CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Candida albicans - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b3c76b44-7cbb-4369-90a3-aee11e0a5d3d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Candida_albicans","wgTitle":"Candida albicans","wgCurRevisionId":1254096410,"wgRevisionId":1254096410,"wgArticleId":411673,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles with 'species' microformats","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021", "Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023","Commons link from Wikidata","Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms","Candida (fungus)","Gut flora","Organisms with an alternative genetic code","Pathogenic microbes","Fungal pathogens of humans","Yeasts","Fungi described in 1923","Fungus species"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Candida_albicans","wgRelevantArticleId":411673,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q310443","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SEM_of_C_albicans.tif/lossy-page1-1200px-SEM_of_C_albicans.tif.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SEM_of_C_albicans.tif/lossy-page1-800px-SEM_of_C_albicans.tif.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SEM_of_C_albicans.tif/lossy-page1-640px-SEM_of_C_albicans.tif.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Candida albicans - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Candida_albicans rootpage-Candida_albicans skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Candida+albicans" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Candida+albicans" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Candida+albicans" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Candida+albicans" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Genome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Morphology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Morphology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yeast-to-hypha_switching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yeast-to-hypha_switching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Yeast-to-hypha switching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yeast-to-hypha_switching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-frequency_switching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-frequency_switching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 High-frequency switching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-frequency_switching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White-opaque_switching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White-opaque_switching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 White-opaque switching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White-opaque_switching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Environmental stress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White-GUT_switch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White-GUT_switch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 White-GUT switch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White-GUT_switch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Role in disease </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_disease-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Role in disease subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Superficial_and_local_infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superficial_and_local_infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Superficial and local infections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superficial_and_local_infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systemic_infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systemic_infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Systemic infections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systemic_infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_C._albicans_in_Crohn's_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_C._albicans_in_Crohn's_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Role of C. albicans in Crohn's disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_C._albicans_in_Crohn's_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Diagnosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Economic implications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_GSDMD_in_C.albicans_infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_GSDMD_in_C.albicans_infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Role of GSDMD in C.albicans infection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_GSDMD_in_C.albicans_infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biofilm_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biofilm_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Biofilm development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biofilm_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biofilm development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biofilm_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biofilm_formation_steps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biofilm_formation_steps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Biofilm formation steps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biofilm_formation_steps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zap1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zap1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Zap1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zap1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zinc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zinc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Zinc </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zinc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanisms_and_proteins_important_for_pathogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanisms_and_proteins_important_for_pathogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Mechanisms and proteins important for pathogenesis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanisms_and_proteins_important_for_pathogenesis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mechanisms and proteins important for pathogenesis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanisms_and_proteins_important_for_pathogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filamentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filamentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Filamentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filamentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hwp1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hwp1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Hwp1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hwp1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slr1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slr1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Slr1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slr1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Candidalysin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Candidalysin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Candidalysin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Candidalysin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PRA1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PRA1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 PRA1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PRA1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_and_genomic_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_and_genomic_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Genetic and genomic tools </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetic_and_genomic_tools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genetic and genomic tools subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genetic_and_genomic_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selection_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Selection markers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_sequence_genome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_sequence_genome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Full sequence genome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_sequence_genome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ORFeome_project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ORFeome_project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 ORFeome project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ORFeome_project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CIp10_integrative_plasmid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CIp10_integrative_plasmid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 CIp10 integrative plasmid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CIp10_integrative_plasmid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Candida_two-hybrid_(C2H)_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Candida_two-hybrid_(C2H)_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Candida two-hybrid (C2H) system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Candida_two-hybrid_(C2H)_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bimolecular_fluorescence_complementation_(BiFC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bimolecular_fluorescence_complementation_(BiFC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bimolecular_fluorescence_complementation_(BiFC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microarrays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microarrays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Microarrays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microarrays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GRACE_library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GRACE_library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 GRACE library </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GRACE_library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CRISPR/Cas9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CRISPR/Cas9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 CRISPR/Cas9 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CRISPR/Cas9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_in_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_in_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Application in engineering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application_in_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_C._albicans_researchers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_C._albicans_researchers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notable C. albicans researchers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_C._albicans_researchers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Candida albicans</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="مبيضة بيضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبيضة بيضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="کاندیدا آلبیکانس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاندیدا آلبیکانس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="مبيضه بيضاء – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مبيضه بيضاء" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B8skegj%C3%A6r" title="Trøskegjær – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trøskegjær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauskegj%C3%A6r" title="Trauskegjær – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trauskegjær" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="کاندیدا ئەلبیکانس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاندیدا ئەلبیکانس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Candida albicans" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%89%B2%E5%BF%B5%E7%8F%A0%E8%8F%8C" title="白色念珠菌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="白色念珠菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q310443#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Candida_albicans" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Candida_albicans">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Candida_albicans">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Candida_albicans" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Candida_albicans" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&oldid=1254096410" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Candida_albicans&id=1254096410&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCandida_albicans">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCandida_albicans">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Candida_albicans&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" hreflang="en">Wikispecies</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q310443" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of fungus</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)">Candida albicans </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:SEM_of_C_albicans.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SEM_of_C_albicans.tif/lossy-page1-220px-SEM_of_C_albicans.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SEM_of_C_albicans.tif/lossy-page1-330px-SEM_of_C_albicans.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SEM_of_C_albicans.tif/lossy-page1-440px-SEM_of_C_albicans.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Candida albicans visualized using scanning electron microscopy. Note the abundant hyphal mass. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Candida" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saccharomycetes" title="Saccharomycetes">Saccharomycetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saccharomycetales" title="Saccharomycetales">Saccharomycetales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saccharomycetaceae" title="Saccharomycetaceae">Saccharomycetaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Candida_(fungus)" title="Candida (fungus)">Candida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">C. albicans</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Candida albicans <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Robin" title="Charles-Philippe Robin">C.-P. Robin</a>) <a href="/wiki/Christine_Marie_Berkhout" title="Christine Marie Berkhout">Berkhout</a> (1923)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Candida stellatoidea<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li>Monilia albicans<a href="#cite_note-The_yeasts-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Oidium albicans<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li>and many others.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Candida albicans is an opportunistic <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenic yeast">pathogenic yeast</a><a href="#cite_note-Gow2017-5">[5]</a> that is a common member of the human <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">gut flora</a>. It can also survive outside the human body.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> It is detected in the gastrointestinal tract and mouth in 40–60% of healthy adults.<a href="#cite_note-Kerawala_2010-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-SIFO-9">[9]</a> It is usually a <a href="/wiki/Commensal" class="mw-redirect" title="Commensal">commensal</a> organism, but it can become <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogenic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunocompromised</a> individuals under a variety of conditions.<a href="#cite_note-SIFO-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24789109-10">[10]</a> It is one of the few species of the genus <a href="/wiki/Candida_(fungus)" title="Candida (fungus)">Candida</a> that cause the human infection <a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">candidiasis</a>, which results from an overgrowth of the fungus.<a href="#cite_note-SIFO-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24789109-10">[10]</a> Candidiasis is, for example, often observed in <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>-infected patients.<a href="#cite_note-Calderone-11">[11]</a> C. albicans is the most common fungal species isolated from <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilms</a> either formed on (permanent) implanted medical devices or on human <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kumamoto2002-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donlan2001-13">[13]</a> C. albicans, <a href="/wiki/Candida_tropicalis" title="Candida tropicalis">C. tropicalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candida_parapsilosis" title="Candida parapsilosis">C. parapsilosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Candida_glabrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida glabrata">C. glabrata</a> are together responsible for 50–90% of all cases of candidiasis in humans.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24789109-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pfaller-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> A mortality rate of 40% has been reported for patients with systemic candidiasis due to C. albicans.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> By one estimate, invasive candidiasis contracted in a hospital causes 2,800 to 11,200 deaths yearly in the US.<a href="#cite_note-Pfaller-14">[14]</a> Nevertheless, these numbers may not truly reflect the true extent of damage this organism causes, given new studies indicating that C. albicans can cross the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> in mice.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> C. albicans is commonly used as a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> for fungal pathogens.<a href="#cite_note-Kabir-19">[19]</a> It is generally referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Dimorphic_fungus" title="Dimorphic fungus">dimorphic fungus</a> since it grows both as <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypha" title="Hypha">filamentous</a> cells. However, it has several different <a href="#Morphology">morphological</a> phenotypes including opaque, GUT, and pseudohyphal forms.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> C. albicans was for a long time considered an obligate diploid organism without a haploid stage. This is, however, not the case. Next to a haploid stage C. albicans can also exist in a tetraploid stage. The latter is formed when diploid C. albicans cells mate when they are in the opaque form.<a href="#cite_note-Hickman-22">[22]</a> The diploid genome size is approximately 29 Mb, and up to 70% of the protein coding genes have not yet been characterized.<a href="#cite_note-candidagenome.org-23">[23]</a> C. albicans is easily cultured in the lab and can be studied both in vivo and in vitro. Depending on the media different studies can be done as the media influences the morphological state of C. albicans. A special type of medium is CHROMagar Candida, which can be used to identify different Candida species.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> "Candida albicans" can be read as <a href="/wiki/Tautology_(language)" title="Tautology (language)">tautological</a>. "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Candida#Etymology" class="extiw" title="wikt:Candida">Candida</a>" comes from the Latin word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/candidus#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:candidus">candidus</a>", meaning "shining white". "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/albicans#Etymology" class="extiw" title="wikt:albicans">Albicans</a> itself is the present participle of the Latin word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/albico#Verb" class="extiw" title="wikt:albico">albicō</a>", meaning "becoming white". This leads to one possible interpretation as the redundant phrase "pure white becoming white".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It is often shortly referred to as thrush, candidiasis, or candida. More than a hundred synonyms have been used to describe C. albicans.<a href="#cite_note-The_yeasts-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Over 200 species have been described within the candida genus. The oldest reference to thrush, most likely caused by C. albicans, dates back to 400 BC in <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>' work Of the Epidemics describing oral candidiasis.<a href="#cite_note-The_yeasts-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genome">Genome</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genome">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Candida_Gram_stain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Candida_Gram_stain.jpg/220px-Candida_Gram_stain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Candida_Gram_stain.jpg/330px-Candida_Gram_stain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Candida_Gram_stain.jpg/440px-Candida_Gram_stain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Candida albicans visualized by Gram stain and microscopy. Note the hyphae and chlamydospores, which are 2–4 μm in diameter.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg/220px-Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg/330px-Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg/440px-Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Candida albicans growing on <a href="/wiki/Sabouraud_agar" title="Sabouraud agar">Sabouraud agar</a></figcaption></figure> The genome of C. albicans is almost 16Mb for the haploid size (28Mb for the diploid stage) and consists of 8 sets of chromosome pairs called chr1A, chr2A, chr3A, chr4A, chr5A, chr6A, chr7A and chrRA. The second set (C. albicans is diploid) has similar names but with a B at the end. Chr1B, chr2B, ... and chrRB. The whole genome contains 6,198 <a href="/wiki/Open_reading_frame" title="Open reading frame">open reading frames</a> (ORFs). Seventy percent of these ORFs have not yet been characterized. The whole genome has been sequenced making it one of the first fungi to be completely sequenced (next to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe).<a href="#cite_note-Calderone-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-candidagenome.org-23">[23]</a> All open reading frames (ORFs) are also available in <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Technology" title="Gateway Technology">Gateway-adapted vectors</a>. Next to this ORFeome there is also the availability of a GRACE (gene replacement and conditional expression) library to study essential genes in the genome of C. albicans.<a href="#cite_note-Large-scale_essential_gene_identifi-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-29">[29]</a> The most commonly used strains to study C. albicans are the WO-1 and SC5314 strains. The WO-1 strain is known to switch between white-opaque form with higher frequency while the SC5314 strain is the strain used for gene sequence reference.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> One of the most important features of the C. albicans genome is the high heterozygosity. At the base of this heterozygosity lies the occurrence of numeric and structural <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomal</a> rearrangements and changes as means of generating genetic diversity by chromosome length polymorphisms (contraction/expansion of repeats), reciprocal <a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation" title="Chromosomal translocation">translocations</a>, chromosome <a href="/wiki/Deletion_(genetics)" title="Deletion (genetics)">deletions</a>, Nonsynonymous <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">single-nucleotide polymorphisms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trisomy" title="Trisomy">trisomy</a> of individual chromosomes. These <a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">karyotypic</a> alterations lead to changes in the phenotype, which is an <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a> strategy of this fungus. These mechanisms are further being explored with the availability of the complete analysis of the C. albicans genome.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> An unusual feature of the genus Candida is that in many of its species (including C. albicans and C. tropicalis, but not, for instance, C. glabrata) the CUG <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">codon</a>, which normally specifies leucine, specifies serine in these species. This is an unusual example of a departure from the standard <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">genetic code</a>, and most such departures are in <a href="/wiki/Start_codon" title="Start codon">start codons</a> or, for <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_code#Variations" title="Genetic code">mitochondrial genetic codes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> This alteration may, in some environments, help these Candida species by inducing a permanent stress response, a more generalized form of the <a href="/wiki/Heat_shock_response" title="Heat shock response">heat shock response</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> However, this different codon usage makes it more difficult to study C. albicans protein-protein interactions in the model organism S. cerevisiae. To overcome this problem a C. albicans specific two-hybrid system was developed.<a href="#cite_note-stynen-38">[38]</a> The genome of C. albicans is highly dynamic, contributed by the different CUG translation, and this variability has been used advantageously for molecular epidemiological studies and population studies in this species. The genome sequence has allowed for identifying the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Parasexual_cycle" title="Parasexual cycle">parasexual cycle</a> (no detected <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiotic division</a>) in C. albicans.<a href="#cite_note-Butler-39">[39]</a> This study of the evolution of sexual reproduction in six Candida species found recent losses in components of the major meiotic crossover-formation pathway, but retention of a minor pathway.<a href="#cite_note-Butler-39">[39]</a> The authors suggested that if Candida species undergo meiosis it is with reduced machinery, or different machinery, and indicated that unrecognized meiotic cycles may exist in many species. In another evolutionary study, introduction of partial CUG identity redefinition (from Candida species) into Saccharomyces cerevisiae clones caused a stress response that negatively affected sexual reproduction. This CUG identity redefinition, occurring in ancestors of Candida species, was thought to lock these species into a diploid or polyploid state with possible blockage of sexual reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Morphology">edit</a>]</div> C. albicans exhibits a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypes</a> due to phenotypic switching and bud to hypha transition. The yeast-to-hyphae transition (filamentation) is a rapid process and induced by environmental factors. Phenotypic switching is spontaneous, happens at lower rates and in certain strains up to seven different phenotypes are known. The best studied switching mechanism is the white to opaque switching (an epigenetic process). Other systems have been described as well. Two systems (the high-frequency switching system and white to opaque switching) were discover by <a href="/wiki/David_R._Soll" title="David R. Soll">David R. Soll</a> and colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-auto-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-High-frequency_switching_of_colony-42">[42]</a> Switching in C. albicans is often, but not always, influenced by environmental conditions such as the level of CO2, anaerobic conditions, medium used and temperature.<a href="#cite_note-High-frequency_switching_in_Candida-43">[43]</a> In its yeast form C. albicans ranges from 10 to 12 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">microns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Spores can form on the pseudohyphae called <a href="/wiki/Chlamydospore" title="Chlamydospore">chlamydospores</a> which survive when put in unfavorable conditions such as dry or hot seasons.<a href="#cite_note-microbewiki.kenyon.edu-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Candida_albicans_mixed_colony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Candida_albicans_mixed_colony.jpg/220px-Candida_albicans_mixed_colony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Candida_albicans_mixed_colony.jpg/330px-Candida_albicans_mixed_colony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Candida_albicans_mixed_colony.jpg/440px-Candida_albicans_mixed_colony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3085" data-file-height="2535" /></a><figcaption>An opaque colony of C. albicans growing as yeast-like cells with filamentous C. albicans cells on top</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yeast-to-hypha_switching">Yeast-to-hypha switching</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Yeast-to-hypha switching">edit</a>]</div> Although often referred to as dimorphic, C. albicans is, in fact, <a href="/wiki/Polyphenism" title="Polyphenism">polyphenic</a> (often also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Pleomorphism_(microbiology)" title="Pleomorphism (microbiology)">pleomorphic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> When cultured in standard yeast laboratory medium, C. albicans grows as ovoid "yeast" cells. However, mild environmental changes in temperature, CO2, nutrients and pH can result in a morphological shift to filamentous growth.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Filamentous cells share many similarities with yeast cells. Both cell types seem to play a specific, distinctive role in the survival and pathogenicity of C. albicans. Yeast cells seem to be better suited for the dissemination in the bloodstream while hyphal cells have been proposed as a virulence factor. Hyphal cells are invasive and speculated to be important for tissue penetration, colonization of organs and surviving plus escaping macrophages.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The transition from yeast to hyphal cells is termed to be one of the key factors in the virulence of C. albicans; however, it is not deemed necessary.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> When C. albicans cells are grown in a medium that mimics the physiological environment of a human host, they grow as filamentous cells (both true hyphae and pseudohyphae). C. albicans can also form <a href="/wiki/Chlamydospore" title="Chlamydospore">chlamydospores</a>, the function of which remains unknown, but it is speculated they play a role in surviving harsh environments as they are most often formed under unfavorable conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Staib2007-53">[53]</a> The cAMP-PKA signaling cascade is crucial for the morphogenesis and an important transcriptional regulator for the switch from yeast like cells to filamentous cells is EFG1.