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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B2-6-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="عوز نازعة هيدروجين الغلوكوز-6-فوسفات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عوز نازعة هيدروجين الغلوكوز-6-فوسفات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE-6-%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Глюкозо-6-фосфатдехидрогеназна недостатъчност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Глюкозо-6-фосфатдехидрогеназна недостатъчност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedostatak_glukozo-6-fosfat_dehidrogenaze" title="Nedostatak glukozo-6-fosfat dehidrogenaze – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nedostatak glukozo-6-fosfat dehidrogenaze" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defici%C3%A8ncia_de_glucosa-6-fosfat-deshidrogenasa" title="Deficiència de glucosa-6-fosfat-deshidrogenasa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Deficiència de glucosa-6-fosfat-deshidrogenasa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphat-Dehydrogenase-Mangel" title="Glucose-6-phosphat-Dehydrogenase-Mangel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glucose-6-phosphat-Dehydrogenase-Mangel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A96%DE%95%DE%A9%DE%91%DE%A9_%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%92%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%89%DE%B0_%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޖީ6ޕީޑީ އެންޒައިމް މަދުވުން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖީ6ޕީޑީ އެންޒައިމް މަދުވުން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Κυαμισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυαμισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deficiencia_de_glucosa-6-fosfato_deshidrogenasa" title="Deficiencia de glucosa-6-fosfato deshidrogenasa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deficiencia de glucosa-6-fosfato deshidrogenasa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="فاویسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فاویسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9ficit_en_glucose-6-phosphate_d%C3%A9shydrog%C3%A9nase" title="Déficit en glucose-6-phosphate déshydrogénase – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Déficit en glucose-6-phosphate déshydrogénase" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9_6-%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0_%ED%83%88%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C%ED%9A%A8%EC%86%8C_%EA%B2%B0%ED%95%8D%EC%A6%9D" title="포도당 6-인산 탈수소효소 결핍증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포도당 6-인산 탈수소효소 결핍증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A6-6-%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%BD%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Գլյուկոզ-6-ֆոսֆատ դեհիդրոգենազայի պակասուրդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլյուկոզ-6-ֆոսֆատ դեհիդրոգենազայի պակասուրդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjak_enzima_glukoza-6-fosfat_dehidrogenaze" title="Manjak enzima glukoza-6-fosfat dehidrogenaze – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Manjak enzima glukoza-6-fosfat dehidrogenaze" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carenza_di_glucosio-6-fosfato_deidrogenasi" title="Carenza di glucosio-6-fosfato deidrogenasi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carenza di glucosio-6-fosfato deidrogenasi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A8_G6PD" title="חוסר G6PD – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוסר G6PD" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-fosfaatdehydrogenase-defici%C3%ABntie" title="Glucose-6-fosfaatdehydrogenase-deficiëntie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glucose-6-fosfaatdehydrogenase-deficiëntie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9-6-%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%A0%E9%85%B5%E7%B4%A0%E6%AC%A0%E6%90%8D%E7%97%87" title="グルコース-6-リン酸脱水素酵素欠損症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グルコース-6-リン酸脱水素酵素欠損症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9C-%E0%AD%AC-%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9C_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC" title="ଗ୍ଲୁକୋଜ-୬-ଫସଫେଟ ଡିହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନେଜ ଅଭାବ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗ୍ଲୁକୋଜ-୬-ଫସଫେଟ ଡିହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନେଜ ଅଭାବ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedob%C3%B3r_dehydrogenazy_glukozo-6-fosforanowej" title="Niedobór dehydrogenazy glukozo-6-fosforanowej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niedobór dehydrogenazy glukozo-6-fosforanowej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defici%C3%AAncia_em_glucose-6-fosfato_desidrogenase" title="Deficiência em glucose-6-fosfato desidrogenase – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deficiência em glucose-6-fosfato desidrogenase" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favism" title="Favism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Favism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isc%C3%A0ssia_de_glucosu-6-fosfatu_disidrogenasi" title="Iscàssia de glucosu-6-fosfatu disidrogenasi – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iscàssia de glucosu-6-fosfatu disidrogenasi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favism" title="Favism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Favism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%A6-%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95" title="کەمیی گلوکۆزی-٦-فۆسفاتیی ھایدرۆجین لێکەرەوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەمیی گلوکۆزی-٦-فۆسفاتیی ھایدرۆجین لێکەرەوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedostatak_aktivnosti_glukoza-6-fosfat_dehidrogenaze" title="Nedostatak aktivnosti glukoza-6-fosfat dehidrogenaze – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nedostatak aktivnosti glukoza-6-fosfat dehidrogenaze" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjak_enzima_glukoza-6-fosfat_dehidrogenaze" title="Manjak enzima glukoza-6-fosfat dehidrogenaze – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Manjak enzima glukoza-6-fosfat dehidrogenaze" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukoosi-6-fosfaattidehydrogenaasin_puutos" title="Glukoosi-6-fosfaattidehydrogenaasin puutos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Glukoosi-6-fosfaattidehydrogenaasin puutos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Favism<sup id="cite_ref-GHR2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHR2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:G6PD_-_3D_structure_-_PDB1qki.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/G6PD_-_3D_structure_-_PDB1qki.png/220px-G6PD_-_3D_structure_-_PDB1qki.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/G6PD_-_3D_structure_-_PDB1qki.png/330px-G6PD_-_3D_structure_-_PDB1qki.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/G6PD_-_3D_structure_-_PDB1qki.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase" title="Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase">Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">Yellowish skin</a>, dark urine, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a><sup id="cite_ref-GHR2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHR2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">Anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newborn_jaundice" class="mw-redirect" title="Newborn jaundice">newborn jaundice</a><sup id="cite_ref-NORD2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORD2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GHR2017_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHR2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Within a few days of a trigger<sup id="cite_ref-NORD2017_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORD2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Genetic (<a href="/wiki/X-linked_recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="X-linked recessive">X-linked recessive</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-GHR2017_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHR2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Triggered by <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a>, certain medication, stress, foods such as <a href="/wiki/Fava_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Fava beans">fava beans</a><sup id="cite_ref-GHR2017_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHR2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on symptoms, blood test, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">genetic testing</a><sup id="cite_ref-NORD2017_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORD2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_kinase_deficiency" title="Pyruvate kinase deficiency">Pyruvate kinase deficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spherocytosis" title="Hereditary spherocytosis">hereditary spherocytosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sickle cell anemia">sickle cell anemia</a><sup id="cite_ref-NORD2017_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORD2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Avoiding triggers, medications for infection, stopping offending medication, <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood transfusions">blood transfusions</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2017_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">400 million<sup id="cite_ref-GHR2017_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHR2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">33,000 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-GBD2015De_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</b> (<b>G6PDD</b>), also known as <b>favism</b>, is the most common enzyme deficiency <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an <a href="/wiki/Inborn_errors_of_carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism">inborn error of metabolism</a> that predisposes to <a href="/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">red blood cell breakdown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GHR2017_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHR2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the time, those who are affected have no symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2017_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a specific trigger, symptoms such as <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">yellowish skin</a>, dark urine, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, and feeling tired may develop.<sup id="cite_ref-GHR2017_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHR2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NORD2017_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORD2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complications can include <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newborn_jaundice" class="mw-redirect" title="Newborn jaundice">newborn jaundice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NORD2017_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORD2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people never have symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2017_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is an <a href="/wiki/X-linked_recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="X-linked recessive">X-linked recessive</a> disorder that results in defective <a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase" title="Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase">glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase</a> enzyme.