a> (German <i>Großbürger</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> denoted political affiliation and identity in relation to a particular locality, as well as membership in a mercantile or trading class; thus, individuals of respectable means and socioeconomic status were interchangeable with citizens. </p><p>During this era, members of the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> had a range of <a href="/wiki/Privilege_(legal_ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Privilege (legal ethics)">privileges</a> above <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">commoners</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>), though political upheavals and reforms, beginning most prominently with the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, abolished privileges and created an egalitarian concept of citizenship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Subject"></span>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, people transitioned from being subjects of a king or queen to being citizens of a city and later to a nation.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y14_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y14-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.161">: p.161 </span></sup> Each city had its own law, courts, and independent administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber199844_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber199844-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And being a citizen often meant being subject to the city's law in addition to having power in some instances to help choose officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber199844_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber199844-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> City dwellers who had fought alongside nobles in battles to defend their cities were no longer content with having a subordinate social status but demanded a greater role in the form of citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber199846_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber199846-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Membership in <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> was an indirect form of citizenship in that it helped their members succeed financially.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber199846–47_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber199846–47-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of citizenship was linked to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, according to one account, since independent citizens meant that kings had less power. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZarrow19973_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZarrow19973-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citizenship became an idealized, almost abstract, concept,<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and did not signify a submissive relation with a lord or count, but rather indicated the bond between a person and the state in the rather abstract sense of having <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a> and duties.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern idea of citizenship still respects the idea of political participation, but it is usually done through "elaborate systems of political representation at a distance" such as <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y17_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern citizenship is much more passive; action is delegated to others; citizenship is often a constraint on acting, not an impetus to act.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y17_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, citizens are usually aware of their obligations to authorities and are aware that these bonds often limit what they can do.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y17_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">Citizenship of the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_on_Canvas_Portrait_of_Dred_Scott_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Oil_on_Canvas_Portrait_of_Dred_Scott_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Oil_on_Canvas_Portrait_of_Dred_Scott_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Oil_on_Canvas_Portrait_of_Dred_Scott_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Oil_on_Canvas_Portrait_of_Dred_Scott_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Oil_on_Canvas_Portrait_of_Dred_Scott_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Oil_on_Canvas_Portrait_of_Dred_Scott_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3495" data-file-height="4321" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Dred Scott, the plaintiff in the infamous <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> case at the Supreme Court of the United States, commissioned by a "group of Negro citizens" and presented to the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, in 1888</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1790 until the mid-twentieth century, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">United States law</a> used racial criteria to establish citizenship rights and regulate who was eligible to become a naturalized citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">The Naturalization Act of 1790</a>, the first law in U.S. history to establish rules for citizenship and naturalization, barred citizenship to all people who were not of European descent, stating that "any alien being a free white person, who shall have resided within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> for the term of two years, maybe admitted to becoming a citizen thereof."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under early U.S. laws, African Americans were not eligible for citizenship. In 1857, these laws were upheld in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">US Supreme Court</a> case <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i>, which ruled that "a free negro of the African race, whose ancestors were brought to this country and sold as slaves, is not a 'citizen' within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States," and that "the special rights and immunities guaranteed to citizens do not apply to them."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not until the abolition of slavery following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> that African Americans were granted citizenship rights. <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>, ratified on July 9, 1868, stated that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, the <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act of 1870</a> would extend the right to become a naturalized citizen to include "aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the gains made by African Americans after the Civil War, <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asians</a>, and others not considered "free white persons" were still denied the ability to become citizens. The 1882 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> explicitly denied naturalization rights to all people of Chinese origin, while subsequent acts passed by the US Congress, such as laws in <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1906" title="Naturalization Act of 1906">1906</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">1917</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">1924</a>, would include clauses that denied immigration and naturalization rights to people based on broadly defined racial categories.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supreme Court cases such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozawa_v._the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ozawa v. the United States (page does not exist)">Ozawa v. the United States</a></i> (1922) and <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind">U.S. v. Bhagat Singh Thind</a></i> (1923), would later clarify the meaning of the phrase "free white persons," ruling that ethnically Japanese, Indian, and other non-European people were not "white persons", and were therefore ineligible for naturalization under U.S. law. </p><p>Native Americans were not granted full US citizenship until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" title="Indian Citizenship Act">Indian Citizenship Act</a> in 1924. However, even well into the 1960s, some state laws prevented Native Americans from exercising their full rights as citizens, such as the right to vote. In 1962, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> became the last state to enfranchise Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a> that the racial and gender restrictions for naturalization were explicitly abolished. However, the act still contained restrictions regarding who was eligible for US citizenship and retained a national quota system which limited the number of visas given to immigrants based on their national origin, to be fixed "at a rate of one-sixth of one percent of each nationality's population in the United States in 1920".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a> that these immigration quota systems were drastically altered in favor of a less discriminatory system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Union_of_the_Soviet_Socialist_Republics">Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_nationality_law" title="Soviet nationality law">Soviet nationality law</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia_Constitution_of_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia Constitution of 1918">1918 constitution of revolutionary Russia</a> granted citizenship to any foreigners who were living within the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a>, so long as they were "engaged in work and [belonged] to the working class."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It recognized "the equal rights of all citizens, irrespective of their racial or national connections" and declared oppression of any minority group or race "to be contrary to the fundamental laws of the Republic." The 1918 constitution also established the right to vote and be elected to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> for both men and women "irrespective of religion, nationality, domicile, etc. [...] who shall have completed their eighteenth year by the day of the election."