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data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the written accounts of the life of Jesus. For the Christian message, the "good news", see <a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">The gospel</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gospel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gospel (disambiguation)">Gospel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Evangel" redirects here. For the authors of the Gospel, see <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a>.</div> Gospel (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: εὐαγγέλιον; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: evangelium) originally meant the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> message ("<a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">the gospel</a>"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was reported.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005697-1">[1]</a> In this sense a gospel can be defined as a loose-knit, episodic narrative of the words and deeds of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, culminating in <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of Jesus">his trial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">death</a> and concluding with various reports of <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus#Biblical_accounts" title="Resurrection of Jesus">his post-resurrection appearances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200616-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P52_recto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/P52_recto.jpg/220px-P52_recto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/P52_recto.jpg/330px-P52_recto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/P52_recto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="549"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> 18:31–33 on <a href="/wiki/Rylands_Library_Papyrus_P52" title="Rylands Library Papyrus P52">Papyrus 52</a> (recto; <abbr>c.</abbr> AD 150)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> The gospels are a kind of bios, or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_biography" title="Ancient biography">ancient biography</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2004133-3">[3]</a> meant to convince people that Jesus was a charismatic miracle-working holy man, providing examples for readers to emulate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199952-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005174-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201332-6">[6]</a> As such, they present the Christian message of the second half of the first century AD,&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_7-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-7">[7]</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">biblical scholars</a> are cautious of relying on the gospels uncritically as historical documents, though they provide a good idea of Jesus's public career; according to <a href="/wiki/Graham_Stanton" title="Graham Stanton">Graham Stanton</a>, with the potential exception of the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a>, we "know far more about Jesus of Nazareth than about any first or second century Jewish or pagan religious teacher".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1995b4-5-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_public_career-9">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoeps1968261%E2%80%93262-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199953-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-a-historical-12">[note 2]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Stanton,_Graham_2002_p._145-13">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/EP_Sanders" class="mw-redirect" title="EP Sanders">EP Sanders</a> claimed that the sources for Jesus are superior to the ones for <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. <a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> Critical study on the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> has largely failed to distinguish the original ideas of Jesus from those of the later <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian writers">Christian authors</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith2016-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012-16">[14]</a> and the focus of research has shifted to Jesus as remembered by his followers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1995371%E2%80%93372-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunn_1995_teachings_as_remembered-19">[note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunn_2003_back_to_Jesus-20">[note 4]</a> and understanding the Gospels themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith2012-21">[17]</a> The canonical gospels are the four which appear in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. They were probably written between AD 66 and 110,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins1998241-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish2011108,_144-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln200518-24">[20]</a> which puts their composition likely within the lifetimes of various eyewitnesses, including Jesus's own family. <a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> Most scholars hold that all four were anonymous (with the modern names of the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a>" added in the 2nd century), almost certainly none were by eyewitnesses to the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a>, though most scholars view the author of <a href="/wiki/Luke-Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Luke-Acts">Luke-Acts</a> as an eyewitness to <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>, and all are the end-products of long <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral</a> and written transmission (which did involve eyewitnesses).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201113,_42-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> According to the majority of scholars, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a> was the first to be written, using a variety of sources,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodacre200156-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring200613%E2%80%9314-33">[29]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>, which both independently used Mark for their narrative of Jesus's career, supplementing it with a collection of sayings called "the <a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a>", and additional material unique to each.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20096-34">[30]</a> Alan Kirk praises Matthew in particular for his "scribal memory competence" and "his high esteem for and careful handling of both Mark and Q", which makes claims the latter two works are significantly theologically or historically different dubious. <a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a>There have been different views on the transmission of material that led to the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a>, with various scholars arguing memory or orality reliably preserved traditions that ultimately go back to the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1995-37">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> Other scholars have been more skeptical and see more changes in the traditions prior to the written Gospels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1997-41">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh2009-42">[38]</a> In modern scholarship, the Synoptic Gospels are the primary sources for reconstructing Christ's ministry while John is used less since it differs from the synoptics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2010-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_primary_sources-44">[note 5]</a> However, according to the manuscript evidence and citation frequency by the early Church Fathers, Matthew and John were the most popular Gospels while Luke and Mark were less popular in the early centuries of the church.<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">non-canonical gospels</a> were also written, all later than the four canonical gospels, and like them advocating the particular theological views of their various authors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen201051-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper199966-47">[42]</a> Important examples include the gospels of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Judas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Mary</a>; <a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">infancy gospels</a> such as that of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">James</a> (the first to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">perpetual virginity of Mary</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">gospel harmonies</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Canonical_gospels:_Matthew,_Mark,_Luke_and_John">2 Canonical gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke and John</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Contents">2.1 Contents</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Composition">2.2 Composition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Genre_and_historical_reliability">2.3 Genre and historical reliability</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Textual_history_and_canonisation">2.4 Textual history and canonisation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Non-canonical_(apocryphal)_gospels">3 Non-canonical (apocryphal) gospels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Notes">5 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Sources">7 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Gospel is the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> translation of the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Hellenistic Greek</a> term εὐαγγέλιον, meaning "good news";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodhead20044-48">[43]</a> this may be seen from analysis of ευαγγέλιον (εὖ "good" + ἄγγελος "messenger" + -ιον <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> suffix). The Greek term was <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinisation (literature)">Latinized</a> as evangelium in the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, and translated into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as bona annuntiatio. In Old English, it was translated as gōdspel (gōd "good" + spel "news"). The Old English term was retained as gospel in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_Bible_translations" title="Middle English Bible translations">Middle English Bible translations</a> and hence remains in use also in <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Canonical_gospels:_Matthew,_Mark,_Luke_and_John">Canonical gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke and John</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Canonical gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke and John" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Four Gospels" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Four_Gospels_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Four Gospels (disambiguation)">Four Gospels (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background: #D3D3D3; color: #000000; font-size:125%; padding:2px">Canonical Gospels</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sargis_Pitsak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sargis_Pitsak.jpg/220px-Sargis_Pitsak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="2530"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 308px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sargis_Pitsak.jpg/220px-Sargis_Pitsak.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="308" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sargis_Pitsak.jpg/330px-Sargis_Pitsak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sargis_Pitsak.jpg/440px-Sargis_Pitsak.