<sup id="cite_ref-GHR2017_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHR2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that protects <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Red blood cells">red blood cells</a>, which carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. A defect of the enzyme results in the premature breakdown of red blood cells. This destruction of red blood cells is called <a href="/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">hemolysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-medlineplus.gov_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medlineplus.gov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red blood cell breakdown may be triggered by <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a>, certain medication, stress, or foods such as <a href="/wiki/Fava_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Fava beans">fava beans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GHR2017_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHR2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2017_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the specific <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> the severity of the condition may vary.<sup id="cite_ref-NORD2017_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORD2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnosis is based on symptoms and supported by blood tests and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">genetic testing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NORD2017_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORD2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Affected persons must avoid dietary triggers,<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2017_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notably fava beans.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be difficult, as fava beans may be called "broad beans" and are used in many foods, whole or as flour. <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">Falafel</a> is probably the best known, but fava beans are often used as filler in meatballs and other foods. Since G6PD deficiency is not an allergy, food regulations in most countries do not require that fava beans be highlighted as an allergen on the label.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Treatment of acute episodes may include medications for infection, stopping the offending medication, or <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood transfusions">blood transfusions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2017_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaundice in newborns may be treated with <a href="/wiki/Bili_light" title="Bili light">bili lights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NORD2017_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORD2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is recommended that people be tested for G6PDD before certain medications, such as <a href="/wiki/Primaquine" title="Primaquine">primaquine</a>, are taken.<sup id="cite_ref-NORD2017_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORD2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 400 million people have the condition globally.<sup id="cite_ref-GHR2017_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHR2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is particularly common in certain parts of Africa, Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GHR2017_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHR2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males are affected more often than females.<sup id="cite_ref-GHR2017_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHR2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 it is believed to have resulted in 33,000 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-GBD2015De_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most individuals with G6PD deficiency are <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic" title="Asymptomatic">asymptomatic</a>. When it induces hemolysis, the effect is usually short-lived.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most people who develop symptoms are male, due to the <a href="/wiki/X-linked" class="mw-redirect" title="X-linked">X-linked</a> pattern of inheritance, but female carriers can be affected due to unfavorable <a href="/wiki/Lyonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyonization">lyonization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Skewed_X-inactivation" title="Skewed X-inactivation">skewed X-inactivation</a>, where random inactivation of an X-chromosome in certain cells creates a population of G6PD-deficient <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> coexisting with unaffected red blood cells. A female with one affected X chromosome will show the deficiency in approximately half of her red blood cells. However, in some cases, including double X-deficiency, the ratio can be much more than half, making the individual almost as sensitive as males.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Red blood cell breakdown (also known as <a href="/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">hemolysis</a>) in G6PD deficiency can manifest in a number of ways, including the following:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Prolonged <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice" title="Neonatal jaundice">neonatal jaundice</a>, possibly leading to <a href="/wiki/Kernicterus" title="Kernicterus">kernicterus</a> (arguably the most serious complication of G6PD deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">Hemolytic crises</a> in response to: <ul><li>Illness (especially infections)</li> <li>Certain <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">drugs</a> (see below)</li> <li>Certain foods, most notably <a href="/wiki/Broad_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad bean">broad beans</a>, from which the word <i>favism</i> derives</li> <li>Certain chemicals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_ketoacidosis" title="Diabetic ketoacidosis">Diabetic ketoacidosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoglobinuria" title="Hemoglobinuria">Hemoglobinuria</a> (red or brown urine)</li> <li>Very severe crisis can cause <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">acute kidney injury</a></li></ul> <p><b>Favism</b> is a hemolytic response to the consumption of fava beans, also known as broad beans. Though all individuals with favism show G6PD deficiency, not all individuals with G6PD deficiency show favism. The condition is known to be more prevalent in infants and children, and the G6PD genetic variant can influence chemical sensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than this, the specifics of the chemical relationship between favism and G6PD are not well understood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>G6PD deficiency results from mutations in the G6PD gene. G6PD gene contributes to the production of <a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase" title="Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase">glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase</a>. Chemical reactions involving glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase produce compounds that prevent <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a> from building up to toxic levels within red blood cells. If a reduction in the amount of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or alteration of structure occurs due to the mutations of the G6PD gene, the enzyme loses its protective role and leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and thus damages red blood cells.<sup id="cite_ref-medlineplus.gov_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medlineplus.gov-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Triggers">Triggers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Triggers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carriers of the underlying mutation do not show any symptoms unless their red blood cells are exposed to certain triggers, which can be of four main types: </p> <ul><li>Foods (fava beans is the <a href="/wiki/Pathognomonic" title="Pathognomonic">hallmark</a> trigger for G6PD mutation carriers),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Certain medicines including <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Antimalarial_medication" title="Antimalarial medication">antimalarials</a> derived from quinine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothball" title="Mothball">Moth balls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">naphthalene</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Stress from a <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">bacterial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral infection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JGDC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGDC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drugs">Drugs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Drugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many substances are potentially harmful to people with G6PD deficiency. Variation in response to these substances makes individual predictions difficult. <a href="/wiki/Antimalarial_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimalarial drug">Antimalarial drugs</a> that can cause acute hemolysis in people with G6PD deficiency include <a href="/wiki/Primaquine" title="Primaquine">primaquine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamaquine" title="Pamaquine">pamaquine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroquine" title="Chloroquine">chloroquine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine" title="Hydroxychloroquine">hydroxychloroquine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that other antimalarials may also exacerbate G6PD deficiency, but only at higher doses. <a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">Sulfonamides</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfanilamide" title="Sulfanilamide">sulfanilamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfamethoxazole" title="Sulfamethoxazole">sulfamethoxazole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mafenide" title="Mafenide">mafenide</a>), thiazolesulfone, <a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">methylene blue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">naphthalene</a> should also be avoided by people with G6PD deficiency as they antagonize folate synthesis, as should certain <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesics</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Phenazopyridine" title="Phenazopyridine">phenazopyridine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acetanilide" title="Acetanilide">acetanilide</a>) and a few non-sulfa antibiotics (<a href="/wiki/Nalidixic_acid" title="Nalidixic acid">nalidixic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrofurantoin" title="Nitrofurantoin">nitrofurantoin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoniazid" title="Isoniazid">isoniazid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dapsone" title="Dapsone">dapsone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Furazolidone" title="Furazolidone">furazolidone</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OHM_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHM-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">Henna</a> has been known to cause hemolytic crisis in G6PD-deficient infants.