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later constitutions of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> would grant universal Soviet citizenship to the citizens of all <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">member republics</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in concord with the principles of non-discrimination laid out in the original 1918 constitution of Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazi_Germany">Nazi Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, the German variant of twentieth-century fascism, classified inhabitants of the country into three main hierarchical categories, each of which would have different rights in relation to the state: citizens, subjects, and aliens. The first category, citizens, were to possess full civic rights and responsibilities. Citizenship was conferred only on males of <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> (or so-called "<a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a>") heritage who had completed military service, and could be revoked at any time by the state. The <a href="/wiki/Reich_Citizenship_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Citizenship Law">Reich Citizenship Law</a> of 1935 established <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">racial criteria for citizenship in the German Reich</a>, and because of this law Jews and others who could not "prove German racial heritage" were stripped of their citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second category, subjects, referred to all others who were born within the nation's boundaries who did not fit the racial criteria for citizenship. Subjects would have no voting rights, could not hold any position within the state, and possessed none of the other rights and civic responsibilities conferred on citizens. All women were to be conferred "subject" status upon birth, and could only obtain "citizen" status if they worked independently or if they married a German citizen (see <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">women in Nazi Germany</a>). </p><p>The final category, aliens, referred to those who were citizens of another state, who also had no rights. </p><p>In 2021, the German government passed a law that entitled victims of Nazi persecution and their descendants to become naturalised German citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Title of cited sourse is confusing (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law" title="Israeli citizenship law">Israeli citizenship law</a></div> <p>The primary principles of Israeli citizenship is <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_sanguinis" title="Jus sanguinis">jus sanguinis</a></i> (citizenship by descent) for Jews and <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">jus soli</a></i> (citizenship by place of birth) for others.<sup id="cite_ref-safran1997_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safran1997-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Different_senses">Different senses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Different senses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many theorists suggest that there are two opposing conceptions of citizenship: an economic one, and a political one. For further information, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_citizenship#Competing_senses_of_citizenship" title="History of citizenship">History of citizenship</a>. Citizenship status, under <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a> theory, carries with it both <a href="/wiki/Social_rights_(social_contract_theory)" title="Social rights (social contract theory)">rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duties" class="mw-redirect" title="Duties">duties</a>. In this sense, citizenship was described as "a bundle of rights -- primarily, political participation in the life of the community, the right to vote, and the right to receive certain protection from the community, as well as obligations."<sup id="cite_ref-twsJun16_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsJun16-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citizenship is seen by most scholars as culture-specific, in the sense that the meaning of the term varies considerably from culture to culture, and over time.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y17_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, for example, there is a cultural politics of citizenship which could be called "peopleship", argued by an academic article.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>How citizenship is understood depends on the person making the determination. The relation of citizenship has never been fixed or static, but constantly changes within each society. While citizenship has varied considerably throughout history, and within societies over time, there are some common elements but they vary considerably as well. As a bond, citizenship extends beyond basic kinship ties to unite people of different genetic backgrounds. It usually signifies membership in a political body. It is often based on or was a result of, some form of military service or expectation of future service. It usually involves some form of political participation, but this can vary from token acts to active service in government. </p><p>It generally describes a person with legal rights within a given political order. It almost always has an element of exclusion, meaning that some people are not citizens and that this distinction can sometimes be very important, or not important, depending on a particular society. Citizenship as a concept is generally hard to isolate intellectually and compare with related political notions since it relates to many other aspects of society such as the <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a>, the individual, <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">freedom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, ideas of <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">right, and wrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, and patterns for how a person should behave in society.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y14_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y14-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When there are many different groups within a nation, citizenship may be the only real bond that unites everybody as equals without discrimination—it is a "broad bond" linking "a person with the state" and gives people a universal identity as a legal member of a specific nation.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y15_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y15-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern citizenship has often been looked at as two competing underlying ideas:<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y18_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y18-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The liberal-individualist or sometimes liberal conception of citizenship suggests that citizens should have entitlements necessary for <a href="/wiki/Human_dignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human dignity">human dignity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y14qwea_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y14qwea-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It assumes people act for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Enlightened_self-interest" title="Enlightened self-interest">enlightened self-interest</a>. According to this viewpoint, citizens are sovereign, morally autonomous beings with duties to pay taxes, obey the law, engage in business transactions, and defend the nation if it comes under attack,<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y14qwea_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y14qwea-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are essentially passive politically,<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y18_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y18-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their primary focus is on economic betterment. This idea began to appear around the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and became stronger over time, according to one view.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this formulation, the state exists for the benefit of citizens and has an obligation to respect and protect the rights of citizens, including civil rights and political rights.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later that so-called social rights became part of the obligation for the state.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The civic-republican or sometimes classical or civic humanist conception of citizenship emphasizes man's political nature and sees citizenship as an active process, not a passive state or legal marker.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y18_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y18-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is relatively more concerned that government will interfere with popular places to practice citizenship in the <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a>. Citizenship means being active in government affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y14qwea_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y14qwea-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one view, most people today live as citizens according to the liberal-individualist conception but wished they lived more according to the civic-republican ideal.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y18_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y18-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ideal citizen is one who exhibits "good civic behavior".<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free citizens and a republic government are "mutually interrelated."<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citizenship suggested a commitment to "duty and civic virtue".<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Civic_engagement" title="Civic engagement">Civic engagement</a></div> <p><b>Responsibilities of citizens</b> </p><p>Responsibility is an action that individuals of a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a> must take note of in the interest of a common good. These responsibilities can be categorised into personal and <a href="/wiki/Civic_responsibilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic responsibilities">civic responsibilities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars suggest that the concept of citizenship contains many unresolved issues, sometimes called tensions, existing within the relation, that continue to reflect uncertainty about what citizenship is supposed to mean.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some unresolved issues regarding citizenship include questions about what is the proper balance between <a href="/wiki/Duties" class="mw-redirect" title="Duties">duties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another is a question about what is the proper balance between political citizenship versus social citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some thinkers see benefits with people being absent from public affairs, since too much participation such as revolution can be destructive, yet too little participation such as total apathy can be problematic as well.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citizenship can be seen as a special elite status, and it can also be seen as a democratizing force and something that everybody has; the concept can include both senses.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stinchcombe" title="Arthur Stinchcombe">Arthur Stinchcombe</a>, citizenship is based on the extent that a person can control one's own destiny within the group in the sense of being able to influence the government of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y14_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y14-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.150">: p.150 </span></sup> One last distinction within citizenship is the so-called consent descent distinction, and this issue addresses whether citizenship is a fundamental matter determined by a person choosing to belong to a particular nation––by their consent––or is citizenship a matter of where a person was born––that is, by their descent.