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whiteopaquecandida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Whiteopaquecandida.jpg/220px-Whiteopaquecandida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Whiteopaquecandida.jpg/330px-Whiteopaquecandida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Whiteopaquecandida.jpg/440px-Whiteopaquecandida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>Round, white-phase and elongated, opaque-phase Candida albicans cells: the scale bar is 5 μm</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whiteopaqueregulation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Whiteopaqueregulation.jpg/220px-Whiteopaqueregulation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Whiteopaqueregulation.jpg/330px-Whiteopaqueregulation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Whiteopaqueregulation.jpg/440px-Whiteopaqueregulation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>In this model of the genetic network regulating the white-opaque switch, the white and gold boxes represent genes enriched in the white and opaque states, respectively. The blue lines represent relationships based on genetic epistasis. Red lines represent Wor1 control of each gene, based on Wor1 enrichment in chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments. Activation (arrowhead) and repression (bar) are inferred based on white- and opaque-state expression of each gene.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-frequency_switching">High-frequency switching</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: High-frequency switching">edit</a>]</div> Besides the well-studied yeast-to-hyphae transition other switching systems have been described.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> One such system is the "high-frequency switching" system. During this switching different cellular morphologies (<a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypes</a>) are generated spontaneously. This type of switching does not occur en masse, represents a variability system and it happens independently from environmental conditions.<a href="#cite_note-High-frequency_switching_in_Candida-43">[43]</a> The strain 3153A produces at least seven different colony morphologies.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-High-frequency_switching_of_colony-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In many strains the different phases convert spontaneously to the other(s) at a low frequency. The switching is reversible, and colony type can be inherited from one generation to another. Being able to switch through so many different (morphological) phenotypes makes C. albicans able to grow in different environments, both as a commensal and as a pathogen.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-59">[59]</a> In the 3153A strain, a gene called <a href="/wiki/Sirtuin_2" title="Sirtuin 2">SIR2</a> (for silent information regulator), which seems to be important for phenotypic switching, has been found.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> SIR2 was originally found in <a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a> (brewer's yeast), where it is involved in <a href="/wiki/Gene_silencing" title="Gene silencing">chromosomal silencing</a>—a form of <a href="/wiki/Transcriptional_regulation" title="Transcriptional regulation">transcriptional regulation</a>, in which regions of the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> are reversibly inactivated by changes in <a href="/wiki/Chromatin" title="Chromatin">chromatin</a> structure (chromatin is the complex of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and proteins that make <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>). In yeast, genes involved in the control of mating type are found in these silent regions, and SIR2 represses their expression by maintaining a silent-competent chromatin structure in this region.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The discovery of a C. albicans SIR2 implicated in phenotypic switching suggests it, too, has silent regions controlled by SIR2, in which the phenotype-specific genes may reside. How SIR2 itself is regulated in S. cerevisiae may yet provide more clues as to the switching mechanisms of C. albicans.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White-opaque_switching">White-opaque switching</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: White-opaque switching">edit</a>]</div> Next to the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">dimorphism</a> and the first described high-frequency switching system C. albicans undergoes another high-frequency switching process called white-opaque switching, which is another <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_switching" title="Phenotypic switching">phenotypic switching</a> process in C. albicans. It was the second high-frequency switching system discovered in C. albicans.<a href="#cite_note-auto-41">[41]</a> The white-opaque switch is an <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetic</a> switching system.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-63">[63]</a> Phenotypic switching is often used to refer to white-opaque switching, which consists of two phases: one that grows as round cells in smooth, white colonies (referred to as white form) and one that is rod-like and grows as flat, gray colonies (called opaque form). This switch between white cells and opaque cells is important for the virulence and the <a href="/wiki/Mating_of_yeast" title="Mating of yeast">mating</a> process of C. albicans as the opaque form is the <a href="/wiki/Mating_in_fungi" title="Mating in fungi">mating</a> competent form, being a million times more efficient in mating compared to the white type.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> This switching between white and opaque form is regulated by the WOR1 regulator (White to Opaque Regulator 1) which is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Mating_type" title="Mating type">mating type</a> locus (MTL) repressor (a1-α2) that inhibits the expression of WOR1.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Besides the white and opaque phase there is also a third one: the gray phenotype. This phenotype shows the highest ability to cause cutaneous infections. The white, opaque, and gray phenotypes form a phenotypic switching system where white cells switch to and from the opaque phase, white cells can irreversibly switch to the gray phase, and both white and gray cells can switch to and from the opaque/an opaque-like phase, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hemizygosity_enables_a_mutational_t-67">[67]</a> Since it is often difficult to differentiate between white, opaque and gray cells phloxine B, a dye, can be added to the medium.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-59">[59]</a> A potential regulatory molecule in the white to opaque switching is Efg1p, a <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factor</a> found in the WO-1 strain that regulates dimorphism, and more recently has been suggested to help regulate phenotypic switching. Efg1p is expressed only in the white and not in the gray cell-type, and overexpression of Efg1p in the gray form causes a rapid conversion to the white form.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hemizygosity_enables_a_mutational_t-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_stress">Environmental stress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Environmental stress">edit</a>]</div> Glucose starvation is a likely common environmental stress encountered by C. albicans in its natural habitat.<a href="#cite_note-Guan2019-70">[70]</a> Glucose starvation causes an increase in <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">intracellular reactive oxygen</a>. This stress can lead to mating between two individuals of the same mating type, an interaction that may be frequent in nature under stressful conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Guan2019-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White-GUT_switch">White-GUT switch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: White-GUT switch">edit</a>]</div> A very special type of phenotypic switch is the white-GUT switch (Gastrointestinally-IndUced Transition). GUT cells are extremely adapted to survival in the digestive tract by metabolic adaptations to available nutrients in the digestive tract. The GUT cells live as commensal organisms and outcompete other phenotypes. The transition from white to GUT cells is driven by passage through the gut where environmental parameters trigger this transition by increasing the WOR1 expression.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_disease">Role in disease</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Role in disease">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></div> Candida is found worldwide but most commonly compromises immunocompromised individuals diagnosed with serious diseases such as HIV and cancer. Candida are ranked as one of the most common groups of organisms that cause <a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_infection" title="Hospital-acquired infection">hospital-acquired infections</a>. Especially high-risk individuals are patients that have recently undergone surgery, a transplant or are in the Intensive Care Units (ICU),<a href="#cite_note-:0-73">[73]</a> C. albicans infections is the top source of fungal infections in critically ill or otherwise immunocompromised patients.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> These patients predominantly develop oropharyngeal or thrush candidiasis, which can lead to malnutrition and interfere with the absorption of medication.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Methods of transmission include mother to infant through childbirth, people-to-people acquired infections that most commonly occur in hospital settings where immunocompromised patients acquire the yeast from healthcare workers and has a 40% incident rate.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] People can become infected after having sex with a woman that has an existing vaginal yeast infection.<a href="#cite_note-:0-73">[73]</a> Parts of the body that are commonly infected include the skin, genitals, throat, mouth, and blood.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Distinguishing features of vaginal infection include discharge, and dry and red appearance of vaginal mucosa or skin. Candida continues to be the fourth most commonly isolated organism in bloodstream infections.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Healthy people usually do not suffer (severely) from superficial infections caused by a local alteration in cellular immunity as seen by asthma patients that use oral corticosteroids.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superficial_and_local_infections">Superficial and local infections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Superficial and local infections">edit</a>]</div> It commonly occurs as a <a href="/wiki/Mycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">superficial infection</a> on mucous membranes in the <a href="/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">mouth</a> or vagina. Once in their lives around 75% of women will suffer from <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection" title="Vaginal yeast infection">vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC)</a> and about 90% of these infections are caused by C. albicans.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It may also affect a <a href="/wiki/Candidiasis#Classification" title="Candidiasis">number of other regions</a>. For example, higher <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_(biology)" title="Colonisation (biology)">colonization</a> of C. albicans was reported in young individuals with <a href="/wiki/Tongue_piercing" title="Tongue piercing">tongue piercing</a>, in comparison to unpierced matched individuals,<a href="#cite_note-Candida-78">[78]</a> but not in healthy young individuals who use intraoral orthodontic acrylic appliances.<a href="#cite_note-ORTHO-79">[79]</a> To infect host tissue, the usual <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">unicellular</a> yeast-like form of C. albicans reacts to environmental cues and switches into an invasive, multicellular filamentous form, a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Dimorphic_fungus" title="Dimorphic fungus">dimorphism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sherris-80">[80]</a> In addition, an overgrowth infection is considered a superinfection, the term usually applied when an infection becomes opportunistic and very <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">resistant</a> to <a href="/wiki/Antifungal" title="Antifungal">antifungals</a>. It then becomes suppressible by antibiotics[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. The infection is prolonged when the original sensitive strain is replaced by the antifungal-resistant strain.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Candidiasis is known to cause gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms particularly in immunocompromised patients or those receiving steroids (e.g. to treat <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>) or antibiotics. Recently, there is an emerging literature that an overgrowth of fungus in the small intestine of non-immunocompromised subjects may cause unexplained GI symptoms. Small intestinal fungal overgrowth (SIFO) is characterized by the presence of an excessive number of fungal organisms in the small intestine associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. The most common symptoms observed in these patients were belching, bloating, indigestion, nausea, diarrhea, and gas. The underlying mechanism(s) that predisposes to SIFO is unclear. Further studies are needed; both to confirm these observations and to examine the clinical relevance of fungal overgrowth.<a href="#cite_note-SIFO-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24789109-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25385227-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systemic_infections">Systemic infections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Systemic infections">edit</a>]</div> Systemic fungal infections (<a href="/wiki/Fungemia" title="Fungemia">fungemias</a>) including those by C. albicans have emerged as important causes of <a href="/wiki/Morbidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbidity">morbidity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">mortality</a> in <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunocompromised</a> patients (e.g., <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a>, cancer <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, organ or <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> transplantation). C. albicans often forms biofilms inside the body. Such C. albicans <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilms</a> may form on the surface of implantable medical devices or organs. In these biofilms it is often found together with <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kumamoto2002-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donlan2001-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Such multispecies infections lead to higher mortalities.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In addition <a href="/wiki/Nosocomial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosocomial infection">hospital-acquired infections</a> by C. albicans have become a cause of major health concerns.<a href="#cite_note-Calderone-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Especially once candida cells are introduced in the bloodstream a high mortality, up to 40–60% can occur.<a href="#cite_note-Calderone-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Although Candida albicans is the most common cause of <a href="/wiki/Fungemia" title="Fungemia">candidemia</a>, there has been a decrease in the incidence and an increased isolation of non-albicans species of Candida in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Preventive measures include maintaining a good oral hygiene, keeping a healthy lifestyle including good nutrition, the careful use of antibiotics, treatment of infected areas and keeping skin dry and clean, free from open wounds.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_C._albicans_in_Crohn's_disease">Role of C. albicans in Crohn's disease</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Role of C. albicans in Crohn's disease">edit</a>]</div> The link between C. albicans and Crohn's disease has been investigated in a large cohort. This study demonstrated that members of families with multiple cases of Crohn's disease were more likely to be colonized by C. albicans than members of control families.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Experimental studies show that chemically induced colitis promotes C. albicans colonization. In turn, C. albicans colonization generates anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA), increases inflammation, histological scores and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> A United States study in 2022 showed that most cases of candidiasis are treated <a href="/wiki/Empiric_therapy" title="Empiric therapy">empirically</a> (without culture, pending culture or by symptoms in cases where culture did not show candida), thus not knowing whether the subtype is Candida albicans or any other candida species.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36505943-94">[94]</a> For subtyping of candidiasis, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungal_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fungal culture (page does not exist)">fungal culture</a> can be performed, followed by a <a href="/wiki/Germ_tube" title="Germ tube">germ tube</a> test in which a sample of fungal spores are suspended in animal <a href="/wiki/Blood_serum" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood serum">serum</a> and examined by <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a> for the detection of any germ tubes.<a href="#cite_note-doctorfungus-95">[95]</a> Colonies of white or cream color on fungal culture having a positive germ tube test is strongly indicative of Candida albicans.<a href="#cite_note-doctorfungus-95">[95]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Agar plate culture of C. albicans"><img alt="Agar plate culture of C. albicans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg/120px-Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg/180px-Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg/240px-Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Agar_plate" title="Agar plate">Agar plate</a> culture of C. albicans</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:C_albicans_germ_tubes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Germ tubes of Candida albicans"><img alt="Germ tubes of Candida albicans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/C_albicans_germ_tubes.jpg/120px-C_albicans_germ_tubes.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/C_albicans_germ_tubes.jpg/180px-C_albicans_germ_tubes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/C_albicans_germ_tubes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="180" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Germ tubes of Candida albicans</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Candida_Gram_stain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gram stain of Candida albicans from a vaginal swab; the small oval chlamydospores are 2–4 μm in diameter"><img alt="Gram stain of Candida albicans from a vaginal swab; the small oval chlamydospores are 2–4 μm in diameter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Candida_Gram_stain.jpg/120px-Candida_Gram_stain.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Candida_Gram_stain.jpg/180px-Candida_Gram_stain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Candida_Gram_stain.jpg/240px-Candida_Gram_stain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gram_stain" title="Gram stain">Gram stain</a> of Candida albicans from a vaginal swab; the small oval <a href="/wiki/Chlamydospore" title="Chlamydospore">chlamydospores</a> are 2–4 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> in diameter </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CHROMAgar_with_N_glabratus,_P_kudriavzevii,_Candida_albicans_and_Candida_tropicalis,_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromogenic agar can help in indicating main species of Candida versus similar fungi. (CHROMAgar shown)"><img alt="Chromogenic agar can help in indicating main species of Candida versus similar fungi. (CHROMAgar shown)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CHROMAgar_with_N_glabratus%2C_P_kudriavzevii%2C_Candida_albicans_and_Candida_tropicalis%2C_annotated.jpg/120px-CHROMAgar_with_N_glabratus%2C_P_kudriavzevii%2C_Candida_albicans_and_Candida_tropicalis%2C_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CHROMAgar_with_N_glabratus%2C_P_kudriavzevii%2C_Candida_albicans_and_Candida_tropicalis%2C_annotated.jpg/180px-CHROMAgar_with_N_glabratus%2C_P_kudriavzevii%2C_Candida_albicans_and_Candida_tropicalis%2C_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CHROMAgar_with_N_glabratus%2C_P_kudriavzevii%2C_Candida_albicans_and_Candida_tropicalis%2C_annotated.jpg/240px-CHROMAgar_with_N_glabratus%2C_P_kudriavzevii%2C_Candida_albicans_and_Candida_tropicalis%2C_annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4481" data-file-height="3161" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chromogenic agar can help in indicating main species of Candida versus similar fungi. (CHROMAgar shown)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycology_algorithm.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Algorithm for the diagnosis of Candida albicans versus differential diagnoses"><img alt="Algorithm for the diagnosis of Candida albicans versus differential diagnoses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mycology_algorithm.png/120px-Mycology_algorithm.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mycology_algorithm.png/180px-Mycology_algorithm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mycology_algorithm.png/240px-Mycology_algorithm.png 2x" data-file-width="2889" data-file-height="2477" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Algorithm for the diagnosis of Candida albicans versus differential diagnoses</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> There are relatively few drugs that can successfully treat Candidiasis.<a href="#cite_note-Sellama-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Treatment commonly includes:<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphotericin_B" title="Amphotericin B">amphotericin B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echinocandin" title="Echinocandin">echinocandin</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fluconazole" title="Fluconazole">fluconazole</a> for systemic infections</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nystatin" title="Nystatin">nystatin</a> for oral and esophageal infections</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">clotrimazole</a> for skin and genital yeast infections<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li></ul> Similarly to antibiotic resistance, resistance to many anti-fungals is becoming a problem. New anti-fungals have to be developed to cope with this problem since only a limited number of anti-fungals are available.<a href="#cite_note-Sellama-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> A general problem is that in contrast to bacteria, fungi are often overlooked as a potential health problem.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_implications">Economic implications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economic implications">edit</a>]</div> Given the fact that candidiasis is the fourth- (to third-) most frequent hospital acquired infection worldwide it leads to immense financial implications. Approximately 60,000 cases of systemic candidiasis each year in the USA alone lead up to a cost to be between $2–4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The total costs for candidiasis are among the highest compared to other fungal infections due to the high prevalence.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The immense costs are partly explained by a longer stay in the intensive care unit or hospital in general. An extended stay for up to 21 more days compared to non-infected patients is not uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_GSDMD_in_C.albicans_infection">Role of GSDMD in C.albicans infection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Role of GSDMD in C.albicans infection">edit</a>]</div> Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GSDMD gene and is a known target of the inflammasome and acts as an effector molecule of programmed cell death known as pyroptosis. This protein determines cell lysis to prevent pathogen replication and results in the release of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) into the extracellular space to recruit and activate immune cells at the site of infection. Inflammasome activation due to C.albicans infection triggers the release of a <a href="/wiki/Cytokine_storm" title="Cytokine storm">cytokine storm</a> necessary to fight the pathogen. Excessive release of these pro-inflammatory mediators has been shown to exaggerate systemic inflammation leading to vascular injury and damage to vital organs. Unfortunately, Candida albicans therapy is often ineffective despite the availability of many antifungal drugs, mainly because of resistance phenomena. During conventional pyroptosis controlled by the inflammasome-GSDMD axis is hijacked by C. albicans to facilitate escape from macrophages through unfolding of hyphae and candidalysin, a fungal toxin released from hyphae. It has been shown<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> that disruption of GSDMD in macrophages infected with Candida albicans reduces the fungal load. In addition, the presence of hyphae and candidalysin are key factors in the activation of GSDMD and the release of Candida from macrophages. Also using Candida-infected mice, inhibition of GSDMD has been shown to paradoxically improve prognosis and survival, indicating that this protein may be a potential therapeutic target in C. albicans-induced sepsis.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biofilm_development">Biofilm development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biofilm development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biofilm_formation_steps">Biofilm formation steps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Biofilm formation steps">edit</a>]</div> The biofilm of C. albicans is formed in four steps. First, there is the initial adherence step, where the yeast-form cells adhere to the substrate. The second step is called Intermediate step, where the cells propagate to form <a href="/wiki/Microcolony" title="Microcolony">microcolonies</a>, and germ tubes form to yield hyphae. In the maturation step, the biofilm biomass expands, the extracellular matrix accumulates and drug resistance increases. In the last step of biofilm formation, the yeast-form cells are released to colonize the surrounding environment (dispersion). Yeast cells released from a biofilm have novel properties, including increased virulence and drug tolerance.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zap1">Zap1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Zap1">edit</a>]</div> Zap1, also known as Csr1 and Sur1 (zinc-responsive activator protein), is a transcription factor required for the C. albicans hypha formation in biofilms. Zap1 controls the equilibrium of yeast and hyphal cells, the zinc transporters and zinc regulated genes in biofilms of C. albicans.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zinc">Zinc</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Zinc">edit</a>]</div> Zinc (Zn2+) is important for cell function of C. albicans and Zap1 controls the Zinc levels in the cells through the zinc transporters Zrt1 and Zrt2. The regulation of zinc concentration in the cells is important for the cell viability and if the zinc levels get too high, it is toxic for the cells. The Zrt1 is transporting the zinc ions with high affinity and the Zrt2 is transporting the zinc ions with low affinity.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms_and_proteins_important_for_pathogenesis">Mechanisms and proteins important for pathogenesis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mechanisms and proteins important for pathogenesis">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filamentation">Filamentation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Filamentation">edit</a>]</div> The ability to switch between yeast cells and hyphal cells is an important virulence factor. Many proteins play a role in this very complex process.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The formation of hyphae can for example help Candida albicans to escape from macrophages in the human body.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Moreover, C. albicans undergo yeast-to-hyphal transition within the acidic macrophage phagosome. This initially causes phagosome membrane distension which eventually leads to phagosomal alkalinization by physical rupture, followed by escape.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hwp1">Hwp1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hwp1">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hwp1" title="Hwp1">Hwp1</a></div> Hwp1 stands for Hyphal wall protein 1. Hwp1 is a mannoprotein located on the surface of the hyphae in the hyphal form of C. albicans. Hwp1 is a mammalian <a href="/wiki/Transglutaminase" title="Transglutaminase">transglutaminase</a> substrate. This host enzyme allows Candida albicans to <a href="/wiki/Fungal_adhesin" title="Fungal adhesin">attach</a> stably to host epithelial cells.<a href="#cite_note-Staab1999-114">[114]</a> Adhesion of C. albicans to host cells is an essential first step in the infection process for colonization and subsequent induction of mucosal infection.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slr1">Slr1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Slr1">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/RNA-binding_protein" title="RNA-binding protein">RNA-binding protein</a> Slr1 plays a role in instigating hyphal formation and virulence in C. albicans.<a href="#cite_note-AriyachetSolis2013-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Candidalysin">Candidalysin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Candidalysin">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Candidalysin" title="Candidalysin">Candidalysin</a> is a cytolytic 31-amino acid α-helical peptide toxin that is released by C. albicans during hyphal formation. It contributes to virulence during mucosal infections.