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rasburicase" title="Rasburicase">Rasburicase</a> is also contraindicated in G6PD deficiency. High dose <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> has also been known to cause hemolysis in G6PD deficiency carriers;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore, G6PD deficiency testing is routine before infusion of doses of 25 g or more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two variants (G6PD A− and G6PD Mediterranean) are the most common in human populations. G6PD A− has an occurrence of 10% of Africans and African-Americans while G6PD Mediterranean is prevalent in the Middle East. The known distribution of the mutated allele is largely limited to people of Mediterranean origins (Spaniards, Italians, Greeks, Armenians, Sephardi Jews, and other Semitic peoples).<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both variants are believed to stem from a strongly protective effect against <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum" title="Plasmodium falciparum">Plasmodium falciparum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_vivax" title="Plasmodium vivax">Plasmodium vivax</a></i> malaria.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is particularly frequent in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jewish</a> population, wherein approximately 1 in 2 males have the condition and the same rate of females are carriers.<sup id="cite_ref-JGDC_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGDC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also common in <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinian</a> males, some African populations, and Asian groups.<sup id="cite_ref-JGDC_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGDC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All mutations that cause G6PD deficiency are found on the long arm of the <a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X chromosome</a>, on band Xq28. The G6PD gene spans some 18.5 <a href="/wiki/Kilobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobase">kilobases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OHM_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHM-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following variants and mutations are well-known and described: </p> <table width="95%" class="wikitable"> <caption>Descriptive mutations </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="#FACEDA">Mutation </th> <th colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#FACEDA">Gene </th> <th colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#FACEDA">Protein </th></tr> <tr> <th>Designation </th> <th>Short name </th> <th>Isoform<br />G6PD-Protein </th> <th>OMIM-Code </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Subtype </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Structure change </th> <th>Function change </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">G6PD-A(+) </td> <td valign="top">Gd-A(+) </td> <td valign="top">G6PD A </td> <td valign="top">+305900.0001 </td> <td valign="top">Polymorphism nucleotide </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">A</a>→<a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">G</a> </td> <td valign="top">376<br />(Exon 5) </td> <td valign="top">126 </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asparagine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a> (ASN126ASP) </td> <td valign="top">No enzyme defect (variant) </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">G6PD-A(-) </td> <td valign="top">Gd-A(-) </td> <td valign="top">G6PD A </td> <td valign="top">+305900.0002 </td> <td valign="top">Substitution nucleotide </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">G</a>→<a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">A</a> </td> <td valign="top">376<br />(Exon 5)<br />and<br />202 </td> <td valign="top">68<br />and<br />126 </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a> (VAL68MET)<br /><a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asparagine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a> (ASN126ASP) </td> <td valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">G6PD-Mediterranean </td> <td valign="top">Gd-Med </td> <td valign="top">G6PD B </td> <td valign="top">+305900.0006 </td> <td valign="top">Substitution nucleotide </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">C</a>→<a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">T</a> </td> <td valign="top">563<br />(Exon 6) </td> <td valign="top">188 </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a> (SER188PHE) </td> <td valign="top">Class II </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">G6PD-Canton </td> <td valign="top">Gd-Canton </td> <td valign="top">G6PD B </td> <td valign="top">+305900.0021 </td> <td valign="top">Substitution nucleotide </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">G</a>→<a href="/wiki/Thymine" title="Thymine">T</a> </td> <td valign="top">1376 </td> <td valign="top">459 </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a> (ARG459LEU) </td> <td valign="top">Class II </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">G6PD-Chatham </td> <td valign="top">Gd-Chatham </td> <td valign="top">G6PD </td> <td valign="top">+305900.0003 </td> <td valign="top">Substitution nucleotide </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">G</a>→<a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">A</a> </td> <td valign="top">1003 </td> <td valign="top">335 </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a> (ALA335THR) </td> <td valign="top">Class II </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">G6PD-Cosenza </td> <td valign="top">Gd-Cosenza </td> <td valign="top">G6PD B </td> <td valign="top">+305900.0059 </td> <td valign="top">Substitution nucleotide </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">G</a>→<a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">C</a> </td> <td valign="top">1376 </td> <td valign="top">459 </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a> (ARG459PRO) </td> <td valign="top">G6PD-activity <10%, thus high portion of patients. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">G6PD-Mahidol </td> <td valign="top">Gd-Mahidol </td> <td valign="top">G6PD </td> <td valign="top">+305900.0005 </td> <td valign="top">Substitution nucleotide </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">G</a>→<a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">A</a> </td> <td valign="top">487<br />(Exon 6) </td> <td valign="top">163 </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a> (GLY163SER) </td> <td valign="top">Class III </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">G6PD-Orissa </td> <td valign="top">Gd-Orissa </td> <td valign="top">G6PD </td> <td valign="top">+305900.0047 </td> <td valign="top">Substitution nucleotide </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">C</a>→<a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">G</a> </td> <td valign="top">131 </td> <td valign="top">44 </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a> (ALA44GLY) </td> <td valign="top">NADP-binding place affected. Higher stability than other variants. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">G6PD-Asahi </td> <td valign="top">Gd-Asahi </td> <td valign="top">G6PD A- </td> <td valign="top">+305900.0054 </td> <td valign="top">Substitution nucleotide (several) </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">A</a>→<a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">G</a><br />±<br /><a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">G</a>→<a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">A</a> </td> <td valign="top">376<br />(Exon 5)<br />202 </td> <td valign="top">126<br />68 </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asparagine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a> (ASN126ASP)<br /><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a> (VAL68MET) </td> <td valign="top">Class III. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pathology_of_G6PD_deficiency.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pathology_of_G6PD_deficiency.png/500px-Pathology_of_G6PD_deficiency.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="786" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pathology_of_G6PD_deficiency.png/750px-Pathology_of_G6PD_deficiency.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pathology_of_G6PD_deficiency.png/1000px-Pathology_of_G6PD_deficiency.png 2x" data-file-width="4430" data-file-height="6967" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">pentose phosphate pathway</a> (see image, also known as the HMP shunt pathway). G6PD converts <a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose-6-phosphate">glucose-6-phosphate</a> into <a href="/wiki/6-phosphoglucono-%CE%B4-lactone" class="mw-redirect" title="6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone">6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone</a> and is the rate-limiting enzyme of this <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic pathway</a> that supplies <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reducing</a> energy to cells by maintaining the level of the reduced form of the <a href="/wiki/Co-enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-enzyme">co-enzyme</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate">nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate</a> (NADPH). The NADPH maintains the supply of reduced <a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">glutathione</a> in the cells that are used to mop up free radicals that cause <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidative</a> damage. The pathway also stimulates catalase, an antioxidant enzyme.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The G6PD / NADPH pathway is the <i>only</i> source of reduced glutathione in red blood cells (<a href="/wiki/Erythrocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrocyte">erythrocytes</a>). The role of red cells as oxygen carriers puts them at substantial risk of damage from oxidizing free radicals except for the protective effect of G6PD/NADPH/glutathione.