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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Additions,_renovations_and_repairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additions,_renovations_and_repairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Additions, renovations and repairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additions,_renovations_and_repairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation_&_Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation_&_Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Preservation & Restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation_&_Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctum_and_the_Sri-vimana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctum_and_the_Sri-vimana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sanctum and the Sri-vimana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctum_and_the_Sri-vimana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deities_and_Natya_Sastra_dance_mudras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deities_and_Natya_Sastra_dance_mudras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Deities and Natya Sastra dance mudras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deities_and_Natya_Sastra_dance_mudras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandapa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandapa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Mandapa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandapa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Murals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Temple personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Millennium_commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Millennium_commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Millennium commemoration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Millennium_commemoration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Millennium commemoration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Millennium_commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bharathanatyam_Yajna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bharathanatyam_Yajna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bharathanatyam Yajna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bharathanatyam_Yajna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorative_stamps_and_coins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorative_stamps_and_coins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Commemorative stamps and coins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorative_stamps_and_coins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cultural events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Car_festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Car_festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Car festival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Car_festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brihadisvara Temple</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="معبد بريهاديسفارا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معبد بريهاديسفارا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="राजाराजेश्‍वर मंदिर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="राजाराजेश्‍वर मंदिर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahadi%C5%9Fvara" title="Brahadişvara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Brahadişvara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0,_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="বৃহদীশ্বর মন্দির, তাঞ্জাবুর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৃহদীশ্বর মন্দির, তাঞ্জাবুর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_Brihadisvara" title="Templo Brihadisvara – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Templo Brihadisvara" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%80)" title="Брихадесварар (Танджавур) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Брихадесварар (Танджавур)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadi%C5%A1v%C3%A1ra" title="Brihadišvára – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brihadišvára" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadishvara-Tempel" title="Brihadishvara-Tempel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brihadishvara-Tempel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_Brihadisvara" title="Templo Brihadisvara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Templo Brihadisvara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_Brihadisvara" title="Templo Brihadisvara – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Templo Brihadisvara" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نیایشگاه بریهادیسوارار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیایشگاه بریهادیسوارار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_de_Brihadesvara" title="Temple de Brihadesvara – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Temple de Brihadesvara" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%98%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%EC%99%80%EB%9D%BC_%EC%82%AC%EC%9B%90" title="브리하디스와라 사원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브리하디스와라 사원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="बृहदीश्वर मन्दिर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बृहदीश्वर मन्दिर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadeeswarar" title="Brihadeeswarar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brihadeeswarar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuil_Brihadiswara" title="Kuil Brihadiswara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuil Brihadiswara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%A9_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A8" title="מקדש בריהאדיסוואראר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקדש בריהאדיסוואראר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AF" title="ಬೃಹದೀಶ್ವರ ದೇವಾಲಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೃಹದೀಶ್ವರ ದೇವಾಲಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბრიჰადეშვარას ტაძარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრიჰადეშვარას ტაძარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihady%C5%A1varos_%C5%A1ventykla" title="Brihadyšvaros šventykla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brihadyšvaros šventykla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihad%C3%ADsvara-templom" title="Brihadísvara-templom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brihadísvara-templom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="बृहदेश्वर मन्दिर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बृहदेश्वर मन्दिर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ബൃഹദീശ്വരക്ഷേത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബൃഹദീശ്വരക്ഷേത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="बृहदेश्वर मंदिर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बृहदेश्वर मंदिर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="معبد بيروفودايار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معبد بيروفودايار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadisvaratempel" title="Brihadisvaratempel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brihadisvaratempel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="बृहदीश्वर मन्दिर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बृहदीश्वर मन्दिर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="बृहदेश्वर देगः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बृहदेश्वर देगः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8F%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%A9%E5%AF%BA%E9%99%A2" title="ブリハディーシュヴァラ寺院 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブリハディーシュヴァラ寺院" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadisjvara-tempelet" title="Brihadisjvara-tempelet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brihadisjvara-tempelet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0" title="ବୃହଦେଶ୍ୱର ମନ୍ଦିର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୃହଦେଶ୍ୱର ମନ୍ଦିର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%81%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="برہدیشور مندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برہدیشور مندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_de_Brihadisvara" title="Templo de Brihadisvara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Templo de Brihadisvara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templul_Brihadeeswarar" title="Templul Brihadeeswarar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Templul Brihadeeswarar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Брахадисвара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брахадисвара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="बृहदीश्वरदेवालयः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बृहदीश्वरदेवालयः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadeshwara_Temple" title="Brihadeshwara Temple – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brihadeshwara Temple" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempelj_Brihadisvara_v_Thand%C5%BEavurju" title="Tempelj Brihadisvara v Thandžavurju – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tempelj Brihadisvara v Thandžavurju" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Брихадесварар храм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брихадесварар храм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hram_Brihadeeswarar" title="Hram Brihadeeswarar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hram Brihadeeswarar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadisvaratemplet" title="Brihadisvaratemplet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brihadisvaratemplet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தஞ்சைப் பெருவுடையார் கோயில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தஞ்சைப் பெருவுடையார் கோயில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81)" title="బృహదీశ్వర దేవాలయం (తంజావూరు) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బృహదీశ్వర దేవాలయం (తంజావూరు)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5_(%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3)" title="เปรุวุไฏยารโกยิล (ตัญจาวูร) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เปรุวุไฏยารโกยิล (ตัญจาวูร)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Брігадісвара – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Брігадісвара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%81%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="برہدیشور مندر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برہدیشور مندر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%93%88%E8%BF%AA%E5%B8%8C%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="布里哈迪希瓦拉神廟 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布里哈迪希瓦拉神廟" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%93%88%E8%BF%AA%E5%B8%8C%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="布里哈迪希瓦拉神庙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布里哈迪希瓦拉神庙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q916943#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">11th century temple and UNESCO World Heritage Site</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Brihadiswara temple in <a href="/wiki/Gangaikonda_Cholapuram" title="Gangaikonda Cholapuram">Gangaikonda Cholapuram</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple,_Gangaikonda_Cholapuram" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram">Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rajarajeswaram" redirects here. For the Shiva temple in <a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a>, Kerala, see <a href="/wiki/Rajarajeshwara_Temple" title="Rajarajeshwara Temple">Rajarajeshwara Temple</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #FFC569">Brihadisvara Temple</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">தஞ்சைப் பெருவுடையார் கோயில்</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brihadesvara_Temple,_Tanjavur,_India_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brihadisvara Temple complex is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, known as the Great Living Chola Temples." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brihadesvara_Temple%2C_Tanjavur%2C_India_02.jpg/220px-Brihadesvara_Temple%2C_Tanjavur%2C_India_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brihadesvara_Temple%2C_Tanjavur%2C_India_02.jpg/330px-Brihadesvara_Temple%2C_Tanjavur%2C_India_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brihadesvara_Temple%2C_Tanjavur%2C_India_02.jpg/440px-Brihadesvara_Temple%2C_Tanjavur%2C_India_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="2142" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Brihadishvara Temple complex</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569">Religion</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">District</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_district" title="Thanjavur district">Thanjavur district</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">India</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brihadisvara Temple is located in India"><img alt="Brihadisvara Temple is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/240px-India_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/360px-India_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/480px-India_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:82.207%;left:37.911%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Brihadisvara Temple"><img alt="Brihadisvara Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/8px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/12px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/16px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Tamil Nadu, India</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of India</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brihadisvara Temple is located in Tamil Nadu"><img alt="Brihadisvara Temple is located in Tamil Nadu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg/240px-India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg/360px-India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg/480px-India_Tamil_Nadu_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.927%;left:63.763%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Brihadisvara Temple"><img alt="Brihadisvara Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/8px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/12px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/16px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Brihadisvara Temple (Tamil Nadu)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Tamil Nadu</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Geographic coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brihadisvara_Temple&params=10_46_58_N_79_07_54_E_type:landmark_region:IN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°46′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°07′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.78278°N 79.13167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.78278; 79.13167</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chola_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola architecture">Chola architecture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_I" title="Rajaraja I">Rajaraja I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data note">1010 CE<sup id="cite_ref-britbrihadthanj_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britbrihadthanj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inscriptions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">66 m (217 ft)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal; font-size:88%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">The Brihadisvara Temple complex, Thanjavur</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Great_Living_Chola_Temples" title="Great Living Chola Temples">Great Living Chola Temples</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: (ii), (iii)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250bis-001">250bis-001</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1987 (11th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Extensions</th><td class="infobox-data">2004</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">18.07 ha (44.7 acres)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">9.58 ha (23.7 acres)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Brihadishvara Temple</b>, called <b>Rajarajesvaram</b> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Lord of <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_I" title="Rajaraja I">Rajaraja</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) by its builder, and known locally as <i><b>Thanjai Periya Kovil</b></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Thanjavur Big Temple</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and <i><b>Peruvudaiyar Kovil</b></i>, is a <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaivite</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> built in a <a href="/wiki/Chola_art_and_architecture" title="Chola art and architecture">Chola architectural</a> style<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located on the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/Cauvery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cauvery">Cauvery</a> river in <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur,_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu">Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu</a>, India.<sup id="cite_ref-britbrihadthanj_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britbrihadthanj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asibrihadthanj_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asibrihadthanj-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Hindu_temples" title="List of largest Hindu temples">largest Hindu temples</a> and an exemplar of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil architecture">Tamil architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also called <i>Dakshina Meru</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Meru</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Built by <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Raja_Raja_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Raja Chola I">Rajaraja I</a> between 1003 and 1010 CE, the temple is a part of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> known as the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Living_Chola_Temples" title="Great Living Chola Temples">Great Living Chola Temples</a>", along with the Chola-era <a href="/wiki/Brihadeeswarar_Temple,_Gangaikonda_Cholapuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadeeswarar Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram">Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airavatesvara_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Airavatesvara temple">Airavatesvara temple</a>, which are about 70 kilometres (43 mi) and 40 kilometres (25 mi) to its northeast respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original monuments of this 11th-century temple were built around a moat. It included <i><a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">gopura</a></i>, the main temple, its massive tower, inscriptions, frescoes, and sculptures predominantly related to <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, but also of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>. The temple was damaged in its history and some artwork is now missing. Additional mandapam and monuments were added in the centuries that followed. The temple now stands amidst fortified walls that were added after the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam19751–21_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam19751–21-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-michell16_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michell16-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Built using granite, the <i><a href="/wiki/Vimana_(architectural_feature)" title="Vimana (architectural feature)">vimana</a></i> tower above the shrine is one of the tallest in South India.<sup id="cite_ref-asibrihadthanj_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asibrihadthanj-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple has a massive colonnaded <i>prakara</i> (corridor) and one of the largest Shiva <a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">lingas</a> in India.