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><div class="infobox-caption">The first page of the Gospel of Mark in <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Sargis_Pitsak" title="Sargis Pitsak">Sargis Pitsak</a>, 14th century</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #D3D3D3; color: #000000;">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century#Apostolic_Age" title="Christianity in the 1st century">Apostolic Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chapters</th><td class="infobox-data">89</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Verses</th><td class="infobox-data">3,779</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contents">Contents</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contents" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The four canonical gospels share the same basic outline of the life of Jesus: he begins his public ministry in conjunction with that of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, calls disciples, teaches and heals and confronts the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, dies on the cross and is raised from the dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2006183-49">[44]</a> Each has its own distinctive understanding of him and his divine role<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper199966-47">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> and scholars recognize that the differences of detail among the gospels are irreconcilable, and any attempt to harmonize them would only disrupt their distinct theological messages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholz2009192-51">[46]</a> Matthew, Mark, and Luke are termed the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospels">synoptic gospels</a> because they present very similar accounts of the life of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002217-52">[47]</a> Mark begins with the baptism of the adult Jesus and the heavenly declaration that he is the son of God; he gathers followers and begins his ministry, and tells his disciples that he must die in Jerusalem but that he will rise; in Jerusalem, he is at first acclaimed but then rejected, betrayed, and crucified, and when the women who have followed him come to his tomb, they find it empty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring20061%E2%80%933-53">[48]</a> Mark never calls Jesus "God" or claims that he existed prior to his earthly life, apparently believes that he had a normal human parentage and birth, and makes no attempt to trace his ancestry back to <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002158-54">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1997125-55">[50]</a> it originally ended at Mark 16:8 and had no <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus#Biblical_accounts" title="Resurrection of Jesus">post-resurrection appearances</a>, although Mark 16:7, in which the young man discovered in the tomb instructs the women to tell "the disciples and Peter" that Jesus will see them again in Galilee, hints that the author knew of the tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETelford1999148-149-56">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papyrus_BnF_Suppl._gr._1120_ii_3_(Gregory-Aland_papyrus_P4)_-_Gospel_of_Matthew%27s_title,_euangelion_kata_Maththaion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Papyrus_BnF_Suppl._gr._1120_ii_3_%28Gregory-Aland_papyrus_P4%29_-_Gospel_of_Matthew%27s_title%2C_euangelion_kata_Maththaion.jpg/220px-Papyrus_BnF_Suppl._gr._1120_ii_3_%28Gregory-Aland_papyrus_P4%29_-_Gospel_of_Matthew%27s_title%2C_euangelion_kata_Maththaion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="215"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 63px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Papyrus_BnF_Suppl._gr._1120_ii_3_%28Gregory-Aland_papyrus_P4%29_-_Gospel_of_Matthew%27s_title%2C_euangelion_kata_Maththaion.jpg/220px-Papyrus_BnF_Suppl._gr._1120_ii_3_%28Gregory-Aland_papyrus_P4%29_-_Gospel_of_Matthew%27s_title%2C_euangelion_kata_Maththaion.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="63" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Papyrus_BnF_Suppl._gr._1120_ii_3_%28Gregory-Aland_papyrus_P4%29_-_Gospel_of_Matthew%27s_title%2C_euangelion_kata_Maththaion.jpg/330px-Papyrus_BnF_Suppl._gr._1120_ii_3_%28Gregory-Aland_papyrus_P4%29_-_Gospel_of_Matthew%27s_title%2C_euangelion_kata_Maththaion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Papyrus_BnF_Suppl._gr._1120_ii_3_%28Gregory-Aland_papyrus_P4%29_-_Gospel_of_Matthew%27s_title%2C_euangelion_kata_Maththaion.jpg/440px-Papyrus_BnF_Suppl._gr._1120_ii_3_%28Gregory-Aland_papyrus_P4%29_-_Gospel_of_Matthew%27s_title%2C_euangelion_kata_Maththaion.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Fragment of a flyleaf with the title of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, ευαγγελιον κ̣ατ̣α μαθ᾽θαιον (Euangelion kata Maththaion). From <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">Papyrus 4</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 200), it is the earliest manuscript title for Matthew and one of the earliest manuscript titles for any gospel.</figcaption></figure> The authors of Matthew and Luke added infancy and resurrection narratives to the story they found in Mark, although the two differ markedly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEve202129-57">[52]</a> Each also makes subtle theological changes to Mark: the Markan miracle stories, for example, confirm Jesus' status as an emissary of God (which was Mark's understanding of the Messiah), but in Matthew they demonstrate his divinity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune198759-58">[53]</a> and the "young man" who appears at Jesus' tomb in Mark becomes a radiant angel in Matthew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaton2005117,_123-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1986114-60">[55]</a> Luke, while following Mark's plot more faithfully than Matthew, has expanded on the source, corrected Mark's grammar and syntax, and eliminated some passages entirely, notably most of chapters 6 and 7.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2010a48-61">[56]</a> John, the most overtly theological, is the first to make Christological judgements outside the context of the narrative of Jesus's life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper199966-47">[42]</a> He presents a significantly different picture of Jesus's career,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002217-52">[47]</a> omitting any mention of his ancestry, birth and childhood, his <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">temptation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">transfiguration</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002217-52">[47]</a> his chronology and arrangement of incidents is also distinctly different, clearly describing the passage of three years in Jesus's ministry in contrast to the single year of the synoptics, placing the <a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">cleansing of the Temple</a> at the beginning rather than at the end, and the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> on the day before <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> instead of being a Passover meal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201152-62">[57]</a> According to Delbert Burkett, the Gospel of John is the only gospel to call Jesus God, though other scholars like <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Larry Hurtado</a> and Michael Barber view a possible divine <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> in the Synoptics.<a href="#cite_note-web-63">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002216-65">[60]</a> In contrast to Mark, where Jesus hides his identity as messiah, in John he openly proclaims it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002214-66">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Composition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg/350px-Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="451" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 451px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg/350px-Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg.png" data-width="350" data-height="451" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg/525px-Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg/700px-Relationship_between_synoptic_gospels-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Synoptic sources: the Gospel of Mark (the triple tradition), <a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q</a> (the double tradition), and material unique to Matthew (the <a href="/wiki/M_source" title="M source">M source</a>), Luke (the <a href="/wiki/L_source" title="L source">L source</a>), and Mark<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonor%C3%A9198695%E2%80%93147-67">[62]</a></figcaption></figure> Like the rest of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the four gospels were written in Greek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter2006185-68">[63]</a> The Gospel of Mark probably dates from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 66–70,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins1998241-22">[18]</a> Matthew and Luke around AD 85–90,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish2011108,_144-23">[19]</a> and John AD 90–110.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln200518-24">[20]</a> Despite the traditional ascriptions, most scholars hold that all four are anonymous<a href="#cite_note-70">[note 6]</a> and most scholars agree that none were written by eyewitnesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201113,_42-26">[22]</a> A few scholars defend the traditional ascriptions or attributions, but for a variety of reasons, the majority of scholars have abandoned this view or hold it only tenuously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindarsEdwardsCourt200041-71">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gathercole-69">[64]</a> Most scholars believe that the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> was an apocalyptic prophet who predicted the imminent end or transformation of the world, though others, notably the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a>, disagree.<a href="#cite_note-web-63">[58]</a> As eyewitnesses began to die, and as the missionary needs of the church grew, there was an increasing demand and need for written versions of the founder's life and teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201117-72">[66]</a> The stages of this process can be summarized as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002124%E2%80%93125-73">[67]</a> <ul><li>Oral traditions – stories and sayings passed on largely as separate self-contained units, not in any order;</li> <li>Written collections of miracle stories, parables, sayings, etc., with oral tradition continuing alongside these;</li> <li>Written proto-gospels preceding and serving as sources for the gospels – the dedicatory preface of Luke, for example, testifies to the existence of previous accounts of the life of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartens2004100-74">[68]</a></li> <li>Gospels formed by combining proto-gospels, written collections, and still-current oral tradition.</li></ul> Mark is generally agreed to be the first gospel;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodacre200156-32">[28]</a> it uses a variety of sources, including conflict stories (Mark 2:1–3:6), <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic</a> discourse (4:1–35), and collections of sayings, although not the sayings gospel known as the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a>, and probably not the hypothesized <a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a> used by Matthew and Luke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring200613%E2%80%9314-33">[29]</a> The authors of Matthew and Luke, acting independently, used Mark for their narrative of Jesus' career, supplementing it with the hypothesized collection of sayings called the Q source and additional material unique to each called the <a href="/wiki/M_source" title="M source">M source</a> (Matthew) and the <a href="/wiki/L_source" title="L source">L source</a> (Luke).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20096-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Markan_priority-75">[note 7]</a> Mark, Matthew, and Luke are called the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic gospels">synoptic gospels</a> because of their close similarities of content, arrangement, and language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodacre20011-76">[69]</a> The authors and editors of John may have known the synoptics, but did not use them in the way that Matthew and Luke used Mark.