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People with G6PD deficiency are therefore at risk of <a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_anemia" title="Hemolytic anemia">hemolytic anemia</a> in states of <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>. Oxidative stress can result from infection and from chemical exposure to <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medication</a> and certain foods. <a href="/wiki/Broad_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad bean">Broad beans</a>, e.g., fava beans, contain high levels of <a href="/wiki/Vicine" title="Vicine">vicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divicine" title="Divicine">divicine</a>, convicine and <a href="/wiki/5,6-Dihydroxycytosine" title="5,6-Dihydroxycytosine">isouramil</a>, all of which create <a href="/wiki/Oxidant" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidant">oxidants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7140776_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7140776-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When all remaining reduced <a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">glutathione</a> is consumed, enzymes and other proteins (including <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>) are subsequently damaged by the oxidants, leading to cross-bonding and protein deposition in the red <a href="/wiki/Cell_membranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell membranes">cell membranes</a>. Damaged red cells are <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosed</a> and sequestered (taken out of circulation) in the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>. The hemoglobin is metabolized to <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a> (causing <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a> at high concentrations). The red cells rarely disintegrate in the circulation, so hemoglobin is rarely excreted directly by the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>, but this can occur in severe cases, causing <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">acute kidney injury</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Deficiency of G6PD in the alternative pathway causes the buildup of glucose and thus there is an increase of <a href="/wiki/Advanced_glycation_endproduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced glycation endproduct">advanced glycation endproducts</a> (AGE). The deficiency also reduces the amount of NADPH, which is required for the formation of nitric oxide (NO). The high prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 2">diabetes mellitus type 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> in Afro-Caribbeans in the West could be directly related to the incidence of G6PD deficiency in those populations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although female carriers can have a mild form of G6PD deficiency (dependent on the degree of inactivation of the unaffected X chromosome – see <i><a href="/wiki/Skewed_X-inactivation" title="Skewed X-inactivation">Skewed X-inactivation</a></i>), homozygous females have been described; in these females, there is co-incidence of a <a href="/wiki/Rare_disease" title="Rare disease">rare</a> <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immune disorder</a> termed <a href="/wiki/Chronic_granulomatous_disease" title="Chronic granulomatous disease">chronic granulomatous disease</a> (CGD).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diagnosis is generally suspected when patients from certain ethnic groups (see epidemiology) develop <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a>, and symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">hemolysis</a> after challenges from any of the above causes, especially when there is a positive family history.<sup id="cite_ref-BSHguideline_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSHguideline-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, tests will include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complete_blood_count" title="Complete blood count">Complete blood count</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reticulocyte" title="Reticulocyte">reticulocyte</a> count; in active G6PD deficiency, <a href="/wiki/Heinz_body" title="Heinz body">Heinz bodies</a> can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Blood_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood film">blood film</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver enzyme">Liver enzymes</a> (to exclude other causes of <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" title="Lactate dehydrogenase">Lactate dehydrogenase</a> (elevated in hemolysis and a marker of hemolytic severity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptoglobin" title="Haptoglobin">Haptoglobin</a> (decreased in hemolysis);</li> <li>A "<a href="/wiki/Coombs_test" title="Coombs test">direct antiglobulin test</a>" (Coombs' test) – this should be negative, as <a href="/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">hemolysis</a> in G6PD is not immune-mediated;</li></ul> <p>When there are sufficient grounds to suspect G6PD, a direct test for G6PD is the "<a href="/wiki/Beutler_fluorescent_spot_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Beutler fluorescent spot test">Beutler fluorescent spot test</a>", which has largely replaced an older test (the Motulsky dye-decolouration test). Other possibilities are direct DNA testing and/or sequencing of the G6PD gene.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18156501_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18156501-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Beutler fluorescent spot test</i> is a rapid and inexpensive test that visually identifies <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate">NADPH</a> produced by G6PD under <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a>. When the blood spot does not fluoresce, the test is positive; it can be falsely negative in patients who are actively hemolysing. It can therefore only be done 2–3 weeks after a hemolytic episode.<sup id="cite_ref-BSHguideline_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSHguideline-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a macrophage in the spleen identifies an RBC with a Heinz body, it removes the precipitate and a small piece of the membrane, leading to characteristic "<a href="/wiki/Bite_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Bite cells">bite cells</a>". However, if a large number of Heinz bodies are produced, as in the case of G6PD deficiency, some Heinz bodies will nonetheless be visible when viewing RBCs that have been stained with crystal violet. This easy and inexpensive test can lead to an initial presumption of G6PD deficiency, which can be confirmed with the other tests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Testing during and for many weeks after a hemolytic episode will lead to false negative results as the G6PD deficient RBC will have been excreted and the young RBC (reticulocytes) will not yet be G6PD deficient. False-negative results will also be likely following any blood transfusions. For this reason, many hospitals wait three months after a hemolytic episode before testing for G6PD deficiency. Females should have their G6PD activity measured by quantitative assay to avoid being misclassified by screening tests.<sup id="cite_ref-BSHguideline_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSHguideline-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> classifies G6PD genetic variants into five classes, the first three of which are deficiency states.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Class I: Severe deficiency (<10% activity) with chronic (nonspherocytic) hemolytic anemia</li> <li>Class II: Severe deficiency (<10% activity), with intermittent hemolysis</li> <li>Class III: Moderate deficiency (10–60% activity), hemolysis with stressors only</li> <li>Class IV: Non-deficient variant, no clinical sequelae</li> <li>Class V: Increased enzyme activity, no clinical sequelae</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Differential diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/6-phosphogluconate_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency">6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) deficiency</a> has similar symptoms and is often mistaken for G6PD deficiency, as the affected enzyme is within the same pathway, however, these diseases are not linked and can be found within the same person.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important measure is prevention – avoidance of the drugs and foods that cause hemolysis. <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a> against some common pathogens (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">hepatitis A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a>) may prevent infection-induced attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18159462_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18159462-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the acute phase of hemolysis, <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusions</a> might be necessary, or even <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute kidney failure">acute kidney failure</a>. Blood transfusion is an important symptomatic measure, as the transfused red cells are generally not G6PD deficient and will live a normal lifespan in the recipient's circulation. Those affected should avoid drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some patients may benefit from the removal of the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Splenectomy" title="Splenectomy">splenectomy</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15621740_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15621740-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as this is an important site of red cell destruction. <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">Folic acid</a> should be used in any disorder featuring a high red cell turnover. Although <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> have antioxidant properties, their use does not decrease the severity of G6PD deficiency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>AG1, a recently discovered small molecule, has been shown to increase the activity of the G6PD enzyme in the three common variants of the deficiency. Due to the absence of medications to treat G6PD, AG1 is a promising precursor in developing a pharmacological treatment effective for multiple G6PD enzymopathies.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30279493_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30279493-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>G6PD-deficient individuals do not appear to acquire any illnesses more frequently than other people, and may have less risk than other people for acquiring <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic heart disease">ischemic heart disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a recent study revealed that G6PD deficiency increases cardiovascular risk by up to 70%. The risk conferred by G6PD deficiency is moderate compared with the impact of primary cardiovascular risk factors.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30731288_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30731288-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, a published review hypothesized that G6PD deficiency could reduce the antiplatelet efficacy of clopidogrel (clopidogrel resistance).