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2Y16_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2Y16-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International">International</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental organizations</a> have extended the concept and terminology associated with citizenship to the international level,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is applied to the totality of the citizens of their constituent countries combined. Citizenship at this level is a secondary concept, with rights deriving from national citizenship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship of the European Union</a></div><p> The <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">citizenship of the European Union</a>. Article 17 (1) of the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union#Treaty_on_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaty on European Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stated that: </p><blockquote><p>Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall be additional to and not replace national citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-Rome_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rome-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>An agreement is known as the amended <a href="/wiki/EC_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="EC Treaty">EC Treaty</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rome_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rome-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established certain minimal rights for European Union citizens. Article 12 of the amended EC Treaty guaranteed a general right of non-discrimination within the scope of the Treaty. Article 18 provided a limited right to free movement and residence in the Member States other than that of which the European Union citizen is a national. Articles 18-21 and 225 provide certain political rights. </p><p>Union citizens have also extensive <a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Freedoms (European Union)">rights to move in order to exercise economic activity</a> in any of the Member States<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which predate the introduction of Union citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercosur">Mercosur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mercosur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_Mercosur" title="Citizenship of the Mercosur">Citizenship of the Mercosur</a></div> <p>Citizenship of the <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a> is granted to eligible citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_Mercosur" title="Member states of Mercosur">Southern Common Market member states</a>. It was approved in 2010 through the Citizenship Statute and should be fully implemented by the member countries in 2021 when the program will be transformed in an international treaty incorporated into the national legal system of the countries, under the concept of "Mercosur Citizen".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth citizen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citizenship_ceremony_on_beach_near_Cooktown,_Queensland._2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Citizenship_ceremony_on_beach_near_Cooktown%2C_Queensland._2012.jpg/170px-Citizenship_ceremony_on_beach_near_Cooktown%2C_Queensland._2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Citizenship_ceremony_on_beach_near_Cooktown%2C_Queensland._2012.jpg/255px-Citizenship_ceremony_on_beach_near_Cooktown%2C_Queensland._2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Citizenship_ceremony_on_beach_near_Cooktown%2C_Queensland._2012.jpg/340px-Citizenship_ceremony_on_beach_near_Cooktown%2C_Queensland._2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Citizenship ceremony on beach near Cooktown, Queensland. 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of "Commonwealth Citizenship" has been in place ever since the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. As with the EU, one holds Commonwealth citizenship only by being a citizen of a Commonwealth member state. This form of citizenship offers certain privileges within some Commonwealth countries: </p> <ul><li>Some such countries do not require tourist <a href="/wiki/Visa_(document)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa (document)">visas</a> of citizens of other Commonwealth countries or allow some Commonwealth citizens to stay in the country for tourism purposes without a visa for longer than citizens of other countries.</li> <li>In some Commonwealth countries, <a href="/wiki/Permanent_resident" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent resident">resident</a> citizens of other Commonwealth countries are entitled to political rights, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to vote">right to vote</a> in local and national elections and in some cases even the right to stand for election.</li> <li>In some instances the right to work in any position (including the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a>) is granted, except for certain specific positions, such as in the defense departments, <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a> or <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a>.</li> <li>In the United Kingdom, all Commonwealth citizens legally residing in the country can vote and stand for office at all elections.</li></ul> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> was excluded from the Commonwealth in 1949 because it declared itself a republic, Ireland is generally treated as if it were still a member. Legislation often specifically provides for equal treatment between Commonwealth countries and Ireland and refers to "Commonwealth countries and Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland's citizens are not classified as foreign nationals in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. </p><p>Canada departed from the principle of nationality being defined in terms of allegiance in 1921. In 1935 the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> was the first to introduce its own citizenship. However, <a href="/wiki/Irish_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish citizen">Irish citizens</a> were still treated as <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">subjects of the Crown</a>, and they are still not regarded as foreign, even though Ireland is not a member of the Commonwealth.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Citizenship_Act,_1946" title="Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946">Canadian Citizenship Act</a></i> of 1946 provided for a distinct <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canadian Citizenship</a>, automatically conferred upon most individuals born in Canada, with some exceptions, and defined the conditions under which one could become a naturalized citizen. The concept of <a href="/wiki/History_of_British_nationality_law" title="History of British nationality law">Commonwealth citizenship was introduced</a> in 1948 in the <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1948" title="British Nationality Act 1948">British Nationality Act 1948</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a> adopted this principle such as <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, by way of the <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_and_New_Zealand_Citizenship_Act_1948" title="British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948">British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subnational">Subnational</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Subnational"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subnational_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Subnational citizenship">Subnational citizenship</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_citizenship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Diagram_of_citizenship.jpg/220px-Diagram_of_citizenship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Diagram_of_citizenship.jpg/330px-Diagram_of_citizenship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Diagram_of_citizenship.jpg/440px-Diagram_of_citizenship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of relationship between; Citizens, Politicians + Laws</figcaption></figure> <p>Citizenship most usually relates to membership of the nation-state, but the term can also apply at the subnational level. <a href="/wiki/Subnational_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subnational entity">Subnational entities</a> may impose requirements, of <a href="/wiki/Residency_(domicile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Residency (domicile)">residency</a> or otherwise, which permit citizens to participate in the political life of that entity or to enjoy benefits provided by the government of that entity. But in such cases, those eligible are also sometimes seen as "citizens" of the relevant state, province, or region. An example of this is how the fundamental basis of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> citizenship is a citizenship of an individual <a href="/wiki/Commune_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commune (administrative division)">commune</a>, from which follows citizenship of a <a href="/wiki/Canton_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton (country subdivision)">canton</a> and of the Confederation. Another example is <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> where the residents enjoy special provincial citizenship within <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <i>hembygdsrätt</i>. </p><p>The United States has a federal system in which a person is a citizen of their specific state of residence, such as <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> or <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship in the United States">citizen of the United States</a>. State <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutions</a> may grant certain rights above and beyond what is granted under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> and may impose their own obligations including the sovereign right of taxation and military service; each state maintains at least one military force subject to national militia transfer service, the state's national guard, and some states maintain a second military force not subject to nationalization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_education_(subject)" title="Citizenship education (subject)">Citizenship education (subject)</a></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Active_citizenship" title="Active citizenship">Active citizenship</a>" is the philosophy that citizens should work towards the betterment of their community through economic participation, public, volunteer work, and other such efforts to improve life for all citizens. In this vein, citizenship education is taught in schools, as an academic subject in some countries. By the time children reach secondary education there is an emphasis on such unconventional subjects to be included in an academic curriculum. While the diagram on citizenship to the right is rather facile and depthless, it is simplified to explain the general model of citizenship that is taught to many secondary school pupils. The idea behind this model within education is to instill in young pupils that their actions (i.e. their <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">vote</a>) affect collective citizenship and thus in turn them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Ireland">Republic of Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Republic of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is taught in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> as an exam subject for the Junior Certificate. It is known as Civic, Social and Political Education (CSPE). A new Leaving Certificate exam subject with the working title 'Politics & Society' is being developed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_for_Curriculum_and_Assessment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (page does not exist)">National Council for Curriculum and Assessment</a> (NCCA) and is expected to be introduced to the curriculum sometime after 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Citizenship is offered as a <a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">General Certificate of Secondary Education</a> (GCSE) course in many schools in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. As well as teaching knowledge about <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, parliament, government, the justice system, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and the UK's relations with the wider world, students participate in active citizenship, often involving a social action or social enterprise in their local community. </p> <ul><li>Citizenship is a compulsory subject of the National Curriculum in state schools in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> for all pupils aged 11–16. Some schools offer a qualification in this subject at <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_level" class="mw-redirect" title="A level">A level</a>. All state schools have a statutory requirement to teach the subject, assess pupil attainment and report student's progress in citizenship to parents.