<sup id="cite_ref-asibrihadthanj_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asibrihadthanj-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197520–21_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197520–21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also famed for the quality of its sculpture, as well as being the location that commissioned the brass <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a>, Shiva as the lord of dance, in the 11th century. The complex includes shrines for <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(bull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (bull)">Nandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Murugan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, Sabhapati, <a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurti" title="Dakshinamurti">Dakshinamurti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandeshvara_Nayanar" title="Chandeshvara Nayanar">Chandeshvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a>, Thiyagarajar of Thiruvarur, <a href="/wiki/Siddhar" title="Siddhar">Siddhar</a> <a href="/wiki/Karuvurar" title="Karuvurar">Karuvoorar</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–29_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–29-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple is one of the most visited tourist attractions in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gopal_1990_185_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gopal_1990_185-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_I" title="Rajaraja I">Rajaraja Chola</a>, who commissioned the temple, called it Rajarajeshvaram (Rajarājeśvaram), literally "the temple of the god of Rajaraja".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later inscription in the Brihannayaki shrine calls the temple's deity Periya Udaiya Nayanar, which appears to be the source of the modern names Brihadisvara and Peruvudaiyar Kovil.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2></div> <p>The Peruvudaiyar Temple<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is located in the city of <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>, about 350 kilometres (220 mi) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>. The city is connected daily to other major cities by the network of Indian Railways, Tamil Nadu bus services and the <a href="/wiki/National_Highways_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highways of Tamil Nadu">National Highways</a> <a href="/wiki/NH_67" class="mw-redirect" title="NH 67">67</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_45C_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 45C (India)">45C</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_226_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 226 (India)">226</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_226_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 226 (India)">226 Extn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-road_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-road-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearest airport with regular services is <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_International_Airport" title="Tiruchirappalli International Airport">Tiruchirappalli International Airport</a> (IATA: TRZ), about 55 kilometres (34 mi) away.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city and the temple though inland, are at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveri River">Kaveri River</a> delta, thus with access to the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> and through it to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. Along with the temples, the Tamil people completed the first major irrigation network in the 11th century for agriculture, for movement of goods and to control the water flow through the urban center.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raraja_detail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Raraja_detail.png/172px-Raraja_detail.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Raraja_detail.png/258px-Raraja_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Raraja_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Raja_Raja_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Raja Chola I">Rajaraja I</a>, who built the temple over 1003–1010 CE<sup id="cite_ref-britbrihadthanj_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britbrihadthanj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A spectrum of <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">dravidian</a> temple styles continued to develop from the fifth to the ninth century over the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya">Chalukya</a> era rule as evidenced in <a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badami_cave_temples" title="Badami cave temples">Badami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>, and then with the <a href="/wiki/Pallava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava">Pallava</a> era as witnessed at <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Monuments_at_Mahabalipuram" title="Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram">Mamallapuram</a> and other monuments. Thereafter, between 850 and 1280, <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Cholas</a> emerged as the dominant dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam19751–2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam19751–2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Chola period saw a greater emphasis on securing their geopolitical boundaries and less emphasis on architecture. In the tenth century, within the Chola empire emerged features such as the multifaceted <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a> with projecting square <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a>. This, states George Michell, signaled the start of the new Chola style.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This South Indian style is most fully realized both in scale and detail in the Brihadeshwara temple built between 1003 and 1010 by the Chola king <a href="/wiki/Raja_Raja_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Raja Chola I">Rajaraja I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britbrihadthanj_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britbrihadthanj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additions,_renovations_and_repairs"><span id="Additions.2C_renovations_and_repairs"></span>Additions, renovations and repairs</h3></div> <p>The main temple along with its gopurams is from the early 11th century. The temple also saw additions, renovations, and repairs over the next 1,000 years. The raids and wars, particularly between Muslim <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultans</a> who controlled <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kings</a> who controlled Thanjavur caused damage.<sup id="cite_ref-michell16_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michell16-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were repaired by Hindu dynasties that regained control. In some cases, the rulers attempted to renovate the temple with faded paintings, by ordering new murals on top of the older ones. In other cases, they sponsored the addition of shrines. The significant shrines of <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> (Murugan), <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> (Amman) and <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(bull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (bull)">Nandi</a> are from the 16th and 17th-century Nayaka era.<sup id="cite_ref-michell16_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michell16-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197525–26_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197525–26-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly the <a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurti" title="Dakshinamurti">Dakshinamurti</a> shrine was built later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197525–26_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197525–26-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was well maintained by <a href="/wiki/Marathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathas">Marathas</a> of Thanjavur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <p>The Peruvudaiyar temple's plan and development utilizes the <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">axial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetrical</a> <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> rules.<sup id="cite_ref-thapar_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thapar-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is classified as Perunkoil (also called Madakkoil), a big temple built on a higher platform of a natural or man-made mounds.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple complex is a rectangle that is almost two stacked squares, covering 240.79 metres (790.0 ft) east to west, and 121.92 metres (400.0 ft) north to south. In this space are five main sections: the sanctum with the towering superstructure (<i>sri vimana</i>), the Nandi hall in front (<i>Nandi-<a href="/wiki/Mandapa" title="Mandapa">mandapam</a></i>) and in between these the main community hall (<i>mukhamandapam</i>), the great gathering hall (<i>mahamandapam</i>) and the pavilion that connects the great hall with the sanctum (<i>Antrala</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_Brihadeshwara_Temple,_Tanjore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Entrance_to_Brihadeshwara_Temple%2C_Tanjore.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_Brihadeshwara_Temple%2C_Tanjore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Entrance_to_Brihadeshwara_Temple%2C_Tanjore.jpg/330px-Entrance_to_Brihadeshwara_Temple%2C_Tanjore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Entrance_to_Brihadeshwara_Temple%2C_Tanjore.jpg/440px-Entrance_to_Brihadeshwara_Temple%2C_Tanjore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>One of the gates of the temple</figcaption></figure> <p>The temple complex integrates a large pillared and covered veranda (<i>prakara</i>) in its spacious courtyard, with a perimeter of about 450 metres (1,480 ft) for circumambulation. Outside this pillared veranda there are two walls of enclosure, the outer one being defensive and added in 1777 by the French colonial forces with gun-holes with the temple serving as an arsenal. They made the outer wall high, isolating the temple complex area. On its east end is the original main gopuram or gateway that is <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel vaulted</a>. It is less than half the size of the main temple's <i>vimana</i>. Additional structures were added to the original temple after the 11th century, such as a mandapa in its northeast corner and additional gopurams (gateways) on its perimeters to allow people to enter and leave from multiple locations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the shrines and structures were added during the Pandya, Nayaka, Vijayanagara and Maratha era, before the colonial era started, and these builders respected the original plans and symmetry rules. Inside the original temple courtyard, along with the main sanctum and Nandi-mandapam are two major shrines, one for Kartikeya and for Parvati. The complex has additional smaller shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-igncatanj_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igncatanj-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Peruvudaiyar temple continued the Hindu temple traditions of South India by adopting architectural and decorative elements, but its scale significantly exceeded the temples constructed before the 11th century. The Chola era architects and artisans innovated the expertise to scale up and build, particularly with heavy stone and to accomplish the 63.4 metres (208 ft) high towering <i><a href="/wiki/Vimana" title="Vimana">vimana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-igncatanj_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igncatanj-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:366px;max-width:366px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur,_Tamil_Nadu,_India_(2017).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282017%29.jpg/248px-Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282017%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282017%29.jpg/372px-Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282017%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282017%29.jpg/496px-Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282017%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Nandi mandapam and the entrance gopurams, northeast view from courtyard</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple_Entrance.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple_Entrance.JPG/110px-Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple_Entrance.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple_Entrance.JPG/165px-Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple_Entrance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple_Entrance.JPG/220px-Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple_Entrance.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Another view of the entrance</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The temple faces east, and once had a water moat around it. This has been filled up. The fortified wall now runs around this moat. The two walls have ornate gateways called the gopurams. These are made from stone and display entablature. The main gateways are on the east side. The first one is called the <i>Keralantakan tiruvasal</i>, which means the "sacred gate of the Keralantakan". The word Keralantakan was the surname of king Rajaraja who built it. About a 100 metres (330 ft) ahead is the inner courtyard gopuram called the <i>Rajarajan tiruvasal</i>. This is more decorated than the <i>Keralantakan tiruvasal</i>, such as with its <i>adhishthanam</i> relief work narrating scenes from the <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a> and other Hindu texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inner eastern gopuram leads to a vast courtyard, in which the shrines are all signed to east–west and north-west cardinal directions. The complex can be entered either on one axis through a five-story <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">gopuram</a> or with a second access directly to the huge main quadrangle through a smaller free-standing gopuram. The gopuram of the main entrance is 30 m high, smaller than the vimana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–29_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–29-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main temple-related monuments and the great tower is in the middle of this courtyard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the main temple that is dedicated to Shiva, are smaller shrines, most of which are aligned axially. These are dedicated to his consort <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, his sons <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Murugan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, Nandi, <a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a>, Karuvur deva (the <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> of Rajaraja Chola), Chandeshvara and Nataraja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–29_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–29-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nandi mandapam has a monolithic seated bull facing the sanctum. In between them are stairs leading to a columned porch and community gathering hall, then an inner mandapa connecting to the <i>pradakshina patha</i>, or circumambulation path. The <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(bull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (bull)">Nandi</a> (bull) facing the mukh-mandapam weighs about 25 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197522,_Quote:_"It_is_3.65_m_high,_5.94_m_long_and_2.59_m_broad,_estimated_to_weigh_25_tons."_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197522,_Quote:_"It_is_3.65_m_high,_5.94_m_long_and_2.59_m_broad,_estimated_to_weigh_25_tons."-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is made of a single stone and is about 2 m in height, 6 m in length and 2.5 m in width. The image of Nandi is a monolithic one and is one of the largest in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Meena_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meena-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservation_&_Restoration"><span id="Preservation_.26_Restoration"></span>Preservation & Restoration</h3></div> <p>As a world heritage monument, the temple and the premises comes under the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a> (ASI) which falls under the Ministry of Culture of the Government of India, to ensure safety, preservation and restoration. The surrounding facilities have been upgraded to create an ambience worthy of the grandeur of this ancient marvel with lighting, signage and facilities for devotees and visitors. The lighting of the monument is designed to enhance the natural color of the stone along with the sculptural forms adorning all corners of the temple. The restoration has been undertaken by the Archaeological Survey of India that commissioned <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Sri_Prakash" title="Sheila Sri Prakash">Sheila Sri Prakash</a> Indian <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Designer" title="Designer">designer</a> to lead the design.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brihadeeswara_Temple_Gopuram_at_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brihadeeswara_Temple_Gopuram_at_Night.jpg/220px-Brihadeeswara_Temple_Gopuram_at_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brihadeeswara_Temple_Gopuram_at_Night.jpg/330px-Brihadeeswara_Temple_Gopuram_at_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brihadeeswara_Temple_Gopuram_at_Night.jpg/440px-Brihadeeswara_Temple_Gopuram_at_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Brihadeeswara Temple Gopuram at night</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctum_and_the_Sri-vimana">Sanctum and the Sri-vimana</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:348px;max-width:348px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Temple_Thanjavur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Big_Temple_Thanjavur.jpg/180px-Big_Temple_Thanjavur.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Big_Temple_Thanjavur.jpg/270px-Big_Temple_Thanjavur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Big_Temple_Thanjavur.jpg/360px-Big_Temple_Thanjavur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanjavur,_Brihadishwara_Temple_(7013915633).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple_%287013915633%29.jpg/160px-Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple_%287013915633%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple_%287013915633%29.jpg/240px-Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple_%287013915633%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple_%287013915633%29.jpg/320px-Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple_%287013915633%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Different views of the <i>Sri-vimana</i></div></div></div></div> <p>The sanctum is at the center of the western square. It is surrounded by massive walls that are divided into levels by sharply cut sculptures and <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a> providing deep bays and recesses. Each side of the sanctuary has a bay with iconography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197517–19_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197517–19-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thapar_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thapar-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior of the <a href="/wiki/Garbhagriha" title="Garbhagriha">sanctum sanctorum</a> hosts an image of the primary deity, Shiva, in the form of a huge stone <a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">linga</a>. It is called Karuvarai, a Tamil word that means "womb chamber". This space is called <i>garbha griha</i> in other parts of India. Only priests are allowed to enter this inner-most chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil architecture">Tamizhan</a> style, the sanctum takes the form of a miniature <a href="/wiki/Vimana_(shrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimana (shrine)">vimana</a>. It has the inner wall together with the outer wall creating a path around the sanctum for circumambulation (<a href="/wiki/Pradakshina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pradakshina">pradakshina</a>). The entrance is highly decorated. The inside chamber is the sanctum sanctorum, which houses the brihad linga.