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_resistance_to_malaria" title="Human genetic resistance to malaria">Human genetic resistance to malaria</a></div> <p>G6PD deficiency is the second most common human enzyme defect after <a href="/wiki/ALDH2" title="ALDH2">ALDH2</a> deficiency, being present in more than 400 million people worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> G6PD deficiency resulted in 4,100 deaths in 2013 and 3,400 deaths in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-GDB2013_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GDB2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> is where favism is most common, especially among <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cyprus" title="Demographics of Cyprus">Cypriots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> and some African populations, including those who have these ancestries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GelabertOlalde2017_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GelabertOlalde2017-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Favism has also been documented outside of the Mediterranean basin, in other Middle Eastern and East Asian nations like Iraq, Iran, Bulgaria and China. <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> has the highest reported frequency of favism, with five instances per every 1,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A side effect of this disease is that it confers protection against <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular the form of malaria caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum" title="Plasmodium falciparum">Plasmodium falciparum</a></i>, the most deadly form of malaria. A similar relationship exists between malaria and <a href="/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sickle-cell disease">sickle-cell disease</a>. One theory to explain this is that cells infected with the <i>Plasmodium</i> parasite are cleared more rapidly by the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>. This phenomenon might give G6PD deficiency carriers an evolutionary advantage by increasing their fitness in malarial endemic environments. In vitro studies have shown that <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> is very sensitive to oxidative damage. This is the basis for another theory: the genetic defect confers resistance since the G6PD-deficient host has a higher level of oxidative agents that, while generally tolerable by the host, are deadly to the parasite.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern understanding of the condition began with the analysis of patients who exhibited sensitivity to <a href="/wiki/Primaquine" title="Primaquine">primaquine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of G6PD deficiency relied heavily upon the testing of prisoner volunteers at <a href="/wiki/Illinois_State_Penitentiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois State Penitentiary">Illinois State Penitentiary</a>, a type of study which today is considered unethical and cannot be performed. When some prisoners were given the drug primaquine, some developed <a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_anemia" title="Hemolytic anemia">hemolytic anemia</a> but others did not. Despite these results, the US military administered the drug widely during the Korean War to prevent the relapsing infection caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_vivax" title="Plasmodium vivax">Plasmodium vivax</a></i> hypnozoites. Numerous cases of hemolytic anemia were observed in US soldiers of North African and Mediterranean descent.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After studying the mechanism through <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr<sup>51</sup></a> testing, it was conclusively shown that the hemolytic effect of primaquine was due to an intrinsic defect of erythrocytes.<sup id="cite_ref-beutler_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beutler-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In both legend and mythology, favism has been known since antiquity. The priests of various <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman era</a> cults were forbidden to eat or even mention beans, and <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> had a strict rule that to join the society of the <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a> one had to swear off beans.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ban was supposedly because beans resembled male genitalia, but it is possible that this was because of a belief that beans and humans were created from the same material.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GHR2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GHR2017_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHR2017_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHR2017_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHR2017_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHR2017_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHR2017_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHR2017_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHR2017_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHR2017_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHR2017_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHR2017_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHR2017_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHR2017_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency">"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency"</a>. <i>Genetics Home Reference</i>. 6 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genetics+Home+Reference&rft.atitle=Glucose-6-phosphate+dehydrogenase+deficiency&rft.date=2017-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fghr.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcondition%2Fglucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlucose-6-phosphate+dehydrogenase+deficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NORD2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NORD2017_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORD2017_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORD2017_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORD2017_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORD2017_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORD2017_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORD2017_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORD2017_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORD2017_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORD2017_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency/">"Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency"</a>. <i>NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)</i>. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NORD+%28National+Organization+for+Rare+Disorders%29&rft.atitle=Glucose-6-Phosphate+Dehydrogenase+Deficiency&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frarediseases.org%2Frare-diseases%2Fglucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlucose-6-phosphate+dehydrogenase+deficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2017_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2017_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2017_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2017_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2017_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2017_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2017_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427154113/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6520/glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency">"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency"</a>. <i>Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)</i>. 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6520/glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency">the original</a> on 27 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genetic+and+Rare+Diseases+Information+Center+%28GARD%29&rft.atitle=Glucose-6-phosphate+dehydrogenase+deficiency&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frarediseases.info.nih.gov%2Fdiseases%2F6520%2Fglucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficiency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlucose-6-phosphate+dehydrogenase+deficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBD2015De-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GBD2015De_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBD2015De_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGBD_2015_Mortality_and_Causes_of_Death_Collaborators2016" class="citation journal cs1">GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (8 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388903">"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"</a>. <i>Lancet</i>. <b>388</b> (10053): <span class="nowrap">1459–</span>1544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2816%2931012-1">10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388903">5388903</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" 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id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2005" class="citation journal cs1">Frank JE (2005-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/1001/p1277.html">"Diagnosis and Management of G6PD Deficiency"</a>. <i>American Family Physician</i>. <b>72</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1277–</span>1282. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-838X">0002-838X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16225031">16225031</a>.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Local+Health+District&rft.atitle=Triggers+of+G6PD+crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slhd.nsw.gov.au%2Frpa%2Fneonatal%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2Fguidelines%2Fg6pdd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlucose-6-phosphate+dehydrogenase+deficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JGDC-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JGDC_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JGDC_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JGDC_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydogenase Deficiency (G6PD)</i> on The Jewish Genetic Disease Consortium (JGDC) website <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mazornet.com/genetics/g6pd.htm">[1]</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701120909/http://www.jewishgeneticdiseases.org/diseases/glucose-6-phosphate-dehydogenase-deficiency-g6pd/">Archived</a> 1 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vJjv0U6o8YEC&dq=G6PD+Hydroxychloroquine&pg=PA497"><i>2010 Nurse's Drug Handbook</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051001/1277.html">the original</a> on 2021-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cox, John D. Firth, Edward J. Benz (2005). <i>Oxford Textbook of Medicine</i>. Vol. 3. 