<sup id="cite_ref-dfes_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfes-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> the model used is <a href="/wiki/Personal_and_social_education" title="Personal and social education">personal and social education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Citizenship is not taught as a discrete subject in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> schools, but is a cross-curricular strand of the Curriculum for Excellence. However they do teach a subject called "Modern Studies" which covers the social, political and economic study of local, national and international issues.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Citizenship is taught as a standalone subject in all state <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">schools in Northern Ireland</a> and most other schools in some forms from year 8 to 10 prior to <a href="/wiki/GCSEs" class="mw-redirect" title="GCSEs">GCSEs</a>. Components of Citizenship are then also incorporated into GCSE courses such as 'Learning for Life and Work'.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of citizenship is criticized by <a href="/wiki/Open_borders" class="mw-redirect" title="Open borders">open borders</a> advocates, who argue that it functions as a <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> system in which people are assigned dramatically different opportunities based on the accident of birth. It is also criticized by some <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarians</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalist">anarcho-capitalists</a>. In 1987, moral philosopher <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Carens" title="Joseph Carens">Joseph Carens</a> argued that "citizenship in Western liberal democracies is the modern equivalent of feudal privilege—an inherited status that greatly enhances one's life chances. Like feudal birthright privileges, restrictive citizenship is hard to justify when one thinks about it closely".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_dividend" title="Citizen's dividend">Citizen's dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_Studies" title="Citizenship Studies">Citizenship Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_score" title="Credit score">Credit score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizenship" title="Honorary citizenship">Honorary citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_citizenship" title="Loss of citizenship">Loss of citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-citizens_(Latvia)" title="Non-citizens (Latvia)">Non-citizens (Latvia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples">Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_citizenship" title="Spatial citizenship">Spatial citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_citizenship" title="Transnational citizenship">Transnational citizenship</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Irving" title="Helen Irving">Helen Irving</a> has noted that the term <i>allegiance</i> came to be employed as a synonym for <i>citizenship</i> to reflect a status under law rather than to indicate an individual orientation but has argued that the attribution on the part of the cxitizen to the state has increasingly become intended.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Leydet_2006_w138-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leydet_2006_w138_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leydet_2006_w138_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeydet2006" class="citation web cs1">Leydet, Dominique (2006-10-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/citizenship/">"Citizenship"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Citizenship&rft.date=2006-10-13&rft.aulast=Leydet&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fcitizenship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Irving" title="Helen Irving">Irving, Helen</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dB5sEAAAQBAJ"><i>Allegiance, Citizenship and the Law: The Enigma of Belonging</i></a>. Elgar Studies in Legal Theory. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=dB5sEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">2-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83910-254-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83910-254-7"><bdi>978-1-83910-254-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allegiance%2C+Citizenship+and+the+Law%3A+The+Enigma+of+Belonging&rft.series=Elgar+Studies+in+Legal+Theory&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-83910-254-7&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdB5sEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manual_for_Human_Rights_Education_with_Young_people_2011_c993-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manual_for_Human_Rights_Education_with_Young_people_2011_c993_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/compass/citizenship-and-participation">"Citizenship and Participation — Manual for Human Rights Education with Young people"</a>. <i>Manual for Human Rights Education with Young people</i>. 2011-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manual+for+Human+Rights+Education+with+Young+people&rft.atitle=Citizenship+and+Participation+%E2%80%94+Manual+for+Human+Rights+Education+with+Young+people&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fcompass%2Fcitizenship-and-participation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVotruba" class="citation web cs1">Votruba, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140925102426/http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/qsonhist/slovaknationalityethnicityenglishtranslation.html">"Nationality, ethnicity in Slovakia"</a>. <i>Slovak Studies Program</i>. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/qsonhist/slovaknationalityethnicityenglishtranslation.html">the original</a> on 2014-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slovak+Studies+Program&rft.atitle=Nationality%2C+ethnicity+in+Slovakia.&rft.aulast=Votruba&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pitt.edu%2F~votruba%2Fqsonhist%2Fslovaknationalityethnicityenglishtranslation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ipu.org/PDF/publications/nationality_en.pdf"><i>Nationality and Statelessness: A Handbook for Parliamentarians</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">IPU</a>. 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationality+and+Statelessness%3A+A+Handbook+for+Parliamentarians&rft.pub=UNHCR+and+IPU&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ipu.org%2FPDF%2Fpublications%2Fnationality_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.iom.int/books/international-migration-law-ndeg34-glossary-migration">"International Migration Law No. 34 - Glossary on Migration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a></i>: 143–144. 2019-06-19. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1813-2278">1813-2278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization+for+Migration&rft.atitle=International+Migration+Law+No.+34+-+Glossary+on+Migration&rft.pages=143-144&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft.issn=1813-2278&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.iom.int%2Fbooks%2Finternational-migration-law-ndeg34-glossary-migration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRütte2022" class="citation cs2">Rütte, Barbara von (2022-12-19), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004517523/BP000002.xml">"Citizenship and Nationality: Terms, Concepts and Rights"</a>, <i>The Human Right to Citizenship</i>, Brill Nijhoff, pp. 11–57, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51752-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51752-3"><bdi>978-90-04-51752-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Human+Right+to+Citizenship&rft.atitle=Citizenship+and+Nationality%3A+Terms%2C+Concepts+and+Rights&rft.pages=11-57&rft.date=2022-12-19&rft.isbn=978-90-04-51752-3&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCtte&rft.aufirst=Barbara+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004517523%2FBP000002.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassen2002" class="citation book cs1">Sassen, Saskia (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC&pg=PA277">"17. Towards Post-National and Denationalized Citizenship"</a>. In Isin, Engin F.; Turner, Bryan S. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC"><i>Handbook of Citizenship Studies</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC&pg=PA278">278</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6858-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6858-0"><bdi>978-0-7619-6858-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930072523/https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17.+Towards+Post-National+and+Denationalized+Citizenship&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Citizenship+Studies&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-6858-0&rft.aulast=Sassen&rft.aufirst=Saskia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgtiZqLcJYZEC%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassen2002" class="citation book cs1">Sassen, Saskia (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC&pg=PA277">"17. Towards Post-National and Denationalized Citizenship"</a>. In Isin, Engin F.; Turner, Bryan S. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC"><i>Handbook of Citizenship Studies</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC&pg=PA278">278</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6858-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6858-0"><bdi>978-0-7619-6858-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930072523/https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-06</span></span>. <q>Today the terms citizenship and nationality both refer to the national state. In a technical legal sense, while essentially the same concept, each term reflects a different legal framework. Both identify the legal status of an individual in terms of state membership. But citizenship is largely confined to the national dimension, while nationality refers to the international legal dimension in the context of an interstate system.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17.