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main <a href="/wiki/Vimana_(architectural_feature)" title="Vimana (architectural feature)">Vimana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sikhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhara">Shikhara</a>) is a massive 16 storeys tower of which 13 are tapering squares. It dominates the main quadrangle. It sits above a 30.18 metres (99.0 ft) sided square.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197517–19_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197517–19-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tower is elaborately <a href="/wiki/Articulation_(architecture)" title="Articulation (architecture)">articulated</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">Pilaster</a>, piers (a raised structure), and attached <a href="/wiki/Columns" class="mw-redirect" title="Columns">columns</a> which are placed rhythmically covering every surface of the vimana.<sup id="cite_ref-ching2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ching2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deities_and_Natya_Sastra_dance_mudras">Deities and Natya Sastra dance mudras</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_Nataraja_Tanjore_Bruxelles_02_10_2011_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Shiva_Nataraja_Tanjore_Bruxelles_02_10_2011_01.jpg/190px-Shiva_Nataraja_Tanjore_Bruxelles_02_10_2011_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Shiva_Nataraja_Tanjore_Bruxelles_02_10_2011_01.jpg/285px-Shiva_Nataraja_Tanjore_Bruxelles_02_10_2011_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Shiva_Nataraja_Tanjore_Bruxelles_02_10_2011_01.jpg/380px-Shiva_Nataraja_Tanjore_Bruxelles_02_10_2011_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="2666" /></a><figcaption>The bronze <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a> design of Thanjavur, found in many museums, was commissioned for this temple's sanctum.<sup id="cite_ref-kaimal392_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaimal392-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The temple is dedicated to Shiva in the form of a huge <a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">linga</a>, his abstract aniconic representation. It is 29 feet (8.7 m) high, occupying two storeys of the sanctum.<sup id="cite_ref-asibrihadthanj_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asibrihadthanj-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197520–21_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197520–21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the largest monolithic linga sculptures in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Meena_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meena-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" align="center" style="background: transparent;"> <caption>Sculptures on the <i>maha-mandapam</i> walls<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197518–21_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197518–21-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="120px" style="background: #ffad66;">North side </td> <td width="120px" style="background: #ffad66;">South side </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a> (Shiva) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>Mahishasuramardini (<a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gajalakshmi" title="Gajalakshmi">Gajalakshmi</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_of_Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Top_of_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg/287px-Top_of_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg" decoding="async" width="287" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Top_of_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg/431px-Top_of_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Top_of_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg/574px-Top_of_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4735" data-file-height="3785" /></a><figcaption>The sikhara, a cupolic dome (25 tons), is octagonal and rests on a single block of granite, weighing 80 tons.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Shaivism temple celebrates all major Hindu traditions by including the primary deities of the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> tradition in the great mandapa of the main temple. The distribution of the deities is generally symmetric, except for the east entrance side which provide for the door and walkway. In addition to the main deities, each side provides for <i><a href="/wiki/Dvarapala" title="Dvarapala">dvarapala</a></i>s (guardians), and various other sculptures. The vestibule has three stone sculptures that is intricately carved, and mural paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197518–21_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197518–21-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ground floor level sanctum walls have the following sculptures:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197518–21_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197518–21-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>East wall: <a href="/wiki/Lingodbhava" title="Lingodbhava">Lingodbhava</a>, standing Shiva, Pashupata-murti, plus two dvarapalas flanking the pathway from <i>ardha-mandapam</i></li> <li>South wall: <a href="/wiki/Bhikshatana" title="Bhikshatana">Bhikshatana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virabhadra" title="Virabhadra">Virabhadra</a>, Dakshinamurti, <a href="/wiki/Kalantaka" title="Kalantaka">Kalantaka</a>, Nataraja<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plus two dvarapalas</li> <li>West wall: <a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a> (half Shiva, half Vishnu), Lingodbhava, Chandrashekhara without <i>prabhavali</i>, Chandrashekhara with <i>prabhavali</i>, plus two dvarapalas</li> <li>North wall: <a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a> (half Shiva, half Parvati), Gangadhara without Parvati, Pashupata-murti, Shiva-alingana-murti, plus two dvarapalas</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PeruvudaiyarKoyilThanjavurDancePostition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PeruvudaiyarKoyilThanjavurDancePostition.jpg/190px-PeruvudaiyarKoyilThanjavurDancePostition.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PeruvudaiyarKoyilThanjavurDancePostition.jpg/285px-PeruvudaiyarKoyilThanjavurDancePostition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PeruvudaiyarKoyilThanjavurDancePostition.jpg/380px-PeruvudaiyarKoyilThanjavurDancePostition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>One of the 81 dance positions carved on the outer wall of the upper storey corridor wall</figcaption></figure> <p>On the second floor, Shiva's <a href="/wiki/Tripurantaka" title="Tripurantaka">Tripurantaka</a> form in different postures is depicted corresponding to these sculptures. Above these floors, the <i>sri-vimana</i> towers above in thirteen storeys (<i>talas</i>). Above these storeys is a single square block of granite weight 80 tons, and 7.77 metres (25.5 ft) side. On top of this block, at its corners are Nandi pairs each about 1.98 metres (6 ft 6 in) by 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) in dimension. Above the center of this granite block rises the <i>griva</i>, the <i>sikhara</i> and the finial (<i>stupi</i>) of Tamil Hindu temple architecture. This <i>stupi</i> is 3.81 metres (12.5 ft) in height, and was originally covered with gold (no longer). The <i>sikhara</i> at the top is cupola-shaped and weighs 25 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197518–21_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197518–21-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each storey of this tower is decorated with <i>kutas</i> and <i>salas</i>. The shrinking squares tower architecture of this temple differs from the tower at the Chola temple at Gangaikondasolisvaram, because this is straight in contrast to the latter which is curvilinear. The temple's sri-vimana magnitude has made it a towering landmark for the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197518–21_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197518–21-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper storey corridor wall of the <i>aditala</i> is carved with 81 of the 108 dance <i>karana</i>s – postures of <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Sastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Natya Sastra">Natya Sastra</a></i>. This text is the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Bharathanatyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharathanatyam">Bharathanatyam</a>, the classical dance of Tamil Nadu. The 27 unrepresented <i>karanas</i> are blank blocks of stone, and it is unclear why these were not carved. The 81 postures carved suggest the significance of this classical Indian dance form by early 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197520–21_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197520–21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The garbhagriha is square and sits on a <a href="/wiki/Plinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinth">plinth</a>. This is moulded and 0.5 metres (1 ft 8 in) thick. It consists of <i>upapitham</i> and <i>adhishthanam</i>, respectively 140 cm and 360 cm thick.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197520–21_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197520–21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandapa">Mandapa</h3></div> <p>The two mandapa, namely <i>maha-mandapa</i> and <i>mukha-mandapa</i>, are square plan structures axially aligned between the sanctum and the <i>Nandi mandapa</i>. The <i>maha-mandapa</i> has six pillars on each side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197522–25_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197522–25-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This too has artwork. The Vitankar and Rajaraja I bronze are here, but these were added much later. The <i>maha-mandapa</i> is flanked by two giant stone dvarapalas. It is linked to the <i>mukha-mandapa</i> by stairs. The entrance of the <i>mukha-mandapa</i> also has dvarapalas. With the mandapa are eight small shrines for <i><a href="/wiki/Dikpala" class="mw-redirect" title="Dikpala">dikpalas</a></i>, or guardian deities of each direction such as <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a> and others. These were installed during the rule of Chola king Rajendra I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197522–25_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197522–25-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inscriptions indicate that this area also had other iconography from major Hindu traditions during the Chola era, but these are now missing. The original eight shrines included those for <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (the sun god), <a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Saptamatrikas</a> (seven mothers), Ganesha, Murugan, <a href="/wiki/Jyestha_(goddess)" title="Jyestha (goddess)"> Jyeshtha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a> (the moon god), Chandeshvara and Bhairava.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197522–25_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197522–25-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in the western wall cella was a massive granite Ganesha built during Rajaraja I era, but who is now found in the <i>tiruch-churru-maligai</i> (southern veranda). Of the Shaktism tradition's seven mothers, only <a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a> survives in a broken form. Her remnants are now found in a small modern era brick "Varahi shrine" in the southern side of the courtyard. The original version of the others along with their original Chola shrines are missing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197522–25_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197522–25-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murals">Murals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajaraja_mural-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rajaraja_mural-2.jpg/105px-Rajaraja_mural-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rajaraja_mural-2.jpg/158px-Rajaraja_mural-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Rajaraja_mural-2.jpg/210px-Rajaraja_mural-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1731" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A mural of Rajaraja I and his guru</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:193px;max-width:193px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N-TN-C192_Nandi_Mandapam_ceiling_with_centuries_old_murals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/N-TN-C192_Nandi_Mandapam_ceiling_with_centuries_old_murals.jpg/191px-N-TN-C192_Nandi_Mandapam_ceiling_with_centuries_old_murals.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/N-TN-C192_Nandi_Mandapam_ceiling_with_centuries_old_murals.jpg/287px-N-TN-C192_Nandi_Mandapam_ceiling_with_centuries_old_murals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/N-TN-C192_Nandi_Mandapam_ceiling_with_centuries_old_murals.jpg/382px-N-TN-C192_Nandi_Mandapam_ceiling_with_centuries_old_murals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3611" data-file-height="2932" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Nayaka era</a> ceiling mural in the Nandi shrine</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The temple has an underneath layer of Chola frescoes on the sanctum walls along the circumambulatory pathway. These frescoes which cover floor to ceiling, were discovered in 1931 by S. K. Govindasami of the <a href="/wiki/Annamalai_University" title="Annamalai University">Annamalai University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sriraman168_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sriraman168-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The painters used natural pigments and infused it into the wet limestone layer as it was setting in. The Chola frescoes were largely of Shaivism themes. These were restored in the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-paint_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paint-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total Chola fresco area is about 670 square metres (7,200 sq ft), of which about 112 square metres (1,210 sq ft) had been uncovered as of 2010 in a method that preserves both paintings, a technique developed by Archaeological Survey of India.<sup id="cite_ref-sriraman168_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sriraman168-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frescoes narrate Hindu mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-sriraman168_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sriraman168-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197529–36_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197529–36-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Balasubrahmanyam, most frescoes are related to Shiva, but the 11th century Chola frescoes also show Vishnu, Durga and others, as well as scenes of Chola royalty, courtly and common life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197529–36_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197529–36-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural2_Brihadeeswara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mural2_Brihadeeswara.jpg/192px-Mural2_Brihadeeswara.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mural2_Brihadeeswara.jpg/288px-Mural2_Brihadeeswara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mural2_Brihadeeswara.jpg/384px-Mural2_Brihadeeswara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_detail_Brihadeeswara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mural_detail_Brihadeeswara.jpg/192px-Mural_detail_Brihadeeswara.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mural_detail_Brihadeeswara.jpg/288px-Mural_detail_Brihadeeswara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mural_detail_Brihadeeswara.jpg/384px-Mural_detail_Brihadeeswara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Murals in the ceiling of Nandi mandapa, Brihadeeswara Temple</div></div></div></div> <p>The later constructions, additions and modifications to the temple curtailed the amount of natural light inside the temple. The frescoes were thus photographed in a limited way and interpreted. According to Sriraman, a complete imaging with better photographic equipment suggests that these historic interpretations were incorrect.<sup id="cite_ref-sriraman168_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sriraman168-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a fresco that was previously interpreted as Dakshinamurti Shiva is actually a secular scene of a royal <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> meditating under a banyan tree. On the tree are shown peacocks, birds, monkeys, squirrels and owls, plus a cobra. The animals and birds are shown as worried of the cobra, the ones closer to the snake are shown to be more worried.<sup id="cite_ref-sriraman168_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sriraman168-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other parts of the panel similarly show a court listening to a saint. Other show women in different dresses in different dance <i><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sriraman168_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sriraman168-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the paintings in the sanctum sanctorum and the walls in the passage had been damaged because of the soot that had deposited on them once upon a time. Owing to the continuous exposure to smoke and soot from the lamps and burning of camphor in the sanctum sanctorum over a period of centuries certain parts of the Chola paintings on the circumambulatory passage walls had been badly damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-paint_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paint-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a>, for the first time in the world, used its unique de-stucco process to restore 16 Nayak paintings, which were superimposed on 1000-year-old Chola frescoes.<sup id="cite_ref-paint_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paint-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These 400-year-old paintings have been mounted on fibre glass boards, displayed at a separate pavilion.<sup id="cite_ref-paint_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paint-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Inscriptions_in_Thanjavur_Brahadeeshwara_Temple_written_1000_years_ago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tamil_Inscriptions_in_Thanjavur_Brahadeeshwara_Temple_written_1000_years_ago.jpg/220px-Tamil_Inscriptions_in_Thanjavur_Brahadeeshwara_Temple_written_1000_years_ago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tamil_Inscriptions_in_Thanjavur_Brahadeeshwara_Temple_written_1000_years_ago.jpg/330px-Tamil_Inscriptions_in_Thanjavur_Brahadeeshwara_Temple_written_1000_years_ago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tamil_Inscriptions_in_Thanjavur_Brahadeeshwara_Temple_written_1000_years_ago.jpg/440px-Tamil_Inscriptions_in_Thanjavur_Brahadeeshwara_Temple_written_1000_years_ago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Tamil Inscriptions in Thanjavur Brahadeeshwara Temple written 1000 years ago</figcaption></figure> <p>The temple walls have numerous inscriptions in Tamil and Grantha scripts. Many of these begin with customary Sanskrit and Tamil language historical introduction to the king who authorized it, and predominant number of them discuss gifts to the temple or temple personnel, in some cases residents of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197515,_25,_53_with_footnotes_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197515,_25,_53_with_footnotes-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ayyar411_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayyar411-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple complex has sixty four inscriptions of <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaraja Chola I">Rajaraja Chola I</a>, twenty nine inscriptions of <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a>, one each of <a href="/wiki/Vikrama_Chola" title="Vikrama Chola">Vikrama Chola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kulottunga_I" title="Kulottunga I">Kulottunga I</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajamahendra_Chola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajamahendra Chola (page does not exist)">Rajamahendra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola II">Rajendra II</a>), three of a probable <a href="/wiki/Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandya">Pandyan</a> king, two of <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Nayaka</a> rulers namely, Achyutappa Nayaka and Mallapa Nayaka.