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Basingstoke, England: Macmillan Higher Education. p. 576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4641-0962-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4641-0962-1"><bdi>978-1-4641-0962-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehninger+Principles+of+Biochemistry&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+England&rft.pages=576&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Macmillan+Higher+Education&rft.date=2013-02-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4641-0962-1&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=Cox%2C+Michael+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlucose-6-phosphate+dehydrogenase+deficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvingCarsonFlanaganIckes1956" class="citation journal cs1">Alving AS, Carson PE, Flanagan CL, Ickes CE (September 1956). "Enzymatic deficiency in primaquine-sensitive erythrocytes". <i>Science</i>. <b>124</b> (3220): <span class="nowrap">484–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956Sci...124..484C">1956Sci...124..484C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.124.3220.484-a">10.1126/science.124.3220.484-a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13360274">13360274</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41112750">41112750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Enzymatic+deficiency+in+primaquine-sensitive+erythrocytes&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=3220&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E484-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1956-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.124.3220.484-a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41112750%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13360274&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1956Sci...124..484C&rft.aulast=Alving&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Carson%2C+PE&rft.au=Flanagan%2C+CL&rft.au=Ickes%2C+CE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlucose-6-phosphate+dehydrogenase+deficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird_K2015" class="citation journal cs1">Baird K (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4455359">"Origins and implications of neglect of G6PD deficiency and primaquine toxicity in Plasmodium vivax malaria"</a>. <i>Pathog Glob Health</i>. <b>109</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F2047773215Y.0000000016">10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4455359">4455359</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25943156">25943156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pathog+Glob+Health&rft.atitle=Origins+and+implications+of+neglect+of+G6PD+deficiency+and+primaquine+toxicity+in+Plasmodium+vivax+malaria&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4455359%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25943156&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F2047773215Y.0000000016&rft.au=Baird+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4455359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlucose-6-phosphate+dehydrogenase+deficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beutler-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beutler_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeutler_E2008" class="citation journal cs1">Beutler E (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood-2007-04-077412">"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a historical perspective"</a>. <i>Blood</i>. <b>111</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">16–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood-2007-04-077412">10.1182/blood-2007-04-077412</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18156501">18156501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blood&rft.atitle=Glucose-6-phosphate+dehydrogenase+deficiency%3A+a+historical+perspective&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1182%2Fblood-2007-04-077412&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18156501&rft.au=Beutler+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1182%252Fblood-2007-04-077412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlucose-6-phosphate+dehydrogenase+deficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimoons1996" class="citation book cs1">Simoons F (1996-08-30). "8". <i>Plants of Life, Plants of Death</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299159047" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299159047"><bdi>978-0299159047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8&rft.btitle=Plants+of+Life%2C+Plants+of+Death&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1996-08-30&rft.isbn=978-0299159047&rft.aulast=Simoons&rft.aufirst=F.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlucose-6-phosphate+dehydrogenase+deficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendall,_StevenRiedweg,_Christoph2005" class="citation book cs1">Rendall, Steven, Riedweg, Christoph (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pythagorashislif00ried"><i>Pythagoras: his life, teaching, and influence</i></a></span>. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4240-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4240-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-4240-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pythagoras%3A+his+life%2C+teaching%2C+and+influence&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4240-7&rft.au=Rendall%2C+Steven&rft.au=Riedweg%2C+Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpythagorashislif00ried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlucose-6-phosphate+dehydrogenase+deficiency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848343" class="extiw" title="d:Q848343">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/D55.0">D55.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=282.2">282.2</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/305900">305900</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D005955">D005955</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb5037.htm">5037</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000528.htm">000528</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/900-overview">med/900</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/favism">Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpnotebook.com/Hemeonc/Hemolysis/G6pdDfcncy.htm">Family Practice Notebook/G6PD Deficiency (Favism)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_red_blood_cells61" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_RBCs" title="Template:Diseases of RBCs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diseases_of_RBCs" title="Template talk:Diseases of RBCs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases_of_RBCs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases of RBCs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_red_blood_cells61" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hematologic_disease" title="Hematologic disease">Diseases</a> of <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">↑</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polycythemia16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polycythemia" title="Polycythemia">Polycythemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polycythemia_vera" title="Polycythemia vera">Polycythemia vera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">↓</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Anemia15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">Anemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_anemia" title="Nutritional anemia">Nutritional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microcytic_anemia" title="Microcytic anemia">Micro-</a>: <a href="/wiki/Iron-deficiency_anemia" title="Iron-deficiency anemia">Iron-deficiency anemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plummer%E2%80%93Vinson_syndrome" title="Plummer–Vinson syndrome">Plummer–Vinson syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrocytic_anemia" title="Macrocytic anemia">Macro-</a>: <a href="/wiki/Megaloblastic_anemia" title="Megaloblastic anemia">Megaloblastic anemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pernicious_anemia" title="Pernicious anemia">Pernicious anemia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_anemia" title="Hemolytic anemia">Hemolytic</a><br />(mostly <a href="/wiki/Normocytic_anemia" title="Normocytic anemia">normo-</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congenital_hemolytic_anemia" title="Congenital hemolytic anemia">Hereditary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enzymopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymopathy">enzymopathy</a>:</i> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_kinase_deficiency" title="Pyruvate kinase deficiency">pyruvate kinase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triosephosphate_isomerase_deficiency" title="Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency">triosephosphate isomerase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexokinase_deficiency" title="Hexokinase deficiency">hexokinase deficiency</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hemoglobinopathy" title="Hemoglobinopathy">hemoglobinopathy</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Thalassemia" title="Thalassemia">Thalassemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-thalassemia" title="Alpha-thalassemia">alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_thalassemia" title="Beta thalassemia">beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-thalassemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-thalassemia">delta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease" title="Sickle cell disease">Sickle cell disease</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_trait" title="Sickle cell trait">trait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin_C_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemoglobin C disease">Hemoglobin C disease</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell#Membranes_and_surface_proteins" title="Red blood cell">membrane</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spherocytosis" title="Hereditary spherocytosis">Hereditary spherocytosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski%E2%80%93Chauffard_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome">Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_elliptocytosis" title="Hereditary elliptocytosis">Hereditary elliptocytosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_ovalocytosis" title="Southeast Asian ovalocytosis">Southeast Asian ovalocytosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_stomatocytosis" title="Hereditary stomatocytosis">Hereditary stomatocytosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acquired_hemolytic_anemia" title="Acquired hemolytic anemia">Acquired</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="AIHA36" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hemolytic_anemia" title="Autoimmune hemolytic anemia">AIHA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warm_antibody_autoimmune_hemolytic_anemia" title="Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia">Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_agglutinin_disease" title="Cold agglutinin disease">Cold agglutinin disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donath%E2%80%93Landsteiner_hemolytic_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia">Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_cold_hemoglobinuria" title="Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria">Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_autoimmune_hemolytic_anemia" title="Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia">Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell#Membranes_and_surface_proteins" title="Red blood