+Towards+Post-National+and+Denationalized+Citizenship&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Citizenship+Studies&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-6858-0&rft.aulast=Sassen&rft.aufirst=Saskia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgtiZqLcJYZEC%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nationality_IJRC-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nationality_IJRC_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationality_IJRC_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationality_IJRC_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ijrcenter.org/thematic-research-guides/nationality-citizenship/">"CITIZENSHIP & NATIONALITY"</a>. <i>International Justice Resource Center (IJRC)</i>. 15 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119020456/https://ijrcenter.org/thematic-research-guides/nationality-citizenship/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Justice+Resource+Center+%28IJRC%29&rft.atitle=CITIZENSHIP+%26+NATIONALITY&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fijrcenter.org%2Fthematic-research-guides%2Fnationality-citizenship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nationality_Kadelbach-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nationality_Kadelbach_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationality_Kadelbach_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationality_Kadelbach_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadelbach2007" class="citation book cs1">Kadelbach, Stefan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BHep8q-OxboC&pg=PA547">"Part V: Citizenship Rights in Europe"</a>. In Ehlers, Dirk (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BHep8q-OxboC"><i>European Fundamental Rights and Freedoms</i></a>. Berlin: De Gruyter Recht. pp. 547–548. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110971965" title="Special:BookSources/9783110971965"><bdi>9783110971965</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308034455/https://books.google.com/books?id=BHep8q-OxboC">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+V%3A+Citizenship+Rights+in+Europe&rft.btitle=European+Fundamental+Rights+and+Freedoms&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=547-548&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Recht&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783110971965&rft.aulast=Kadelbach&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBHep8q-OxboC%26pg%3DPA547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoubi1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koubi, Geneviève (1994-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LIxYDwAAQBAJ"><i>De la citoyenneté</i></a> (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-402-10208-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-402-10208-7"><bdi>978-2-402-10208-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+la+citoyennet%C3%A9&rft.pub=FeniXX+r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition+num%C3%A9rique&rft.date=1994-12-31&rft.isbn=978-2-402-10208-7&rft.aulast=Koubi&rft.aufirst=Genevi%C3%A8ve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLIxYDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-x226-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-x226_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmpierrez_de_RegueroFinn2024" class="citation journal cs1">Umpierrez de Reguero, Sebastián; Finn, Victoria (2 July 2024). "Migrants' intention to vote in two countries, one country, or neither". <i>Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 466–489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17457289.2023.2189727">10.1080/17457289.2023.2189727</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1814%2F75483">1814/75483</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-7289">1745-7289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Elections%2C+Public+Opinion+and+Parties&rft.atitle=Migrants%27+intention+to+vote+in+two+countries%2C+one+country%2C+or+neither&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=466-489&rft.date=2024-07-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1814%2F75483&rft.issn=1745-7289&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17457289.2023.2189727&rft.aulast=Umpierrez+de+Reguero&rft.aufirst=Sebasti%C3%A1n&rft.au=Finn%2C+Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFkeypoint2022" class="citation web cs1">keypoint (2022-09-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keypoint.ng/types-of-citizenship-2/">"TYPES OF CITIZENSHIP — Civic Keypoint"</a>. <i>keypoint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=keypoint&rft.atitle=TYPES+OF+CITIZENSHIP+%E2%80%94+Civic+Keypoint&rft.date=2022-09-14&rft.au=keypoint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkeypoint.ng%2Ftypes-of-citizenship-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ympacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Civics-EOC-Review-CATEGORY-2-ROLES-RIGHTS-AND-RESPONSIBILITIES-OF-CITIZENS.pdf">"ROLES, RIGHTS & RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZENS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROLES%2C+RIGHTS+%26+RESPONSIBILITIES+OF+CITIZENS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fympacademy.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F12%2FCivics-EOC-Review-CATEGORY-2-ROLES-RIGHTS-AND-RESPONSIBILITIES-OF-CITIZENS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nccegh.org/news/know-your-duties-as-a-citizen-of-ghana">"Know your duties as a citizen of Ghana"</a>. <i>National Commission for Civic Education</i>. 5 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Commission+for+Civic+Education&rft.atitle=Know+your+duties+as+a+citizen+of+Ghana&rft.date=2021-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nccegh.org%2Fnews%2Fknow-your-duties-as-a-citizen-of-ghana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgambenHeller-Roazen1998" class="citation book cs1">Agamben, G.; Heller-Roazen, D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hM9euhxDMs8C"><i>Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life</i></a>. Meridian: Crossing Aesthetics. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3218-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3218-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-3218-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homo+Sacer%3A+Sovereign+Power+and+Bare+Life&rft.series=Meridian%3A+Crossing+Aesthetics&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3218-5&rft.aulast=Agamben&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Heller-Roazen%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhM9euhxDMs8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199832-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199832_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPocock1998">Pocock 1998</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZarrow19974-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZarrow19974_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZarrow1997">Zarrow 1997</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws2Y17-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y17_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y17_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y17_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y17_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y17_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsinTurner2002" class="citation book cs1">Isin, Engin F.; Turner, Bryan S., eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC&q=%22history+of+citizenship%22&pg=PA89"><i>Handbook of Citizenship Studies</i></a>. Chapter 5 -- David Burchell -- Ancient Citizenship and its Inheritors; Chapter 6 -- Rogers M. Smith -- Modern Citizenship. London: Sage. pp. 89–104, 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6858-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6858-0"><bdi>978-0-7619-6858-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Citizenship+Studies&rft.place=London&rft.series=Chapter+5+--+David+Burchell+--+Ancient+Citizenship+and+its+Inheritors%3B+Chapter+6+--+Rogers+M.+Smith+--+Modern+Citizenship&rft.pages=89-104%2C+105&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-6858-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgtiZqLcJYZEC%26q%3D%2522history%2Bof%2Bcitizenship%2522%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws2Y12-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y12_22-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeater2004">Heater 2004</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsfjiui-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsfjiui_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsfjiui_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsfjiui_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosking2005" class="citation book cs1">Hosking, Geoffrey (2005). <i>Epochs of European Civilization: Antiquity to Renaissance</i>. Lecture 3: Ancient Greece. United Kingdom: The Modern Scholar via <a href="/wiki/Recorded_Books" title="Recorded Books">Recorded Books</a>. pp. 1, 2 (tracks). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4025-8360-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4025-8360-5"><bdi>978-1-4025-8360-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epochs+of+European+Civilization%3A+Antiquity+to+Renaissance&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.series=Lecture+3%3A+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=1%2C+2+%28tracks%29&rft.pub=The+Modern+Scholar+via+Recorded+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4025-8360-5&rft.aulast=Hosking&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws2Y16-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y16_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y16_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebert2002" class="citation book cs1">Hebert, Yvonne M., ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wHN4POIB1IIC&q=%22history+of+citizenship%22&pg=PA38"><i>Citizenship in transformation in Canada</i></a>. chapters by Veronica Strong-Boag, Yvonne Hebert, Lori Wilkinson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 3, 4, 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0850-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0850-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-0850-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+in+transformation+in+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.series=chapters+by+Veronica+Strong-Boag%2C+Yvonne+Hebert%2C+Lori+Wilkinson&rft.pages=3%2C+4%2C+5&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-0850-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwHN4POIB1IIC%26q%3D%2522history%2Bof%2Bcitizenship%2522%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199833-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199833_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPocock1998">Pocock 1998</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Civis_Romanus_sum" title="Civis Romanus sum">Civis Romanus sum</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsffujfk-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twsffujfk_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsffujfk_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twsffujfk_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosking2005" class="citation book cs1">Hosking, Geoffrey (2005). <i>Epochs of European Civilization: Antiquity to Renaissance</i>. Lecture 5: Rome as a city-state. 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Turner, Bryan; Hamilton, Peter (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hX-mbqrZeHsC&q=%22history+of+citizenship%22&pg=PA137"><i>Citizenship: Critical Concepts</i></a>. 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July 4, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+History+of+U.S.