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:690px;max-width:690px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirumagalpola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Thirumagalpola.jpg/134px-Thirumagalpola.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Thirumagalpola.jpg/201px-Thirumagalpola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Thirumagalpola.jpg/268px-Thirumagalpola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">ஸ்வஸ்திஸ்ரீ் திருமகள் போல பெருநில</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perunilachelviyun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Perunilachelviyun.jpg/134px-Perunilachelviyun.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Perunilachelviyun.jpg/201px-Perunilachelviyun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Perunilachelviyun.jpg/268px-Perunilachelviyun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">பெருநிலச் செல்வியுந் தனக்கேயுரிமை</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keyurimaipundamai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Keyurimaipundamai.jpg/134px-Keyurimaipundamai.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Keyurimaipundamai.jpg/201px-Keyurimaipundamai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Keyurimaipundamai.jpg/268px-Keyurimaipundamai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">கேயுரிமை பூண்டமை மனக்கொளக்</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kandalursaalai_kalamaruttaruli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kandalursaalai_kalamaruttaruli.jpg/134px-Kandalursaalai_kalamaruttaruli.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kandalursaalai_kalamaruttaruli.jpg/201px-Kandalursaalai_kalamaruttaruli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kandalursaalai_kalamaruttaruli.jpg/268px-Kandalursaalai_kalamaruttaruli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">காந்தளூர்ச் சாலைக் களமறூத்தருளி வேங்கை</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Udaiyar_Sri_Rajaraja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Udaiyar_Sri_Rajaraja.jpg/134px-Udaiyar_Sri_Rajaraja.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Udaiyar_Sri_Rajaraja.jpg/201px-Udaiyar_Sri_Rajaraja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Udaiyar_Sri_Rajaraja.jpg/268px-Udaiyar_Sri_Rajaraja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">உடையார் ஸ்ரீராஜராஜ சோழன்</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Excerpts of Rajaraja's inscription from <a href="/wiki/Brihadeeswara_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadeeswara Temple">Brihadeeswara Temple</a> in Thanjavur (<i>first line in every image</i>)</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple,_inscription,_built_by_Rajaraja_I,_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_inscription%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg/220px-1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_inscription%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_inscription%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg/330px-1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_inscription%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_inscription%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg/440px-1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_inscription%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4217" data-file-height="3890" /></a><figcaption>The Brihadishwara Temple has Tamil and Sanskrit inscriptions from the 11th century.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temple_personnel">Temple personnel</h3></div> <p>An inscription on the north wall of enclosure, dated 1011 CE, gives a detailed accounts of people employed and supported by the temple. The inscription gives their wages, roles and names. It includes over 600 names including those of <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a>, lamp lighters, washermen, <a href="/wiki/Tailor" title="Tailor">tailors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewelers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">potters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpenters</a>, sacred parasol bearers, dance gurus, <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">dancing girls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singers" class="mw-redirect" title="Singers">singers</a>, male and female <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musicians</a>, superintendents of performance artists, accountants among others. Their wages was in parcels of land, so their temple employment was likely part-time.<sup id="cite_ref-ayyar411_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayyar411-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichell198859–60_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell198859–60-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The temple employed <i><a href="/wiki/Devadasi" title="Devadasi">devadasis</a></i> who were dancers and singers of devotional hymns. Among its numerous inscriptions are frequent gifts that state, "to provide for worship, for food to assembly of <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">sannyasis</a> (monks or ascetics) and for repairs". According to George Michell, the Thanjavur temple was a major charity institution in its history. It provides free meal for pilgrims, devotees and wayfarers on a daily basis. On the days of Hindu festivals, these meals were elaborate and when <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brahmins</a> were particularly invited and fed.<sup id="cite_ref-ayyar411_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ayyar411-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichell198859–60_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell198859–60-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Millennium_commemoration">Millennium commemoration</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1000_years_Old_Thanjavur_Brihadeeshwara_Temple_View_at_Sunrise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/1000_years_Old_Thanjavur_Brihadeeshwara_Temple_View_at_Sunrise.jpg/220px-1000_years_Old_Thanjavur_Brihadeeshwara_Temple_View_at_Sunrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/1000_years_Old_Thanjavur_Brihadeeshwara_Temple_View_at_Sunrise.jpg/330px-1000_years_Old_Thanjavur_Brihadeeshwara_Temple_View_at_Sunrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/1000_years_Old_Thanjavur_Brihadeeshwara_Temple_View_at_Sunrise.jpg/440px-1000_years_Old_Thanjavur_Brihadeeshwara_Temple_View_at_Sunrise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>1,000-year-old Thanjavur Brihadeeshwara Temple – view at sunrise</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanjavur,_Brihadishwara_Temple,_dance_(6851706080).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg/220px-Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg/330px-Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg/440px-Thanjavur%2C_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_dance_%286851706080%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Dancers gathered at Brihadishwara Temple to commemorate it.</figcaption></figure> <p>Built in the year 1010 CE by Chola emperor Rajaraja I in Thanjavur, the temple is popularly known as the Big Temple. It turned 1,000 years old in September 2010. To celebrate the 1000th year of the grand structure, the state government and the town held many cultural events. It was to recall the 275th day of his 25th regal year (1010 CE) when Rajaraja I (985–1014 CE) handed over a gold-plated <a href="/wiki/Kalasam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasam">kalasam</a> (copper pot or <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finial</a>) for the final consecration to crown the <a href="/wiki/Vimana_(tower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimana (tower)">vimana</a>, the 59.82-metre tall tower above the sanctum.<sup id="cite_ref-jlbiadsf_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jlbiadsf-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asedgt_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asedgt-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sdbjt_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdbjt-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bharathanatyam_Yajna">Bharathanatyam Yajna</h3></div> <p>To mark the occasion, the state government organised a <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharathanatyam</a> <a href="/wiki/Yagya_(Hindu_Ritual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagya (Hindu Ritual)">Yajna</a>, classical dance show under noted dancer <a href="/wiki/Padma_Subramanyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Padma Subramanyam">Padma Subramaniam</a>. It was jointly organised by the Association of Bharatanatyam Artistes of India (ABHAI) and the Brhan Natyanjali Trust, Thanjavur. To mark the 1000th anniversary of the building, 1,000 dancers from New Delhi, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, Kerala, Singapore, Malaysia and the US danced in concert to the recorded 11 verses of divine music <a href="/wiki/Thiruvisaippa" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvisaippa">Thiruvisaippa</a> (ninth volume of <a href="/wiki/Thirumurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumurai">Thirumurai</a>) composed by Karuvur deva (the guru of Rajaraja). The small town turned into a cultural hub for two days beginning 26 September 2010 as street performers and dancers performed throughout the town.<sup id="cite_ref-DDY_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDY-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dfgjoerY_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfgjoerY-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemorative_stamps_and_coins">Commemorative stamps and coins</h3></div> <p>On 26 September 2010 (Big Temple's fifth day of millennium celebrations), as a recognition of Big Temple's contribution to the country's cultural, architectural, epigraphical history, a special <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span> 5 postage stamp featuring the 66 metres (216 ft) tall giant <a href="/wiki/Rajagopuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajagopuram">Raja Gopuram</a> was released by <a href="/wiki/India_Post" title="India Post">India Post</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> commemorated the event by releasing a <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span> 5 coin with the model of temple embossed on it.<sup id="cite_ref-sdlkqqqsf_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdlkqqqsf-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ohjohjf_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohjohjf-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/A._Raja" title="A. Raja">A Raja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Technology_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)">Cabinet Minister of Communications and Information Technology</a> released the esteemed Brihadeeswarar temple special stamp, the first of which was received by <a href="/wiki/G_K_Vasan" class="mw-redirect" title="G K Vasan">G K Vasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Shipping_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Shipping (India)">Cabinet Minister of Shipping</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint,_Mumbai" title="India Government Mint, Mumbai">Mumbai Mint</a> issued Rs 1,000 Commemorative Coin with the same picture as on the Rs 5 coin. It was the first 1,000 Rupees coin to be released in the Republic of India coinage. This coin was a Non Circulative Legal Tender (NCLT).<sup id="cite_ref-coin_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coin-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 April 1954, the Reserve Bank of India released a <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span> 1,000 currency note featuring a panoramic view of the Brihadeeswar temple marking its cultural heritage and significance. In 1975, the then government led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender#Demonetization" title="Legal tender">demonetised</a> all <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span> 1,000 currency notes in an effort to curtail <a href="/wiki/Black_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Black money">black money</a>. These notes are now popular among collectors.<sup id="cite_ref-ppwqqsf_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ppwqqsf-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the then Tamil Nadu chief minister, <a href="/wiki/Karunanidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karunanidhi">M Karunanidhi</a> renamed Semmai <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a>, a type of high productivity paddy variant, as <i>Raja Rajan-1,000</i> to mark the millennial year of the constructor of the temple, Rajaraja Chola.<sup id="cite_ref-jjjsqwhnsdff_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jjjsqwhnsdff-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> <p>The temple "testifies the brilliant achievements of the Chola in architecture, sculpture, painting and bronze casting".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple finds mention in many of the contemporary works of the period like <i>Muvar Ula</i> and <i>Kalingathuparani</i>. According to Chatterjee, the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian architecture</a> attained its supreme form of expression in the temple and it successor, the <a href="/wiki/Brihadeeswarar_Temple,_Gangaikonda_Cholapuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadeeswarar Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram">Brihadeeswarar Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-india_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple has been declared as a heritage monument by the Government of India and administered by the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a> as a protected monument. The temple is one of the most visited tourist attractions in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gopal_1990_185_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gopal_1990_185-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The temple was declared as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, along with the Brihadeeswara Temple at Gangaikondacholapuram and <a href="/wiki/Airavatesvara_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Airavatesvara temple">Airavatesvara temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Darasuram" title="Darasuram">Darasuram</a> that are referred as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Living_Chola_Temples" title="Great Living Chola Temples">Great Living Chola Temples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three temples have similarities, but each has unique design and sculptural elements.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the three temples were built by the Cholas between the 10th and 12th centuries CE and they have continued to be supported and used by Hindus. The temples are classified as "Great Living" as the temples are active in cultural, pilgrimage and worship practises in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_events">Cultural events</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:28apr10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/28apr10.jpg/220px-28apr10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/28apr10.jpg/330px-28apr10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/28apr10.jpg/440px-28apr10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Temple festival procession, 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>The Brihadishvara temple at Thanjavur is the site of annual dance festivals around February, around the <a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Mahashivratri</a>. Major classical Indian dance form artists, as well as regional teams, perform their repertoire at this Brahan Natyanjali festival over 10 days.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Car_festival">Car festival</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_car" title="Temple car">Temple car</a> was rolled out on its trial run from opposite to <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Sri Ramar</a> temple on 20 April 2015 witnessed by a large number of people.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nine days later, the maiden procession of the temple car was held. This was the first such procession in this temple held in the past hundred years, according to news reports.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kalki_Krishnamurthy" title="Kalki Krishnamurthy">Kalki Krishnamurthy</a>, a renowned Tamil novelist, has written a historical novel named <i><a href="/wiki/Ponniyin_Selvan" title="Ponniyin Selvan">Ponniyin Selvan</a></i>, based on the life of <a href="/wiki/Raja_Raja_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Raja Chola I">Rajaraja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Balakumaran" title="Balakumaran">Balakumaran</a>, another Tamil author has written a novel named <i><a href="/wiki/Udayar_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Udayar (novel)">Udaiyar</a></i> themed on the life of Rajaraja I and the construction of the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <p>The temple is currently administered and managed by <a href="/wiki/Babaji_Rajah_Bhonsle_Chattrapathi" title="Babaji Rajah Bhonsle Chattrapathi">Babaji Bhonsle</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Maratha_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Maratha kingdom">Thanjavur Maratha</a> royal family. He serves as the hereditary trustee of the palace Devasthanam which continues to manage 88 <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> temples including the Brihadeeswara temple. <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> groups have been unsuccessfully petitioning the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> government to revoke these rights as he is not of <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> or Tamil lineage. According to one of the protesters, who also happens to be the coordinator of the Big Temple Rights Retrieval Committee, Babaji Bhonsle is also not the legal heir of the Maratha kings of Thanjavur.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <p>The temple features many sculptures, reliefs and murals:<sup id="cite_ref-Sivaramamurti1977p288_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sivaramamurti1977p288-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur,_Tamil_Nadu,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India"><img alt="Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg/150px-Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg/225px-Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg/300px-Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_elephant_relief_on_the_Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An elephant relief on the Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur"><img alt="An elephant relief on the Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/An_elephant_relief_on_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg/338px-An_elephant_relief_on_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/An_elephant_relief_on_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg/507px-An_elephant_relief_on_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/An_elephant_relief_on_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg/675px-An_elephant_relief_on_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2890" data-file-height="1927" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An elephant relief on the Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculptures_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur,_Tamil_Nadu,_India_(2016)_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shiva with a begging bowl as a saddhu (monk, Bhikshatana)"><img alt="Shiva with a begging bowl as a saddhu (monk, Bhikshatana)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sculptures_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_04.jpg/150px-Sculptures_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sculptures_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_04.jpg/225px-Sculptures_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sculptures_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_04.jpg/300px-Sculptures_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shiva with a begging bowl as a <i>saddhu</i> (monk, <a href="/wiki/Bhikshatana" title="Bhikshatana">Bhikshatana</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur,_Tamil_Nadu,_India_(2016)_100.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ardhanarishvara (half Shiva, half Parvati) symbolizing that the male and female principles are inseparable[71]"><img alt="Ardhanarishvara (half Shiva, half Parvati) symbolizing that the male and female principles are inseparable." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_100.jpg/150px-Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_100.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_100.jpg/225px-Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_100.jpg/300px-Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a> (half Shiva, half Parvati) symbolizing that the male and female principles are inseparable<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_temple_de_Brihadishwara_(Tanjore,_Inde)_(13908795928).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ganesha is depicted both in the main temple and a separate shrine."><img alt="Ganesha is depicted both in the main temple and a separate shrine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Le_temple_de_Brihadishwara_%28Tanjore%2C_Inde%29_%2813908795928%29.jpg/148px-Le_temple_de_Brihadishwara_%28Tanjore%2C_Inde%29_%2813908795928%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Le_temple_de_Brihadishwara_%28Tanjore%2C_Inde%29_%2813908795928%29.jpg/223px-Le_temple_de_Brihadishwara_%28Tanjore%2C_Inde%29_%2813908795928%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Le_temple_de_Brihadishwara_%28Tanjore%2C_Inde%29_%2813908795928%29.jpg/296px-Le_temple_de_Brihadishwara_%28Tanjore%2C_Inde%29_%2813908795928%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="1179" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> is depicted both in the main temple and a separate shrine.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brihadeeswarar_Temple_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Separate Ganesha shrine with temple corridor in the back"><img alt="Separate Ganesha shrine with temple corridor in the back" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Brihadeeswarar_Temple_04.jpg/298px-Brihadeeswarar_Temple_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Brihadeeswarar_Temple_04.jpg/448px-Brihadeeswarar_Temple_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Brihadeeswarar_Temple_04.jpg/596px-Brihadeeswarar_Temple_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="1912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Separate Ganesha shrine with temple corridor in the back</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur,_Tamil_Nadu,_India_(2009)_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Subrahmanyar shrine in the north part of the courtyard. Also called "Murugan", "Kartikeya" or "Skanda"."><img alt="Subrahmanyar shrine in the north part of the courtyard. Also called "Murugan", "Kartikeya" or "Skanda"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282009%29_19.jpg/400px-Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282009%29_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282009%29_19.jpg/601px-Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282009%29_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282009%29_19.jpg/800px-Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282009%29_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Subrahmanyar shrine in the north part of the courtyard. Also called "Murugan", "Kartikeya" or "Skanda".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandeshvara_shrine_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chandeshvara shrine. On right is the wall of main temple, in back the eastern gopuram. Chandeshvara is a meditating yogi and Nayanmar Bhakti movement saint."><img alt="Chandeshvara shrine. On right is the wall of main temple, in back the eastern gopuram. Chandeshvara is a meditating yogi and Nayanmar Bhakti movement saint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Chandeshvara_shrine_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple.jpg/339px-Chandeshvara_shrine_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Chandeshvara_shrine_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple.jpg/509px-Chandeshvara_shrine_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Chandeshvara_shrine_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple.jpg/677px-Chandeshvara_shrine_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chandeshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandeshvara">Chandeshvara</a> shrine. On right is the wall of main temple, in back the eastern gopuram. Chandeshvara is a meditating yogi and Nayanmar <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> saint.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Temple,_Hindu_god_Shiva,_built_by_Rajaraja_I,_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narasimha avatar of Vishnu killing the demon who persecutes people for their religious beliefs"><img alt="Narasimha avatar of Vishnu killing the demon who persecutes people for their religious beliefs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_Hindu_god_Shiva%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India_%288%29.jpg/338px-1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_Hindu_god_Shiva%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_Hindu_god_Shiva%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India_%288%29.jpg/507px-1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_Hindu_god_Shiva%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_Hindu_god_Shiva%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India_%288%29.jpg/675px-1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Temple%2C_Hindu_god_Shiva%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> avatar of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> killing the demon who persecutes people for their religious beliefs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 228px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple,_yogini,_built_by_Rajaraja_I,_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lakshmi statue, a Vaishnava sculpture reverentially displayed"><img alt="Lakshmi statue, a Vaishnava sculpture reverentially displayed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_yogini%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg/342px-1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_yogini%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_yogini%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg/513px-1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_yogini%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_yogini%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg/683px-1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_yogini%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5948" data-file-height="3920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> statue, a Vaishnava sculpture reverentially displayed</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 248.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 246.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanjore_Paintings_-_Big_temple_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gaja-lakshmi mural, another Vaishnavism themed artwork"><img alt="Gaja-lakshmi mural, another Vaishnavism themed artwork" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tanjore_Paintings_-_Big_temple_01.JPG/370px-Tanjore_Paintings_-_Big_temple_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="247" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tanjore_Paintings_-_Big_temple_01.JPG/555px-Tanjore_Paintings_-_Big_temple_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tanjore_Paintings_-_Big_temple_01.JPG/739px-Tanjore_Paintings_-_Big_temple_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1833" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gaja-lakshmi mural, another <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> themed artwork</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculptures_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur,_Tamil_Nadu,_India_(2016)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vishnu sculpture at the Shaivism temple"><img alt="Vishnu sculpture at the Shaivism temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sculptures_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_01.jpg/150px-Sculptures_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sculptures_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_01.jpg/225px-Sculptures_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sculptures_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_01.jpg/300px-Sculptures_at_the_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur%2C_Tamil_Nadu%2C_India_%282016%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vishnu sculpture at the Shaivism temple</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple,_wall_relief,_built_by_Rajaraja_I,_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A yoga and meditation relief; the temple portrays numerous secular and saint scenes."><img alt="A yoga and meditation relief; the temple portrays numerous secular and saint scenes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_wall_relief%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg/144px-1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_wall_relief%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_wall_relief%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg/216px-1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_wall_relief%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_wall_relief%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg/288px-1010_CE_Brihadishwara_Shiva_Temple%2C_wall_relief%2C_built_by_Rajaraja_I%2C_Thanjavur_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3726" data-file-height="5828" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> and meditation relief; the temple portrays numerous secular and saint scenes.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brihadeeswarar_Temple_3407.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krishna playing prank on gopikas by hiding on the tree, with their clothes"><img alt="Krishna playing prank on gopikas by hiding on the tree, with their clothes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Brihadeeswarar_Temple_3407.jpg/331px-Brihadeeswarar_Temple_3407.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Brihadeeswarar_Temple_3407.jpg/498px-Brihadeeswarar_Temple_3407.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Brihadeeswarar_Temple_3407.jpg/663px-Brihadeeswarar_Temple_3407.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="1929" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Krishna playing prank on gopikas by hiding on the tree, with their clothes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nandi_Brihadeeswara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nandi shrine"><img alt="Nandi shrine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nandi_Brihadeeswara.jpg/300px-Nandi_Brihadeeswara.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nandi_Brihadeeswara.jpg/451px-Nandi_Brihadeeswara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nandi_Brihadeeswara.jpg/600px-Nandi_Brihadeeswara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nandi shrine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpture2_Brihadeeswara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture"><img alt="Sculpture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sculpture2_Brihadeeswara.jpg/169px-Sculpture2_Brihadeeswara.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sculpture2_Brihadeeswara.jpg/253px-Sculpture2_Brihadeeswara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sculpture2_Brihadeeswara.jpg/337px-Sculpture2_Brihadeeswara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculpture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpture3_Brihadeeswara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vimana outer wall detail"><img alt="Vimana outer wall detail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sculpture3_Brihadeeswara.jpg/300px-Sculpture3_Brihadeeswara.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sculpture3_Brihadeeswara.jpg/451px-Sculpture3_Brihadeeswara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sculpture3_Brihadeeswara.jpg/600px-Sculpture3_Brihadeeswara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vimana outer wall detail</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Staircase,_Brihadeeswara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reliefs adorning the stairs"><img alt="Reliefs adorning the stairs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Relief_Staircase%2C_Brihadeeswara.jpg/300px-Relief_Staircase%2C_Brihadeeswara.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Relief_Staircase%2C_Brihadeeswara.jpg/451px-Relief_Staircase%2C_Brihadeeswara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Relief_Staircase%2C_Brihadeeswara.jpg/600px-Relief_Staircase%2C_Brihadeeswara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reliefs adorning the stairs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_detail,_Brihadeeswara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief detail"><img alt="Relief detail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Relief_detail%2C_Brihadeeswara.jpg/300px-Relief_detail%2C_Brihadeeswara.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Relief_detail%2C_Brihadeeswara.jpg/451px-Relief_detail%2C_Brihadeeswara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Relief_detail%2C_Brihadeeswara.jpg/600px-Relief_detail%2C_Brihadeeswara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relief detail</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_detail_2_Brihadeeswara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief detail"><img alt="Relief detail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Relief_detail_2_Brihadeeswara.jpg/300px-Relief_detail_2_Brihadeeswara.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Relief_detail_2_Brihadeeswara.jpg/451px-Relief_detail_2_Brihadeeswara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Relief_detail_2_Brihadeeswara.jpg/600px-Relief_detail_2_Brihadeeswara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relief detail</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_Brihadeeswara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance"><img alt="Entrance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Entrance_Brihadeeswara.jpg/300px-Entrance_Brihadeeswara.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Entrance_Brihadeeswara.jpg/451px-Entrance_Brihadeeswara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Entrance_Brihadeeswara.jpg/600px-Entrance_Brihadeeswara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanjavur_Big_Temple_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vimana view"><img alt="Vimana view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thanjavur_Big_Temple_View.jpg/338px-Thanjavur_Big_Temple_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thanjavur_Big_Temple_View.jpg/507px-Thanjavur_Big_Temple_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thanjavur_Big_Temple_View.jpg/675px-Thanjavur_Big_Temple_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vimana view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_side_view_Brihadeeswara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Left profile view"><img alt="Left profile view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Left_side_view_Brihadeeswara.jpg/300px-Left_side_view_Brihadeeswara.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Left_side_view_Brihadeeswara.jpg/451px-Left_side_view_Brihadeeswara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Left_side_view_Brihadeeswara.jpg/600px-Left_side_view_Brihadeeswara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Left profile view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 308.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 306.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Big_Temple_-_Thanjavur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The view at night"><img alt="The view at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Big_Temple_-_Thanjavur.jpg/460px-The_Big_Temple_-_Thanjavur.jpg" decoding="async" width="307" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Big_Temple_-_Thanjavur.jpg/690px-The_Big_Temple_-_Thanjavur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Big_Temple_-_Thanjavur.jpg/919px-The_Big_Temple_-_Thanjavur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The view at night</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PeriyaKoil_June_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early hours at Tanjore Periya Koil"><img alt="Early hours at Tanjore Periya Koil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/PeriyaKoil_June_2016.jpg/150px-PeriyaKoil_June_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/PeriyaKoil_June_2016.jpg/225px-PeriyaKoil_June_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/PeriyaKoil_June_2016.jpg/300px-PeriyaKoil_June_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early hours at Tanjore Periya Koil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_yoga_and_meditation_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A yoga and meditation relief"><img alt="A yoga and meditation relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/A_yoga_and_meditation_relief.jpg/338px-A_yoga_and_meditation_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/A_yoga_and_meditation_relief.jpg/507px-A_yoga_and_meditation_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/A_yoga_and_meditation_relief.jpg/675px-A_yoga_and_meditation_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> and meditation relief</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ta-scr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tamil inscriptions at Brihadisvara Temple"><img alt="Tamil inscriptions at Brihadisvara Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ta-scr.jpg/300px-Ta-scr.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ta-scr.jpg/451px-Ta-scr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ta-scr.jpg/600px-Ta-scr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_inscriptions" title="Tamil inscriptions">Tamil inscriptions</a> at Brihadisvara Temple</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/18px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/28px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/37px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/21px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/42px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penneswaraar_Temple" title="Penneswaraar Temple">Penneswaraar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Chariot_festival" title="Thanjavur Chariot festival">Thanjavur Chariot festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Raja_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Raja Chola I">Raja Raja Chola I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola Dynasty">Chola Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_monoliths" title="List of largest monoliths">List of largest monoliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_built_before_the_20th_century" title="List of tallest structures built before the 20th century">List of tallest structures built before the 20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Living_Chola_Temples" title="Great Living Chola Temples">Great Living Chola Temples</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Barrett in his 1975 publication on Chola architecture states that a new style emerged between 866 and 940 CE starting with Vijayalaya, the first Chola ruler. According to Barrett, the Chola style did not develop out of the Pallava tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrett1974_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrett1974-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gary J. Schwindler, Barrett's work supplies opinions that are "opportunities for endless conjecture and debate".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thanjavur was a target of both Muslim and Hindu neighbouring kingdoms, both near and far. The <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Madurai Sultanate</a> was established in the 14th century, after the disastrous invasions and plunder of South India by Ala ud-Din Khalji's armies of <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> led by Malik Kafur.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Adil Shahi Sultanate, Qutb Shahis, Randaula Khan and others from east and west coasts of South India raided it, and some occupied it for a few years.