cell">membrane</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_nocturnal_hemoglobinuria" title="Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria">paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microangiopathic_hemolytic_anemia" title="Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia">Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombotic_microangiopathy" title="Thrombotic microangiopathy">Thrombotic microangiopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic%E2%80%93uremic_syndrome" title="Hemolytic–uremic syndrome">Hemolytic–uremic syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_autoimmune_hemolytic_anemia" title="Drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia">Drug-induced autoimmune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_nonautoimmune_hemolytic_anemia" title="Drug-induced nonautoimmune hemolytic anemia">Drug-induced nonautoimmune</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn">Hemolytic disease of the newborn</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aplastic_anemia" title="Aplastic anemia">Aplastic</a><br />(mostly <a href="/wiki/Normocytic_anemia" title="Normocytic anemia">normo-</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_hypoplastic_anemia" title="Congenital hypoplastic anemia">Hereditary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fanconi_anemia" title="Fanconi anemia">Fanconi anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond%E2%80%93Blackfan_anemia" title="Diamond–Blackfan anemia">Diamond–Blackfan anemia</a></li> <ul><li>Acquired: <a href="/wiki/Pure_red_cell_aplasia" title="Pure red cell aplasia">Pure red cell aplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sideroblastic_anemia" title="Sideroblastic anemia">Sideroblastic anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelophthisic_anemia" title="Myelophthisic anemia">Myelophthisic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell_indices" title="Red blood cell indices">Blood tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mean_corpuscular_volume" title="Mean corpuscular volume">Mean corpuscular volume</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Normocytic_anemia" title="Normocytic anemia">normocytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcytic_anemia" title="Microcytic anemia">microcytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrocytic_anemia" title="Macrocytic anemia">macrocytic</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mean_corpuscular_hemoglobin_concentration" title="Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration">Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Normochromic_anemia" title="Normochromic anemia">normochromic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochromic_anemia" title="Hypochromic anemia">hypochromic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methemoglobinemia" title="Methemoglobinemia">Methemoglobinemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfhemoglobinemia" title="Sulfhemoglobinemia">Sulfhemoglobinemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulocytopenia" title="Reticulocytopenia">Reticulocytopenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_persistence_of_fetal_hemoglobin" title="Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin">Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inborn_error_of_carbohydrate_metabolism:_monosaccharide_metabolism_disorders_Including_glycogen_storage_diseases_(GSD)380" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inborn_errors_of_carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Template:Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inborn_errors_of_carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Template talk:Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inborn_errors_of_carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inborn_error_of_carbohydrate_metabolism:_monosaccharide_metabolism_disorders_Including_glycogen_storage_diseases_(GSD)380" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inborn_error_of_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Inborn error of metabolism">Inborn error</a> of <a href="/wiki/Inborn_errors_of_carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism">carbohydrate metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">monosaccharide</a> metabolism disorders <br /> Including <a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease" title="Glycogen storage disease">glycogen storage diseases</a> (GSD)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a>, transport<br />(extracellular)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharide</a> catabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerance" title="Lactose intolerance">Congenital alactasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose_intolerance" title="Sucrose intolerance">Sucrose intolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharide</a> transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucose-galactose_malabsorption" title="Glucose-galactose malabsorption">Glucose-galactose malabsorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inborn_errors_of_renal_tubular_transport" title="Inborn errors of renal tubular transport">Inborn errors of renal tubular transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renal_glycosuria" title="Renal glycosuria">Renal glycosuria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructose_malabsorption" title="Fructose malabsorption">Fructose malabsorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLUT1_deficiency" title="GLUT1 deficiency">De Vivo Disease</a> (GLUT1 deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanconi-Bickel_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanconi-Bickel syndrome">Fanconi-Bickel syndrome</a> (GLUT2 deficiency)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexose</a> → <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monosaccharide_catabolism29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharide</a> catabolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_fructosuria" title="Essential fructosuria">Essential fructosuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_fructose_intolerance" title="Hereditary fructose intolerance">Fructose intolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Galactosemia" title="Galactosemia">galactosemia</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactokinase_deficiency" title="Galactokinase deficiency">GALK deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose-1-phosphate_uridylyltransferase_deficiency" title="Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase deficiency">GALT deficiency</a>/<a href="/wiki/Galactose_epimerase_deficiency" title="Galactose epimerase deficiency">GALE deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis">Glycogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_0" title="Glycogen storage disease type 0">GSD type 0</a> (glycogen synthase deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_IV" title="Glycogen storage disease type IV">GSD type IV</a> (Andersen's disease, branching enzyme deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_polyglucosan_body_disease" title="Adult polyglucosan body disease">Adult polyglucosan body disease</a> (APBD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafora_disease" title="Lafora disease">Lafora disease</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSD_type_XV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSD type XV (page does not exist)">GSD type XV</a> (glycogenin deficiency)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">Glycogenolysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Extralysosomal:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_III" title="Glycogen storage disease type III">GSD type III</a> (Cori's disease, debranching enzyme deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_VI" title="Glycogen storage disease type VI">GSD type VI</a> (Hers' disease, liver glycogen phosphorylase deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_V" title="Glycogen storage disease type V">GSD type V</a> (McArdle's disease, myophosphorylase deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_IX" title="Glycogen storage disease type IX">GSD type IX</a> (phosphorylase kinase deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoglucomutase#Disease_relevance" title="Phosphoglucomutase">Phosphoglucomutase deficiency</a> (PGM1-CDG, CDG1T, formerly GSD-XIV)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome">Lysosomal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lysosomal_storage_disease" title="Lysosomal storage disease">LSD</a>):</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_II" title="Glycogen storage disease type II">Glycogen storage disease type II</a> (Pompe's disease, glucosidase deficiency, formerly GSD-IIa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danon_disease" title="Danon disease">Danon disease</a> (LAMP2 deficiency, formerly GSD-IIb)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">CAC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">Glycolysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MODY_2" title="MODY 2">MODY 2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hyperinsulinemic_hypoglycemia" title="Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia">HHF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphofructokinase_deficiency" title="Phosphofructokinase deficiency">GSD type VII</a> (Tarui's disease, phosphofructokinase deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triosephosphate_isomerase_deficiency" title="Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency">Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_kinase_deficiency" title="Pyruvate kinase deficiency">Pyruvate kinase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldolase_A_deficiency" title="Aldolase A deficiency">Aldolase A deficiency</a></li> <li>Phosphoglucose isomerase deficiency</li> <li>Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPC1" class="mw-redirect" title="MPC1">Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency</a> (MPC1 deficiency)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">Gluconeogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_carboxylase_deficiency" title="Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency">Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructose_bisphosphatase_deficiency" title="Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency">Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_I" title="Glycogen storage disease type I">GSD type I</a> (von Gierke's disease, glucose 6-phosphatase deficiency)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">Pentose phosphate pathway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaldolase_deficiency" title="Transaldolase deficiency">Transaldolase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transketolase#Role_in_disease" title="Transketolase">SDDHD</a> (Transketolase deficiency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-phosphogluconate_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency">6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoxaluria" title="Hyperoxaluria">Hyperoxaluria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_hyperoxaluria" title="Primary hyperoxaluria">Primary hyperoxaluria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentosuria" title="Pentosuria">Pentosuria</a></li> <li>Fatal congenital nonlysosomal cardiac glycogenosis (<a