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_77-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins2012%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-77">[70]</a> All four also use the Jewish scriptures, by quoting or referencing passages, interpreting texts, or alluding to or echoing biblical themes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201343%E2%80%9344-78">[71]</a> Such use can be extensive: Mark's description of the <a href="/wiki/Parousia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parousia">Parousia</a> (second coming) is made up almost entirely of quotations from scripture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2002403-79">[72]</a> Matthew is full of quotations and <a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">allusions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaton2005122-80">[73]</a> and although John uses scripture in a far less explicit manner, its influence is still pervasive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu2005175-81">[74]</a> Their source was the Greek version of the scriptures, called the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>; they do not seem familiar with the original Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201345-82">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genre_and_historical_reliability">Genre and historical reliability</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genre and historical reliability" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Historical reliability of the Gospels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></div> The consensus among modern scholars is that the gospels are a subset of the ancient genre of bios, or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_biography" title="Ancient biography">ancient biography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2004133-3">[3]</a> Ancient biographies were concerned with providing examples for readers to emulate while preserving and promoting the subject's reputation and memory; the gospels were never simply biographical, they were <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerygma" title="Kerygma">kerygma</a> (preaching),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005174-5">[5]</a> meant to convince people that Jesus was a charismatic miracle-working holy man.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199952-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201332-6">[6]</a> As such, they present the Christian message of the second half of the first century AD,&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_7-1' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-7">[7]</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">biblical scholars</a> are cautious of relying on the gospels uncritically as historical documents,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoeps1968261%E2%80%93262-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2010-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199953-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-a-historical-12">[note 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-nativity-83">[note 8]</a> though according to Sanders they provide a good idea of the public career of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1995b4-5-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_public_career-9">[note 1]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Graham_Stanton" title="Graham Stanton">Graham Stanton</a>, with the potential exception of the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a>, we "know far more about Jesus of Nazareth than about any first or second century Jewish or pagan religious teacher".<a href="#cite_note-a-historical-12">[note 2]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Stanton,_Graham_2002_p._145-13">[11]</a> The majority view among critical scholars is that the authors of Matthew and Luke based their narratives on Mark's gospel, editing him to suit their own ends, and the contradictions and discrepancies among these three versions and John make it impossible to accept both traditions as equally reliable with regard to the historical Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckett2000523-84">[76]</a> In addition, the gospels read today have been edited and corrupted over time, leading <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> to complain in the 3rd century that "the differences among manuscripts have become great [...] [because copyists] either neglect to check over what they have transcribed, or, in the process of checking, they make additions or deletions as they please."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a7,_52-85">[77]</a> Most of these are insignificant, but some are significant,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a69-86">[78]</a> an example being Matthew 1:18, altered to imply the pre-existence of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199675%E2%80%9376-87">[79]</a> For these reasons, modern scholars are cautious of relying on the gospels uncritically, and critical study can attempt to distinguish the original ideas of Jesus from those of later authors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201121%E2%80%9322-88">[80]</a> Scholars usually agree that John is not without historical value: certain of its sayings are as old or older than their synoptic counterparts, and its representation of the <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> around <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> is often superior to that of the synoptics. Its testimony that Jesus was executed before, rather than on, Passover, might well be more accurate, and its presentation of Jesus in the garden and the prior meeting held by the Jewish authorities are possibly more historically plausible than their synoptic parallels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheissenMerz199836%E2%80%9337-89">[81]</a> Nevertheless, it is highly unlikely that the author had direct knowledge of events, or that his mentions of the <a href="/wiki/Beloved_Disciple" class="mw-redirect" title="Beloved Disciple">Beloved Disciple</a> as his source should be taken as a guarantee of his reliability,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln200526-90">[82]</a> and the Synoptic Gospels are the primary sources for Christ's ministry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2010-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_primary_sources-44">[note 5]</a> Assessments of the reliability of the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> involve not just the texts but studying the long oral and written transmission behind them using methods like memory studies and <a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">form criticism</a>, with different scholars coming to different conclusions. <a href="/wiki/James_D.G._Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James D.G. Dunn">James D.G. Dunn</a> believed that <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">the earliest tradents within the Christian churches [were] preservers more than innovators [...] seeking to transmit, retell, explain, interpret, elaborate, but not create de novo [...] Through the main body of the Synoptic tradition [...] we have in most cases direct access to the teaching and ministry of Jesus as it was remembered from the beginning of the transmission process [...] and so fairly direct access to the ministry and teaching of Jesus through the eyes and ears of those who went about with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1995371%E2%80%93372-17">[15]</a></blockquote> Anthony Le Donne, a leading memory researcher in Jesus studies, elaborated on Dunn's thesis, basing "his historiography squarely on Dunn’s thesis that the historical Jesus is the memory of Jesus recalled by the earliest disciples."<a href="#cite_note-Simpson-27">[23]</a> According to Le Donne as explained by his reviewer, Benjamin Simpson, memories are fractured, and not exact recalls of the past. Le Donne further argues that the remembrance of events is facilitated by relating it to a common story, or "type." This means the Jesus-tradition is not a theological invention of the early Church, but rather a tradition shaped and refracted through such memory "type." Le Donne too supports a conservative view on typology compared to some other scholars, transmissions involving eyewitnesses, and ultimately a stable tradition resulting in little invention in the Gospels.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson-27">[23]</a> Le Donne expressed himself thusly vis-a-vis more skeptical scholars, "He (Dale Allison) does not read the gospels as fiction, but even if these early stories derive from memory, memory can be frail and often misleading. While I do not share Allison's point of departure (i.e. I am more optimistic), I am compelled by the method that came from it."<a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dale_Allison" title="Dale Allison">Dale Allison</a> emphasizes the weakness of human memory, referring to its 'many sins' and how it frequently misguides people. He expresses skepticism at other scholars' endeavors to identify authentic sayings of Jesus. Instead of isolating and authenticating individual pericopae, Allison advocates for a methodology focused on identifying patterns and finding what he calls 'recurrent attestation'. Allison argues that the general impressions left by the Gospels should be trusted, though he is more skeptical on the details; if they are broadly unreliable, then our sources almost certainly cannot have preserved any of the particulars. Opposing preceding approaches where the Gospels are historically questionable and must be rigorously sifted through by competent scholars for nuggets of information, Allison argues that the Gospels are generally accurate and often 'got Jesus right'. Dale Allison finds apocalypticism to be recurrently attested, among various other themes. <a href="#cite_note-92">[84]</a> Reviewing his work, Rafael Rodriguez largely agrees with Allison's methodology and conclusions while arguing that Allison's discussion on memory is too one-sided, noting that memory "is nevertheless sufficiently stable to authentically bring the past to bear on the present" and that people are beholden to memory's successes in everyday life. <a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Craig_Keener" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig Keener">Craig Keener</a>, drawing on the works of previous studies by Dunn, Alan Kirk, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Bailey" title="Kenneth E. Bailey">Kenneth Bailey</a>, and Robert McIver, among many others, utilizes memory theory and oral tradition to argue that the Gospels are in many ways historically accurate. <a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> His work has been endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Markus_Bockmuehl" title="Markus Bockmuehl">Markus Bockmuehl</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Charlesworth" class="mw-redirect" title="James Charlesworth">James Charlesworth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Aune" title="David Aune">David Aune</a>, among others. <a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chilton" title="Bruce Chilton">Bruce Chilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Craig Evans</a>, "...the Judaism of the period treated such traditions very carefully, and the New Testament writers in numerous passages applied to apostolic traditions the same technical terminology found elsewhere in Judaism [...] In this way they both identified their traditions as 'holy word' and showed their concern for a careful and ordered transmission of it."<a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a> Other scholars are less sanguine about oral tradition, and Valantasis, Bleyle, and Hough argue that the early traditions were fluid and subject to alteration, sometimes transmitted by those who had known Jesus personally, but more often by wandering prophets and teachers like the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a>, who did not know him personally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh20097,_10,_14-97">[89]</a> Ehrman explains how the tradition developed as it was transmitted: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">You are probably familiar with the old birthday party game "<a href="/wiki/Telephone_game" title="Telephone game">telephone</a>." A group of kids sits in a circle, the first tells a brief story to the one sitting next to her, who tells it to the next, and to the next, and so on, until it comes back full circle to the one who started it. Invariably, the story has changed so much in the process of retelling that everyone gets a good laugh. Imagine this same activity taking place, not in a solitary living room with ten kids on one afternoon, but over the expanse of the Roman Empire (some 2,500 miles across), with thousands of participants—from different backgrounds, with different concerns, and in different contexts—some of whom have to translate the stories into different languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199744-98">[90]</a></blockquote> While multiple quests have been undertaken to reconstruct the historical Jesus, since the late 1990s concerns have been growing about the possibility to reconstruct a historical Jesus from the Gospel-texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith2016-15">[13]</a> According to Dunn, "What we actually have in the earliest retellings of what is now the Synoptic tradition...are the memories of the first disciples-not Jesus himself, but the remembered Jesus. The idea that we can get back to an objective historical reality, which we can wholly separate and disentangle from the disciples' memories...is simply unrealistic."