<sup id="cite_ref-michell16_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michell16-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Tamil literature, the lord of dance form of Shiva, is referred to as Adavallan or Kuttaperumanadigal. This bronze style Nataraja from the Chola era is much celebrated and studied, including those of later texts such as <i>Unmaivilakkam</i> and <i>Citampara Mummani Kovia</i> describing its significance. Nataraja in Indian art dates to earlier pre-Chola centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-kaimal392_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaimal392-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britbrihadthanj-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britbrihadthanj_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britbrihadthanj_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britbrihadthanj_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britbrihadthanj_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Thanjavur-India">Thanjavur</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807100315/https://www.britannica.com/place/Thanjavur-India">Archived</a> 7 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopaedia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mitchell-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichell1988">Michell 1988</a>, pp. 145–148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GaYeAAAAMAAJ&q=brihadisvara+saiva+temple"><i>Rajaraja the Great: A Garland of Tributes</i></a>. Department of Museums, Government Museum. 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703190805/https://books.google.com/books?id=GaYeAAAAMAAJ&q=brihadisvara+saiva+temple">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rajaraja+the+Great%3A+A+Garland+of+Tributes&rft.pub=Department+of+Museums%2C+Government+Museum&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGaYeAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbrihadisvara%2Bsaiva%2Btemple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bqeyAAAAIAAJ&q=brihadisvara+saiva+temple"><i>India Perspectives</i></a>. PTI for the Ministry of External Affairs. 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703190805/https://books.google.com/books?id=bqeyAAAAIAAJ&q=brihadisvara+saiva+temple">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Perspectives&rft.pub=PTI+for+the+Ministry+of+External+Affairs&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbqeyAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbrihadisvara%2Bsaiva%2Btemple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao1989" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Raghunadha (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-p8Zg62USYC&dq=brihadisvara+temple+tamil+architecture&pg=PA32"><i>Indian Heritage and Culture</i></a>. Sterling Publishers. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120709300" title="Special:BookSources/9788120709300"><bdi>9788120709300</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424002637/https://books.google.com/books?id=U-p8Zg62USYC&dq=brihadisvara+temple+tamil+architecture&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Heritage+and+Culture&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9788120709300&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Raghunadha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-p8Zg62USYC%26dq%3Dbrihadisvara%2Btemple%2Btamil%2Barchitecture%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asibrihadthanj-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asibrihadthanj_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asibrihadthanj_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asibrihadthanj_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asibrihadthanj_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_cholabt.asp">"The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922114449/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_cholabt.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Archaeological+Survey+of+India+%28ASI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasi.nic.in%2Fasi_monu_whs_cholabt.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC"><i>India, a History</i></a>. New York, United States: Harper Collins Publishers. pp. xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-638784-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-638784-5"><bdi>0-00-638784-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703190805/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%2C+a+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+United+States&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-00-638784-5&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3aeQqmcXBhoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._V._Raman" class="citation book cs1">K. V. Raman. <i>Temple Art, Icons And Culture Of India And South-East Asia</i>. Sharada Publishing House, 2006. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temple+Art%2C+Icons+And+Culture+Of+India+And+South-East+Asia&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Sharada+Publishing+House%2C+2006&rft.au=K.+V.+Raman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/">"Great Living Chola Temples"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912082313/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Living+Chola+Temples&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F250%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam19751–21-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam19751–21_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1975">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975</a>, pp. 1–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michell16-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-michell16_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michell16_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michell16_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michell16_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George Michell (2008), Architecture and Art of Southern India, Cambridge University Press, pages 16-21, 89-91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197520–21-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197520–21_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197520–21_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197520–21_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197520–21_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1975">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–29-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–29_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–29_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–29_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1975">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975</a>, pp. 16–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gopal_1990_185-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gopal_1990_185_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gopal_1990_185_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopal1990" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada"><i>India through the ages</i></a>. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/185">185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+through+the+ages&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Publication+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiathroughages00mada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Raphael1996" class="citation book cs1">D. Raphael (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_rTqAAAAMAAJ"><i>Temples of Tamil Nadu, Works of Art</i></a>. Ratnamala. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-9440-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-9440-00-0"><bdi>978-955-9440-00-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310103506/https://books.google.com/books?id=_rTqAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Tamil+Nadu%2C+Works+of+Art&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Ratnamala&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-955-9440-00-0&rft.au=D.+Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_rTqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._R._Balasubrahmanyam1975" class="citation book cs1">S. R. Balasubrahmanyam (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iVhJAQAAIAAJ"><i>Middle Chola Temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I, A.D. 985-1070</i></a>. Thomson. p. 87. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310103400/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVhJAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Chola+Temples%3A+Rajaraja+I+to+Kulottunga+I%2C+A.D.+985-1070&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Thomson&rft.date=1975&rft.au=S.+R.+Balasubrahmanyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiVhJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224085645/https://brihadeeswara.temple-mandir.in/">"Brihadeeswara Temple"</a>. <i>Brihadeeswara Temple</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brihadeeswara.temple-mandir.in/">the original</a> on 24 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brihadeeswara+Temple&rft.atitle=Brihadeeswara+Temple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrihadeeswara.temple-mandir.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-road-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-road_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf">"NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Highways_Authority_of_India" title="National Highways Authority of India">National Highways Authority of India</a>. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Road+Transport+%26+Highways%2C+Government+of+India&rft.atitle=NH+wise+Details+of+NH+in+respect+of+Stretches+entrusted+to+NHAI&rft.pages=2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhai.org%2FDoc%2Fproject-offer%2FHighways.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617131259/http://www.municipality.tn.gov.in/thanjavur/city-routes.htm">"Thanjavur bus routes"</a>. Municipality of Thanjavur. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.municipality.tn.gov.in/thanjavur/city-routes.htm">the original</a> on 17 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thanjavur+bus+routes&rft.pub=Municipality+of+Thanjavur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.municipality.tn.gov.in%2Fthanjavur%2Fcity-routes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĒ._Kē_Cēṣāttiri2008" class="citation book cs1">Ē. Kē Cēṣāttiri (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FnXXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sri Brihadisvara: The Great Temple of Thānjavūr</i></a>. Nile. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Brihadisvara%3A+The+Great+Temple+of+Th%C4%81njav%C5%ABr&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Nile&rft.date=2008&rft.au=%C4%92.+K%C4%93+C%C4%93%E1%B9%A3%C4%81ttiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFnXXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_M._Bouton2014" class="citation book cs1">Marshall M. Bouton (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5-v_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72"><i>Agrarian Radicalism in South India</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 72–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5784-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5784-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-5784-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agrarian+Radicalism+in+South+India&rft.pages=72-78&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5784-5&rft.au=Marshall+M.+Bouton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5-v_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam19751–2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam19751–2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1975">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrett1974-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrett1974_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_E._Barrett1974" class="citation book cs1">Douglas E. Barrett (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s0J4QgAACAAJ"><i>Early Cola Architecture and Sculpture; 866-1014 A.D.</i></a> Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-10507-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-10507-6"><bdi>978-0-571-10507-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310103400/https://books.google.com/books?id=s0J4QgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Cola+Architecture+and+Sculpture%3B+866-1014+A.D.&rft.pub=Faber&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-571-10507-6&rft.au=Douglas+E.+Barrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds0J4QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwindler1977" class="citation journal cs1">Schwindler, Gary J. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2054437">"Review: Early Cola Architecture and Sculpture"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (4). Cambridge University Press: 705. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2054437">10.2307/2054437</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2054437">2054437</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163896079">163896079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Early+Cola+Architecture+and+Sculpture&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=705&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163896079%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2054437%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2054437&rft.aulast=Schwindler&rft.aufirst=Gary+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2054437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Michell (2008), Architecture and Art of Southern India, Cambridge University Press, pages 9-13, 16-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197525–26-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197525–26_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197525–26_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1975">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thapar-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thapar_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thapar_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thapar 2004, pp.43, 52–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy2010" class="citation book cs1">Reddy, G.Venkatramana (2010). <i>Alayam - The Hindu temple - An epitome of Hindu Culture</i>. Mylapore, Chennai: Sri Ramakrishna Math. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7823-542-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7823-542-4"><bdi>978-81-7823-542-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alayam+-+The+Hindu+temple+-+An+epitome+of+Hindu+Culture&rft.place=Mylapore%2C+Chennai&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Sri+Ramakrishna+Math&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-7823-542-4&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=G.Venkatramana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197516–19_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1975">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975</a>, pp. 16–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinand_M._Callewaert1995" class="citation book cs1">Winand M. Callewaert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AXnXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Gods and Temples in South India</i></a>. Manohar. pp. 150–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-107-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-107-5"><bdi>978-81-7304-107-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310103401/https://books.google.com/books?id=AXnXAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+and+Temples+in+South+India&rft.pages=150-151&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-107-5&rft.au=Winand+M.+Callewaert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAXnXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igncatanj-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-igncatanj_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igncatanj_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ignca.nic.in/pdf_data/bt_release_brochure.pdf">Tanjavur: Brhadisvara temple, The monument and the living tradition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160330024138/http://www.ignca.nic.in/PDF_data/bt_release_brochure.pdf">Archived</a> 30 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Kapila Vatsyayan and R Nagaswamy et al, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, Government of India (2012), page 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranfoot2008" class="citation journal cs1">Branfoot, Crispin (2008). "Imperial Frontiers: Building Sacred Space in Sixteenth-Century South India". <i>The Art Bulletin</i>. <b>90</b> (2): 185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043079.2008.10786389">10.1080/00043079.2008.10786389</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20619601">20619601</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154135978">154135978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Imperial+Frontiers%3A+Building+Sacred+Space+in+Sixteenth-Century+South+India&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154135978%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20619601%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00043079.2008.10786389&rft.aulast=Branfoot&rft.aufirst=Crispin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197522,_Quote:_"It_is_3.65_m_high,_5.94_m_long_and_2.59_m_broad,_estimated_to_weigh_25_tons."-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197522,_Quote:_"It_is_3.65_m_high,_5.94_m_long_and_2.59_m_broad,_estimated_to_weigh_25_tons."_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1975">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975</a>, p. 22, Quote: "It is 3.65 m high, 5.94 m long and 2.59 m broad, estimated to weigh 25 tons.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meena-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meena_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meena_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV.1974" class="citation book cs1">V., Meena (1974). <i>Temples in South India</i> (1st ed.). Kanniyakumari: Harikumar Arts. pp. 23–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+in+South+India&rft.place=Kanniyakumari&rft.pages=23-24&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harikumar+Arts&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=V.&rft.aufirst=Meena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115063746/https://aceupdate.com/2015/02/18/architecture-is-ultimately-about-people/">"Architecture is Ultimately about People"</a>. Architecture Construction & Engineering Update Magazine. 18 February 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aceupdate.com/2015/02/18/architecture-is-ultimately-about-people/">the original</a> on 15 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Architecture+is+Ultimately+about+People&rft.pub=Architecture+Construction+%26+Engineering+Update+Magazine&rft.date=2015-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faceupdate.com%2F2015%2F02%2F18%2Farchitecture-is-ultimately-about-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197517–19-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197517–19_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197517–19_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1975">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975</a>, pp. 17–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php">"Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent – Glossary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306200130/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_glossary.php">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent+%E2%80%93+Glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indoarch.org%2Farch_glossary.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ching2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ching2_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ching 2007, pp. 338–339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaimal392-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kaimal392_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kaimal392_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Padma Kaimal (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051349">Shiva Nataraja: Shifting Meanings of an Icon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928130833/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051349">Archived</a> 28 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Art Bulletin, Vol. 81, No. 3, pages 394-395, Figure 3 on page 392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197518–21-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197518–21_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197518–21_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197518–21_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197518–21_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197518–21_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1975">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975</a>, pp. 18–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414195207/http://121.242.207.115/asi.nic.in/chola-temple-brhadisvara/">"Great Living Chola Temples"</a>. Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://121.242.207.115/asi.nic.in/chola-temple-brhadisvara">the original</a> on 14 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Living+Chola+Temples&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F121.242.207.115%2Fasi.nic.in%2Fchola-temple-brhadisvara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197522–25-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197522–25_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197522–25_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197522–25_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197522–25_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1975">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975</a>, pp. 22–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sriraman168-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sriraman168_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sriraman168_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sriraman168_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sriraman168_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sriraman168_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sriraman168_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PS Sriraman (2010), Digital photo documentation of murals at Brihadisvara Temple, Tanjavur: a tool for art historians in <i>Space, Time, Place</i> (Editors: Stefano Campana et al), pages 167-172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paint-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paint_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paint_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paint_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paint_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041117175953/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/28/stories/2003022801300600.htm">"ASI restores 400-year-old paintings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 28 February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/28/stories/2003022801300600.htm">the original</a> on 17 November 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=ASI+restores+400-year-old+paintings&rft.date=2010-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fthehindu%2Ffr%2F2003%2F02%2F28%2Fstories%2F2003022801300600.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/06/20/stories/2005062000400500.htm">Another report about Chola frescoes</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197529–36-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197529–36_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197529–36_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1975">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975</a>, pp. 29–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197515,_25,_53_with_footnotes-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES.R._Balasubrahmanyam197515,_25,_53_with_footnotes_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1975">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975</a>, pp. 15, 25, 53 with footnotes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ayyar411-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ayyar411_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayyar411_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ayyar411_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PV Jagadisa Ayyar (1993), South Indian Shrines, Asian Educational Services, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0151-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0151-3">81-206-0151-3</a>, pages 411-423</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Sivaramamurti" class="citation book cs1">C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=India%27s+Big+Temple+marks+1%2C000th+birthday&rft.date=2010-09-25&rft.au=BBC+News+augue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-11406440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asedgt-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asedgt_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPS._R._Balasubrahmanyam_(1971),_Orient_Longman_Publications" class="citation cs2">PS. R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India%27s+Biggest+Temple+turns+1000-years&rft.au=Rediff+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.rediff.com%2Fslide-show%2F2010%2Faug%2F16%2Fslide-show-1-indias-biggest-temple-turns-1000-years.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dfgjoerY-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dfgjoerY_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian2010" class="citation news cs1">Subramanian, T. S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+grand+dance+spectacle+at+the+Thanjavur+Big+Temple&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2Farticle544804.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sdlkqqqsf-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sdlkqqqsf_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeccan_Herald_(26_September_2010)" class="citation web cs1">Deccan Herald (26 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/content/99918/stamp-coin-release-mark-1000.html">"Stamp, coin release mark 1,000 years of Big Temple"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101006063714/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/99918/stamp-coin-release-mark-1000.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stamp%2C+coin+release+mark+1%2C000+years+of+Big+Temple&rft.au=Deccan+Herald+%2826+September+2010%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F99918%2Fstamp-coin-release-mark-1000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohjohjf-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ohjohjf_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100929172241/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/27/stories/2010092759620100.htm">"Release of a special postal stamp and a five- rupee coin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INR+1000+note+of+1954+popular+in+Tanjavur&rft.au=Express+Buzz%2C+The+Indian+Express+%2826+September+2010%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil_nadu%2Farticle478148.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jjjsqwhnsdff-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jjjsqwhnsdff_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMSN_News_(26_September_2010)" class="citation web cs1">MSN News (26 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4424908">"Semmai Paddy as "Raja Rajan-1000"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0151-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0151-3"><bdi>81-206-0151-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Indian+Shrines&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=81-206-0151-3&rft.aulast=Ayyar&rft.aufirst=P.V.+Jagadisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan2012" class="citation news cs1">Srinivasan, Pankaja (4 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/inside-the-chola-temple/article3490256.ece">"Inside the Chola Temple"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Coimbatore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140619081222/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/inside-the-chola-temple/article3490256.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Chola+Temple&rft.date=2012-06-04&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Pankaja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Finside-the-chola-temple%2Farticle3490256.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brahannatyanjali.in/events.html">Brahan Natyanjali</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129054445/http://www.brahannatyanjali.in/events.html">Archived</a> 29 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/trial-run-of-big-temple-car/article7124357.ece?ref=tpnews">Trial run of Big Temple car, Rolls; out after 100 years; maiden run on April 29</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919003044/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/trial-run-of-big-temple-car/article7124357.ece?ref=tpnews">Archived</a> 19 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>, 21 April 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/big-temple-chariot-festival-held-after-100-years/article7156283.ece?mstac=0">Big temple chariot festival held after 100 years</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919003049/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/big-temple-chariot-festival-held-after-100-years/article7156283.ece?mstac=0">Archived</a> 19 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>, 30 April 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.2011" class="citation news cs1">A., Srivathsan (19 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/books/age-hardly-withers-charm-of-ponniyin-selvan/article2550847.ece">"Age hardly withers charm of Ponniyin Selvan"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Chennai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170605103559/http://www.thehindu.com/books/age-hardly-withers-charm-of-ponniyin-selvan/article2550847.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Age+hardly+withers+charm+of+Ponniyin+Selvan&rft.date=2011-10-19&rft.aulast=A.&rft.aufirst=Srivathsan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fbooks%2Fage-hardly-withers-charm-of-ponniyin-selvan%2Farticle2550847.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150519130228/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Special-Coin-to-Remember-Rajendra-Chola/2014/02/04/article2036004.ece">"Special Coin to Remember Rajendra Chola"</a>. <i>Express News Service</i>. Chennai: The New Indian Express. 4 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Special-Coin-to-Remember-Rajendra-Chola/2014/02/04/article2036004.ece">the original</a> on 19 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Express+News+Service&rft.atitle=Special+Coin+to+Remember+Rajendra+Chola&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2FSpecial-Coin-to-Remember-Rajendra-Chola%2F2014%2F02%2F04%2Farticle2036004.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theweekendleader.com/Headlines/3247/tamil-groups-want-maratha-hold-over-thanjavur-big-temple-to-go.html">"Tamil groups want Maratha hold over Thanjavur Big Temple to go"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180512112322/http://www.theweekendleader.com/Headlines/3247/tamil-groups-want-maratha-hold-over-thanjavur-big-temple-to-go.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tamil+groups+want+Maratha+hold+over+Thanjavur+Big+Temple+to+go&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweekendleader.com%2FHeadlines%2F3247%2Ftamil-groups-want-maratha-hold-over-thanjavur-big-temple-to-go.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sivaramamurti1977p288-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sivaramamurti1977p288_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Sivaramamurti1977" class="citation book cs1">C. Sivaramamurti (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKgQAQAAMAAJ"><i>L'Art en Inde</i></a>. H. N. Abrams. pp. 287–288, 427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-0630-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-0630-3"><bdi>978-0-8109-0630-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Art+en+Inde&rft.pages=287-288%2C+427&rft.pub=H.+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-0630-3&rft.au=C.+Sivaramamurti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKgQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ardhanarishvara">"Ardhanārīśvara"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815031629/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ardhanarishvara">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ardhan%C4%81r%C4%AB%C5%9Bvara&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FArdhanarishvara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010" class="citation book cs1">Prasanna Kumar Acharya (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/n9/mode/2up"><i>An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture</i></a>. Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7536-534-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7536-534-6"><bdi>978-81-7536-534-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+encyclopaedia+of+Hindu+architecture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28Republished+by+Motilal+Banarsidass%29&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-7536-534-6&rft.au=Prasanna+Kumar+Acharya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fencyclopaediaofh07achauoft%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya1997" class="citation book cs1">Prasanna Kumar Acharya (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rbayQwAACAAJ"><i>A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations</i></a>. Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7536-113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7536-113-3"><bdi>978-81-7536-113-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111032500/https://books.google.com/books?id=rbayQwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hindu+Architecture%3A+Treating+of+Sanskrit+Architectural+Terms+with+Illustrative+Quotations&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28Reprinted+in+1997+by+Motilal+Banarsidass%29&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7536-113-3&rft.au=Prasanna+Kumar+Acharya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrbayQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014" class="citation book cs1">Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ"><i>Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6734-4"><bdi>978-1-4438-6734-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813200520/https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+the+Hindu+Temple%3A+The+Sacred+Architecture+and+Urbanism+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4&rft.au=Vinayak+Bharne&rft.au=Krupali+Krusche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCGukBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.R._Balasubrahmanyam1975" class="citation cs2">S.R. Balasubrahmanyam (1975), <i>Middle Chola Temples</i>, Thomson Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9060236079" title="Special:BookSources/978-9060236079"><bdi>978-9060236079</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Chola+Temples&rft.pub=Thomson+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-9060236079&rft.au=S.R.+Balasubrahmanyam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChing2007" class="citation book cs1">Ching, Francis D.K. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalhistoryofa0000chin"><i>A Global History of Architecture</i></a></span>. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalhistoryofa0000chin/page/338">338–339</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-26892-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-26892-5"><bdi>978-0-471-26892-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+History+of+Architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=338-339&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-471-26892-5&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Francis+D.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglobalhistoryofa0000chin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlice_Boner1990" class="citation book cs1">Alice Boner (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC"><i>Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0705-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0705-1"><bdi>978-81-208-0705-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111032500/https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Composition+in+Hindu+Sculpture%3A+Cave+Temple+Period&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0705-1&rft.au=Alice+Boner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdoQLZ21CGScC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005" class="citation book cs1">Alice Boner; Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itQUAAAAIAAJ"><i>Silpa Prakasa</i></a>. Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120820524" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120820524"><bdi>978-8120820524</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111031957/https://books.google.com/books?id=itQUAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silpa+Prakasa&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+%28Reprinted+by+Motilal+Banarsidass%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8120820524&rft.au=Alice+Boner&rft.au=Sad%C4%81%C5%9Biva+Rath+%C5%9Aarm%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitQUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.K._CoomaraswamyMichael_W._Meister1995" class="citation book cs1">A.K. Coomaraswamy; Michael W. Meister (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B1QAAAAMAAJ"><i>Essays in Architectural Theory</i></a>. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563805-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563805-9"><bdi>978-0-19-563805-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033002/https://books.google.com/books?id=5B1QAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Architectural+Theory&rft.pub=Indira+Gandhi+National+Centre+for+the+Arts&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563805-9&rft.au=A.K.+Coomaraswamy&rft.au=Michael+W.+Meister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5B1QAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dehejia, V. (1997). <i>Indian Art</i>. Phaidon: London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-3496-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-3496-3">0-7148-3496-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Hardy1995" class="citation book cs1">Adam Hardy (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C"><i>Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-312-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-312-0"><bdi>978-81-7017-312-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813200524/https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Temple+Architecture%3A+Form+and+Transformation&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-312-0&rft.au=Adam+Hardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaU0hCAS2-08C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Hardy2007" class="citation book cs1">Adam Hardy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofUVAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Temple Architecture of India</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470028278" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470028278"><bdi>978-0470028278</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033002/https://books.google.com/books?id=ofUVAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Temple+Architecture+of+India&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0470028278&rft.au=Adam+Hardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DofUVAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Hardy2015" class="citation book cs1">Adam Hardy (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_oADrgEACAAJ"><i>Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja's Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra and the Bhojpur Line Drawings</i></a>. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-81406-41-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-81406-41-0"><bdi>978-93-81406-41-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033002/https://books.google.com/books?id=_oADrgEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Practice+of+Temple+Architecture+in+Medieval+India%3A+Bhoja%27s+Samar%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga%E1%B9%87as%C5%ABtradh%C4%81ra+and+the+Bhojpur+Line+Drawings&rft.pub=Indira+Gandhi+National+Centre+for+the+Arts&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-81406-41-0&rft.au=Adam+Hardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_oADrgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harle, J.C., <i>The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</i>, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300062176" title="Special:BookSources/0300062176">0300062176</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonica_Juneja2001" class="citation book cs1">Monica Juneja (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7N7VAAAAMAAJ"><i>Architecture in Medieval India: Forms, Contexts, Histories</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8178242286" title="Special:BookSources/978-8178242286"><bdi>978-8178242286</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033003/https://books.google.com/books?id=7N7VAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+in+Medieval+India%3A+Forms%2C+Contexts%2C+Histories&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-8178242286&rft.au=Monica+Juneja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7N7VAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStella_Kramrisch1976" class="citation book cs1">Stella Kramrisch (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C"><i>The Hindu Temple Volume 1</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0223-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0223-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0223-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110025834/https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple+Volume+1&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%28Reprinted+1946+Princeton+University+Press%29&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0223-0&rft.au=Stella+Kramrisch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNNcXrBlI9S0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStella_Kramrisch1979" class="citation book cs1">Stella Kramrisch (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC"><i>The Hindu Temple Volume 2</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0224-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0224-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0224-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple+Volume+2&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%28Reprinted+1946+Princeton+University+Press%29&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0224-7&rft.au=Stella+Kramrisch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8-aS52MgIkMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_W._MeisterMadhusudan_Dhaky1986" class="citation book cs1">Michael W. Meister; Madhusudan Dhaky (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DRY3AQAAIAAJ"><i>Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture</i></a>. American Institute of Indian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-7992-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-7992-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-7992-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033003/https://books.google.com/books?id=DRY3AQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+temple+architecture&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Indian+Studies&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-7992-4&rft.au=Michael+W.+Meister&rft.au=Madhusudan+Dhaky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDRY3AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Michell2000" class="citation book cs1">George Michell (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hinduartarchitec00mich"><i>Hindu Art and Architecture</i></a></span>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20337-8"><bdi>978-0-500-20337-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-500-20337-8&rft.au=George+Michell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhinduartarchitec00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichell1988" class="citation cs2">Michell, George (1988), <i>The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-53230-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-53230-5"><bdi>0-226-53230-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple%3A+An+Introduction+to+Its+Meaning+and+Forms&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-226-53230-5&rft.aulast=Michell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMan1999" class="citation book cs1">Man, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-CgtWP38nsC"><i>Atlas of the Year 1000</i></a>. United Kingdom: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7946-0011-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7946-0011-5"><bdi>0-7946-0011-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310103400/https://books.google.com/books?id=j-CgtWP38nsC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+Year+1000&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7946-0011-5&rft.aulast=Man&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-CgtWP38nsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2004" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Binda (2004). <i>Introduction to Indian Architecture</i>. Singapore: Periplus Editions. pp. 43, 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7946-0011-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7946-0011-5"><bdi>0-7946-0011-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Indian+Architecture&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=43%2C+52-53&rft.pub=Periplus+Editions&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7946-0011-5&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Binda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._A._Gopinatha_Rao1993" class="citation book cs1">T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC"><i>Elements of Hindu iconography</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0878-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033003/https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Hindu+iconography&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0878-2&rft.au=T.+A.+Gopinatha+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJD-KresBwIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjay_J._Sinha2000" class="citation book cs1">Ajay J. Sinha (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C"><i>Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India</i></a>. University of Delaware Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-684-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-684-5"><bdi>978-0-87413-684-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033003/https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Architects%3A+Creativity+in+the+Religious+Monuments+of+India&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87413-684-5&rft.au=Ajay+J.+Sinha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWvqLzaSUGi8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton_Stein1978" class="citation book cs1">Burton Stein (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq5BngAACAAJ"><i>South Indian Temples</i></a>. Vikas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0706904499" title="Special:BookSources/978-0706904499"><bdi>978-0706904499</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033004/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq5BngAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Indian+Temples&rft.pub=Vikas&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0706904499&rft.au=Burton+Stein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHq5BngAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton_Stein1989" class="citation book cs1">Burton Stein (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC"><i>The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26693-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26693-2"><bdi>978-0-521-26693-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033010/https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India%3A+Vijayanagara&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26693-2&rft.au=Burton+Stein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOpxeaYQbGDMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton_SteinDavid_Arnold2010" class="citation book cs1">Burton Stein; David Arnold (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC"><i>A History of India</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1"><bdi>978-1-4443-2351-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062730/https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1&rft.au=Burton+Stein&rft.au=David+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQY4zdTDwMAQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1997" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC&pg=PR10"><i>The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-362-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-362-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-362-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033504/https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC&pg=PR10#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Square+and+the+Circle+of+the+Indian+Arts&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-362-5&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvwLJc3pBzzUC%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrihadisvara+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brihadisvara_Temple" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brihadisvara Temple">Brihadisvara Temple</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a listing for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Thanjavur#Q916943" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Thanjavur">Brihadisvara Temple</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ignca.gov.in/thanjavur-brhadisvara-temple/">Tanjavur Brihadisvara Temple</a>, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, Government of India</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/brihadeeswara-temple">Brihadeeswara Temple</a>, Tamil Nadu tourism</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianculture.gov.in/stories/dakshina-meru-brihadeswara-temple">Dakshina Meru: The Brihadeswara Temple</a>, Government of India</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/thanjavur/bri01.html">Photos on art-and-archaeology web site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250">Unesco Great Living Chola Temples</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Khangchendzonga_National_Park" title="Khangchendzonga National Park">Khangchendzonga National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_National_Park" title="Manas National Park">Manas Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moidam" title="Moidam">Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Living_Chola_Temples" title="Great Living Chola Temples">Great Living Chola Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airavatesvara_Temple" title="Airavatesvara Temple">Airavatesvara Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple,_Gangaikonda_Cholapuram" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram">Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Group of Monuments at Hampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Monuments_at_Mahabalipuram" title="Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram">Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Group of Monuments at Pattadakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railway" title="Nilgiri Mountain Railway">Nilgiri Mountain Railway</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramappa_Temple" title="Ramappa Temple">Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Ensembles_of_the_Hoysalas" title="Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas">Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennakeshava_Temple,_Belur" title="Chennakeshava Temple, Belur">Chennakeshava Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysaleswara_Temple" title="Hoysaleswara Temple">Hoysaleswara Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennakeshava_Temple,_Somanathapura" title="Chennakeshava Temple, Somanathapura">Keshava Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West India">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaner-Pavagadh_Archaeological_Park" title="Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park">Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_and_convents_of_Goa" title="Churches and convents of Goa">Churches and convents of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira:a Harappan city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Forts_of_Rajasthan" title="Hill Forts of Rajasthan">Hill Forts of Rajasthan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amer_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Amer Fort">Amer Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittor_Fort" title="Chittor Fort">Chittor Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagron_Fort" title="Gagron Fort">Gagron Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer_Fort" title="Jaisalmer Fort">Jaisalmer Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhalgarh" title="Kumbhalgarh">Kumbhalgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranthambore_Fort" title="Ranthambore Fort">Ranthambore Fort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_City_of_Ahmadabad" title="Historic City of Ahmadabad">Historic City of Ahmadabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur City, Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_ki_vav" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani ki vav">Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar_(Jaipur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)">The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Gothic_and_Art_Deco_Ensembles_of_Mumbai" title="Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai">Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>^part of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Railways_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Railways of India">Mountain Railways of India</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shaivism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shaivism_topics" title="Template:Shaivism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shaivism_topics" title="Template talk:Shaivism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shaivism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shaivism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shaivism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaivism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Shaivism">History</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_Shiva" title="Category:Forms of Shiva">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurti" title="Dakshinamurti">Dakshinamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Ishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadyojata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadyojata">Sadyojata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatpurusha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatpurusha">Tatpurusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamadeva" title="Vamadeva">Vamadeva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devasena" title="Devasena">Devasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valli" title="Valli">Valli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandi_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (mythology)">Nandi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/100px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/150px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/200px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shivarahasya_Purana" title="Shivarahasya Purana">Shivarahasya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a>/<a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Om Namah Shivaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rudrashtakam" title="Rudrashtakam">Rudrashtakam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81mrityunjaya_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāmrityunjaya Mantra">Mahāmrityunjaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Tandava_Stotra" title="Shiva Tandava Stotra">Shiva Tandava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sahasranama" title="Shiva Sahasranama">Sahasranama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Chalisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Chalisa">Chalisa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shri_Rudram" title="Shri Rudram">Shri Rudram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Mahimna_Stotra" title="Shiva Mahimna Stotra">Shiva Mahimna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hara_Hara_Mahadeva" title="Hara Hara Mahadeva">Hara Hara Mahadeva</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghori" title="Aghori">Aghori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Trika Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Veera Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_Siddhanta" title="Siddha Siddhanta">Siddha Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Shaiva Smartas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Festivals and observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanwar_Yatra" title="Kanwar Yatra">Kanwar Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradosha" title="Pradosha">Pradosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Puja" title="Shiva Puja">Shiva Puja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shiva_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiva temple">Shiva temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kedar" title="Panch Kedar">Panch Kedar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungnath" title="Tungnath">Tungnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudranath" title="Rudranath">Rudranath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaheshwar" title="Madhyamaheshwar">Madhyamaheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpeshwar" title="Kalpeshwar">Kalpeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Sabhai" title="Pancha Sabhai">Pancha Sabhai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vadaranyeswarar_Temple" title="Sri Vadaranyeswarar Temple">Rathinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Pon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Velli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellaiappar_Temple" title="Nellaiappar Temple">Thamiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukutralam" title="Thirukutralam">Chitiram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta_Sthalam" title="Pancha Bhuta Sthalam">Pancha Bhuta Sthalam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Chidambaram (Ether)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikalahasteeswara_temple" title="Srikalahasteeswara temple">Tirukalahasti (Air)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachalesvara_Temple" title="Arunachalesvara Temple">Tiruvannamalai (Fire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambukeswarar_Temple,_Thiruvanaikaval" title="Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval">Tiruvanaikaval (Water)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekambareswarar_Temple_(Kanchipuram)" title="Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)">Kanchipuram (Earth)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlingas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhimashankar_Temple" title="Bhimashankar Temple">Bhimashankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grishneshwar_Temple" title="Grishneshwar Temple">Grishneshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjuna_Jyotirlinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga">Mallikarjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakaleshwar_Jyotirlinga" title="Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga">Mahakaleshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nageshvara_Jyotirlinga" title="Nageshvara Jyotirlinga">Nageshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omkareshwar_Temple" title="Omkareshwar Temple">Omkareshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathaswamy_Temple" title="Ramanathaswamy Temple">Ramanathaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimbakeshwar_Shiva_Temple" title="Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple">Trimbakeshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaidyanath_Jyotirlinga" title="Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga">Vaidyanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Vishwanath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Temple" title="Amarnath Temple">Amarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur">Brihadeeswarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Manasarovar" title="Lake Manasarovar">Kailash Mansarovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katas_Raj_Temples" title="Katas Raj Temples">Katas Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingaraja_Temple" title="Lingaraja Temple">Lingaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Meenakshi Sundareshwarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhanareeswarar_temple,_Tiruchengode" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardhanareeswarar temple, Tiruchengode">Tiruchengode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkunnathan_Temple" title="Vadakkunnathan Temple">Vadakkum Nathan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rasalingam" title="Rasalingam">Rasalingam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sahasranama" title="Shiva Sahasranama">Other names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Category:Shaivism" title="Category:Shaivism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" 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