+Citizenship&rft.date=1997-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1997-jul-04-mn-9708-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=226">"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875"</a>. The Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Lawmaking+for+a+New+Nation%3A+U.S.+Congressional+Documents+and+Debates%2C+1774+-+1875&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frs6.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dllsl%26fileName%3D001%2Fllsl001.db%26recNum%3D226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/60/393#writing-USSC_CR_0060_0393_ZO">"Scott v. Sandford"</a>. <i>Legal Information Institute</i>. Cornell University Law School. 1857<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Scott+v.+Sandford&rft.date=1857&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupremecourt%2Ftext%2F60%2F393%23writing-USSC_CR_0060_0393_ZO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html">"Constitution of the United States: Amendment XIV"</a>. <i>The Charters of Freedom</i>. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. 1868<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Charters+of+Freedom&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+United+States%3A+Amendment+XIV&rft.date=1868&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fcharters%2Fconstitution_amendments_11-27.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870">"Naturalization Act of 1870"</a>. <i>Wikisource</i>. U.S. Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikisource&rft.atitle=Naturalization+Act+of+1870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FNaturalization_Act_of_1870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.uwb.edu/static/USimmigration/1917_immigration_act.html">"1917 Immigration Act"</a>. <i>US Immigration Legislation Online</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Mar 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.departments.bucknell.edu&rft.atitle=1936+Constitution+of+the+USSR%2C+Part+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.departments.bucknell.edu%2Frussian%2Fconst%2F77cons02.html%23chap06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/nurmlaw3.html">"The Nuremberg Laws: The Reich Citizenship Law (September 15, 1935)"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=The+Nuremberg+Laws%3A+The+Reich+Citizenship+Law+%28September+15%2C+1935%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Fnurmlaw3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmt" class="citation web cs1">Amt, Auswärtiges. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.diplo.de/uk-en/02/citizenship/restoration-of-german-citizenship/2463592">"Restoration of German citizenship (Article 116 II Basic Law)"</a>. <i>uk.diplo.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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SAGE Publishing: 313–335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F019251297018003006">10.1177/019251297018003006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145476893">145476893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Citizenship+and+Nationality+in+Democratic+Systems%3A+Approaches+to+Defining+and+Acquiring+Membership+in+the+Political+Community&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=313-335&rft.date=1997-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F019251297018003006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145476893%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Safran&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F019251297018003006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsJun16-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twsJun16_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeary2000" class="citation book cs1">Leary, Virginia (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HIKz0oJxGSgC&pg=PA247">"Citizenship. Human rights, and Diversity"</a>. In Cairns, Alan C.; Courtney, John C.; MacKinnon, Peter; Michelmann, Hans J.; Smith, David E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HIKz0oJxGSgC"><i>Citizenship, Diversity, and Pluralism: Canadian and Comparative Perspectives</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 247–264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1893-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1893-3"><bdi>978-0-7735-1893-3</bdi></a>. <q>The concept of 'citizenship' has long acquired the connotation of a bundle of rights...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Citizenship.+Human+rights%2C+and+Diversity&rft.btitle=Citizenship%2C+Diversity%2C+and+Pluralism%3A+Canadian+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pages=247-264&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-1893-3&rft.aulast=Leary&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHIKz0oJxGSgC%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiao2013" class="citation journal cs1">Xiao, Y (2013). "China's peopleship education: Conceptual issues and policy analysis". <i>Citizenship Teaching and Learning</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 21–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fctl.8.1.21_1">10.1386/ctl.8.1.21_1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Citizenship+Teaching+and+Learning&rft.atitle=China%27s+peopleship+education%3A+Conceptual+issues+and+policy+analysis&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-39&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fctl.8.1.21_1&rft.aulast=Xiao&rft.aufirst=Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws2Y15-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y15_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross1999" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Feliks (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I6wM4X9UQ8QC&q=%22history+of+citizenship%22&pg=PR8"><i>Citizenship, and ethnicity: the growth and development of a democratic multiethnic institution</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. xi, xii, xiii, 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30932-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30932-8"><bdi>978-0-313-30932-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship%2C+and+ethnicity%3A+the+growth+and+development+of+a+democratic+multiethnic+institution&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=xi%2C+xii%2C+xiii%2C+4&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30932-8&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Feliks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI6wM4X9UQ8QC%26q%3D%2522history%2Bof%2Bcitizenship%2522%26pg%3DPR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws2Y18-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y18_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y18_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y18_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y18_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeiner1995" class="citation book cs1">Beiner, Ronald, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8kI2WCUML0C&q=%22history+of+citizenship%22&pg=PA54"><i>Theorizing Citizenship</i></a>. J. G. A. Pocock, Michael Ignatieff. US: State University of New York, Albany. pp. 29, 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2335-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2335-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-2335-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theorizing+Citizenship&rft.place=US&rft.series=J.+G.+A.+Pocock%2C+Michael+Ignatieff&rft.pages=29%2C+54&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York%2C+Albany&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2335-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN8kI2WCUML0C%26q%3D%2522history%2Bof%2Bcitizenship%2522%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tws2Y14qwea-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y14qwea_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y14qwea_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tws2Y14qwea_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldfield1994" class="citation book cs1">Oldfield, Adrian (1994). Turner, Bryan; Hamilton, Peter (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hX-mbqrZeHsC&q=%22history+of+citizenship%22&pg=PA137"><i>Citizenship: Critical Concepts</i></a>. United States and Canada: Routledge. pp. 476 pages total, source: <i>The Political Quarterly</i>, 1990 vol.61, pp. 177–187, in the book, pages 188+. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415102452" title="Special:BookSources/9780415102452"><bdi>9780415102452</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship%3A+Critical+Concepts&rft.place=United+States+and+Canada&rft.pages=476+pages+total%2C+source%3A+%27%27The+Political+Quarterly%27%27%2C+1990+vol.61%2C+pp.+177-187%2C+in+the+book%2C+pages+188%2B&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780415102452&rft.aulast=Oldfield&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhX-mbqrZeHsC%26q%3D%2522history%2Bof%2Bcitizenship%2522%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civiced.org/papers/articles_role.html">"The Role of Civic Education"</a>. <i>civiced.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=civiced.org&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Civic+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciviced.org%2Fpapers%2Farticles_role.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8737.html"><i>"The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy"</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, Princeton, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: the consolidated version.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rome-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rome_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rome_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0001:01:EN:HTML">"Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union"</a>. <i>eur-lex.europa.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Mar 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eur-lex.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Consolidated+versions+of+the+Treaty+on+European+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%3AC%3A2008%3A115%3A0001%3A01%3AEN%3AHTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: Articles 39, 43, 49 EC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Violaine Hacker, "Citoyenneté culturelle et politique européenne des médias : entre compétitivité et promotion des valeurs", NATIONS, CULTURES ET ENTREPRISES EN EUROPE, sous la direction de Gilles Rouet, Collection Local et Global, L'Harmattan, Paris, pp. 163-184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/246/pdfs/uksi_20050246_en.pdf">"The Commonwealth Countries and Ireland (Immunities and Privileges) (Amendment) Order 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101218091234/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/246/pdfs/uksi_20050246_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2010-12-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Commonwealth+Countries+and+Ireland+%28Immunities+and+Privileges%29+%28Amendment%29+Order+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F2005%2F246%2Fpdfs%2Fuksi_20050246_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Murray v Parkes</i> [1942] All ER 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928175132/http://www.ncca.ie/en/Publications/Reports/Senior_Cycle_Politics_and_Society_Report_on_the_consultation.pdf">"Leaving Certificate Politics and Society : Report on the consultation process"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncca.ie/en/Publications/Reports/Senior_Cycle_Politics_and_Society_Report_on_the_consultation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leaving+Certificate+Politics+and+Society+%3A+Report+on+the+consultation+process&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncca.ie%2Fen%2FPublications%2FReports%2FSenior_Cycle_Politics_and_Society_Report_on_the_consultation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dfes-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dfes_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfes.gov.uk/citizenship/">"National curriculum"</a>. British Government, Department for Children, Schools and Families<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+curriculum&rft.pub=British+Government%2C+Department+for+Children%2C+Schools+and+Families&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfes.gov.uk%2Fcitizenship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123122958/http://new.wales.gov.uk/publications/circular/circulars03/NAFWC132003?lang=en">"NAFWC 13/2003 Personal and Social Education (PSE) and Work-Related Education (WRE) in the Basic Curriculum. Education (WRE) in the Basic Curriculum"</a>. Welsh Assembly Government. 