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003130-131-99">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunn_2003_back_to_Jesus-20">[note 4]</a> These memories can contradict and are not always historically correct, as the Gospels display. Chris Keith argues that the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> was the one who could create these memories, both true or not. For instance, Mark and Luke disagree on how Jesus came back to the synagogue, with the likely more accurate Mark arguing he was rejected for being an artisan, while Luke portrays Jesus as literate and his refusal to heal in <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> as cause of his dismissal. Keith does not view Luke's account as a fabrication since different eyewitnesses would have perceived and remembered differently. <a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> According to Chris Keith, a historical Jesus is "ultimately unattainable, but can be hypothesized on the basis of the interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">early Christians</a>, and as part of a larger process of accounting for how and why early Christians came to view Jesus in the ways that they did." According to Keith, "these two models are methodologically and epistemologically incompatible," calling into question the methods and aim of the first model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith2016-15">[13]</a> Keith argues that criticism of the criteria of authenticity does not mean scholars cannot research the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a>, but rather that scholarship should seek to understand the Gospels rather than trying to sift through them for nuggets of history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith2012-21">[17]</a> Regardless of the methodological challenges <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a> studies have flowered in recent years; Dale Allison laments, "The publication of academic books about the historical Jesus continues apace, so much so that no one can any longer keep up; we are all overwhelmed."<a href="#cite_note-101">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textual_history_and_canonisation">Textual history and canonisation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Textual history and canonisation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a></div> The oldest gospel text known is <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_52" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyrus 52">𝔓52</a>, a fragment of John dating from the first half of the 2nd century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFantReddish2008415-102">[94]</a> The creation of a Christian canon was probably a response to the career of the heretic <a href="/wiki/Marcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion">Marcion</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 85–160), who established a canon of his own with just one gospel, the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion</a>, similar to the Gospel of Luke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a34-103">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Muratorian canon">Muratorian canon</a>, the earliest surviving list of books considered (by its own author at least) to form Christian scripture, included Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenaeus of Lyons">Irenaeus of Lyons</a> went further, stating that there must be four gospels and only four because there were <a href="/wiki/Four_corners_of_the_world" title="Four corners of the world">four corners of the Earth</a> and thus the Church should have four pillars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005697-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a35-104">[96]</a> He referred to the four collectively as the "fourfold gospel" (euangelion tetramorphon).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson201615-105">[97]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Non-canonical_(apocryphal)_gospels">Non-canonical (apocryphal) gospels</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Non-canonical (apocryphal) gospels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Evangelio_de_Tom%C3%A1s-Gospel_of_Thomas-_Codex_II_Manuscritos_de_Nag_Hammadi-The_Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/El_Evangelio_de_Tom%C3%A1s-Gospel_of_Thomas-_Codex_II_Manuscritos_de_Nag_Hammadi-The_Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts.png/220px-El_Evangelio_de_Tom%C3%A1s-Gospel_of_Thomas-_Codex_II_Manuscritos_de_Nag_Hammadi-The_Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/El_Evangelio_de_Tom%C3%A1s-Gospel_of_Thomas-_Codex_II_Manuscritos_de_Nag_Hammadi-The_Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts.png/220px-El_Evangelio_de_Tom%C3%A1s-Gospel_of_Thomas-_Codex_II_Manuscritos_de_Nag_Hammadi-The_Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/El_Evangelio_de_Tom%C3%A1s-Gospel_of_Thomas-_Codex_II_Manuscritos_de_Nag_Hammadi-The_Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts.png/330px-El_Evangelio_de_Tom%C3%A1s-Gospel_of_Thomas-_Codex_II_Manuscritos_de_Nag_Hammadi-The_Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/El_Evangelio_de_Tom%C3%A1s-Gospel_of_Thomas-_Codex_II_Manuscritos_de_Nag_Hammadi-The_Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts.png/440px-El_Evangelio_de_Tom%C3%A1s-Gospel_of_Thomas-_Codex_II_Manuscritos_de_Nag_Hammadi-The_Nag_Hammadi_manuscripts.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Gospel of Thomas</figcaption></figure> The many apocryphal gospels arose from the 1st century onward, frequently under assumed names to enhance their credibility and authority, and often from within branches of Christianity that were eventually branded heretical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune2003199%E2%80%93200-106">[98]</a> They can be broadly organised into the following categories:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrmanPlese2011passim-107">[99]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy gospels</a>: arose in the 2nd century, including the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Gospel of James</a>, also called the Protoevangelium, which was the first to introduce the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Virginity" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual Virginity">Perpetual Virginity</a> of Mary, and the <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a> (not to be confused with the unrelated Coptic <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a>), both of which related many miraculous incidents from the life of Mary and the childhood of Jesus that are not included in the canonical gospels.</li> <li>Ministry gospels</li> <li>Sayings gospels and agrapha</li> <li>Passion, resurrection and post-resurrection gospels</li> <li>Gospel harmonies: in which the four canonical gospels are combined into a single narrative, either to present a consistent text or to produce a more accessible account of Jesus' life.</li></ul> The apocryphal gospels can also be seen in terms of the communities which produced them: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Jewish-Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Christian">Jewish-Christian</a> gospels are the products of Christians of Jewish origin who had not given up their Jewish identity: they regarded Jesus as the messiah of the Jewish scripture but did not agree that he was God, an idea which, although central to Christianity as it eventually developed, is contrary to Jewish beliefs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> gospels uphold the idea that the universe is the product of a hierarchy of gods, of whom the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Jewish god</a> is a rather low-ranking member. Gnosticism holds that Jesus was entirely "spirit", and that his earthly life and death were therefore only an appearance, not a reality. Many Gnostic texts deal not in concepts of <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repentance</a>, but with <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">enlightenment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels1989xx-108">[100]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The major apocryphal gospels (after Bart Ehrman, "Lost Christianities" – comments on content are by Ehrman unless otherwise noted) <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005bxi%E2%80%93xii-109">[101]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="120px">Title</th> <th>Probable date</th> <th>Content </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistle of the Apostles">Epistle of the Apostles</a></td> <td>Mid 2nd c.</td> <td>Anti-gnostic dialogue between Jesus and the disciples after the resurrection, emphasising the reality of the flesh and of Jesus' fleshly resurrection </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_According_to_the_Hebrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel According to the Hebrews">Gospel According to the Hebrews</a></td> <td>Early 2nd c.</td> <td>Events in the life of Jesus; Jewish-Christian, with possible gnostic overtones </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Ebionites" title="Gospel of the Ebionites">Gospel of the Ebionites</a></td> <td>Early 2nd c.</td> <td>Jewish-Christian, embodying anti-sacrificial concerns </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_Gospel_of_the_Egyptians" title="Greek Gospel of the Egyptians">Gospel of the Egyptians</a></td> <td>Early 2nd c.</td> <td>"Salome" figures prominently; Jewish-Christian stressing asceticism </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Gospel of Mary</a></td> <td>2nd c.</td> <td>Dialogue of Mary Magdalene with the apostles, and her vision of Jesus' secret teachings. It was originally written in Greek and is often interpreted as a Gnostic text. It is typically not considered a gospel by scholars since it does not focus on the life of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernhard20062-110">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Nazareans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel of the Nazareans">Gospel of the Nazareans</a></td> <td>Early 2nd c.</td> <td>Aramaic version of Matthew, possibly lacking the first two chapters; Jewish-Christian </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Nicodemus" title="Gospel of Nicodemus">Gospel of Nicodemus</a></td> <td>5th c.</td> <td>Jesus' trial, crucifixion and descent into Hell </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a></td> <td>Early 2nd c.</td> <td>Fragmentary narrative of Jesus' trial, death and emergence from the tomb. It seems to be hostile toward Jews and includes <a href="/wiki/Docetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Docetic">docetic</a> elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005%22Gospel_of_St._Peter%22-111">[103]</a> It is a narrative gospel and is notable for asserting that <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, ordered the crucifixion of Jesus. It had been lost but was rediscovered in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005%22Gospel_of_St._Peter%22-111">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Philip" title="Gospel of Philip">Gospel of Philip</a></td> <td>3rd c.</td> <td>Mystical reflections of the disciple Philip </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Saviour" title="Gospel of the Saviour">Gospel of the Saviour</a></td> <td>Late 2nd c.</td> <td>Fragmentary account of Jesus' last hours </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Gospel_of_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Gospel of Thomas">Coptic Gospel of Thomas</a></td> <td>Early 2nd c.</td> <td>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church says that the original may date from c. 150.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005%22Gospel_of_Thomas%22-112">[104]</a> Some scholars believe that it may represent a tradition independent from the canonical gospels, but that developed over a long time and was influenced by Matthew and Luke;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005%22Gospel_of_Thomas%22-112">[104]</a> other scholars believe it is a later text, dependent from the canonical gospels.