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PRA1">PRA1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: PRA1">edit</a>]</div> During vaginal infections PRA1 (pH-regulated antigen) gene is up-regulated. Its expression correlates with the concentration of <a href="/wiki/Proinflammatory_cytokines" class="mw-redirect" title="Proinflammatory cytokines">proinflammatory cytokines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rose-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_and_genomic_tools">Genetic and genomic tools</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Genetic and genomic tools">edit</a>]</div> Due to its nature as a model organism, being an important human pathogen and the alternative codon usage (CUG translated into serine rather than leucine), several specific projects and tools have been created to study C. albicans.<a href="#cite_note-Calderone-11">[11]</a> The diploid nature and the absence of a sexual cycle make the organism difficult to study, but in the last 20 years, many systems have been developed to observe its genetics.<a href="#cite_note-Kabir-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_markers">Selection markers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Selection markers">edit</a>]</div> The selection markers most used in C. albicans are the CaNAT1 resistance marker (confers resistance against <a href="/wiki/Nourseothricin" title="Nourseothricin">nourseothricin</a>) and MPAr or IMH3r (confers resistance to <a href="/wiki/Mycophenolic_acid" title="Mycophenolic acid">mycophenolic acid</a>).<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Next to the above-mentioned selection makers a few auxotrophic strains were generated to work with auxotrophic makers. The <a href="/wiki/URA3" title="URA3">URA3</a> marker (URA3 blaster method) is an often-used strategy in uridine auxotrophic strains; however, studies have shown that differences in URA3 position in the genome can be involved in the pathogeny of C. albicans.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Besides the URA3 selection one can also use the histidine, leucine and arginine autotrophy. The advantage of using those autotrophies lies in the fact that they exhibit wild-type or nearly wild-type virulence in a mouse model compared to the URA3 system.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> One application of the leucine, arginine and histidine autotrophy is for example the candida two-hybrid system.<a href="#cite_note-stynen-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_sequence_genome">Full sequence genome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Full sequence genome">edit</a>]</div> The full genome of C. albicans has been sequenced and made publicly available in a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.candidagenome.org">Candida database</a>. The heterozygous diploid strain used for this full genome sequence project is the laboratory strain SC5314. The sequencing was done using a whole-genome shotgun approach.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ORFeome_project">ORFeome project</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: ORFeome project">edit</a>]</div> Every predicted ORF has been created in a gateway adapted vector (pDONR207) and made publicly available. The vectors (<a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmids</a>) can be propagated in E.coli and grown on LB+<a href="/wiki/Gentamicin" title="Gentamicin">gentamicin</a> medium. This way every ORF is readily available in an easy to use vector. Using the gateway system it is possible to transfer the ORF of interest to any other gateway adapted vector for further studies of the specific ORF.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CIp10_integrative_plasmid">CIp10 integrative plasmid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: CIp10 integrative plasmid">edit</a>]</div> Contrary to the yeast <a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">S. cerevisiae</a> episomal plasmids do not stay stable in C. albicans. In order to work with plasmids in C. albicans an integrative approach (plasmid integration into the genome) thus has to be used. A second problem is that most plasmid transformations are rather inefficient in C. albicans; however, the CIp10 plasmid overcomes these problems and can be used with ease to transform C. albicans in a very efficient way. The plasmid integrates inside the RP10 locus as disruption of one RP10 allele does not seem to affect the viability and growth of C. albicans. Several adaptations of this plasmid have been made after the original became available.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Candida_two-hybrid_(C2H)_system">Candida two-hybrid (C2H) system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Candida two-hybrid (C2H) system">edit</a>]</div> Due to the aberrant codon usage of C. albicans it is less feasible to use the common host organism (<a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Two-hybrid_screening" title="Two-hybrid screening">two-hybrid studies</a>. To overcome this problem a C. albicans two-hybrid (C2H) system was created. The strain SN152 that is auxotrophic for leucine, arginine and histidine was used to create this C2H system. It was adapted by integrating a HIS1 reporter gene preceded by five LexAOp sequences. In the C2H system the bait plasmid (pC2HB) contains the <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a> LexA BD, while the prey plasmid (pC2HP) harbors the viral AD VP16. Both plasmids are integrative plasmids since episomal plasmids do not stay stable in C. albicans. The reporter gene used in the system is the HIS1 gene. When proteins interact, the cells will be able to grow on medium lacking histidine due to the activation of the HIS1 reporter gene.<a href="#cite_note-Calderone-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-stynen-38">[38]</a> Several interactions have thus far been detected using this system in a low scale set up.<a href="#cite_note-stynen-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> A first high-throughput screening has also been performed.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-frontiersin.org-127">[127]</a> Interacting proteins can be found at the <a href="/wiki/BioGRID" title="BioGRID">BioGRID</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bimolecular_fluorescence_complementation_(BiFC)">Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC)">edit</a>]</div> Besides the C2H system, a <a href="/wiki/Bimolecular_fluorescence_complementation" title="Bimolecular fluorescence complementation">BiFC</a> system has been developed to study protein-protein interactions in C. albicans. With this systems protein interactions can be studied in their native sub cellular location contrary to a C2H system in which the proteins are forced into the nucleus. With BiFC one can study for example protein interactions that take place at the cell membrane or vacuolar membrane.<a href="#cite_note-frontiersin.org-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microarrays">Microarrays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Microarrays">edit</a>]</div> Both DNA and protein microarrays were designed to study DNA expression profiles and antibody production in patients against C. albicans cell wall proteins.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GRACE_library">GRACE library</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: GRACE library">edit</a>]</div> Using a <a href="/wiki/Tetracycline-controlled_transcriptional_activation" title="Tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation">tetracycline-regulatable promoter system</a> a gene replacement and conditional expression (GRACE) library was created for 1,152 genes. By using the regulatable promoter and having deleted 1 of the alleles of the specific gene it was possible to discriminate between non-essential and essential genes. Of the tested 1,152 genes 567 showed to be essential. The knowledge on essential genes can be used to discover novel antifungals.<a href="#cite_note-Large-scale_essential_gene_identifi-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CRISPR/Cas9">CRISPR/Cas9</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: CRISPR/Cas9">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR/Cas9</a> has been adapted to be used in C. albicans.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Several studies have been performed using this system.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_in_engineering">Application in engineering</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Application in engineering">edit</a>]</div> C. albicans has been used in combination with carbon nanotubes (CNT) to produce stable electrically conductive bio-nano-composite tissue materials that have been used as temperature-sensing elements.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_C._albicans_researchers">Notable C. albicans researchers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notable C. albicans researchers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_A._R._Gow" class="mw-redirect" title="Neil A. R. Gow">Neil A. R. Gow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Johnson" title="Alexander D. Johnson">Alexander D. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Odds" title="Frank Odds">Frank C. Odds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Philippe_Robin" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Philippe Robin">Charles Philippe Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Sherman_(scientist)" title="Fred Sherman (scientist)">Fred Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Soll" title="David R. Soll">David R. Soll</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/25px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/38px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/51px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1215" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fungi" title="Portal:Fungi">Fungi portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_permeability" title="Intestinal permeability">Intestinal permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torula" title="Torula">Torula yeast</a> (Candida utilis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_infection" title="Neonatal infection">Neonatal infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codon_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Codon usage">Codon usage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=5476&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock">Candida albicans at NCBI Taxonomy browser</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225924/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=5476&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock">Archived</a> 2018-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, url accessed 2006-12-26 </li> <li id="cite_note-The_yeasts-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_yeasts_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_yeasts_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_yeasts_2-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKurtzmanFell1998" class="citation book cs1">Kurtzman CP, Fell JW (1998). The yeasts, a taxonomic study (4 ed.). Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0444813121" title="Special:BookSources/978-0444813121"><bdi>978-0444813121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+yeasts%2C+a+taxonomic+study&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0444813121&rft.aulast=Kurtzman&rft.aufirst=CP&rft.au=Fell%2C+JW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayginTabibBittarValenzi1952" class="citation journal cs1">Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, et al. (May 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052475">"Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension"</a>. Pulmonary Circulation. 10 (1): 137–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2394509">10.2307/2394509</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2394509">2394509</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052475">7052475</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32166015">32166015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pulmonary+Circulation&rft.atitle=Transcriptional+profiling+of+lung+cell+populations+in+idiopathic+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-164&rft.date=1952-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7052475%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32166015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2394509%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2394509&rft.aulast=Saygin&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Tabib%2C+T&rft.au=Bittar%2C+HE&rft.au=Valenzi%2C+E&rft.au=Sembrat%2C+J&rft.au=Chan%2C+SY&rft.au=Rojas%2C+M&rft.au=Lafyatis%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7052475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=256187">"Synonymy of Candida albicans"</a>. speciesfungorum.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208173643/http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=256187">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=speciesfungorum.org&rft.atitle=Synonymy+of+Candida+albicans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.speciesfungorum.org%2FNames%2FSynSpecies.asp%3FRecordID%3D256187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gow2017-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Gow2017_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowYadav2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gow NA, Yadav B (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.000499">"Microbe Profile: Candida albicans: a shape-changing, opportunistic pathogenic fungus of humans"</a>. Microbiology. 163 (8): 1145–1147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.000499">10.1099/mic.0.000499</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F12360">2164/12360</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28809155">28809155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology&rft.atitle=Microbe+Profile%3A+Candida+albicans%3A+a+shape-changing%2C+opportunistic+pathogenic+fungus+of+humans&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1145-1147&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2164%2F12360&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28809155&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fmic.0.000499&rft.aulast=Gow&rft.aufirst=NA&rft.au=Yadav%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1099%252Fmic.0.000499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensassonDicksLudwigBond2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bensasson D, Dicks J, Ludwig JM, Bond CJ, Elliston A, Roberts IN, James SA (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6325710">"Diverse Lineages of Candida albicans Live on Old Oaks"</a>. Genetics. 211 (1): 277–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1534%2Fgenetics.118.301482">10.1534/genetics.118.301482</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6325710">6325710</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30463870">30463870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=Diverse+Lineages+of+Candida+albicans+Live+on+Old+Oaks&rft.volume=211&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=277-288&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6325710%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30463870&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1534%2Fgenetics.118.301482&rft.aulast=Bensasson&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Dicks%2C+J&rft.au=Ludwig%2C+JM&rft.au=Bond%2C+CJ&rft.au=Elliston%2C+A&rft.au=Roberts%2C+IN&rft.au=James%2C+SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6325710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdds1988" class="citation book cs1">Odds FC (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualofcardiacd0000khan">Candida and Candidosis: A Review and Bibliography</a> (2nd ed.). London; Philadelphia: Bailliere Tindall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0702012655" title="Special:BookSources/978-0702012655"><bdi>978-0702012655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Candida+and+Candidosis%3A+A+Review+and+Bibliography&rft.place=London%3B+Philadelphia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bailliere+Tindall&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0702012655&rft.aulast=Odds&rft.aufirst=FC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualofcardiacd0000khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kerawala_2010-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Kerawala_2010_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerawalaNewlands2010" class="citation book cs1">Kerawala C, Newlands C, eds. (2010). Oral and maxillofacial surgery. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 446, 447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920483-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920483-0"><bdi>978-0-19-920483-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oral+and+maxillofacial+surgery&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=446%2C+447&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920483-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIFO-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIFO_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIFO_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIFO_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIFO_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdoganRao2015" class="citation journal cs1">Erdogan A, Rao SS (April 2015). "Small intestinal fungal overgrowth". Current Gastroenterology Reports. 17 (4): 16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11894-015-0436-2">10.1007/s11894-015-0436-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25786900">25786900</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3098136">3098136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Gastroenterology+Reports&rft.atitle=Small+intestinal+fungal+overgrowth&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3098136%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25786900&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11894-015-0436-2&rft.aulast=Erdogan&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Rao%2C+SS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24789109-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24789109_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24789109_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24789109_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24789109_10-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinsFerreiraBarrosSilva2014" class="citation journal cs1">Martins N, Ferreira IC, Barros L, Silva S, Henriques M (June 2014). "Candidiasis: predisposing factors, prevention, diagnosis and alternative treatment". Mycopathologia. 177 (5–6): 223–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11046-014-9749-1">10.1007/s11046-014-9749-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10198%2F10147">10198/10147</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24789109">24789109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:795450">795450</a>. <q>Candida species and other microorganisms are involved in this complicated fungal infection, but Candida albicans continues to be the most prevalent. In the past two decades, it has been observed that abnormal overgrowth in the gastrointestinal, urinary and respiratory tracts, not only in immunocompromised patients, but also related to nosocomial infections and even in healthy individuals. There is a wide variety of causal factors that contribute to yeast infection which means that candidiasis is a good example of a multifactorial syndrome.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mycopathologia&rft.atitle=Candidiasis%3A+predisposing+factors%2C+prevention%2C+diagnosis+and+alternative+treatment&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=223-240&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10198%2F10147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A795450%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24789109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11046-014-9749-1&rft.aulast=Martins&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Ferreira%2C+IC&rft.au=Barros%2C+L&rft.au=Silva%2C+S&rft.au=Henriques%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calderone-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calderone_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calderone_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calderone_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calderone_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calderone_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calderone_11-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalderoneClancy2012" class="citation book cs1">Calderone A, Clancy CJ, eds. (2012). Candida and Candidiasis (2nd ed.). ASM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55581-539-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55581-539-4"><bdi>978-1-55581-539-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Candida+and+Candidiasis&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ASM+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-55581-539-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumamoto2002-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kumamoto2002_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kumamoto2002_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumamoto2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kumamoto CA (December 2002). "Candida biofilms". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 5 (6): 608–611. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1369-5274%2802%2900371-5">10.1016/s1369-5274(02)00371-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12457706">12457706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Candida+biofilms&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=608-611&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1369-5274%2802%2900371-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12457706&rft.aulast=Kumamoto&rft.aufirst=CA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donlan2001-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donlan2001_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donlan2001_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonlan2001" class="citation journal cs1">Donlan RM (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F322972">"Biofilm formation: a clinically relevant microbiological process"</a>. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 33 (8): 1387–1392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F322972">10.1086/322972</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11565080">11565080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Biofilm+formation%3A+a+clinically+relevant+microbiological+process&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1387-1392&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F322972&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11565080&rft.aulast=Donlan&rft.aufirst=RM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F322972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfaller-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pfaller_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfaller_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfallerDiekema2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1797637">"Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem"</a>. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 20 (1): 133–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.00029-06">10.1128/CMR.00029-06</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1797637">1797637</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17223626">17223626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Epidemiology+of+invasive+candidiasis%3A+a+persistent+public+health+problem&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133-163&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1797637%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17223626&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FCMR.00029-06&rft.aulast=Pfaller&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Diekema%2C+DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1797637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlechtPetersKromFreiberg2015" class="citation journal cs1">Schlecht LM, Peters BM, Krom BP, Freiberg JA, Hänsch GM, Filler SG, et al. (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4274785">"Systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection mediated by Candida albicans hyphal invasion of mucosal tissue"</a>. Microbiology. 161 (Pt 1): 168–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.083485-0">10.1099/mic.0.083485-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4274785">4274785</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25332378">25332378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology&rft.atitle=Systemic+Staphylococcus+aureus+infection+mediated+by+Candida+albicans+hyphal+invasion+of+mucosal+tissue&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=Pt+1&rft.pages=168-181&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4274785%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25332378&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fmic.0.083485-0&rft.aulast=Schlecht&rft.aufirst=LM&rft.au=Peters%2C+BM&rft.au=Krom%2C+BP&rft.au=Freiberg%2C+JA&rft.au=H%C3%A4nsch%2C+GM&rft.au=Filler%2C+SG&rft.au=Jabra-Rizk%2C+MA&rft.au=Shirtliff%2C+ME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4274785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghChakrabarti2017" class="citation book cs1">Singh R, Chakrabarti A (2017). "Invasive Candidiasis in the Southeast-Asian Region". In Prasad R (ed.). Candida albicans: Cellular and Molecular Biology (2 ed.). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-50408-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-50408-7"><bdi>978-3-319-50408-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Invasive+Candidiasis+in+the+Southeast-Asian+Region&rft.btitle=Candida+albicans%3A+Cellular+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.place=Switzerland&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing+AG&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-50408-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Chakrabarti%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuDuJohnsonTung2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wu Y, Du S, Johnson JL, Tung HY, Landers CT, Liu Y, et al. (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6320369">"Microglia and amyloid precursor protein coordinate control of transient Candida cerebritis with memory deficits"</a>. Nature Communications. 10 (1): 58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatCo..10...58W">2019NatCo..10...58W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-07991-4">10.1038/s41467-018-07991-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6320369">6320369</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30610193">30610193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Microglia+and+amyloid+precursor+protein+coordinate+control+of+transient+Candida+cerebritis+with+memory+deficits&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6320369%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30610193&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-018-07991-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatCo..10...58W&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Du%2C+S&rft.au=Johnson%2C+JL&rft.au=Tung%2C+HY&rft.au=Landers%2C+CT&rft.au=Liu%2C+Y&rft.au=Seman%2C+BG&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+RT&rft.au=Costa-Mattioli%2C+M&rft.au=Kheradmand%2C+F&rft.au=Zheng%2C+H&rft.au=Corry%2C+DB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6320369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-01-fungi-brain-infection-impair-memory.html">"Fungi cause brain infection and impair memory in mice"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120131239/https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-01-fungi-brain-infection-impair-memory.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-20. Retrieved 2019-01-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fungi+cause+brain+infection+and+impair+memory+in+mice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedicalxpress.com%2Fnews%2F2019-01-fungi-brain-infection-impair-memory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kabir-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kabir_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kabir_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabirHussainAhmad2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kabir MA, Hussain MA, Ahmad Z (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3671685">"Candida albicans: A Model Organism for Studying Fungal Pathogens"</a>. ISRN Microbiology. 2012: 538694. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5402%2F2012%2F538694">10.5402/2012/538694</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3671685">3671685</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23762753">23762753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISRN+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Candida+albicans%3A+A+Model+Organism+for+Studying+Fungal+Pathogens&rft.volume=2012&rft.pages=538694&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3671685%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23762753&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5402%2F2012%2F538694&rft.aulast=Kabir&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Hussain%2C+MA&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+Z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3671685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadosh2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kadosh D (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6874724">"Regulatory mechanisms controlling morphology and pathogenesis in Candida albicans"</a>. Current Opinion in Microbiology. 52: 27–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mib.2019.04.005">10.1016/j.mib.2019.04.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6874724">6874724</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31129557">31129557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Regulatory+mechanisms+controlling+morphology+and+pathogenesis+in+Candida+albicans&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=27-34&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6874724%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31129557&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mib.2019.04.005&rft.aulast=Kadosh&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6874724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassod'EnfertZnaidiBachellier-Bassi2019" class="citation book cs1">Basso V, d'Enfert C, Znaidi S, Bachellier-Bassi S (2019). "From Genes to Networks: The Regulatory Circuitry Controlling Candida albicans Morphogenesis". Fungal Physiology and Immunopathogenesis. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 422. pp. 61–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F82_2018_144">10.1007/82_2018_144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-30236-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-30236-8"><bdi>978-3-030-30236-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30368597">30368597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Genes+to+Networks%3A+The+Regulatory+Circuitry+Controlling+Candida+albicans+Morphogenesis&rft.btitle=Fungal+Physiology+and+Immunopathogenesis&rft.series=Current+Topics+in+Microbiology+and+Immunology&rft.pages=61-99&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30368597&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F82_2018_144&rft.isbn=978-3-030-30236-8&rft.aulast=Basso&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=d%27Enfert%2C+C&rft.au=Znaidi%2C+S&rft.au=Bachellier-Bassi%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hickman-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Hickman_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickmanZengForcheHirakawa2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hickman MA, Zeng G, Forche A, Hirakawa MP, Abbey D, Harrison BD, et al. (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3583542">"The 'obligate diploid' Candida albicans forms mating-competent haploids"</a>. Nature. 494 (7435): 55–59. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.494...55H">2013Natur.494...55H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11865">10.1038/nature11865</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3583542">3583542</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23364695">23364695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+%27obligate+diploid%27+Candida+albicans+forms+mating-competent+haploids&rft.volume=494&rft.issue=7435&rft.pages=55-59&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3583542%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23364695&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature11865&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Natur.494...55H&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Zeng%2C+G&rft.au=Forche%2C+A&rft.au=Hirakawa%2C+MP&rft.au=Abbey%2C+D&rft.au=Harrison%2C+BD&rft.au=Wang%2C+YM&rft.au=Su%2C+CH&rft.au=Bennett%2C+RJ&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y&rft.au=Berman%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3583542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-candidagenome.org-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-candidagenome.org_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-candidagenome.org_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.candidagenome.org/cache/C_albicans_SC5314_genomeSnapshot.html">"Candida albicans SC5314 Genome Snapshot/Overview"</a>. www.candidagenome.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116021638/http://www.candidagenome.org/cache/C_albicans_SC5314_genomeSnapshot.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.candidagenome.org&rft.atitle=Candida+albicans+SC5314+Genome+Snapshot%2FOverview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.candidagenome.org%2Fcache%2FC_albicans_SC5314_genomeSnapshot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevillaOdds1986" class="citation journal cs1">Sevilla MJ, Odds FC (November 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00221287-132-11-3083">"Development of Candida albicans hyphae in different growth media--variations in growth rates, cell dimensions and timing of morphogenetic events"</a>. Journal of General Microbiology. 132 (11): 3083–3088. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00221287-132-11-3083">10.1099/00221287-132-11-3083</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3305781">3305781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+General+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Development+of+Candida+albicans+hyphae+in+different+growth+media--variations+in+growth+rates%2C+cell+dimensions+and+timing+of+morphogenetic+events&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3083-3088&rft.date=1986-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2F00221287-132-11-3083&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3305781&rft.aulast=Sevilla&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Odds%2C+FC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1099%252F00221287-132-11-3083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOddsBernaerts1994" class="citation journal cs1">Odds FC, Bernaerts R (August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC263904">"CHROMagar Candida, a new differential isolation medium for presumptive identification of clinically important Candida species"</a>. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 32 (8): 1923–1929. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJCM.32.8.1923-1929.1994">10.1128/JCM.32.8.1923-1929.1994</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC263904">263904</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7989544">7989544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Microbiology&rft.atitle=CHROMagar+Candida%2C+a+new+differential+isolation+medium+for+presumptive+identification+of+clinically+important+Candida+species&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1923-1929&rft.date=1994-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC263904%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7989544&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJCM.32.8.1923-1929.1994&rft.aulast=Odds&rft.aufirst=FC&rft.au=Bernaerts%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC263904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimi" class="citation web cs1">Simi V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antimicrobe.org/h04c.files/history/candida-history.pdf">"Origin of the Names of Species of Candida"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621055659/http://www.antimicrobe.org/h04c.files/history/candida-history.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-21. Retrieved 2017-05-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+of+the+Names+of+Species+of+Candida&rft.aulast=Simi&rft.aufirst=V&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antimicrobe.org%2Fh04c.files%2Fhistory%2Fcandida-history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCool" class="citation web cs1">McCool L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antimicrobe.org/h04c.files/history/DiscoveryNaming%20of%20CandidaAlbicans.pdf">"The Discovery and Naming of Candida albicans"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180505083908/http://antimicrobe.org/h04c.files/history/DiscoveryNaming%20of%20CandidaAlbicans.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2018-05-05. Retrieved 2017-05-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+and+Naming+of+Candida+albicans&rft.aulast=McCool&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antimicrobe.org%2Fh04c.files%2Fhistory%2FDiscoveryNaming%2520of%2520CandidaAlbicans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Large-scale_essential_gene_identifi-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Large-scale_essential_gene_identifi_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Large-scale_essential_gene_identifi_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoemerJiangDavisonKetela2003" class="citation journal cs1">Roemer T, Jiang B, Davison J, Ketela T, Veillette K, Breton A, et al. (October 2003). "Large-scale essential gene identification in Candida albicans and applications to antifungal drug discovery". Molecular Microbiology. 50 (1): 167–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.2003.03697.x">10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03697.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14507372">14507372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6773779">6773779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Large-scale+essential+gene+identification+in+Candida+albicans+and+applications+to+antifungal+drug+discovery&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=167-181&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6773779%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14507372&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.2003.03697.x&rft.aulast=Roemer&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Jiang%2C+B&rft.au=Davison%2C+J&rft.au=Ketela%2C+T&rft.au=Veillette%2C+K&rft.au=Breton%2C+A&rft.au=Tandia%2C+F&rft.au=Linteau%2C+A&rft.au=Sillaots%2C+S&rft.au=Marta%2C+C&rft.au=Martel%2C+N&rft.au=Veronneau%2C+S&rft.au=Lemieux%2C+S&rft.au=Kauffman%2C+S&rft.au=Becker%2C+J&rft.au=Storms%2C+R&rft.au=Boone%2C+C&rft.au=Bussey%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.candidagenome.org/CommunityNews.shtml">"Candida Community News"</a>. www.candidagenome.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027230229/http://www.candidagenome.org/CommunityNews.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.candidagenome.org&rft.atitle=Candida+Community+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.candidagenome.org%2FCommunityNews.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.candidagenome.org/Strains.shtml#P37005">"Candida Strains"</a>. www.candidagenome.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027232139/http://www.candidagenome.org/Strains.shtml#P37005">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.candidagenome.org&rft.atitle=Candida+Strains&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.candidagenome.org%2FStrains.shtml%23P37005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRustchenko-Bulgac1991" class="citation journal cs1">Rustchenko-Bulgac EP (October 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC208996">"Variations of Candida albicans electrophoretic karyotypes"</a>. Journal of Bacteriology. 173 (20): 6586–6596. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjb.173.20.6586-6596.1991">10.1128/jb.173.20.6586-6596.1991</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC208996">208996</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1917880">1917880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&rft.atitle=Variations+of+Candida+albicans+electrophoretic+karyotypes&rft.volume=173&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=6586-6596&rft.date=1991-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC208996%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1917880&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fjb.173.20.6586-6596.1991&rft.aulast=Rustchenko-Bulgac&rft.aufirst=EP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC208996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesTsaoOngLamping2006" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes AR, Tsao S, Ong SW, Lamping E, Niimi K, Monk BC, et al. (October 2006). "Heterozygosity and functional allelic variation in the Candida albicans efflux pump genes CDR1 and CDR2". Molecular Microbiology. 62 (1): 170–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2006.05357.x">10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05357.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16942600">16942600</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11838673">11838673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Heterozygosity+and+functional+allelic+variation+in+the+Candida+albicans+efflux+pump+genes+CDR1+and+CDR2&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=170-186&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11838673%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16942600&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2006.05357.x&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=AR&rft.au=Tsao%2C+S&rft.au=Ong%2C+SW&rft.au=Lamping%2C+E&rft.au=Niimi%2C+K&rft.au=Monk%2C+BC&rft.au=Niimi%2C+M&rft.au=Kaneko%2C+A&rft.au=Holland%2C+BR&rft.au=Schmid%2C+J&rft.au=Cannon%2C+RD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesFederspielChibanaDungan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jones T, Federspiel NA, Chibana H, Dungan J, Kalman S, Magee BB, et al. (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC409918">"The diploid genome sequence of Candida albicans"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (19): 7329–7334. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..101.7329J">2004PNAS..101.7329J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0401648101">10.1073/pnas.0401648101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC409918">409918</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15123810">15123810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=The+diploid+genome+sequence+of+Candida+albicans&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=7329-7334&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC409918%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15123810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0401648101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PNAS..101.7329J&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Federspiel%2C+NA&rft.au=Chibana%2C+H&rft.au=Dungan%2C+J&rft.au=Kalman%2C+S&rft.au=Magee%2C+BB&rft.au=Newport%2C+G&rft.au=Thorstenson%2C+YR&rft.au=Agabian%2C+N&rft.au=Magee%2C+PT&rft.au=Davis%2C+RW&rft.au=Scherer%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC409918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhamaSuzukiMoriOsawa1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ohama T, Suzuki T, Mori M, Osawa S, Ueda T, Watanabe K, Nakase T (August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC309997">"Non-universal decoding of the leucine codon CUG in several Candida species"</a>. Nucleic Acids Research. 21 (17): 4039–4045. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F21.17.4039">10.1093/nar/21.17.4039</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC309997">309997</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8371978">8371978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=Non-universal+decoding+of+the+leucine+codon+CUG+in+several+Candida+species&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=4039-4045&rft.date=1993-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC309997%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8371978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2F21.17.4039&rft.aulast=Ohama&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+T&rft.au=Mori%2C+M&rft.au=Osawa%2C+S&rft.au=Ueda%2C+T&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+K&rft.au=Nakase%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC309997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnaud,_MBCostanzo,_MCInglis,_DOSkrzypek,_MS" class="citation web cs1">Arnaud, MB, Costanzo, MC, Inglis, DO, Skrzypek, MS, Binkley, J, Shah, P, Binkley, G, Miyasato, SR, Sherlock, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.candidagenome.org/help/code_tables.shtml">"CGD Help: Non-standard Genetic Codes"</a>. Candida Genome Database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015358/http://www.candidagenome.org/help/code_tables.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Candida+Genome+Database&rft.atitle=CGD+Help%3A+Non-standard+Genetic+Codes&rft.au=Arnaud%2C+MB&rft.au=Costanzo%2C+MC&rft.au=Inglis%2C+DO&rft.au=Skrzypek%2C+MS&rft.au=Binkley%2C+J&rft.au=Shah%2C+P&rft.au=Binkley%2C+G&rft.au=Miyasato%2C+SR&rft.au=Sherlock%2C+G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.candidagenome.org%2Fhelp%2Fcode_tables.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrzej_(Anjay)_Elzanowski_and_Jim_Ostell2010" class="citation web cs1">Andrzej (Anjay) Elzanowski and Jim Ostell (7 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi#SG12">"The Alternative Yeast Nuclear Code"</a>. The Genetic Codes. Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513014234/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi#SG12">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Genetic+Codes&rft.atitle=The+Alternative+Yeast+Nuclear+Code&rft.date=2010-07-07&rft.au=Andrzej+%28Anjay%29+Elzanowski+and+Jim+Ostell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2FTaxonomy%2FUtils%2Fwprintgc.cgi%23SG12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantosCheesmanCostaMoradas-Ferreira1999" class="citation journal cs1">Santos MA, Cheesman C, Costa V, Moradas-Ferreira P, Tuite MF (February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.1999.01233.x">"Selective advantages created by codon ambiguity allowed for the evolution of an alternative genetic code in Candida spp"</a>. Molecular Microbiology. 31 (3): 937–947. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.1999.01233.x">10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01233.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10048036">10048036</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28572737">28572737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Selective+advantages+created+by+codon+ambiguity+allowed+for+the+evolution+of+an+alternative+genetic+code+in+Candida+spp&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=937-947&rft.date=1999-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28572737%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10048036&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.1999.01233.x&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Cheesman%2C+C&rft.au=Costa%2C+V&rft.au=Moradas-Ferreira%2C+P&rft.au=Tuite%2C+MF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1365-2958.1999.01233.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stynen-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stynen_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stynen_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stynen_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stynen_38-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStynenVan_DijckTournu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Stynen B, Van Dijck P, Tournu H (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2965261">"A CUG codon adapted two-hybrid system for the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans"</a>. Nucleic Acids Research. 38 (19): e184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkq725">10.1093/nar/gkq725</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2965261">2965261</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20719741">20719741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=A+CUG+codon+adapted+two-hybrid+system+for+the+pathogenic+fungus+Candida+albicans&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=e184&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2965261%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20719741&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkq725&rft.aulast=Stynen&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Van+Dijck%2C+P&rft.au=Tournu%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2965261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butler-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butler_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButlerRasmussenLinSantos2009" class="citation journal cs1">Butler G, Rasmussen MD, Lin MF, Santos MA, Sakthikumar S, Munro CA, et al. (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834264">"Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes"</a>. Nature. 459 (7247): 657–662. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.459..657B">2009Natur.459..657B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08064">10.1038/nature08064</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834264">2834264</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19465905">19465905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+pathogenicity+and+sexual+reproduction+in+eight+Candida+genomes&rft.volume=459&rft.issue=7247&rft.pages=657-662&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2834264%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19465905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08064&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.459..657B&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+MD&rft.au=Lin%2C+MF&rft.au=Santos%2C+MA&rft.au=Sakthikumar%2C+S&rft.au=Munro%2C+CA&rft.au=Rheinbay%2C+E&rft.au=Grabherr%2C+M&rft.au=Forche%2C+A&rft.au=Reedy%2C+JL&rft.au=Agrafioti%2C+I&rft.au=Arnaud%2C+MB&rft.au=Bates%2C+S&rft.au=Brown%2C+AJ&rft.au=Brunke%2C+S&rft.au=Costanzo%2C+MC&rft.au=Fitzpatrick%2C+DA&rft.au=de+Groot%2C+PW&rft.au=Harris%2C+D&rft.au=Hoyer%2C+LL&rft.au=Hube%2C+B&rft.au=Klis%2C+FM&rft.au=Kodira%2C+C&rft.au=Lennard%2C+N&rft.au=Logue%2C+ME&rft.au=Martin%2C+R&rft.au=Neiman%2C+AM&rft.au=Nikolaou%2C+E&rft.au=Quail%2C+MA&rft.au=Quinn%2C+J&rft.au=Santos%2C+MC&rft.au=Schmitzberger%2C+FF&rft.au=Sherlock%2C+G&rft.au=Shah%2C+P&rft.au=Silverstein%2C+KA&rft.au=Skrzypek%2C+MS&rft.au=Soll%2C+D&rft.au=Staggs%2C+R&rft.au=Stansfield%2C+I&rft.au=Stumpf%2C+MP&rft.au=Sudbery%2C+PE&rft.au=Srikantha%2C+T&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Q&rft.au=Berman%2C+J&rft.au=Berriman%2C+M&rft.au=Heitman%2C+J&rft.au=Gow%2C+NA&rft.au=Lorenz%2C+MC&rft.au=Birren%2C+BW&rft.au=Kellis%2C+M&rft.au=Cuomo%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2834264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvaParedesMouraManadas2007" class="citation journal cs1">Silva RM, Paredes JA, Moura GR, Manadas B, Lima-Costa T, Rocha R, et al. (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2063480">"Critical roles for a genetic code alteration in the evolution of the genus Candida"</a>. The EMBO Journal. 26 (21): 4555–4565. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.emboj.7601876">10.1038/sj.emboj.7601876</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2063480">2063480</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17932489">17932489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+EMBO+Journal&rft.atitle=Critical+roles+for+a+genetic+code+alteration+in+the+evolution+of+the+genus+Candida&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=4555-4565&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2063480%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17932489&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.emboj.7601876&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Paredes%2C+JA&rft.au=Moura%2C+GR&rft.au=Manadas%2C+B&rft.au=Lima-Costa%2C+T&rft.au=Rocha%2C+R&rft.au=Miranda%2C+I&rft.au=Gomes%2C+AC&rft.au=Koerkamp%2C+MJ&rft.au=Perrot%2C+M&rft.au=Holstege%2C+FC&rft.au=Boucherie%2C+H&rft.au=Santos%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2063480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlutskyStaebellAndersonRisen1987" class="citation journal cs1">Slutsky B, Staebell M, Anderson J, Risen L, Pfaller M, Soll DR (January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC211752">""White-opaque transition": a second high-frequency switching system in Candida albicans"</a>. Journal of Bacteriology. 169 (1): 189–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjb.169.1.189-197.1987">10.1128/jb.169.1.189-197.1987</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC211752">211752</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3539914">3539914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&rft.atitle=%22White-opaque+transition%22%3A+a+second+high-frequency+switching+system+in+Candida+albicans&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=189-197&rft.date=1987-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC211752%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3539914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fjb.169.1.189-197.1987&rft.aulast=Slutsky&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Staebell%2C+M&rft.au=Anderson%2C+J&rft.au=Risen%2C+L&rft.au=Pfaller%2C+M&rft.au=Soll%2C+DR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC211752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-High-frequency_switching_of_colony-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-High-frequency_switching_of_colony_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-High-frequency_switching_of_colony_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlutskyBuffoSoll1985" class="citation journal cs1">Slutsky B, Buffo J, Soll DR (November 1985). "High-frequency switching of colony morphology in Candida albicans". Science. 230 (4726): 666–669. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Sci...230..666S">1985Sci...230..666S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.3901258">10.1126/science.3901258</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3901258">3901258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=High-frequency+switching+of+colony+morphology+in+Candida+albicans&rft.volume=230&rft.issue=4726&rft.pages=666-669&rft.date=1985-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3901258&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.3901258&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985Sci...230..666S&rft.aulast=Slutsky&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Buffo%2C+J&rft.au=Soll%2C+DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-High-frequency_switching_in_Candida-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-High-frequency_switching_in_Candida_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-High-frequency_switching_in_Candida_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoll1992" class="citation journal cs1">Soll DR (April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC358234">"High-frequency switching in Candida albicans"</a>. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 5 (2): 183–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fcmr.5.2.183">10.1128/cmr.5.2.183</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC358234">358234</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1576587">1576587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=High-frequency+switching+in+Candida+albicans&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-203&rft.date=1992-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC358234%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1576587&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fcmr.5.2.183&rft.aulast=Soll&rft.aufirst=DR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC358234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReissDiSalvo2018" class="citation book cs1">Reiss E, DiSalvo A (2018). "Mycology - Yeasts". In Hunt RC (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microbiologybook.org/mycology/2018mycology-3.htm">Microbiology and Immunology On-line</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103011954/http://www.microbiologybook.org/mycology/2018mycology-3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mycology+-+Yeasts&rft.btitle=Microbiology+and+Immunology+On-line&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Reiss&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=DiSalvo%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microbiologybook.org%2Fmycology%2F2018mycology-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-microbewiki.kenyon.edu-45"><a href="#cite_ref-microbewiki.kenyon.edu_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoss2013" class="citation web cs1">Foss S (22 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Candida_albicans">"Candida albicans"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231118161321/https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Candida_albicans">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Candida+albicans&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft.aulast=Foss&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmicrobewiki.kenyon.edu%2Findex.php%2FCandida_albicans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaniszewskaBondarykSiennickaKurzatkowski2012" class="citation journal cs1">Staniszewska M, Bondaryk M, Siennicka K, Kurzatkowski W (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33073%2Fpjm-2012-016">"Ultrastructure of Candida albicans pleomorphic forms: phase-contrast microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy"</a>. Polish Journal of Microbiology. 61 (2): 129–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33073%2Fpjm-2012-016">10.33073/pjm-2012-016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23163212">23163212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+Journal+of+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Ultrastructure+of+Candida+albicans+pleomorphic+forms%3A+phase-contrast+microscopy%2C+scanning+and+transmission+electron+microscopy&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-135&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33073%2Fpjm-2012-016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23163212&rft.aulast=Staniszewska&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Bondaryk%2C+M&rft.au=Siennicka%2C+K&rft.au=Kurzatkowski%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.33073%252Fpjm-2012-016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiHerndayHirakawaJohnson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Si H, Hernday AD, Hirakawa MP, Johnson AD, Bennett RJ (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3591317">"Candida albicans white and opaque cells undergo distinct programs of filamentous growth"</a>. PLOS Pathogens. 9 (3): e1003210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1003210">10.1371/journal.ppat.1003210</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3591317">3591317</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23505370">23505370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Pathogens&rft.atitle=Candida+albicans+white+and+opaque+cells+undergo+distinct+programs+of+filamentous+growth&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e1003210&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3591317%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23505370&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1003210&rft.aulast=Si&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Hernday%2C+AD&rft.au=Hirakawa%2C+MP&rft.au=Johnson%2C+AD&rft.au=Bennett%2C+RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3591317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudbery2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sudbery PE (August 2011). "Growth of Candida albicans hyphae". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 9 (10): 737–748. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro2636">10.1038/nrmicro2636</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21844880">21844880</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205498076">205498076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Growth+of+Candida+albicans+hyphae&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=737-748&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205498076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21844880&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro2636&rft.aulast=Sudbery&rft.aufirst=PE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro2636#figure-title">figure 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215142754/https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro2636#figure-title">Archived</a> 2018-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudberyGowBerman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sudbery P, Gow N, Berman J (July 2004). "The distinct morphogenic states of Candida albicans". Trends in Microbiology. 