href="/wiki/AMP-activated_protein_kinase" title="AMP-activated protein kinase">AMP-activated protein kinase</a> deficiency, <a href="/wiki/PRKAG2" title="PRKAG2">PRKAG2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="X-linked_disorders34" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:X-linked_disorders" title="Template:X-linked disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:X-linked_disorders" title="Template talk:X-linked disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:X-linked_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:X-linked disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="X-linked_disorders34" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sex_linkage" title="Sex linkage">X-linked</a> disorders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="X-linked_recessive363" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/X-linked_recessive_inheritance" title="X-linked recessive inheritance">X-linked recessive</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_disorder" title="Immune disorder">Immune</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_granulomatous_disease" title="Chronic granulomatous disease">Chronic granulomatous disease (CYBB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiskott%E2%80%93Aldrich_syndrome" title="Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome">Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_severe_combined_immunodeficiency" title="X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency">X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_agammaglobulinemia" title="X-linked agammaglobulinemia">X-linked agammaglobulinemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-IgM_syndrome_type_1" title="Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1">Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPEX_syndrome" title="IPEX syndrome">IPEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_lymphoproliferative_disease" title="X-linked lymphoproliferative disease">X-linked lymphoproliferative disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properdin_deficiency" title="Properdin deficiency">Properdin deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hematologic_disease" title="Hematologic disease">Hematologic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilia_A" title="Haemophilia A">Haemophilia A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilia_B" title="Haemophilia B">Haemophilia B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sideroblastic_anemia" title="Sideroblastic anemia">X-linked sideroblastic anemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disease" title="Endocrine disease">Endocrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome" title="Androgen insensitivity syndrome">Androgen insensitivity syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spinal_and_bulbar_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy">Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallmann_syndrome" title="Kallmann syndrome">KAL1 Kallmann syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_adrenal_hypoplasia_congenita" title="X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita">X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">Metabolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorders_of_amino_acid_metabolism" title="Congenital disorders of amino acid metabolism">Amino acid</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ornithine_transcarbamylase_deficiency" title="Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency">Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculocerebrorenal_syndrome" title="Oculocerebrorenal syndrome">Oculocerebrorenal syndrome</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dyslipidemia" title="Dyslipidemia">Dyslipidemia</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adrenoleukodystrophy" title="Adrenoleukodystrophy">Adrenoleukodystrophy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" title="Carbohydrate metabolism">Carbohydrate metabolism</a>:</i> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency">Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danon_disease" title="Danon disease">Danon disease/glycogen storage disease Type IIb</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lipid_storage_disorder" title="Lipid storage disorder">Lipid storage disorder</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Fabry_disease" title="Fabry disease">Fabry disease</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis" title="Mucopolysaccharidosis">Mucopolysaccharidosis</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hunter_syndrome" title="Hunter syndrome">Hunter syndrome</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inborn_errors_of_purine%E2%80%93pyrimidine_metabolism" title="Inborn errors of purine–pyrimidine metabolism">Purine–pyrimidine metabolism</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Lesch%E2%80%93Nyhan_syndrome" title="Lesch–Nyhan syndrome">Lesch–Nyhan syndrome</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Mineral</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Menkes_disease" title="Menkes disease">Menkes disease</a>/<a href="/wiki/Occipital_horn_syndrome" title="Occipital horn syndrome">Occipital horn syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system_disease" title="Nervous system disease">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability" title="X-linked intellectual disability">X-linked intellectual disability</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Coffin%E2%80%93Lowry_syndrome" title="Coffin–Lowry syndrome">Coffin–Lowry syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MASA_syndrome" title="MASA syndrome">MASA syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-thalassemia_mental_retardation_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-thalassemia mental retardation syndrome">Alpha-thalassemia mental retardation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF8" title="PHF8">PHF8</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Eye disorders:</i> <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness#Genetic_modes_of_inheritance" title="Color blindness">Color blindness (red and green, but not blue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocular_albinism" title="Ocular albinism">Ocular albinism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ocular_albinism_type_1" title="Ocular albinism type 1">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norrie_disease" title="Norrie disease">Norrie disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroideremia" title="Choroideremia">Choroideremia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Other:</i> <a href="/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_disease" title="Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease">Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMTX2-3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelizaeus%E2%80%93Merzbacher_disease" title="Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease">Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_2" title="X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2">SMAX2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skin_condition" title="Skin condition">Skin</a> and related tissue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyskeratosis_congenita" title="Dyskeratosis congenita">Dyskeratosis congenita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypohidrotic_ectodermal_dysplasia" title="Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia">Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_ichthyosis" title="X-linked ichthyosis">X-linked ichthyosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_endothelial_corneal_dystrophy" title="X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy">X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_disease" title="Neuromuscular disease">Neuromuscular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Becker_muscular_dystrophy" title="Becker muscular dystrophy">Becker muscular dystrophy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy" title="Duchenne muscular dystrophy">Duchenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centronuclear_myopathy" title="Centronuclear myopathy">Centronuclear myopathy (MTM1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradi%E2%80%93H%C3%BCnermann_syndrome" title="Conradi–Hünermann syndrome">Conradi–Hünermann syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emery%E2%80%93Dreifuss_muscular_dystrophy" title="Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy">Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urologic_disease" title="Urologic disease">Urologic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alport_syndrome" title="Alport syndrome">Alport syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dent%27s_disease" title="Dent's disease">Dent's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrogenic_diabetes_insipidus" title="Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus">X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">tooth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amelogenesis_imperfecta" title="Amelogenesis imperfecta">AMELX Amelogenesis imperfecta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">No primary system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barth_syndrome" title="Barth syndrome">Barth syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLeod_syndrome" title="McLeod syndrome">McLeod syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Fineman%E2%80%93Myers_syndrome" title="Smith–Fineman–Myers syndrome">Smith–Fineman–Myers syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpson%E2%80%93Golabi%E2%80%93Behmel_syndrome" title="Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome">Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohr%E2%80%93Tranebj%C3%A6rg_syndrome" title="Mohr–Tranebjærg syndrome">Mohr–Tranebjærg syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasodigitoacoustic_syndrome" title="Nasodigitoacoustic syndrome">Nasodigitoacoustic syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="X-linked_dominant51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/X-linked_dominant_inheritance" title="X-linked dominant inheritance">X-linked dominant</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist ;" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_hypophosphatemia" title="X-linked hypophosphatemia">X-linked hypophosphatemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_dermal_hypoplasia" title="Focal dermal hypoplasia">Focal dermal hypoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aicardi_syndrome" title="Aicardi syndrome">Aicardi syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incontinentia_pigmenti" title="Incontinentia pigmenti">Incontinentia pigmenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILD_syndrome" title="CHILD syndrome">CHILD syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome" title="Lujan–Fryns syndrome">Lujan–Fryns syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orofaciodigital_syndrome_1" title="Orofaciodigital syndrome 1">Orofaciodigital syndrome 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniofrontonasal_dysplasia" title="Craniofrontonasal dysplasia">Craniofrontonasal dysplasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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