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_113-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-113">[105]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_114-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier1991%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-114">[106]</a> While it can be understood in <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> terms, it lacks the characteristic features of Gnostic doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005%22Gospel_of_Thomas%22-112">[104]</a> It includes two unique parables, the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_empty_jar" title="Parable of the empty jar">parable of the empty jar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_assassin" title="Parable of the assassin">parable of the assassin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverJesus_Seminar1993%22The_Gospel_of_Thomas%22-115">[107]</a> It had been lost but was discovered, in a Coptic version dating from c. 350, at <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi" title="Nag Hammadi">Nag Hammadi</a> in 1945–46, and three papyri, dated to c. 200, which contain fragments of a Greek text similar to but not identical with that in the Coptic language, have also been found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005%22Gospel_of_Thomas%22-112">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a></td> <td>Early 2nd c.</td> <td>Miraculous deeds of Jesus between the ages of five and twelve </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Truth" title="Gospel of Truth">Gospel of Truth</a></td> <td>Mid 2nd c.</td> <td>Joys of Salvation </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Egerton_Gospel" title="Egerton Gospel">Papyrus Egerton 2</a></td> <td>Early 2nd c.</td> <td>Fragmentary, four episodes from the life of Jesus </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></td> <td>Late 2nd c.</td> <td>Gospel harmony (and the first such gospel harmony) composed by <a href="/wiki/Tatian" title="Tatian">Tatian</a>; may have been intended to replace the separate gospels as an authoritative text. It was accepted for liturgical purposes for as much as two centuries in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, but was eventually suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger2003117-116">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamble198530%E2%80%9335-117">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Protoevangelium_of_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoevangelium of James">Protoevangelium of James</a></td> <td>Mid 2nd c.</td> <td>Birth and early life of Mary, and birth of Jesus </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion</a></td> <td>Mid 2nd c.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a>, c. 150, had a much shorter version of the gospel of Luke, differing substantially from what has now become the standard text of the gospel and far less oriented towards the Jewish scriptures. Marcion's critics said that he had edited out the portions of Luke he did not like, though Marcion argued that his was the more genuinely original text. He is said to have rejected all other gospels, including those of Matthew, Mark and especially John, which he alleged had been forged by <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Secret_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Secret Gospel of Mark">Secret Gospel of Mark</a></td> <td>Uncertain</td> <td>Allegedly a longer version of Mark written for an elect audience </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a></td> <td>Late 2nd c.</td> <td>Purports to tell the story of the gospel from the perspective of Judas, the disciple who is usually said to have betrayed Jesus. It paints an unusual picture of the relationship between Jesus and Judas, in that it appears to interpret Judas's act not as betrayal, but rather as an act of obedience to the instructions of Jesus. The text was recovered from a cave in Egypt by a thief and thereafter sold on the black market until it was finally discovered by a collector who, with the help of academics from Yale and Princeton, was able to verify its authenticity. The document itself does not claim to have been authored by Judas (it is, rather, a gospel about Judas), and is known to date to at least 180 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006passim-118">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Barnabas" title="Gospel of Barnabas">Gospel of Barnabas</a></td> <td>14th–16th c.</td> <td>Contradicts the ministry of Jesus in canonical New Testament and strongly denies <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline</a> doctrine, but has clear parallels with Islam, mentioning Muhammad as Messenger of God. Jesus identifies himself as a prophet, not the son of God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiegers1995-119">[111]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" 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class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrapha" title="Agrapha">Agrapha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Aquarian_Gospel_of_Jesus_the_Christ" title="The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ">The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodmer_Papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodmer Papyri">Bodmer Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_gospel_(genre)" title="Fifth gospel (genre)">Fifth gospel (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">The gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_(liturgy)" title="Gospel (liturgy)">Gospel (liturgy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Gospel in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesusism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesusism">Jesusism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Christian_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Christian gospels">Jewish-Christian gospels</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sanders_public_career-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_public_career_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_public_career_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1995">Sanders (1995</a>, p. 5): "The main sources for our knowledge about Jesus himself, the gospels in the New Testament, are, from the point of view of the historian, tainted by the fact that they were written by people who intended to glorify their hero [...] Despite this [...] we have a good idea of the external course of his life, especially his public career." </li> <li id="cite_note-a-historical-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a-historical_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a-historical_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a-historical_12-2">c</a> The Gospels are a-historical documents: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFSchoeps1968">Schoeps (1968</a>, pp. 261–262): "The Gospels cannot be equated with [...] biographies [...] [Their] primary purpose was not to present a detailed historical picture of the life of Jesus. And the non-Christian materials [...] provide us with no essential new knowledge beyond the accounts of the Gospels [...] [Thus] the situation in regard to sources is highly unsatisfactory; legendary and historical accounts are hopelessly intertwined. The historian must recognize that the materials available to us do not enable us to reconstruct Jesus as he really was. [They have] only the Jesus the early disciples saw, the Christ who has survived in the beliefs of the Christian community.</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSanders2010">Sanders (2010)</a>: "John, however, is so different that it cannot be reconciled with the Synoptics except in very general ways [...] Scholars have unanimously chosen the Synoptic Gospels’ version of Jesus’ teaching [...] The Synoptic Gospels, then, are the primary sources for knowledge of the historical Jesus. They are not, however, the equivalent of an academic biography of a recent historical figure. Instead, the Synoptic Gospels are theological documents that provide information the authors regarded as necessary for the religious development of the Christian communities in which they worked."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFEhrman1999">Ehrman (1999</a>, p. 53): "... early Christians who passed along the traditions sometimes found it legitimate and necessary to change a historical fact in order to make a historical point [...] since the Gospels preserve traditions that have been modified over time in their retelling, it is impossible simply to take these stories at face value and uncritically assume that they represent historically accurate information."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn_1995_teachings_as_remembered-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_1995_teachings_as_remembered_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn1995">Dunn (1995</a>, pp. 371–372): "Through the main body of the Synoptic tradition, I believe, we have in most cases direct access to the teaching and ministry of Jesus as it was remembered from the beginning of the transmission process (which often predates Easter) and so fairly direct access to the ministry and teaching of Jesus through the eyes and ears of those who went about with him." </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn_2003_back_to_Jesus-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_2003_back_to_Jesus_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_2003_back_to_Jesus_20-1">b</a> In "Jesus Remembered (2003), Dunn asesses "what 'goes back to Jesus'." <a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn (2003</a>, p. 329): "I emphasize again that I do not envisage 'getting back to Jesus' himself. All we have are the impressions which Jesus made, the remembered Jesus." </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders_primary_sources-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_primary_sources_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_primary_sources_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders2010">Sanders (2010)</a>: "John, however, is so different that it cannot be reconciled with the Synoptics except in very general ways [...] Scholars have unanimously chosen the Synoptic Gospels’ version of Jesus’ teaching [...] The Synoptic Gospels, then, are the primary sources for knowledge of the historical Jesus. They are not, however, the equivalent of an academic biography of a recent historical figure. Instead, the Synoptic Gospels are theological documents that provide information the authors regarded as necessary for the religious development of the Christian communities in which they worked." </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Simon_Gathercole" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Gathercole">Simon Gathercole</a>, the topic of the anonymity of the Gospels has received little scholarly attention and a "dissenting few" scholars have argued that the traditional attributions to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John are original.<a href="#cite_note-Gathercole-69">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markan_priority-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Markan_priority_75-0">^</a> The priority of Mark is accepted by most scholars, but there are important dissenting opinions: see the article <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoptic problem">Synoptic problem</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-nativity-83"><a href="#cite_ref-nativity_83-0">^</a> As Luke's attempt to link the birth of Jesus to the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">census of Quirinius</a> demonstrates, there is no guarantee that the gospels are historically accurate. (<a href="#CITEREFReddish2011">Reddish 2011</a>, p. 22) Indeed, most critical scholars view the nativity of Jesus as a theological, rather than historical, narrative.See: W. D. Davies and E. P. Sanders, "Jesus from the Jewish point of view", in William Horbury (ed.), The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol 3: the Early Roman Period, 1984; The <a href="/wiki/New_Interpreter%27s_Dictionary_of_the_Bible" title="New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible">New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible</a>: Volume 3 Abingdon Press, 2008. pp. 42, 269–70. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005697-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005697_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005697_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 697. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander200616-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander200616_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexander2006">Alexander 2006</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2004133-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln2004133_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln2004133_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLincoln2004">Lincoln 2004</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199952-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199952_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199952_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman1999">Ehrman 1999</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2005174-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005174_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2005174_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2005">Dunn 2005</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201332-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201332_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201332_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVermes2013">Vermes 2013</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-7'>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeithLe_Donne2012">Keith & Le Donne 2012</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1995b4-5-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1995b4-5_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1995b4-5_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1995b">Sanders 1995b</a>, p. 4-5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoeps1968261–262-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoeps1968261%E2%80%93262_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoeps1968261%E2%80%93262_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchoeps1968">Schoeps 1968</a>, p. 261–262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199953-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199953_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199953_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman1999">Ehrman 1999</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanton,_Graham_2002_p._145-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanton,_Graham_2002_p._145_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanton,_Graham_2002_p._145_13-1">b</a> Stanton, Graham (2002). The Gospels and Jesus (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 145. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199246168" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199246168">978-0199246168</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1996" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, EP (1996). The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140144994" title="Special:BookSources/0140144994"><bdi>0140144994</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0140144994&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=EP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith2016-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith2016_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith2016_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith2016_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeith2016">Keith 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeithLe_Donne2012_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeithLe_Donne2012">Keith & Le Donne 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1995371–372-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1995371%E2%80%93372_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1995371%E2%80%93372_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn1995">Dunn 1995</a>, pp. 371–372. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeith2012-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith2012_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeith2012_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeith2012">Keith 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins1998241-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins1998241_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins1998241_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerkins1998">Perkins 1998</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish2011108,_144-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish2011108,_144_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish2011108,_144_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReddish2011">Reddish 2011</a>, pp. 108, 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln200518-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln200518_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln200518_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLincoln2005">Lincoln 2005</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Os2011" class="citation book cs1">van Os, Bas (2011). 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Mohr Siebrek Ek. p. 18-28, 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3161473050" title="Special:BookSources/978-3161473050"><bdi>978-3161473050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story+as+History+-+History+as+Story%3A+The+Gospel+Tradition+in+the+Context+of+Ancient+Oral+History&rft.pages=18-28%2C+69&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebrek+Ek&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3161473050&rft.aulast=Byrskog&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Keener" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig Keener">Keener, Craig</a> (2015). Acts: An Exegetical Commentary (Volume 1). Baker Academic. p. 402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801039898" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801039898"><bdi>978-0801039898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acts%3A+An+Exegetical+Commentary+%28Volume+1%29&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0801039898&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James</a> (2016). The Acts of the Apostles. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802874023" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802874023"><bdi>978-0802874023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0802874023&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzmyer1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Fitzmyer, Joseph</a> (1998). The Acts of the Apostles (The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries). Yale University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300139822" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300139822"><bdi>978-0300139822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles+%28The+Anchor+Yale+Bible+Commentaries%29&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0300139822&rft.aulast=Fitzmyer&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodacre200156-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodacre200156_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodacre200156_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodacre2001">Goodacre 2001</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoring200613–14-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoring200613%E2%80%9314_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoring200613%E2%80%9314_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoring2006">Boring 2006</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20096-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20096_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine20096_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2009">Levine 2009</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2019" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, Alan (2019). Q in Matthew: Ancient Media, Memory, and Early Scribal Transmission of the Jesus Tradition. T&T Clark. p. 298-306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567686541" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567686541"><bdi>978-0567686541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Q+in+Matthew%3A+Ancient+Media%2C+Memory%2C+and+Early+Scribal+Transmission+of+the+Jesus+Tradition&rft.pages=298-306&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0567686541&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rodriguez, Rafael (2017). "Matthew as Performer, Tradent, Scribe". 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Baker Academic. p. 2-8, 8-9, 16-18, 20, 23-26, 33-43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801048753" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801048753"><bdi>978-0801048753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Jesus%3A+Memory%2C+Imagination%2C+and+History&rft.pages=2-8%2C+8-9%2C+16-18%2C+20%2C+23-26%2C+33-43&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0801048753&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rodriguez, Rafael (2014). "Jesus as his Friends Remembered Him". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 12 (3): 224-244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F17455197-01203004">10.1163/17455197-01203004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.atitle=Jesus+as+his+Friends+Remembered+Him&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=224-244&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F17455197-01203004&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Keener" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig Keener">Keener, Craig</a> (2019). Christobiography: Memory, History, and the Reliability of the Gospels. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802876751" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802876751"><bdi>978-0802876751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christobiography%3A+Memory%2C+History%2C+and+the+Reliability+of+the+Gospels&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0802876751&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Keener" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig Keener">Keener, Craig</a> (2019). Christobiography: Memory, History, and the Reliability of the Gospels. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802876751" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802876751"><bdi>978-0802876751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christobiography%3A+Memory%2C+History%2C+and+the+Reliability+of+the+Gospels&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0802876751&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiltonEvans1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chilton" title="Bruce Chilton">Chilton, Bruce</a>; <a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Evans, Craig</a> (1998). Authenticating the Words of Jesus & Authenticating the Activities of Jesus, Volume 2 Authenticating the Activities of Jesus. Brill. pp. 53–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004113022" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004113022"><bdi>978-9004113022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authenticating+the+Words+of+Jesus+%26+Authenticating+the+Activities+of+Jesus%2C+Volume+2+Authenticating+the+Activities+of+Jesus&rft.pages=53-55&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9004113022&rft.aulast=Chilton&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh20097,_10,_14-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValantasisBleyleHaugh20097,_10,_14_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFValantasisBleyleHaugh2009">Valantasis, Bleyle & Haugh 2009</a>, pp. 7, 10, 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman199744-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman199744_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman1997">Ehrman 1997</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003130-131-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003130-131_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, p. 130-131. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2011" class="citation journal cs1">Keith, Chris (2011). "Memory and Authenticity: Jesus Tradition and What Really Happened". Zeitschrift für die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und Kunde der Älteren Kirche. 102 (2): 172, 176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzntw.2011.011">10.1515/zntw.2011.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Neutestamentliche+Wissenschaft+und+Kunde+der+%C3%84lteren+Kirche&rft.atitle=Memory+and+Authenticity%3A+Jesus+Tradition+and+What+Really+Happened&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=172%2C+176&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzntw.2011.011&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2023" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Michael (2023). The Historical Jesus and the Temple: Memory, Methodology and the Gospel of Matthew- Foreword by Dale C. Allison, Jr. Cambridge University Press. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1009210850" title="Special:BookSources/978-1009210850"><bdi>978-1009210850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+and+the+Temple%3A+Memory%2C+Methodology+and+the+Gospel+of+Matthew-+Foreword+by+Dale+C.+Allison%2C+Jr.&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1009210850&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFantReddish2008415-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFantReddish2008415_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFantReddish2008">Fant & Reddish 2008</a>, p. 415. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a34-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a34_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005a">Ehrman 2005a</a>, p. 34: "Marcion included a Gospel in his canon, a form of what is now the Gospel of Luke" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a35-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005a35_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005a">Ehrman 2005a</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson201615-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson201615_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson2016">Watson 2016</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAune2003199–200-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAune2003199%E2%80%93200_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAune2003">Aune 2003</a>, pp. 199–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrmanPlese2011passim-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrmanPlese2011passim_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrmanPlese2011">Ehrman & Plese 2011</a>, p. passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels1989xx-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels1989xx_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPagels1989">Pagels 1989</a>, p. xx. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005bxi–xii-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005bxi%E2%80%93xii_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005b">Ehrman 2005b</a>, pp. xi–xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernhard20062-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernhard20062_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBernhard2006">Bernhard 2006</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_St._Peter"-111'>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005%22Gospel_of_St._Peter%22_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005%22Gospel_of_St._Peter%22_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, "Gospel of St. Peter". </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel_of_Thomas"-112'>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005%22Gospel_of_Thomas%22_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005%22Gospel_of_Thomas%22_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005%22Gospel_of_Thomas%22_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005%22Gospel_of_Thomas%22_112-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, "Gospel of Thomas". </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-113'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasey2010">Casey 2010</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-114'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier1991%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeier1991">Meier 1991</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverJesus_Seminar1993"The_Gospel_of_Thomas"-115'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFunkHooverJesus_Seminar1993%22The_Gospel_of_Thomas%22_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFunkHooverJesus_Seminar1993">Funk, Hoover & Jesus Seminar 1993</a>, "The Gospel of Thomas". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger2003117-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger2003117_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetzger2003">Metzger 2003</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamble198530–35-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamble198530%E2%80%9335_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGamble1985">Gamble 1985</a>, pp. 30–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006passim-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006passim_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, p. passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiegers1995-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiegers1995_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiegers1995">Wiegers 1995</a>. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2006" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Loveday (2006). "What is a Gospel?". In Barton, Stephen C. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lX16qfiZkOoC">The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521807661" title="Special:BookSources/9780521807661"><bdi>9780521807661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Gospel%3F&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Gospels&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521807661&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Loveday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlX16qfiZkOoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2013" class="citation book cs1">Allen, O. Wesley (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ag2AQAAQBAJ&q=%22present+the+characters+in+their+narratives+as+using+scripture%22&pg=PA43">Reading the Synoptic Gospels</a>. Chalice Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0827232273" title="Special:BookSources/978-0827232273"><bdi>978-0827232273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Synoptic+Gospels&rft.pub=Chalice+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0827232273&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=O.+Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ag2AQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522present%2Bthe%2Bcharacters%2Bin%2Btheir%2Bnarratives%2Bas%2Busing%2Bscripture%2522%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2011" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Paul N. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=keBlpFgg4fAC&q=%22John+and+the+synoptics%3A+why+such+different+introductions+and+conclusions%3F%22&pg=PR8">The Riddles of the Fourth Gospel: An Introduction to John</a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451415551" title="Special:BookSources/978-1451415551"><bdi>978-1451415551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Riddles+of+the+Fourth+Gospel%3A+An+Introduction+to+John&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1451415551&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Paul+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkeBlpFgg4fAC%26q%3D%2522John%2Band%2Bthe%2Bsynoptics%253A%2Bwhy%2Bsuch%2Bdifferent%2Bintroductions%2Band%2Bconclusions%253F%2522%26pg%3DPR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune1987" class="citation book cs1">Aune, David E. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XdSto1nkx9AC&q=The+New+Testament+in+its+literary+environment">The New Testament in its literary environment</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8"><bdi>978-0-664-25018-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament+in+its+literary+environment&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25018-8&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXdSto1nkx9AC%26q%3DThe%2BNew%2BTestament%2Bin%2Bits%2Bliterary%2Benvironment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune2003" class="citation book cs1">Aune, David E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhhdJ-fkywYC">The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature and Rhetoric</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25018-8"><bdi>978-0-664-25018-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Dictionary+of+New+Testament+and+Early+Christian+Literature+and+Rhetoric&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25018-8&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhhdJ-fkywYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaton2005" class="citation book cs1">Beaton, Richard C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pAZxCMRztQ4C&q=Chapter+6+Richard+C.+Beaton&pg=PA116">"How Matthew Writes"</a>. In Bockmuehl, Markus; Hagner, Donald A. (eds.). The Written Gospel. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83285-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83285-4"><bdi>978-0-521-83285-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Matthew+Writes&rft.btitle=The+Written+Gospel&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83285-4&rft.aulast=Beaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpAZxCMRztQ4C%26q%3DChapter%2B6%2BRichard%2BC.%2BBeaton%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernhard2006" class="citation book cs1">Bernhard, Andrew E. (2006). Other Early Christian Gospels: A Critical Edition of the Surviving Greek Manuscripts. Library of New Testament Studies. Vol. 315. London; New York: T & T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-04204-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-04204-9"><bdi>0-567-04204-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Other+Early+Christian+Gospels%3A+A+Critical+Edition+of+the+Surviving+Greek+Manuscripts&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Library+of+New+Testament+Studies&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-567-04204-9&rft.aulast=Bernhard&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoring2006" class="citation book cs1">Boring, M. Eugene (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmP5-Jp8VzsC">Mark: A Commentary</a>. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22107-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22107-2"><bdi>978-0-664-22107-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Publishing+Corp&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22107-2&rft.aulast=Boring&rft.aufirst=M.+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzmP5-Jp8VzsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurge2014" class="citation book cs1">Burge, Gary M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ&q=%22The+gospel+of+john+has+been+both+esteemed+as+a+valid+source%22&pg=PA236">"Gospel of John"</a>. In Evans, Craig A. (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317722243" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317722243"><bdi>978-1317722243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gospel+of+John&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317722243&rft.aulast=Burge&rft.aufirst=Gary+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DStasAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2Bgospel%2Bof%2Bjohn%2Bhas%2Bbeen%2Bboth%2Besteemed%2Bas%2Ba%2Bvalid%2Bsource%2522%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkett2002" class="citation book cs1">Burkett, Delbert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC">An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00720-7"><bdi>978-0-521-00720-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+New+Testament+and+the+origins+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00720-7&rft.aulast=Burkett&rft.aufirst=Delbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEcsQknxV-xQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2010" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Maurice (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC">Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching</a>. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3"><bdi>978-0-567-64517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth%3A+An+Independent+Historian%27s+Account+of+His+Life+and+Teaching&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-64517-3&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXK0auknD0YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. 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Alan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn6wk-ipDVQC">"The Christology of the Johannine Writings"</a>. In Kingsbury, Jack Dean; Powell, Mark Allan Powell; Bauer, David R. (eds.). Who Do You Say that I Am?: Essays on Christology. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664257521" title="Special:BookSources/9780664257521"><bdi>9780664257521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Christology+of+the+Johannine+Writings&rft.btitle=Who+Do+You+Say+that+I+Am%3F%3A+Essays+on+Christology&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780664257521&rft.aulast=Culpepper&rft.aufirst=R.+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRn6wk-ipDVQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1995" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D.G. (1995). "Messianic Ideas and Their Influence on the Jesus of History". In Charlesworth, James H. (ed.). The Messiah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Messianic+Ideas+and+Their+Influence+on+the+Jesus+of+History&rft.btitle=The+Messiah&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D.G (2003). Christianity in the making Volume 1. Jesus Remembered. William B. Eerdmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+the+making+Volume+1.