15 June 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.wales.gov.uk/publications/circular/circulars03/NAFWC132003?lang=en">the original</a> on 23 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAFWC+13%2F2003+Personal+and+Social+Education+%28PSE%29+and+Work-Related+Education+%28WRE%29+in+the+Basic+Curriculum.+Education+%28WRE%29+in+the+Basic+Curriculum.&rft.pub=Welsh+Assembly+Government&rft.date=2003-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew.wales.gov.uk%2Fpublications%2Fcircular%2Fcirculars03%2FNAFWC132003%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031644/http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/educationandskills/policy_strategy_and_planning/schools/339214-wag/key_documents/supporting_specific_groups/personal_social_education?lang=en">"Personal and Social Education Framework: Key Stages 1 to 4 in Wales"</a>. Welsh Assembly Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/educationandskills/policy_strategy_and_planning/schools/339214-wag/key_documents/supporting_specific_groups/personal_social_education?lang=en">the original</a> on 2011-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Personal+and+Social+Education+Framework%3A+Key+Stages+1+to+4+in+Wales&rft.pub=Welsh+Assembly+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew.wales.gov.uk%2Ftopics%2Feducationandskills%2Fpolicy_strategy_and_planning%2Fschools%2F339214-wag%2Fkey_documents%2Fsupporting_specific_groups%2Fpersonal_social_education%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911231903/http://www.msa-scotland.co.uk/">"Modern Studies Association"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msa-scotland.co.uk/">the original</a> on 2007-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+Studies+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msa-scotland.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchoa_Espejo2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ochoa Espejo, Paulina (2018). "Why borders do matter morally: The role of place in immigrants' rights". <i>Constellations</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 71–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8675.12340">10.1111/1467-8675.12340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constellations&rft.atitle=Why+borders+do+matter+morally%3A+The+role+of+place+in+immigrants%27+rights&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-86&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8675.12340&rft.aulast=Ochoa+Espejo&rft.aufirst=Paulina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVladimirovich_Kochenov2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dimitry_Kochenov" title="Dimitry Kochenov">Vladimirovich Kochenov, Dimitry</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmoaa108">"Ending the passport apartheid. The alternative to citizenship is no citizenship—A reply"</a>. <i>International Journal of Constitutional Law</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 1525–1530. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmoaa108">10.1093/icon/moaa108</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Constitutional+Law&rft.atitle=Ending+the+passport+apartheid.+The+alternative+to+citizenship+is+no+citizenship%E2%80%94A+reply&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1525-1530&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmoaa108&rft.aulast=Vladimirovich+Kochenov&rft.aufirst=Dimitry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficon%252Fmoaa108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacco2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sacco, Steven (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.georgetown.edu/immigration-law-journal/in-print/volume-36-number-2-winter-2021/volume-36-number-2-winter-2021-5/">"Abolishing Citizenship: Resolving the Irreconcilability Between "Soil" and "Blood" Political Membership and Anti-Racist Democracy"</a>. <i>Georgetown Immigration Law Journal</i>. <b>36</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgetown+Immigration+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Abolishing+Citizenship%3A+Resolving+the+Irreconcilability+Between+%22Soil%22+and+%22Blood%22+Political+Membership+and+Anti-Racist+Democracy&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Sacco&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.georgetown.edu%2Fimmigration-law-journal%2Fin-print%2Fvolume-36-number-2-winter-2021%2Fvolume-36-number-2-winter-2021-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1998" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Max (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6U7CTuCJLYC"><i>Citizenship in Ancient and Medieval Cities</i></a>. Chapter 3. Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota. pp. 43–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2880-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2880-3"><bdi>978-0-8166-2880-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+in+Ancient+and+Medieval+Cities&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.series=Chapter+3&rft.pages=43-49&rft.pub=The+University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-2880-3&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di6U7CTuCJLYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarrow1997" class="citation cs2">Zarrow, Peter (1997), Fogel, Joshua A.; Zarrow, Peter G. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JL6hMClDKMgC"><i>Imagining the People: Chinese Intellectuals and the Concept of Citizenship, 1890-1920</i></a>, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, p. 3, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0098-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0098-1"><bdi>978-0-7656-0098-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+the+People%3A+Chinese+Intellectuals+and+the+Concept+of+Citizenship%2C+1890-1920&rft.place=Armonk%2C+NY&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0098-1&rft.aulast=Zarrow&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJL6hMClDKMgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawranceStevens2017" class="citation book cs1">Lawrance, Benjamin N.; Stevens, Jacqueline, eds. (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/citizenship-in-question"><i>Citizenship in Question: Evidentiary Birthright and Statelessness</i></a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822362913" title="Special:BookSources/9780822362913"><bdi>9780822362913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+in+Question%3A+Evidentiary+Birthright+and+Statelessness&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2017-02&rft.isbn=9780822362913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dukeupress.edu%2Fcitizenship-in-question&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2023" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Jatinder, ed. (October 12, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/9783031343575"><i>Citizenship in Transnational Perspective: Australia, Canada, and Aotearoa New Zealand</i></a>. Politics of Citizenship and Migration Series (2nd ed.). Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783031343575" title="Special:BookSources/9783031343575"><bdi>9783031343575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+in+Transnational+Perspective%3A+Australia%2C+Canada%2C+and+Aotearoa+New+Zealand&rft.series=Politics+of+Citizenship+and+Migration+Series&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2023-10-12&rft.isbn=9783031343575&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F9783031343575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2015" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Kunal M. (5 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/making-foreigners/B3D2569D364C9399364ADFAF15D4D98A"><i>Making Foreigners: Immigration and Citizenship Law in America, 1600-2000</i></a>. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139343282">10.1017/CBO9781139343282</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139343282" title="Special:BookSources/9781139343282"><bdi>9781139343282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Foreigners%3A+Immigration+and+Citizenship+Law+in+America%2C+1600-2000&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-09-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139343282&rft.isbn=9781139343282&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Kunal+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fmaking-foreigners%2FB3D2569D364C9399364ADFAF15D4D98A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosniak2023" class="citation book cs1">Bosniak, Linda (September 28, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691138282/the-citizen-and-the-alien"><i>The Citizen and the Alien: Dilemmas of Contemporary Membership</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691138282" title="Special:BookSources/9780691138282"><bdi>9780691138282</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7s254">j.ctt7s254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Citizen+and+the+Alien%3A+Dilemmas+of+Contemporary+Membership&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2023-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt7s254%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780691138282&rft.aulast=Bosniak&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fbooks%2Fpaperback%2F9780691138282%2Fthe-citizen-and-the-alien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochenov2019" class="citation book cs1">Kochenov, Dimitry (November 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262537797/citizenship/"><i>Citizenship</i></a>. MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series. The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262537797" title="Special:BookSources/9780262537797"><bdi>9780262537797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship&rft.series=MIT+Press+Essential+Knowledge+Series&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.isbn=9780262537797&rft.aulast=Kochenov&rft.aufirst=Dimitry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2F9780262537797%2Fcitizenship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocock1998" class="citation book cs1">Pocock, J. G. A. (1998). Shafir, Gershon (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6U7CTuCJLYC"><i>The Citizenship Debates</i></a>. Chapter 2 -- The Ideal of Citizenship since Classical Times (originally published in <i>Queen's Quarterly</i> 99, no. 1). Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2880-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2880-3"><bdi>978-0-8166-2880-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Citizenship+Debates&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.series=Chapter+2+--+The+Ideal+of+Citizenship+since+Classical+Times+%28originally+published+in+%27%27Queen%27s+Quarterly%27%27+99%2C+no.