12 (7): 317–324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2004.05.008">10.1016/j.tim.2004.05.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15223059">15223059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+distinct+morphogenic+states+of+Candida+albicans&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=317-324&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tim.2004.05.008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15223059&rft.aulast=Sudbery&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Gow%2C+N&rft.au=Berman%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiménez-LópezLorenz2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jiménez-López C, Lorenz MC (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836912">"Fungal immune evasion in a model host-pathogen interaction: Candida albicans versus macrophages"</a>. PLOS Pathogens. 9 (11): e1003741. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1003741">10.1371/journal.ppat.1003741</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836912">3836912</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24278014">24278014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Pathogens&rft.atitle=Fungal+immune+evasion+in+a+model+host-pathogen+interaction%3A+Candida+albicans+versus+macrophages&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e1003741&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3836912%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24278014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1003741&rft.aulast=Jim%C3%A9nez-L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Lorenz%2C+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3836912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermanSudbery2002" class="citation journal cs1">Berman J, Sudbery PE (December 2002). "Candida Albicans: a molecular revolution built on lessons from budding yeast". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 3 (12): 918–930. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg948">10.1038/nrg948</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12459722">12459722</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29341377">29341377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Genetics&rft.atitle=Candida+Albicans%3A+a+molecular+revolution+built+on+lessons+from+budding+yeast&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=918-930&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29341377%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12459722&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrg948&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Sudbery%2C+PE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShareckBelhumeur2011" class="citation journal cs1">Shareck J, Belhumeur P (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165445">"Modulation of morphogenesis in Candida albicans by various small molecules"</a>. Eukaryotic Cell. 10 (8): 1004–1012. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FEC.05030-11">10.1128/EC.05030-11</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165445">3165445</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21642508">21642508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eukaryotic+Cell&rft.atitle=Modulation+of+morphogenesis+in+Candida+albicans+by+various+small+molecules&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1004-1012&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3165445%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21642508&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FEC.05030-11&rft.aulast=Shareck&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Belhumeur%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3165445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staib2007-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Staib2007_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaibMorschhäuser2007" class="citation journal cs1">Staib P, Morschhäuser J (January 2007). "Chlamydospore formation in Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis--an enigmatic developmental programme". Mycoses. 50 (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0507.2006.01308.x">10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01308.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17302741">17302741</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7387908">7387908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mycoses&rft.atitle=Chlamydospore+formation+in+Candida+albicans+and+Candida+dubliniensis--an+enigmatic+developmental+programme&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7387908%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17302741&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0507.2006.01308.x&rft.aulast=Staib&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Morschh%C3%A4user%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohnUrbanBrunnerRupp2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sohn K, Urban C, Brunner H, Rupp S (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.2003.03300.x">"EFG1 is a major regulator of cell wall dynamics in Candida albicans as revealed by DNA microarrays"</a>. Molecular Microbiology. 47 (1): 89–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.2003.03300.x">10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03300.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12492856">12492856</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23743789">23743789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Microbiology&rft.atitle=EFG1+is+a+major+regulator+of+cell+wall+dynamics+in+Candida+albicans+as+revealed+by+DNA+microarrays&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-102&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23743789%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12492856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.2003.03300.x&rft.aulast=Sohn&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Urban%2C+C&rft.au=Brunner%2C+H&rft.au=Rupp%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1365-2958.2003.03300.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiroRobbinsCowen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Shapiro RS, Robbins N, Cowen LE (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3122626">"Regulatory circuitry governing fungal development, drug resistance, and disease"</a>. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 75 (2): 213–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.00045-10">10.1128/MMBR.00045-10</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3122626">3122626</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21646428">21646428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Regulatory+circuitry+governing+fungal+development%2C+drug+resistance%2C+and+disease&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-267&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3122626%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21646428&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FMMBR.00045-10&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=RS&rft.au=Robbins%2C+N&rft.au=Cowen%2C+LE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3122626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoll2014" class="citation journal cs1">Soll DR (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3895265">"The role of phenotypic switching in the basic biology and pathogenesis of Candida albicans"</a>. Journal of Oral Microbiology. 6 (2): 895–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3402%2Fjom.v6.22993">10.3402/jom.v6.22993</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3895265">3895265</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24455104">24455104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Oral+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+role+of+phenotypic+switching+in+the+basic+biology+and+pathogenesis+of+Candida+albicans&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=895-9&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3895265%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24455104&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3402%2Fjom.v6.22993&rft.aulast=Soll&rft.aufirst=DR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3895265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbyJ2009" class="citation journal cs1">Alby K, J R (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2829826">"To switch or not to switch?: Phenotypic switching is sensitive to multiple inputs in a pathogenic fungus"</a>. Communicative & Integrative Biology. 2 (6): 509–511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fcib.2.6.9487">10.4161/cib.2.6.9487</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2829826">2829826</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20195457">20195457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communicative+%26+Integrative+Biology&rft.atitle=To+switch+or+not+to+switch%3F%3A+Phenotypic+switching+is+sensitive+to+multiple+inputs+in+a+pathogenic+fungus&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=509-511&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2829826%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20195457&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4161%2Fcib.2.6.9487&rft.aulast=Alby&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=J%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2829826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVargasWertzDrakeMorrow1994" class="citation journal cs1">Vargas K, Wertz PW, Drake D, Morrow B, Soll DR (April 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC186281">"Differences in adhesion of Candida albicans 3153A cells exhibiting switch phenotypes to buccal epithelium and stratum corneum"</a>. Infection and Immunity. 62 (4): 1328–1335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FIAI.62.4.1328-1335.1994">10.1128/IAI.62.4.1328-1335.1994</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC186281">186281</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8132340">8132340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+and+Immunity&rft.atitle=Differences+in+adhesion+of+Candida+albicans+3153A+cells+exhibiting+switch+phenotypes+to+buccal+epithelium+and+stratum+corneum&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1328-1335&rft.date=1994-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC186281%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8132340&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FIAI.62.4.1328-1335.1994&rft.aulast=Vargas&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Wertz%2C+PW&rft.au=Drake%2C+D&rft.au=Morrow%2C+B&rft.au=Soll%2C+DR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC186281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_59-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaoDuGuanDai2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tao L, Du H, Guan G, Dai Y, Nobile CJ, Liang W, et al. (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3972085">"Discovery of a "white-gray-opaque" tristable phenotypic switching system in candida albicans: roles of non-genetic diversity in host adaptation"</a>. PLOS Biology. 12 (4): e1001830. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001830">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001830</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3972085">3972085</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24691005">24691005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+a+%22white-gray-opaque%22+tristable+phenotypic+switching+system+in+candida+albicans%3A+roles+of+non-genetic+diversity+in+host+adaptation&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e1001830&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3972085%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24691005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001830&rft.aulast=Tao&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Du%2C+H&rft.au=Guan%2C+G&rft.au=Dai%2C+Y&rft.au=Nobile%2C+CJ&rft.au=Liang%2C+W&rft.au=Cao%2C+C&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Q&rft.au=Zhong%2C+J&rft.au=Huang%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3972085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-MartínUríaJohnson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Pérez-Martín J, Uría JA, Johnson AD (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171338">"Phenotypic switching in Candida albicans is controlled by a SIR2 gene"</a>. The EMBO Journal. 18 (9): 2580–2592. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.9.2580">10.1093/emboj/18.9.2580</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171338">1171338</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10228170">10228170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+EMBO+Journal&rft.atitle=Phenotypic+switching+in+Candida+albicans+is+controlled+by+a+SIR2+gene&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2580-2592&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1171338%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10228170&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.9.2580&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Mart%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Ur%C3%ADa%2C+JA&rft.au=Johnson%2C+AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1171338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeanMcEntyre1999" class="citation book cs1">Dean L, McEntyre J (24 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2316/">"How Candida albicans switches phenotype - and back again"</a>. Coffee Break: Tutorials for NCBI Tools. National Center for Biotechnology Information (US). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708140134/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2316/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Candida+albicans+switches+phenotype+-+and+back+again&rft.btitle=Coffee+Break%3A+Tutorials+for+NCBI+Tools&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information+%28US%29&rft.date=1999-11-24&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=McEntyre%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK2316%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/S000002200">"SIR2 | SGD"</a>. www.yeastgenome.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231118161523/https://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/S000002200">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-18. Retrieved 2020-01-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yeastgenome.org&rft.atitle=SIR2+%26%23124%3B+SGD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yeastgenome.org%2Flocus%2FS000002200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRikkerinkMageeMagee1988" class="citation journal cs1">Rikkerink EH, Magee BB, Magee PT (February 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC210739">"Opaque-white phenotype transition: a programmed morphological transition in Candida albicans"</a>. Journal of Bacteriology. 170 (2): 895–899. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjb.170.2.895-899.1988">10.1128/jb.170.2.895-899.1988</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC210739">210739</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2828333">2828333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&rft.atitle=Opaque-white+phenotype+transition%3A+a+programmed+morphological+transition+in+Candida+albicans&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=895-899&rft.date=1988-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC210739%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2828333&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fjb.170.2.895-899.1988&rft.aulast=Rikkerink&rft.aufirst=EH&rft.au=Magee%2C+BB&rft.au=Magee%2C+PT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC210739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohseJohnson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lohse MB, Johnson AD (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2812476">"White-opaque switching in Candida albicans"</a>. Current Opinion in Microbiology. 12 (6): 650–654. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mib.2009.09.010">10.1016/j.mib.2009.09.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2812476">2812476</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19853498">19853498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=White-opaque+switching+in+Candida+albicans&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=650-654&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2812476%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19853498&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mib.2009.09.010&rft.aulast=Lohse&rft.aufirst=MB&rft.au=Johnson%2C+AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2812476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHniszTschernerKuchler2011" class="citation book cs1">Hnisz D, Tscherner M, Kuchler K (2011). "Morphological and Molecular Genetic Analysis of Epigenetic Switching of the Human Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans". Yeast Genetic Networks. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 734. pp. 303–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-61779-086-7_15">10.1007/978-1-61779-086-7_15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61779-085-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61779-085-0"><bdi>978-1-61779-085-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21468996">21468996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morphological+and+Molecular+Genetic+Analysis+of+Epigenetic+Switching+of+the+Human+Fungal+Pathogen+Candida+albicans&rft.btitle=Yeast+Genetic+Networks&rft.series=Methods+in+Molecular+Biology&rft.pages=303-315&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21468996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-61779-086-7_15&rft.isbn=978-1-61779-085-0&rft.aulast=Hnisz&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Tscherner%2C+M&rft.au=Kuchler%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorschhäuser2010" class="citation journal cs1">Morschhäuser J (August 2010). "Regulation of white-opaque switching in Candida albicans". Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 199 (3): 165–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00430-010-0147-0">10.1007/s00430-010-0147-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20390300">20390300</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8770123">8770123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Microbiology+and+Immunology&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+white-opaque+switching+in+Candida+albicans&rft.volume=199&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=165-172&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8770123%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20390300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00430-010-0147-0&rft.aulast=Morschh%C3%A4user&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hemizygosity_enables_a_mutational_t-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hemizygosity_enables_a_mutational_t_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hemizygosity_enables_a_mutational_t_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSLiangAndersonHirakawaWang2019" class="citation journal cs1">SLiang SH, Anderson MZ, Hirakawa MP, Wang JM, Frazer C, Alaalm LM, Thomson GJ, Ene IV, Bennett RJ (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6624852">"Hemizygosity enables a mutational transition governing fungal virulence and commensalism"</a>. Cell Host Microbe. 25 (3): 418–431.e6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chom.2019.01.005">10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6624852">6624852</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30824263">30824263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+Host+Microbe&rft.atitle=Hemizygosity+enables+a+mutational+transition+governing+fungal+virulence+and+commensalism&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=418-431.e6&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6624852%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30824263&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chom.2019.01.005&rft.aulast=SLiang&rft.aufirst=SH&rft.au=Anderson%2C+MZ&rft.au=Hirakawa%2C+MP&rft.au=Wang%2C+JM&rft.au=Frazer%2C+C&rft.au=Alaalm%2C+LM&rft.au=Thomson%2C+GJ&rft.au=Ene%2C+IV&rft.au=Bennett%2C+RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6624852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonnebornTebarthErnst1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sonneborn A, Tebarth B, Ernst JF (September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC96790">"Control of white-opaque phenotypic switching in Candida albicans by the Efg1p morphogenetic regulator"</a>. Infection and Immunity. 67 (9): 4655–4660. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FIAI.67.9.4655-4660.1999">10.1128/IAI.67.9.4655-4660.1999</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC96790">96790</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10456912">10456912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+and+Immunity&rft.atitle=Control+of+white-opaque+phenotypic+switching+in+Candida+albicans+by+the+Efg1p+morphogenetic+regulator&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=4655-4660&rft.date=1999-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC96790%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10456912&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FIAI.67.9.4655-4660.1999&rft.aulast=Sonneborn&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Tebarth%2C+B&rft.au=Ernst%2C+JF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC96790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrikanthaTsaiDanielsSoll2000" class="citation journal cs1">Srikantha T, Tsai LK, Daniels K, Soll DR (March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC94455">"EFG1 null mutants of Candida albicans switch but cannot express the complete phenotype of white-phase budding cells"</a>. Journal of Bacteriology. 182 (6): 1580–1591. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.182.6.1580-1591.2000">10.1128/JB.182.6.1580-1591.2000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC94455">94455</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10692363">10692363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&rft.atitle=EFG1+null+mutants+of+Candida+albicans+switch+but+cannot+express+the+complete+phenotype+of+white-phase+budding+cells&rft.volume=182&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1580-1591&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC94455%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10692363&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJB.182.6.1580-1591.2000&rft.aulast=Srikantha&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Tsai%2C+LK&rft.au=Daniels%2C+K&rft.au=Soll%2C+DR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC94455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guan2019-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guan2019_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guan2019_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuanTaoYueLiang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Guan G, Tao L, Yue H, Liang W, Gong J, Bing J, et al. (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6415874">"Environment-induced same-sex mating in the yeast Candida albicans through the Hsf1-Hsp90 pathway"</a>. PLOS Biology. 17 (3): e2006966. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.2006966">10.1371/journal.pbio.2006966</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6415874">6415874</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30865631">30865631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Environment-induced+same-sex+mating+in+the+yeast+Candida+albicans+through+the+Hsf1-Hsp90+pathway&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e2006966&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6415874%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30865631&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.2006966&rft.aulast=Guan&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Tao%2C+L&rft.au=Yue%2C+H&rft.au=Liang%2C+W&rft.au=Gong%2C+J&rft.au=Bing%2C+J&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Q&rft.au=Veri%2C+AO&rft.au=Fan%2C+S&rft.au=Robbins%2C+N&rft.au=Cowen%2C+LE&rft.au=Huang%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6415874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandeChenNoble2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pande K, Chen C, Noble SM (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758371">"Passage through the mammalian gut triggers a phenotypic switch that promotes Candida albicans commensalism"</a>. Nature Genetics. 45 (9): 1088–1091. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.2710">10.1038/ng.2710</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3758371">3758371</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23892606">23892606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=Passage+through+the+mammalian+gut+triggers+a+phenotypic+switch+that+promotes+Candida+albicans+commensalism&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1088-1091&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3758371%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23892606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng.2710&rft.aulast=Pande&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Chen%2C+C&rft.au=Noble%2C+SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3758371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobleGianettiWitchley2017" class="citation journal cs1">Noble SM, Gianetti BA, Witchley JN (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5957277">"Candida albicans cell-type switching and functional plasticity in the mammalian host"</a>. Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 15 (2): 96–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro.2016.157">10.1038/nrmicro.2016.157</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5957277">5957277</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27867199">27867199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Candida+albicans+cell-type+switching+and+functional+plasticity+in+the+mammalian+host&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=96-108&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5957277%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27867199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro.2016.157&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Gianetti%2C+BA&rft.au=Witchley%2C+JN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5957277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrosnahan2013" class="citation web cs1">Brosnahan M (July 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Candida_albicans">"Candida Albicans"</a>. MicrobeWiki. Kenyon College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231118161321/https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Candida_albicans">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MicrobeWiki&rft.atitle=Candida+Albicans&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft.aulast=Brosnahan&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmicrobewiki.kenyon.edu%2Findex.php%2FCandida_albicans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSydnorPerl2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sydnor ER, Perl TM (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021207">"Hospital epidemiology and infection control in acute-care settings"</a>. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 24 (1): 141–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.00027-10">10.1128/CMR.00027-10</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021207">3021207</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21233510">21233510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Hospital+epidemiology+and+infection+control+in+acute-care+settings&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=141-173&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3021207%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21233510&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FCMR.00027-10&rft.aulast=Sydnor&rft.aufirst=ER&rft.au=Perl%2C+TM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3021207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSardiScorzoniBernardiFusco-Almeida2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sardi JC, Scorzoni L, Bernardi T, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes Giannini MJ (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fjmm.0.045054-0">"Candida species: current epidemiology, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, natural antifungal products and new therapeutic options"</a>. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 62 (Pt 1): 10–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fjmm.0.045054-0">10.1099/jmm.0.045054-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23180477">23180477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Candida+species%3A+current+epidemiology%2C+pathogenicity%2C+biofilm+formation%2C+natural+antifungal+products+and+new+therapeutic+options&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=Pt+1&rft.pages=10-24&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fjmm.0.045054-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23180477&rft.aulast=Sardi&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.au=Scorzoni%2C+L&rft.au=Bernardi%2C+T&rft.au=Fusco-Almeida%2C+AM&rft.au=Mendes+Giannini%2C+MJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1099%252Fjmm.0.045054-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Tortora, Funke, Case. Microbiology, An Introduction 10th Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings. 2004, 2007, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVazquez2016" class="citation web cs1">Vazquez J (2016-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/462510">"Epidemiology, Management, and Prevention of Invasive Candidiasis"</a>. Medscape.org. Medscape. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308025902/http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/462510">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2016-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medscape.org&rft.atitle=Epidemiology%2C+Management%2C+and+Prevention+of+Invasive+Candidiasis&rft.date=2016-04-16&rft.aulast=Vazquez&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medscape.org%2Fviewarticle%2F462510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Candida-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Candida_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZadikBurnsteinDerazneSandler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Zadik Y, Burnstein S, Derazne E, Sandler V, Ianculovici C, Halperin T (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1601-0825.2009.01618.x">"Colonization of Candida: prevalence among tongue-pierced and non-pierced immunocompetent adults"</a>. Oral Diseases. 16 (2): 172–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1601-0825.2009.01618.x">10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01618.