+1%29&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=The+University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-2880-3&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=J.+G.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di6U7CTuCJLYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibugi,_Daniele2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Archibugi, Daniele</a> (2008). <i>The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2976-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2976-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-2976-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Commonwealth+of+Citizens.+Toward+Cosmopolitan+Democracy&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2976-7&rft.au=Archibugi%2C+Daniele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks,_Thom2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thom_Brooks" title="Thom Brooks">Brooks, Thom</a> (2016). <i>Becoming British: UK Citizenship Examined</i>. Biteback.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+British%3A+UK+Citizenship+Examined&rft.pub=Biteback&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Beaven, Brad, and John Griffiths. "Creating the Exemplary Citizen: The Changing Notion of Citizenship in Britain 1870–1939," <i>Contemporary British History</i> (2008) 22#2 pp 203–225 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13619460701189559">10.1080/13619460701189559</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarens,_Joseph2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Carens" title="Joseph Carens">Carens, Joseph</a> (2000). <i>Culture, Citizenship, and Community: A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829768-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829768-0"><bdi>978-0-19-829768-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture%2C+Citizenship%2C+and+Community%3A+A+Contextual+Exploration+of+Justice+as+Evenhandedness&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829768-0&rft.au=Carens%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeater2004" class="citation book cs1">Heater, Derek (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofci00dere"><i>A Brief History of Citizenship</i></a></span>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3672-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3672-2"><bdi>978-0-8147-3672-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Citizenship&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3672-2&rft.aulast=Heater&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofci00dere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward-HassmannWalton-Roberts2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_Howard-Hassmann" title="Rhoda Howard-Hassmann">Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E.</a>; Walton-Roberts, Margaret (2015). <i>The Human Right to Citizenship: A Slippery Concept</i>. Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights Series. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812247176" title="Special:BookSources/9780812247176"><bdi>9780812247176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Right+to+Citizenship%3A+A+Slippery+Concept&rft.series=Pennsylvania+Studies+in+Human+Rights+Series&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780812247176&rft.aulast=Howard-Hassmann&rft.aufirst=Rhoda+E.&rft.au=Walton-Roberts%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKymlicka1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka, Will</a> (1995). <i>Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829091-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829091-9"><bdi>978-0-19-829091-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+Citizenship%3A+A+Liberal+Theory+of+Minority+Rights&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829091-9&rft.aulast=Kymlicka&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas2007" class="citation book cs1">Maas, Willem (2007). <i>Creating European Citizens</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5486-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5486-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-5486-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+European+Citizens&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5486-3&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2024" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, Riya (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYbSEAAAQBAJ"><i>Citizenship in Dalit and Indigenous Australian Literatures</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003300892">10.4324/9781003300892</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781003300892" title="Special:BookSources/9781003300892"><bdi>9781003300892</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1381208006">1381208006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+in+Dalit+and+Indigenous+Australian+Literatures&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1381208006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003300892&rft.isbn=9781003300892&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Riya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYbSEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1950" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, T.H. (1950). <i>Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+Social+Class+and+Other+Essays&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=T.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShue1950" class="citation book cs1">Shue, Henry (1950). <i>Basic Rights</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Rights&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Shue&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2003" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Rogers (2003). <i>Stories of Peoplehood: The Politics and Morals of Political Membership</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52003-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52003-4"><bdi>978-0-521-52003-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+of+Peoplehood%3A+The+Politics+and+Morals+of+Political+Membership&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52003-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Rogers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomers2008" class="citation book cs1">Somers, Margaret (2008). <i>Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79394-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79394-0"><bdi>978-0-521-79394-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogies+of+Citizenship%3A+Markets%2C+Statelessness%2C+and+the+Right+to+Have+Rights&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79394-0&rft.aulast=Somers&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoysal1994" class="citation book cs1">Soysal, Yasemin (1994). <i>Limits of Citizenship. Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe</i>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Citizenship.+Migrants+and+Postnational+Membership+in+Europe&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Soysal&rft.aufirst=Yasemin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1994" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Bryan S. (1994). <i>Citizenship and Social Theory</i>. Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-8611-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-8611-4"><bdi>978-0-8039-8611-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+Social+Theory&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-8611-4&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iris_Marion_Young" title="Iris Marion Young">Young, Iris Marion</a> (January 1989). "Polity and group difference: A critique of the ideal of universal citizenship". <i><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(journal)" title="Ethics (journal)">Ethics</a></i>. <b>99</b> (2): 250–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F293065">10.1086/293065</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2381434">2381434</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54215809">54215809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethics&rft.atitle=Polity+and+group+difference%3A+A+critique+of+the+ideal+of+universal+citizenship&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=250-274&rft.date=1989-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54215809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2381434%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F293065&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Iris+Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeydet2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Leydet, Dominique (September 5, 2023) [October 13, 2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/citizenship">"Citizenship"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri; et al. (eds.). <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Fall 2023 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Standford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Citizenship&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Fall+2023&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Standford+University&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft.aulast=Leydet&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fcitizenship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Citizenship</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=citizenship">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=citizenship&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Citizenship" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Citizenship">Citizenship</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/citizenship" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/citizenship"><i>citizenship</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Citizenship" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Citizenship">Citizenship</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/pshe_and_citizenship/">BBC PSHE & Citizenship</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160619024010/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/pshe_and_citizenship/">Archived</a> 2016-06-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2280329">The Life in the UK Citizenship Test Report by Thom Brooks</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeydet" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Leydet, Dominique. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/citizenship/">"Citizenship"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Citizenship&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Leydet&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fcitizenship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060404042127/http://www.opm.gov/extra/investigate/IS-01.pdf">"Citizenship Laws of the World"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Office of Personnel Management Investigations Service. March 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opm.gov/extra/investigate/IS-01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizenship+Laws+of+the+World&rft.pub=United+States+Office+of+Personnel+Management+Investigations+Service&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopm.gov%2Fextra%2Finvestigate%2FIS-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitizenship" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes" title="Category:Social classes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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