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19732353">19732353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oral+Diseases&rft.atitle=Colonization+of+Candida%3A+prevalence+among+tongue-pierced+and+non-pierced+immunocompetent+adults&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=172-175&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1601-0825.2009.01618.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19732353&rft.aulast=Zadik&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Burnstein%2C+S&rft.au=Derazne%2C+E&rft.au=Sandler%2C+V&rft.au=Ianculovici%2C+C&rft.au=Halperin%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1601-0825.2009.01618.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORTHO-79"><a href="#cite_ref-ORTHO_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYitschakyKatorzaZiniYitschaky2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yitschaky O, Katorza A, Zini A, Yitschaky M, Zadik Y (January 2016). "Acrylic orthodontic retainer is not a risk factor for focal Candida colonization in young healthy patients: a pilot study". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 121 (1): 39–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.oooo.2015.10.001">10.1016/j.oooo.2015.10.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26679358">26679358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oral+Surgery%2C+Oral+Medicine%2C+Oral+Pathology+and+Oral+Radiology&rft.atitle=Acrylic+orthodontic+retainer+is+not+a+risk+factor+for+focal+Candida+colonization+in+young+healthy+patients%3A+a+pilot+study&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-42&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.oooo.2015.10.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26679358&rft.aulast=Yitschaky&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Katorza%2C+A&rft.au=Zini%2C+A&rft.au=Yitschaky%2C+M&rft.au=Zadik%2C+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherris-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyanRay2004" class="citation book cs1">Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-8529-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-8529-0"><bdi>978-0-8385-8529-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherris+Medical+Microbiology&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTortora2010" class="citation book cs1">Tortora GJ (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microbiologyintr00tort_505">Microbiology: an Introduction</a>. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microbiologyintr00tort_505/page/n791">759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbiology%3A+an+Introduction&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pages=759&rft.pub=Pearson+Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Tortora&rft.aufirst=GJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicrobiologyintr00tort_505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25385227-82"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25385227_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjeeSendidHoarauColombel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mukherjee PK, Sendid B, Hoarau G, Colombel JF, Poulain D, Ghannoum MA (February 2015). "Mycobiota in gastrointestinal diseases". Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 12 (2): 77–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrgastro.2014.188">10.1038/nrgastro.2014.188</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25385227">25385227</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5370536">5370536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Gastroenterology+%26+Hepatology&rft.atitle=Mycobiota+in+gastrointestinal+diseases&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=77-87&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5370536%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25385227&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrgastro.2014.188&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=PK&rft.au=Sendid%2C+B&rft.au=Hoarau%2C+G&rft.au=Colombel%2C+JF&rft.au=Poulain%2C+D&rft.au=Ghannoum%2C+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersJabra-RizkScheperLeid2010" class="citation journal cs1">Peters BM, Jabra-Rizk MA, Scheper MA, Leid JG, Costerton JW, Shirtliff ME (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936118">"Microbial interactions and differential protein expression in Staphylococcus aureus -Candida albicans dual-species biofilms"</a>. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 59 (3): 493–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-695X.2010.00710.x">10.1111/j.1574-695X.2010.00710.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936118">2936118</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20608978">20608978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEMS+Immunology+and+Medical+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Microbial+interactions+and+differential+protein+expression+in+Staphylococcus+aureus+-Candida+albicans+dual-species+biofilms&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=493-503&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2936118%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20608978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1574-695X.2010.00710.x&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=BM&rft.au=Jabra-Rizk%2C+MA&rft.au=Scheper%2C+MA&rft.au=Leid%2C+JG&rft.au=Costerton%2C+JW&rft.au=Shirtliff%2C+ME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2936118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayginTabibBittarValenzi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052475">"Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension"</a>. Pulmonary Circulation. 10 (1): 30–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1893%2F0005-3155-84.1.30">10.1893/0005-3155-84.1.30</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052475">7052475</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32166015">32166015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96930404">96930404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pulmonary+Circulation&rft.atitle=Transcriptional+profiling+of+lung+cell+populations+in+idiopathic+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-39&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7052475%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96930404%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32166015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1893%2F0005-3155-84.1.30&rft.aulast=Saygin&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Tabib%2C+T&rft.au=Bittar%2C+HE&rft.au=Valenzi%2C+E&rft.au=Sembrat%2C+J&rft.au=Chan%2C+SY&rft.au=Rojas%2C+M&rft.au=Lafyatis%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7052475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagoSilvaSanitáBarbugli2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zago CE, Silva S, Sanitá PV, Barbugli PA, Dias CM, Lordello VB, Vergani CE (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4395328">"Dynamics of biofilm formation and the interaction between Candida albicans and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)"</a>. PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0123206. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1023206Z">2015PLoSO..1023206Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0123206">10.1371/journal.pone.0123206</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4395328">4395328</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25875834">25875834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Dynamics+of+biofilm+formation+and+the+interaction+between+Candida+albicans+and+methicillin-susceptible+%28MSSA%29+and+-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+%28MRSA%29&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e0123206&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4395328%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25875834&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0123206&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1023206Z&rft.aulast=Zago&rft.aufirst=CE&rft.au=Silva%2C+S&rft.au=Sanit%C3%A1%2C+PV&rft.au=Barbugli%2C+PA&rft.au=Dias%2C+CM&rft.au=Lordello%2C+VB&rft.au=Vergani%2C+CE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4395328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTortora2010" class="citation book cs1">Tortora GJ (2010). Mibrobiology:an Introduction. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. p. 758.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mibrobiology%3Aan+Introduction&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pages=758&rft.pub=Pearson+Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Tortora&rft.aufirst=GJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinbergerLeiboviciPerezSamra2005" class="citation journal cs1">Weinberger M, Leibovici L, Perez S, Samra Z, Ostfeld I, Levi I, et al. (October 2005). "Characteristics of candidaemia with Candida-albicans compared with non-albicans Candida species and predictors of mortality". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 61 (2): 146–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhin.2005.02.009">10.1016/j.jhin.2005.02.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16009456">16009456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hospital+Infection&rft.atitle=Characteristics+of+candidaemia+with+Candida-albicans+compared+with+non-albicans+Candida+species+and+predictors+of+mortality&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=146-154&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhin.2005.02.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16009456&rft.aulast=Weinberger&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Leibovici%2C+L&rft.au=Perez%2C+S&rft.au=Samra%2C+Z&rft.au=Ostfeld%2C+I&rft.au=Levi%2C+I&rft.au=Bash%2C+E&rft.au=Turner%2C+D&rft.au=Goldschmied-Reouven%2C+A&rft.au=Regev-Yochay%2C+G&rft.au=Pitlik%2C+SD&rft.au=Keller%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYapar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yapar N (2016-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928396">"Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis"</a>. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 10: 95–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FTCRM.S40160">10.2147/TCRM.S40160</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928396">3928396</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24611015">24611015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Therapeutics+and+Clinical+Risk+Management&rft.atitle=Epidemiology+and+risk+factors+for+invasive+candidiasis&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=95-105&rft.date=2016-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3928396%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24611015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FTCRM.S40160&rft.aulast=Yapar&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3928396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> "Fungal Diseases." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 12 June 2015, www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/diagnosis.html. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microbiologybook.org/mycology/mycology-3.htm">"Yeasts"</a>. www.microbiologybook.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314095810/http://www.microbiologybook.org/mycology/mycology-3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.microbiologybook.org&rft.atitle=Yeasts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microbiologybook.org%2Fmycology%2Fmycology-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulainSendidStandaert-VitseFradin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Poulain D, Sendid B, Standaert-Vitse A, Fradin C, Jouault T, Jawhara S, Colombel JF (2009). "Yeasts: neglected pathogens". Digestive Diseases. 27 (Suppl 1): 104–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000268129">10.1159/000268129</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20203505">20203505</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9014160">9014160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digestive+Diseases&rft.atitle=Yeasts%3A+neglected+pathogens&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=104-110&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9014160%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20203505&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000268129&rft.aulast=Poulain&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Sendid%2C+B&rft.au=Standaert-Vitse%2C+A&rft.au=Fradin%2C+C&rft.au=Jouault%2C+T&rft.au=Jawhara%2C+S&rft.au=Colombel%2C+JF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJawharaPoulain2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jawhara S, Poulain D (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13693780701523013">"Saccharomyces boulardii decreases inflammation and intestinal colonization by Candida albicans in a mouse model of chemically-induced colitis"</a>. Medical Mycology. 45 (8): 691–700. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13693780701523013">10.1080/13693780701523013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17885943">17885943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Mycology&rft.atitle=Saccharomyces+boulardii+decreases+inflammation+and+intestinal+colonization+by+Candida+albicans+in+a+mouse+model+of+chemically-induced+colitis&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=691-700&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13693780701523013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17885943&rft.aulast=Jawhara&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Poulain%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13693780701523013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJawharaThuruStandaert-VitseJouault2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jawhara S, Thuru X, Standaert-Vitse A, Jouault T, Mordon S, Sendid B, et al. (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F528990">"Colonization of mice by Candida albicans is promoted by chemically induced colitis and augments inflammatory responses through galectin-3"</a>. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 197 (7): 972–980. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F528990">10.1086/528990</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18419533">18419533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Colonization+of+mice+by+Candida+albicans+is+promoted+by+chemically+induced+colitis+and+augments+inflammatory+responses+through+galectin-3&rft.volume=197&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=972-980&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F528990&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18419533&rft.aulast=Jawhara&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Thuru%2C+X&rft.au=Standaert-Vitse%2C+A&rft.au=Jouault%2C+T&rft.au=Mordon%2C+S&rft.au=Sendid%2C+B&rft.au=Desreumaux%2C+P&rft.au=Poulain%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F528990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid36505943-94"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid36505943_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEguiguren_L,_Lee_BR,_Newland_JG,_Kronman_MP,_Hersh_AL,_Gerber_JS2022" class="citation journal cs1">Eguiguren L, Lee BR, Newland JG, Kronman MP, Hersh AL, Gerber JS, et al. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9726632">"Characteristics of antifungal utilization for hospitalized children in the United States"</a>. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol. 2 (1): e190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fash.2022.338">10.1017/ash.2022.338</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9726632">9726632</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36505943">36505943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antimicrob+Steward+Healthc+Epidemiol&rft.atitle=Characteristics+of+antifungal+utilization+for+hospitalized+children+in+the+United+States.&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e190&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9726632%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36505943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fash.2022.338&rft.au=Eguiguren+L%2C+Lee+BR%2C+Newland+JG%2C+Kronman+MP%2C+Hersh+AL%2C+Gerber+JS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9726632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-doctorfungus-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doctorfungus_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-doctorfungus_95-1">b</a> Chapter IV. Germ Tube Test in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doctorfungus.org/thelabor/sec12.pdf">YEAST IDENTIFICATION</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045233/http://www.doctorfungus.org/thelabor/sec12.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> document at doctorfungus.org. Retrieved July 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sellama-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sellama_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sellama_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellamWhiteway2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sellam A, Whiteway M (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089126">"Recent advances on Candida albicans biology and virulence"</a>. F1000Research. 5: 2582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.9617.1">10.12688/f1000research.9617.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089126">5089126</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27853524">27853524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=F1000Research&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+on+Candida+albicans+biology+and+virulence&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=2582&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5089126%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27853524&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12688%2Ff1000research.9617.1&rft.aulast=Sellam&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Whiteway%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5089126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmicrobiol.2017.120">"Stop neglecting fungi"</a>. Nature Microbiology. 2 (8): 17120. July 2017. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmicrobiol.2017.120">10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28741610">28741610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Stop+neglecting+fungi&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=17120&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnmicrobiol.2017.120&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28741610&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnmicrobiol.2017.120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRambachOberhauserSpethLass-Flörl2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rambach G, Oberhauser H, Speth C, Lass-Flörl C (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13693786.2011.583943">"Susceptibility of Candida species and various moulds to antimycotic drugs: use of epidemiological cutoff values according to EUCAST and CLSI in an 8-year survey"</a>. Medical Mycology. 49 (8): 856–863. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F13693786.2011.583943">10.3109/13693786.2011.583943</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21619497">21619497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Mycology&rft.atitle=Susceptibility+of+Candida+species+and+various+moulds+to+antimycotic+drugs%3A+use+of+epidemiological+cutoff+values+according+to+EUCAST+and+CLSI+in+an+8-year+survey&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=856-863&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F13693786.2011.583943&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21619497&rft.aulast=Rambach&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Oberhauser%2C+H&rft.au=Speth%2C+C&rft.au=Lass-Fl%C3%B6rl%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3109%252F13693786.2011.583943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTortoraFunkeCase2002" class="citation book cs1">Tortora GJ, Funke BR, Case CL (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microbiologyintr00gera">Microbiology an Introduction</a> (10th ed.). San Francisco, CA.: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microbiologyintr00gera/page/759">759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbiology+an+Introduction&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA.&rft.pages=759&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Pearson+Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Tortora&rft.aufirst=GJ&rft.au=Funke%2C+BR&rft.au=Case%2C+CL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicrobiologyintr00gera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/antifungal-resistance.html">"Antifungal Resistance – Fungal Diseases – CDC"</a>. www.cdc.gov. 26 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170519094753/https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/antifungal-resistance.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=Antifungal+Resistance+%E2%80%93+Fungal+Diseases+%E2%80%93+CDC&rft.date=2017-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Ffungal%2Fantifungal-resistance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmicrobiol.2017.120">"Stop neglecting fungi"</a>. Editorial. Nature Microbiology. 2 (8): 17120. July 2017. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmicrobiol.2017.120">10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28741610">28741610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Stop+neglecting+fungi&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=17120&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnmicrobiol.2017.120&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28741610&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnmicrobiol.2017.120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUppuluriKhanEdwards2017" class="citation book cs1">Uppuluri P, Khan A, Edwards JE (2017). "Current Trends in Candidiasis". In Prasad R (ed.). Candida albicans: Cellular and Molecular Biology. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-50408-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-50408-7"><bdi>978-3-319-50408-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Current+Trends+in+Candidiasis&rft.btitle=Candida+albicans%3A+Cellular+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.place=Switzerland&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing+AG&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-50408-7&rft.aulast=Uppuluri&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Khan%2C+A&rft.au=Edwards%2C+JE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonReyesStolpmanSpeckman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson LS, Reyes CM, Stolpman M, Speckman J, Allen K, Beney J (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1524-4733.2002.51108.x">"The direct cost and incidence of systemic fungal infections"</a>. Value in Health. 5 (1): 26–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1524-4733.2002.51108.x">10.1046/j.1524-4733.2002.51108.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11873380">11873380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Value+in+Health&rft.atitle=The+direct+cost+and+incidence+of+systemic+fungal+infections&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-34&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1524-4733.2002.51108.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11873380&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=LS&rft.au=Reyes%2C+CM&rft.au=Stolpman%2C+M&rft.au=Speckman%2C+J&rft.au=Allen%2C+K&rft.au=Beney%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1524-4733.2002.51108.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRentzHalpernBowden1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rentz AM, Halpern MT, Bowden R (October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F514955">"The impact of candidemia on length of hospital stay, outcome, and overall cost of illness"</a>. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 27 (4): 781–788. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F514955">10.1086/514955</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9798034">9798034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+candidemia+on+length+of+hospital+stay%2C+outcome%2C+and+overall+cost+of+illness&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=781-788&rft.date=1998-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F514955&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9798034&rft.aulast=Rentz&rft.aufirst=AM&rft.au=Halpern%2C+MT&rft.au=Bowden%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F514955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDingKambaraGuoKanneganti2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ding X, Kambara H, Guo R, Kanneganti A, Acosta-Zaldívar M, Li J, Liu F, Bei T, Qi W, Xie X, Han W, Liu N, Zhang C, Zhang X, Yu H (2021-11-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8602704">"Inflammasome-mediated GSDMD activation facilitates escape of Candida albicans from macrophages"</a>. Nature Communications. 12 (1): 6699. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCo..12.6699D">2021NatCo..12.6699D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-27034-9">10.1038/s41467-021-27034-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8602704">8602704</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34795266">34795266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Inflammasome-mediated+GSDMD+activation+facilitates+escape+of+Candida+albicans+from+macrophages&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6699&rft.date=2021-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8602704%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatCo..12.6699D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34795266&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-021-27034-9&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Ding&rft.aufirst=Xionghui&rft.au=Kambara%2C+Hiroto&rft.au=Guo%2C+Rongxia&rft.au=Kanneganti%2C+Apurva&rft.au=Acosta-Zald%C3%ADvar%2C+Maikel&rft.au=Li%2C+Jiajia&rft.au=Liu%2C+Fei&rft.au=Bei%2C+Ting&rft.au=Qi%2C+Wanjun&rft.au=Xie%2C+Xuemei&rft.au=Han%2C+Wenli&rft.au=Liu%2C+Ningning&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Cunling&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xiaoyu&rft.au=Yu%2C+Hongbo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8602704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCallPathiranaPrabhakarCullen2019" class="citation journal cs1">McCall AD, Pathirana RU, Prabhakar A, Cullen PJ, Edgerton M (23 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6707306">"Candida albicans biofilm development is governed by cooperative attachment and adhesion maintenance proteins"</a>. npj Biofilms and Microbiomes. 5 (1): 21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41522-019-0094-5">10.1038/s41522-019-0094-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6707306">6707306</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31452924">31452924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=npj+Biofilms+and+Microbiomes&rft.atitle=Candida+albicans+biofilm+development+is+governed+by+cooperative+attachment+and+adhesion+maintenance+proteins&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2019-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6707306%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31452924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41522-019-0094-5&rft.aulast=McCall&rft.aufirst=AD&rft.au=Pathirana%2C+RU&rft.au=Prabhakar%2C+A&rft.au=Cullen%2C+PJ&rft.au=Edgerton%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6707306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandraKuhnMukherjeeHoyer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Chandra J, Kuhn DM, Mukherjee PK, Hoyer LL, McCormick T, Ghannoum MA (September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC95423">"Biofilm formation by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans: development, architecture, and drug resistance"</a>. Journal of Bacteriology. 183 (18): 5385–5394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjb.183.18.5385-5394.2001">10.1128/jb.183.18.5385-5394.2001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC95423">95423</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11514524">11514524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&rft.atitle=Biofilm+formation+by+the+fungal+pathogen+Candida+albicans%3A+development%2C+architecture%2C+and+drug+resistance&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=5385-5394&rft.date=2001-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC95423%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11514524&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fjb.183.18.5385-5394.2001&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+DM&rft.au=Mukherjee%2C+PK&rft.au=Hoyer%2C+LL&rft.au=McCormick%2C+T&rft.au=Ghannoum%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC95423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulatiNobile2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gulati M, Nobile CJ (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4860025">"Candida albicans biofilms: development, regulation, and molecular mechanisms"</a>. Microbes and Infection. 18 (5): 310–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.micinf.2016.01.002">10.1016/j.micinf.2016.01.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4860025">4860025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26806384">26806384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbes+and+Infection&rft.atitle=Candida+albicans+biofilms%3A+development%2C+regulation%2C+and+molecular+mechanisms&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=310-321&rft.date=2016-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4860025%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26806384&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.micinf.2016.01.002&rft.aulast=Gulati&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Nobile%2C+CJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4860025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelMitchell2011" class="citation journal cs1">Finkel JS, Mitchell AP (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3891587">"Genetic control of Candida albicans biofilm development"</a>. Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 9 (2): 109–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro2475">10.1038/nrmicro2475</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3891587">3891587</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21189476">21189476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Genetic+control+of+Candida+albicans+biofilm+development&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-118&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3891587%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21189476&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro2475&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+AP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3891587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClausChavarría-Krauser2012" class="citation journal cs1">Claus J, Chavarría-Krauser A (2012-06-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371047">"Modeling regulation of zinc uptake via ZIP transporters in yeast and plant roots"</a>. PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e37193. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.4335">1202.4335</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...737193C">2012PLoSO...737193C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0037193">10.1371/journal.pone.0037193</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371047">3371047</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22715365">22715365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Modeling+regulation+of+zinc+uptake+via+ZIP+transporters+in+yeast+and+plant+roots&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e37193&rft.date=2012-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3371047%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...737193C&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1202.4335&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22715365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0037193&rft.aulast=Claus&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Chavarr%C3%ADa-Krauser%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3371047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzadmaneshGowenCregerSchafer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Azadmanesh J, Gowen AM, Creger PE, Schafer ND, Blankenship JR (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5677161">"Filamentation Involves Two Overlapping, but Distinct, Programs of Filamentation in the Pathogenic Fungus Candida albicans"</a>. G3. 7 (11): 3797–3808. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1534%2Fg3.117.300224">10.1534/g3.117.300224</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5677161">5677161</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28951491">28951491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G3&rft.atitle=Filamentation+Involves+Two+Overlapping%2C+but+Distinct%2C+Programs+of+Filamentation+in+the+Pathogenic+Fungus+Candida+albicans&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3797-3808&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5677161%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28951491&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1534%2Fg3.117.300224&rft.aulast=Azadmanesh&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Gowen%2C+AM&rft.au=Creger%2C+PE&rft.au=Schafer%2C+ND&rft.au=Blankenship%2C+JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5677161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzBenderFink2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lorenz MC, Bender JA, Fink GR (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC522606">"Transcriptional response of Candida albicans upon internalization by macrophages"</a>. Eukaryotic Cell. 3 (5): 1076–1087. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FEC.3.5.1076-1087.2004">10.1128/EC.3.5.1076-1087.2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC522606">522606</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15470236">15470236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eukaryotic+Cell&rft.atitle=Transcriptional+response+of+Candida+albicans+upon+internalization+by+macrophages&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1076-1087&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC522606%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15470236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FEC.3.5.1076-1087.2004&rft.aulast=Lorenz&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Bender%2C+JA&rft.au=Fink%2C+GR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC522606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestmanMoranMogaveroHube2018" class="citation journal cs1">Westman J, Moran G, Mogavero S, Hube B, Grinstein S (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6134096">"Candida albicans Hyphal Expansion Causes Phagosomal Membrane Damage and Luminal Alkalinization"</a>. mBio. 9 (5): e01226–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FmBio.01226-18">10.1128/mBio.01226-18</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6134096">6134096</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30206168">30206168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mBio&rft.atitle=Candida+albicans+Hyphal+Expansion+Causes+Phagosomal+Membrane+Damage+and+Luminal+Alkalinization&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e01226-18&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6134096%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30206168&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FmBio.01226-18&rft.aulast=Westman&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Moran%2C+G&rft.au=Mogavero%2C+S&rft.au=Hube%2C+B&rft.au=Grinstein%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6134096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staab1999-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Staab1999_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaabBradwayFidelSundstrom1999" class="citation journal cs1">Staab JF, Bradway SD, Fidel PL, Sundstrom P (March 1999). "Adhesive and mammalian transglutaminase substrate properties of Candida albicans Hwp1". Science. 283 (5407): 1535–1538. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...283.1535S">1999Sci...283.1535S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.283.5407.1535">10.1126/science.283.5407.1535</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10066176">10066176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Adhesive+and+mammalian+transglutaminase+substrate+properties+of+Candida+albicans+Hwp1&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=5407&rft.pages=1535-1538&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10066176&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.283.5407.1535&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Sci...283.1535S&rft.aulast=Staab&rft.aufirst=JF&rft.au=Bradway%2C+SD&rft.au=Fidel%2C+PL&rft.au=Sundstrom%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AriyachetSolis2013-115"><a href="#cite_ref-AriyachetSolis2013_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriyachetSolisLiuPrasadarao2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ariyachet C, Solis NV, Liu Y, Prasadarao NV, Filler SG, McBride AE (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639594">"SR-like RNA-binding protein Slr1 affects Candida albicans filamentation and virulence"</a>. Infection and Immunity. 81 (4): 1267–1276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FIAI.00864-12">10.1128/IAI.00864-12</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639594">3639594</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23381995">23381995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+and+Immunity&rft.atitle=SR-like+RNA-binding+protein+Slr1+affects+Candida+albicans+filamentation+and+virulence&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1267-1276&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3639594%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23381995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FIAI.00864-12&rft.aulast=Ariyachet&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Solis%2C+NV&rft.au=Liu%2C+Y&rft.au=Prasadarao%2C+NV&rft.au=Filler%2C+SG&rft.au=McBride%2C+AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3639594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonNaglikHube2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson D, Naglik JR, Hube B (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5072684">"The Missing Link between Candida albicans Hyphal Morphogenesis and Host Cell Damage"</a>. PLOS Pathogens. 12 (10): e1005867. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1005867">10.1371/journal.ppat.1005867</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5072684">5072684</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27764260">27764260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Pathogens&rft.atitle=The+Missing+Link+between+Candida+albicans+Hyphal+Morphogenesis+and+Host+Cell+Damage&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e1005867&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5072684%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27764260&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1005867&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Naglik%2C+JR&rft.au=Hube%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5072684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rose-117"><a href="#cite_ref-rose_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosellettiPericoliniNoreTakacs2023" class="citation journal cs1">Roselletti E, Pericolini E, Nore A, Takacs P, Kozma B, Sala A, De Seta F, Comar M, Usher J, Brown GD, Wilson D (2023-12-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7616067">"Zinc prevents vaginal candidiasis by inhibiting expression of an inflammatory fungal protein"</a>. Science Translational Medicine. 15 (725): eadi3363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscitranslmed.adi3363">10.1126/scitranslmed.adi3363</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F134775">10871/134775</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1946-6234">1946-6234</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7616067">7616067</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38055800">38055800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Translational+Medicine&rft.atitle=Zinc+prevents+vaginal+candidiasis+by+inhibiting+expression+of+an+inflammatory+fungal+protein&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=725&rft.pages=eadi3363&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F134775&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscitranslmed.adi3363&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38055800&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7616067%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1946-6234&rft.aulast=Roselletti&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Pericolini%2C+Eva&rft.au=Nore%2C+Alexandre&rft.au=Takacs%2C+Peter&rft.au=Kozma%2C+Bence&rft.au=Sala%2C+Arianna&rft.au=De+Seta%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Comar%2C+Manola&rft.au=Usher%2C+Jane&rft.au=Brown%2C+Gordon+D.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7616067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenGuoKöhler2005" class="citation journal cs1">Shen J, Guo W, Köhler JR (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC547112">"CaNAT1, a heterologous dominant selectable marker for transformation of Candida albicans and other pathogenic Candida species"</a>. Infection and Immunity. 73 (2): 1239–1242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FIAI.73.2.1239-1242.2005">10.1128/IAI.73.2.1239-1242.2005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC547112">547112</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15664973">15664973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+and+Immunity&rft.atitle=CaNAT1%2C+a+heterologous+dominant+selectable+marker+for+transformation+of+Candida+albicans+and+other+pathogenic+Candida+species&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1239-1242&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC547112%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15664973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FIAI.73.2.1239-1242.2005&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Guo%2C+W&rft.au=K%C3%B6hler%2C+JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC547112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengNguyenZhangJia2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng S, Nguyen MH, Zhang Z, Jia H, Handfield M, Clancy CJ (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC201070">"Evaluation of the roles of four Candida albicans genes in virulence by using gene disruption strains that express URA3 from the native locus"</a>. Infection and Immunity. 71 (10): 6101–6103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FIAI.71.10.6101-6103.2003">10.1128/IAI.71.10.6101-6103.2003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC201070">201070</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14500538">14500538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+and+Immunity&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+the+roles+of+four+Candida+albicans+genes+in+virulence+by+using+gene+disruption+strains+that+express+URA3+from+the+native+locus&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=6101-6103&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC201070%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14500538&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FIAI.71.10.6101-6103.2003&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+MH&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Z&rft.au=Jia%2C+H&rft.au=Handfield%2C+M&rft.au=Clancy%2C+CJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC201070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobleJohnson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Noble SM, Johnson AD (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC549318">"Strains and strategies for large-scale gene deletion studies of the diploid human fungal pathogen Candida albicans"</a>. Eukaryotic Cell. 4 (2): 298–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FEC.4.2.298-309.2005">10.1128/EC.4.2.298-309.2005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC549318">549318</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15701792">15701792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eukaryotic+Cell&rft.atitle=Strains+and+strategies+for+large-scale+gene+deletion+studies+of+the+diploid+human+fungal+pathogen+Candida+albicans&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=298-309&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC549318%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15701792&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FEC.4.2.298-309.2005&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Johnson%2C+AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC549318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_het_HoogRastMartchenkoGrindle2007" class="citation journal cs1">van het Hoog M, Rast TJ, Martchenko M, Grindle S, Dignard D, Hogues H, et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1896002">"Assembly of the Candida albicans genome into sixteen supercontigs aligned on the eight chromosomes"</a>. Genome Biology. 8 (4): R52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2007-8-4-r52">10.1186/gb-2007-8-4-r52</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1896002">1896002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17419877">17419877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology&rft.atitle=Assembly+of+the+Candida+albicans+genome+into+sixteen+supercontigs+aligned+on+the+eight+chromosomes&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=R52&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1896002%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17419877&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fgb-2007-8-4-r52&rft.aulast=van+het+Hoog&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Rast%2C+TJ&rft.au=Martchenko%2C+M&rft.au=Grindle%2C+S&rft.au=Dignard%2C+D&rft.au=Hogues%2C+H&rft.au=Cuomo%2C+C&rft.au=Berriman%2C+M&rft.au=Scherer%2C+S&rft.au=Magee%2C+BB&rft.au=Whiteway%2C+M&rft.au=Chibana%2C+H&rft.au=Nantel%2C+A&rft.au=Magee%2C+PT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1896002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabralChauevlFironLegrand2012" class="citation book cs1">Cabral V, Chauevl M, Firon A, Legrand M, Nesseir A, Bachellier-Bassi S, et al. (2012). "Modular Gene Over-expression Strategies for Candida albicans". In Brand AC, MacCallum DM (eds.). Host-Fungus Interactions. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 845. pp. 227–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-61779-539-8_15">10.1007/978-1-61779-539-8_15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61779-538-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61779-538-1"><bdi>978-1-61779-538-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22328378">22328378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modular+Gene+Over-expression+Strategies+for+Candida+albicans&rft.btitle=Host-Fungus+Interactions&rft.series=Methods+in+Molecular+Biology&rft.pages=227-244&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22328378&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-61779-539-8_15&rft.isbn=978-1-61779-538-1&rft.aulast=Cabral&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Chauevl%2C+M&rft.au=Firon%2C+A&rft.au=Legrand%2C+M&rft.au=Nesseir%2C+A&rft.au=Bachellier-Bassi%2C+S&rft.au=Chaudhari%2C+Y&rft.au=Munro%2C+CA&rft.au=d%27Enfert%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChauvelNesseirCabralZnaidi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chauvel M, Nesseir A, Cabral V, Znaidi S, Goyard S, Bachellier-Bassi S, et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3457969">"A versatile overexpression strategy in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans: identification of regulators of morphogenesis and fitness"</a>. PLOS ONE. 7 (9): e45912. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...745912C">2012PLoSO...745912C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045912">10.1371/journal.pone.0045912</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3457969">3457969</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23049891">23049891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+versatile+overexpression+strategy+in+the+pathogenic+yeast+Candida+albicans%3A+identification+of+regulators+of+morphogenesis+and+fitness&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e45912&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3457969%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23049891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0045912&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...745912C&rft.aulast=Chauvel&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Nesseir%2C+A&rft.au=Cabral%2C+V&rft.au=Znaidi%2C+S&rft.au=Goyard%2C+S&rft.au=Bachellier-Bassi%2C+S&rft.au=Firon%2C+A&rft.au=Legrand%2C+M&rft.au=Diogo%2C+D&rft.au=Naulleau%2C+C&rft.au=Rossignol%2C+T&rft.au=d%27Enfert%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3457969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerMaccallumBertramGow2009" class="citation journal cs1">Walker LA, Maccallum DM, Bertram G, Gow NA, Odds FC, Brown AJ (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2698078">"Genome-wide analysis of Candida albicans gene expression patterns during infection of the mammalian kidney"</a>. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 46 (2): 210–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fgb.2008.10.012">10.1016/j.fgb.2008.10.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2698078">2698078</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19032986">19032986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fungal+Genetics+and+Biology&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+analysis+of+Candida+albicans+gene+expression+patterns+during+infection+of+the+mammalian+kidney&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=210-219&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2698078%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19032986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fgb.2008.10.012&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=LA&rft.au=Maccallum%2C+DM&rft.au=Bertram%2C+G&rft.au=Gow%2C+NA&rft.au=Odds%2C+FC&rft.au=Brown%2C+AJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2698078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegrandBachellier-BassiLeeChaudhari2018" class="citation journal cs1">Legrand M, Bachellier-Bassi S, Lee KK, Chaudhari Y, Tournu H, Arbogast L, et al. (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6101633">"Generating genomic platforms to study Candida albicans pathogenesis"</a>. Nucleic Acids Research. 46 (14): 6935–6949. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgky594">10.1093/nar/gky594</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6101633">6101633</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29982705">29982705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=Generating+genomic+platforms+to+study+Candida+albicans+pathogenesis&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=6935-6949&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6101633%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29982705&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgky594&rft.aulast=Legrand&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Bachellier-Bassi%2C+S&rft.au=Lee%2C+KK&rft.au=Chaudhari%2C+Y&rft.au=Tournu%2C+H&rft.au=Arbogast%2C+L&rft.au=Boyer%2C+H&rft.au=Chauvel%2C+M&rft.au=Cabral%2C+V&rft.au=Maufrais%2C+C&rft.au=Nesseir%2C+A&rft.au=Maslanka%2C+I&rft.au=Permal%2C+E&rft.au=Rossignol%2C+T&rft.au=Walker%2C+LA&rft.au=Zeidler%2C+U&rft.au=Znaidi%2C+S&rft.au=Schoeters%2C+F&rft.au=Majgier%2C+C&rft.au=Julien%2C+RA&rft.au=Ma%2C+L&rft.au=Tichit%2C+M&rft.au=Bouchier%2C+C&rft.au=Van+Dijck%2C+P&rft.au=Munro%2C+CA&rft.au=d%27Enfert%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6101633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoetersMunrod'EnfertVan_Dijck2018" class="citation journal cs1">Schoeters F, Munro CA, d'Enfert C, Van Dijck P (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6106057">"A High-Throughput Candida albicans Two-Hybrid System"</a>. mSphere. 3 (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FmSphere.00391-18">10.1128/mSphere.00391-18</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6106057">6106057</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30135223">30135223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mSphere&rft.atitle=A+High-Throughput+Candida+albicans+Two-Hybrid+System&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6106057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30135223&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FmSphere.00391-18&rft.aulast=Schoeters&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Munro%2C+CA&rft.au=d%27Enfert%2C+C&rft.au=Van+Dijck%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6106057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frontiersin.org-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frontiersin.org_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frontiersin.org_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoetersVan_Dijck2019" class="citation journal cs1">Schoeters F, Van Dijck P (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6693483">"Protein-Protein Interactions in Candida albicans"</a>. Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 1792. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2019.01792">10.3389/fmicb.2019.01792</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6693483">6693483</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31440220">31440220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Protein-Protein+Interactions+in+Candida+albicans&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=1792&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6693483%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31440220&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmicb.2019.01792&rft.aulast=Schoeters&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Van+Dijck%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6693483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyers" class="citation web cs1">Tyers M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebiogrid.org/">"BioGRID - Database of Protein, Chemical, and Genetic Interactions"</a>. thebiogrid.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911015109/https://thebiogrid.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-11. Retrieved 2018-08-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thebiogrid.org&rft.atitle=BioGRID+-+Database+of+Protein%2C+Chemical%2C+and+Genetic+Interactions&rft.aulast=Tyers&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebiogrid.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubotićSwinnenDemuyserDe_Keersmaecker2017" class="citation journal cs1">Subotić A, Swinnen E, Demuyser L, De Keersmaecker H, Mizuno H, Tournu H, Van Dijck P (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5633398">"A Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation Tool for Identification of Protein-Protein Interactions in Candida albicans"</a>. G3. 7 (10): 3509–3520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1534%2Fg3.117.300149">10.1534/g3.117.300149</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5633398">5633398</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28860184">28860184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G3&rft.atitle=A+Bimolecular+Fluorescence+Complementation+Tool+for+Identification+of+Protein-Protein+Interactions+in+Candida+albicans&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3509-3520&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5633398%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28860184&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1534%2Fg3.117.300149&rft.aulast=Suboti%C4%87&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Swinnen%2C+E&rft.au=Demuyser%2C+L&rft.au=De+Keersmaecker%2C+H&rft.au=Mizuno%2C+H&rft.au=Tournu%2C+H&rft.au=Van+Dijck%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5633398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMamoueiZengWangWang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mamouei Z, Zeng G, Wang YM, Wang Y (December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmmi.13864">"Candida albicans possess a highly versatile and dynamic high-affinity iron transport system important for its commensal-pathogenic lifestyle"</a>. Molecular Microbiology. 106 (6): 986–998. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmmi.13864">10.1111/mmi.13864</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29030877">29030877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Candida+albicans+possess+a+highly+versatile+and+dynamic+high-affinity+iron+transport+system+important+for+its+commensal-pathogenic+lifestyle&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=986-998&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fmmi.13864&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29030877&rft.aulast=Mamouei&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Zeng%2C+G&rft.au=Wang%2C+YM&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fmmi.13864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMochonJinKayalaWingard2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mochon AB, Jin Y, Kayala MA, Wingard JR, Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH, et al. (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2845659">"Serological profiling of a Candida albicans protein microarray reveals permanent host-pathogen interplay and stage-specific responses during candidemia"</a>. PLOS Pathogens. 6 (3): e1000827. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000827">10.1371/journal.ppat.1000827</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2845659">2845659</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20361054">20361054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Pathogens&rft.atitle=Serological+profiling+of+a+Candida+albicans+protein+microarray+reveals+permanent+host-pathogen+interplay+and+stage-specific+responses+during+candidemia&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e1000827&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2845659%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20361054&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000827&rft.aulast=Mochon&rft.aufirst=AB&rft.au=Jin%2C+Y&rft.au=Kayala%2C+MA&rft.au=Wingard%2C+JR&rft.au=Clancy%2C+CJ&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+MH&rft.au=Felgner%2C+P&rft.au=Baldi%2C+P&rft.au=Liu%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2845659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeanNg2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dean N, Ng H (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8275232">"Method for CRISPR/Cas9 Mutagenesis in Candida albicans"</a>. Bio-Protocol. 8 (8): e2814. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21769%2FBioProtoc.2814">10.21769/BioProtoc.2814</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8275232">8275232</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34286028">34286028</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90620202">90620202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bio-Protocol&rft.atitle=Method+for+CRISPR%2FCas9+Mutagenesis+in+Candida+albicans&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e2814&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8275232%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A90620202%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34286028&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21769%2FBioProtoc.2814&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Ng%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8275232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVyasBarrasaFink2015" class="citation journal cs1">Vyas VK, Barrasa MI, Fink GR (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428347">"A Candida albicans CRISPR system permits genetic engineering of essential genes and gene families"</a>. Science Advances. 1 (3): e1500248. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SciA....1E0248V">2015SciA....1E0248V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1500248">10.1126/sciadv.1500248</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428347">4428347</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25977940">25977940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=A+Candida+albicans+CRISPR+system+permits+genetic+engineering+of+essential+genes+and+gene+families&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e1500248&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4428347%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25977940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.1500248&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015SciA....1E0248V&rft.aulast=Vyas&rft.aufirst=VK&rft.au=Barrasa%2C+MI&rft.au=Fink%2C+GR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4428347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinIchikawaWoolfordMitchell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Min K, Ichikawa Y, Woolford CA, Mitchell AP (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4911798">"Candida albicans Gene Deletion with a Transient CRISPR-Cas9 System"</a>. mSphere. 1 (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FmSphere.00130-16">10.1128/mSphere.00130-16</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4911798">4911798</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27340698">27340698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mSphere&rft.atitle=Candida+albicans+Gene+Deletion+with+a+Transient+CRISPR-Cas9+System&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4911798%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27340698&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FmSphere.00130-16&rft.aulast=Min&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Ichikawa%2C+Y&rft.au=Woolford%2C+CA&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+AP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4911798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayginTabibBittarValenzi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052475">"Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension"</a>. Pulmonary Circulation. 10 (1): 111–114. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ITNan..12..111D">2013ITNan..12..111D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTNANO.2013.2239308">10.1109/TNANO.2013.2239308</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7052475">7052475</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32166015">32166015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26949825">26949825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pulmonary+Circulation&rft.atitle=Transcriptional+profiling+of+lung+cell+populations+in+idiopathic+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-114&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7052475%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26949825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013ITNan..12..111D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32166015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTNANO.2013.2239308&rft.aulast=Saygin&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Tabib%2C+T&rft.au=Bittar%2C+HE&rft.au=Valenzi%2C+E&rft.au=Sembrat%2C+J&rft.au=Chan%2C+SY&rft.au=Rojas%2C+M&rft.au=Lafyatis%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7052475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdds1988" class="citation book cs1">Odds FC (1988). Candida and candidosis (2nd ed.). Baillière Tindall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0702012655" title="Special:BookSources/978-0702012655"><bdi>978-0702012655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Candida+and+candidosis&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bailli%C3%A8re+Tindall&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0702012655&rft.aulast=Odds&rft.aufirst=FC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanGilharDuekBerdicevsky2001" class="citation journal cs1">Waldman A, Gilhar A, Duek L, Berdicevsky I (May 2001). "Incidence of Candida in psoriasis--a study on the fungal flora of psoriatic patients". Mycoses. 44 (3–4): 77–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1439-0507.2001.00608.x">10.1046/j.1439-0507.2001.00608.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11413927">11413927</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36201859">36201859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mycoses&rft.atitle=Incidence+of+Candida+in+psoriasis--a+study+on+the+fungal+flora+of+psoriatic+patients&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=77-81&rft.date=2001-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36201859%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11413927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1439-0507.2001.00608.x&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Gilhar%2C+A&rft.au=Duek%2C+L&rft.au=Berdicevsky%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZordanMillerGalgoczyTuch2007" class="citation journal cs1">Zordan RE, Miller MG, Galgoczy DJ, Tuch BB, Johnson AD (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976629">"Interlocking transcriptional feedback loops control white-opaque switching in Candida albicans"</a>. PLOS Biology. 5 (10): e256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050256">10.1371/journal.pbio.0050256</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1976629">1976629</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17880264">17880264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Interlocking+transcriptional+feedback+loops+control+white-opaque+switching+in+Candida+albicans&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e256&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1976629%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17880264&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050256&rft.aulast=Zordan&rft.aufirst=RE&rft.au=Miller%2C+MG&rft.au=Galgoczy%2C+DJ&rft.au=Tuch%2C+BB&rft.au=Johnson%2C+AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1976629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossignolLechatCuomoZeng2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rossignol T, Lechat P, Cuomo C, Zeng Q, Moszer I, d'Enfert C (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2238939">"CandidaDB: a multi-genome database for Candida species and related Saccharomycotina"</a>. Nucleic Acids Research. 36 (Database issue): D557–D561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkm1010">10.1093/nar/gkm1010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2238939">2238939</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18039716">18039716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=CandidaDB%3A+a+multi-genome+database+for+Candida+species+and+related+Saccharomycotina&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=Database+issue&rft.pages=D557-D561&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2238939%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18039716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkm1010&rft.aulast=Rossignol&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Lechat%2C+P&rft.au=Cuomo%2C+C&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Q&rft.au=Moszer%2C+I&rft.au=d%27Enfert%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2238939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowSection&rid=coffeebrk.chapter.20">"How Candida albicans switches phenotype – and back again: the SIR2 silencing gene has a say in Candida's colony type"</a>. NCBI Coffeebreak. 1999-11-24. Retrieved 2008-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI+Coffeebreak&rft.atitle=How+Candida+albicans+switches+phenotype+%E2%80%93+and+back+again%3A+the+SIR2+silencing+gene+has+a+say+in+Candida%27s+colony+type&rft.date=1999-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Fcall%3Dbv.View..ShowSection%26rid%3Dcoffeebrk.chapter.20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandida+albicans" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" class="extiw" title="commons:Candida albicans">Candida albicans</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.candidagenome.org/">Candida Genome Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041028100712/http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/mapview/map_search.cgi?taxid=5476">U.S. National Institutes of Health on the Candida albicans genome</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mycobank.org/name/Candida%20albicans">Mycobank data on Candida albicans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.candidagenome.org/cache/Labs.html">Labs working on Candida</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebiogrid.org">Protein-protein interactions for Candida albicans</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fungal_infection_and_mesomycetozoea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mycoses" title="Template:Mycoses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mycoses" title="Template talk:Mycoses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mycoses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mycoses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fungal_infection_and_mesomycetozoea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Fungal infection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesomycetozoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesomycetozoea">mesomycetozoea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Superficial_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Superficial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Cutaneous_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">cutaneous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dermatomycosis" title="Dermatomycosis">dermatomycosis</a>): <a href="/wiki/Tinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea">Tinea</a> = <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Piedra" title="Piedra">Piedra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Exothrix" title="Exothrix">exothrix</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Endothrix" title="Endothrix">endothrix</a>) = <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermatophyte" title="Dermatophyte">Dermatophyte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dermatophytosis" title="Dermatophytosis">Dermatophytosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_barbae" title="Tinea barbae">Tinea barbae</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tinea_capitis" title="Tinea capitis">tinea capitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerion" title="Kerion">Kerion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis" title="Tinea corporis">Tinea corporis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophytosis" title="Dermatophytosis">Ringworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophytid" title="Dermatophytid">Dermatophytids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_cruris" title="Tinea cruris">Tinea cruris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_manuum" title="Tinea manuum">Tinea manuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot" title="Athlete's foot">Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychomycosis" title="Onychomycosis">Tinea unguium/onychomycosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_superficial_onychomycosis" title="White superficial onychomycosis">White superficial onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_subungual_onychomycosis" title="Distal subungual onychomycosis">Distal subungual onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximal_subungual_onychomycosis" title="Proximal subungual onychomycosis">Proximal subungual onychomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis_gladiatorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea corporis gladiatorum">Tinea corporis gladiatorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_faciei" title="Tinea faciei">Tinea faciei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_imbricata" title="Tinea imbricata">Tinea imbricata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_incognito" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea incognito">Tinea incognito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favus" title="Favus">Favus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By organism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermophyton_floccosum" title="Epidermophyton floccosum">Epidermophyton floccosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsporum_canis" title="Microsporum canis">Microsporum canis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsporum_audouinii" title="Microsporum audouinii">Microsporum audouinii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_interdigitale" title="Trichophyton interdigitale">Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_tonsurans" title="Trichophyton tonsurans">Trichophyton tonsurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton" title="Trichophyton">Trichophyton schoenleini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_rubrum" title="Trichophyton rubrum">Trichophyton rubrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_verrucosum" title="Trichophyton verrucosum">Trichophyton verrucosum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hortaea_werneckii" title="Hortaea werneckii">Hortaea werneckii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_nigra" title="Tinea nigra">Tinea nigra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedraia_hortae" title="Piedraia hortae">Piedraia hortae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_piedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Black piedra">Black piedra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malassezia" title="Malassezia">Malassezia furfur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_versicolor" title="Tinea versicolor">Tinea versicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malassezia_folliculitis" title="Malassezia folliculitis">Malassezia folliculitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichosporon" title="Trichosporon">Trichosporon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_piedra" title="White piedra">White piedra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Subcutaneous_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Subcutaneous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Systemic_mycoses_due_to_primary_pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">systemic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Systemic_mycoses_due_to_opportunistic_pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">opportunistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dimorphic_fungus" title="Dimorphic fungus">Dimorphic</a> (yeast+mold)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Onygenales" title="Onygenales">Onygenales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccidioides_immitis" title="Coccidioides immitis">Coccidioides immitis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Coccidioides_posadasii" title="Coccidioides posadasii">Coccidioides posadasii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">Coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disseminated_coccidioidomycosis" title="Disseminated coccidioidomycosis">Disseminated coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_coccidioidomycosis" title="Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis">Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Primary_pulmonary_coccidioidomycosis" title="Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis">Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasma_capsulatum" title="Histoplasma capsulatum">Histoplasma capsulatum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">Histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_histoplasmosis" title="Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis">Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_pulmonary_histoplasmosis" title="Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis">Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_disseminated_histoplasmosis" title="Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis">Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasma_duboisii" title="Histoplasma duboisii">Histoplasma duboisii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_histoplasmosis" title="African histoplasmosis">African histoplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacazia" title="Lacazia">Lacazia loboi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobomycosis" title="Lobomycosis">Lobomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis" title="Paracoccidioides brasiliensis">Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis" title="Paracoccidioidomycosis">Paracoccidioidomycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blastomyces_dermatitidis" title="Blastomyces dermatitidis">Blastomyces dermatitidis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blastomycosis" title="Blastomycosis">Blastomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastomycosis" title="Blastomycosis">North American blastomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis" title="Paracoccidioidomycosis">South American blastomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporothrix_schenckii" title="Sporothrix schenckii">Sporothrix schenckii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sporotrichosis" title="Sporotrichosis">Sporotrichosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaromyces_marneffei" title="Talaromyces marneffei">Talaromyces marneffei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talaromycosis" title="Talaromycosis">Talaromycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scedosporiosis" title="Scedosporiosis">Scedosporiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmonsiosis" title="Emmonsiosis">Emmonsiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmonsia_parva" title="Emmonsia parva">Emmonsia parva</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiaspiromycosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adiaspiromycosis (page does not exist)">Adiaspiromycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a>-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Candida albicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">Oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis" title="Esophageal candidiasis">Esophageal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_vulvovaginitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidal vulvovaginitis">Vulvovaginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_mucocutaneous_candidiasis" title="Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis">Chronic mucocutaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic candidiasis">Antibiotic candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_intertrigo" title="Candidal intertrigo">Candidal intertrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_onychomycosis" title="Candidal onychomycosis">Candidal onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Candidal paronychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidid" title="Candidid">Candidid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaper_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaper candidiasis">Diaper candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_cutaneous_candidiasis" title="Congenital cutaneous candidiasis">Congenital cutaneous candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianal_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Perianal candidiasis">Perianal candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic candidiasis">Systemic candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosio_interdigitalis_blastomycetica" title="Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica">Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_auris" title="Candida auris">C. auris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_glabrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida glabrata">C. glabrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_lusitaniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida lusitaniae">C. lusitaniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_tropicalis" title="Candida tropicalis">C. tropicalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_jirovecii" title="Pneumocystis jirovecii">Pneumocystis jirovecii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystosis" title="Pneumocystosis">Pneumocystosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">Pneumocystis pneumonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">Mold</a>-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">Aspergillus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspergillosis" title="Aspergillosis">Aspergillosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspergilloma" title="Aspergilloma">Aspergilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_aspergillosis" title="Primary cutaneous aspergillosis">Primary cutaneous aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exophiala_jeanselmei" title="Exophiala jeanselmei">Exophiala jeanselmei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eumycetoma" title="Eumycetoma">Eumycetoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonsecaea_pedrosoi" title="Fonsecaea pedrosoi">Fonsecaea pedrosoi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fonsecaea_compacta" title="Fonsecaea compacta">Fonsecaea compacta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Phialophora_verrucosa" title="Phialophora verrucosa">Phialophora verrucosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromoblastomycosis" title="Chromoblastomycosis">Chromoblastomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotrichum_candidum" title="Geotrichum candidum">Geotrichum candidum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geotrichosis" title="Geotrichosis">Geotrichosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudallescheria_boydii" title="Pseudallescheria boydii">Pseudallescheria boydii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudallescheria_boydii" title="Pseudallescheria boydii">Allescheriasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_neoformans" title="Cryptococcus neoformans">Cryptococcus neoformans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcosis" title="Cryptococcosis">Cryptococcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichosporon" title="Trichosporon">Trichosporon</a> spp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichosporonosis" title="Trichosporonosis">Trichosporonosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zygomycosis" title="Zygomycosis">Zygomycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mucorales" title="Mucorales">Mucorales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mucormycosis" title="Mucormycosis">Mucormycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhizopus_oryzae" title="Rhizopus oryzae">Rhizopus oryzae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucor_indicus" title="Mucor indicus">Mucor indicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichtheimia_corymbifera" title="Lichtheimia corymbifera">Lichtheimia corymbifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncephalastrum_racemosum" title="Syncephalastrum racemosum">Syncephalastrum racemosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophysomyces_variabilis" title="Apophysomyces variabilis">Apophysomyces variabilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Entomophthorales" title="Entomophthorales">Entomophthorales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Entomophthoramycosis" title="Entomophthoramycosis">Entomophthoramycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basidiobolus_ranarum" title="Basidiobolus ranarum">Basidiobolus ranarum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basidiobolomycosis" title="Basidiobolomycosis">Basidiobolomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conidiobolus_coronatus" title="Conidiobolus coronatus">Conidiobolus coronatus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Conidiobolus_incongruus" title="Conidiobolus incongruus">Conidiobolus incongruus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conidiobolomycosis" title="Conidiobolomycosis">Conidiobolomycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsporidiosis" title="Microsporidiosis">Microsporidiosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterocytozoon_bieneusi" title="Enterocytozoon bieneusi">Enterocytozoon bieneusi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Encephalitozoon_intestinalis" title="Encephalitozoon intestinalis">Encephalitozoon intestinalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesomycetozoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhinosporidium_seeberi" title="Rhinosporidium seeberi">Rhinosporidium seeberi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhinosporidiosis" title="Rhinosporidiosis">Rhinosporidiosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternariosis" title="Alternariosis">Alternariosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_folliculitis" title="Fungal folliculitis">Fungal folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusariosis" title="Fusariosis">Fusariosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_gluteale_infantum" title="Granuloma gluteale infantum">Granuloma gluteale infantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyalohyphomycosis" title="Hyalohyphomycosis">Hyalohyphomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomycosis" title="Otomycosis">Otomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratomycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratomycosis">Keratomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeohyphomycosis" title="Phaeohyphomycosis">Phaeohyphomycosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Candida albicans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310443" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q310443">Q310443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Candida albicans">Candida albicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_online_fauna_%26_flora_databases" title="Australian online fauna & flora databases">AusFungi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/fungi/60022019">60022019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/699T3">699T3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1013921">1013921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CANDAL">CANDAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2599597">2599597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/895618">895618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">IndexFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=256187">256187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10482576">10482576</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=194598">194598</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MycoBank" title="MycoBank">MycoBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycobank.org/MB/256187">256187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/BMSSYS0000003266">BMSSYS0000003266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=5476">5476</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/b68ca8b8-874a-49f7-9ff7-a62b630b0c79">b68ca8b8-874a-49f7-9ff7-a62b630b0c79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=154960">154960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">SpeciesFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=256187">256187</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Oidium albicans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59452981" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q59452981">Q59452981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_online_fauna_%26_flora_databases" title="Australian online fauna & flora databases">AusFungi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/fungi/60022020">60022020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/48ZN5">48ZN5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2599599">2599599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">IndexFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=247312">247312</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11304730">11304730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MycoBank" title="MycoBank">MycoBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycobank.org/MB/247312">247312</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/b7ae58a4-9f40-4b87-aea9-01bcd7b10b59">b7ae58a4-9f40-4b87-aea9-01bcd7b10b59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Fungorum" title="Index Fungorum">SpeciesFungorum</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=247312">247312</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310443#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85019564">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph180716&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283369305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&oldid=1254096410">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&oldid=1254096410</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candida_(fungus)" title="Category:Candida (fungus)">Candida (fungus)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gut_flora" title="Category:Gut flora">Gut flora</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organisms_with_an_alternative_genetic_code" title="Category:Organisms with an alternative genetic code">Organisms with an alternative genetic code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pathogenic_microbes" title="Category:Pathogenic microbes">Pathogenic microbes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fungal_pathogens_of_humans" title="Category:Fungal pathogens of humans">Fungal pathogens of humans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yeasts" title="Category:Yeasts">Yeasts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fungi_described_in_1923" title="Category:Fungi described in 1923">Fungi described in 1923</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fungus_species" title="Category:Fungus species">Fungus species</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2020">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_with_automatically_added_basionyms" title="Category:Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms">Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 11:56 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-tfmgc","wgBackendResponseTime":146,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.075","walltime":"2.317","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13649,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":472395,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10300,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":27,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":581586,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":16,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2053.806 1 -total"," 46.57% 956.541 1 Template:Reflist"," 27.57% 566.311 103 Template:Cite_journal"," 13.48% 276.900 1 Template:Speciesbox"," 13.01% 267.141 1 Template:Taxobox/core"," 9.31% 191.245 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 8.50% 174.547 16 Template:Cite_book"," 5.96% 122.398 8 Template:Navbox"," 5.63% 115.707 8 Template:Citation_needed"," 5.03% 103.350 1 Template:Mycoses"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.323","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8434040,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","15.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","10.1"],["?","120","8.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","8.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","120","8.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","100","7.2"],["type","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","2.9"],["tonumber","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","2.9"],["[others]","380","27.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-cvdrd","timestamp":"20241129150626","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Candida albicans","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Candida_albicans","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q310443","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q310443","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-12-23T02:28:27Z","dateModified":"2024-10-29T11:56:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a8\/SEM_of_C_albicans.tif","headline":"species of fungus"}</script> </body> </html>