+Jesus+Remembered&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2005" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D.G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=37uJRUF6btAC&q=%22the+gospels+were+never+simply+biographical%3B+they+were+propaganda%3B+they+were+kerygma%22&pg=PA174">"The Tradition"</a>. In Dunn, James D.G.; McKnight, Scot (eds.). The Historical Jesus in Recent Research. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1575061009" title="Special:BookSources/978-1575061009"><bdi>978-1575061009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tradition&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Recent+Research&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1575061009&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D37uJRUF6btAC%26q%3D%2522the%2Bgospels%2Bwere%2Bnever%2Bsimply%2Bbiographical%253B%2Bthey%2Bwere%2Bpropaganda%253B%2Bthey%2Bwere%2Bkerygma%2522%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2002" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, James R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0MjWS_4La_EC">The Gospel according to Mark</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851117782" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851117782"><bdi>978-0851117782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+according+to+Mark&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0851117782&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0MjWS_4La_EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1996" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HGpL9x19GaEC">The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976357-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976357-3"><bdi>978-0-19-976357-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Corruption+of+Scripture%3A+The+Effect+of+Early+Christological+Controversies+on+the+Text+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976357-3&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHGpL9x19GaEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1997" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (1997). The New Testament. A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament.+A+Historical+Introduction+to+the+Early+Christian+Writings&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart D Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c9K_6NN3llcC&q=Q">Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199839438" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199839438"><bdi>978-0199839438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Apocalyptic+Prophet+of+the+New+Millennium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0199839438&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc9K_6NN3llcC%26q%3DQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart D Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2005a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Prof.BartEhrman-MisquotingJesus/BartD.Ehrman-MisquotingJesus_djvu.txt">Misquoting Jesus</a>. Harper Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misquoting+Jesus&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FProf.BartEhrman-MisquotingJesus%2FBartD.Ehrman-MisquotingJesus_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart D Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2005b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC">Lost Christianities</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195182491" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195182491"><bdi>978-0195182491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0195182491&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DURdACxKubDIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2006" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ScMTDAAAQBAJ">The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199831289" title="Special:BookSources/9780199831289"><bdi>9780199831289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Gospel+of+Judas+Iscariot&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780199831289&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DScMTDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrmanPlese2011" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart; Plese, Zlatko (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xqQ9LSzs8hgC">The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199831289" title="Special:BookSources/9780199831289"><bdi>9780199831289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apocryphal+Gospels%3A+Texts+and+Translations&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199831289&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft.au=Plese%2C+Zlatko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxqQ9LSzs8hgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEve2021" class="citation book cs1">Eve, Eric (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JnZKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT29">Solving the Synoptic Puzzle: Introducing the Case for the Farrer Hypothesis</a>. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781725283886" title="Special:BookSources/9781725283886"><bdi>9781725283886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solving+the+Synoptic+Puzzle%3A+Introducing+the+Case+for+the+Farrer+Hypothesis&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781725283886&rft.aulast=Eve&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJnZKEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFantReddish2008" class="citation book cs1">Fant, Clyde E.; Reddish, Mitchell E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dj6zVQJz7zYC">Lost Treasures of the Bible</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802828811" title="Special:BookSources/9780802828811"><bdi>9780802828811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Treasures+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780802828811&rft.aulast=Fant&rft.aufirst=Clyde+E.&rft.au=Reddish%2C+Mitchell+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDj6zVQJz7zYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunkHooverJesus_Seminar1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Funk" title="Robert W. Funk">Funk, Robert W.</a>; Hoover, Roy W.; <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a> (1993). "The Gospel of Thomas". The five gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. pp. 471–532.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+of+Thomas&rft.btitle=The+five+gospels&rft.pages=471-532&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Hoover%2C+Roy+W.&rft.au=Jesus+Seminar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble1985" class="citation book cs1">Gamble, Harry (1985). The New Testament Canon: Its Making and Meaning. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-0470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-0470-7"><bdi>978-0-8006-0470-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament+Canon%3A+Its+Making+and+Meaning&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-0470-7&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodacre2001" class="citation book cs1">Goodacre, Mark (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iV05Mv-hbMAC">The Synoptic Problem: A Way Through the Maze</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567080561" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567080561"><bdi>978-0567080561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Synoptic+Problem%3A+A+Way+Through+the+Maze&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0567080561&rft.aulast=Goodacre&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiV05Mv-hbMAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonoré1986" class="citation journal cs1">Honoré, A.M. (1986). "A statistical study of the synoptic problem". Novum Testamentum. 10 (2/3): 95–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1560364">10.2307/1560364</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1560364">1560364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=A+statistical+study+of+the+synoptic+problem&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=95-147&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1560364&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1560364%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Honor%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2010a" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Luke Timothy (2010a). The Writings of the New Testament – An Interpretation (3rd ed.). Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451413281" title="Special:BookSources/978-1451413281"><bdi>978-1451413281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writings+of+the+New+Testament+%E2%80%93+An+Interpretation&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1451413281&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Luke+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_Keith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Keith (page does not exist)">Keith, Chris</a> (2012). "The Indebtedness of the criteria Approach to Form Criticism and Recent Attempts to Rehabilitate the Search for an Authentic Jesus", in Jesus, Criteria, and the Demise of Authenticity. T&T Clark. p. 25-48 at 39-40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567377234" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567377234"><bdi>978-0567377234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Indebtedness+of+the+criteria+Approach+to+Form+Criticism+and+Recent+Attempts+to+Rehabilitate+the+Search+for+an+Authentic+Jesus%22%2C+in+Jesus%2C+Criteria%2C+and+the+Demise+of+Authenticity&rft.pages=25-48+at+39-40&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0567377234&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2016" class="citation journal cs1">Keith, Chris (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0142064X16637777">"The Narratives of the Gospels and the Historical Jesus: Current Debates, Prior Debates and the Goal of Historical Jesus Research"</a>. Journal for the Study of the New Testament. 38 (4): 426–455. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0142064X16637777">10.1177/0142064X16637777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+New+Testament&rft.atitle=The+Narratives+of+the+Gospels+and+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+Current+Debates%2C+Prior+Debates+and+the+Goal+of+Historical+Jesus+Research&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=426-455&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0142064X16637777&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F0142064X16637777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeithLe_Donne2012" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Chris; Le Donne, Anthony, eds. (2012). Jesus, Criteria, and the Demise of Authenticity. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567691200" title="Special:BookSources/9780567691200"><bdi>9780567691200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+Criteria%2C+and+the+Demise+of+Authenticity&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780567691200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2009" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Amy-Jill (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HIp_0N3uPPcC&q=%22held+by+the+majority+of+scholars+today%22%22four-source+theory%22&pg=PA6">"Introduction"</a>. In Levine, Amy-Jill; Allison, Dale C. Jr.; Crossan, John Dominic (eds.). The Historical Jesus in Context. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400827374" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400827374"><bdi>978-1400827374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Context&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1400827374&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Amy-Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHIp_0N3uPPcC%26q%3D%2522held%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bmajority%2Bof%2Bscholars%2Btoday%2522%2522four-source%2Btheory%2522%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu2005" class="citation book cs1">Lieu, Judith (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pAZxCMRztQ4C&q=%22John+uses+far+fewer+explicit+citations%22&pg=PA175">"How John Writes"</a>. In Bockmuehl, Markus; Hagner, Donald A. (eds.). The Written Gospel. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83285-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83285-4"><bdi>978-0-521-83285-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+John+Writes&rft.btitle=The+Written+Gospel&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83285-4&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpAZxCMRztQ4C%26q%3D%2522John%2Buses%2Bfar%2Bfewer%2Bexplicit%2Bcitations%2522%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2004" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Andrew (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OsPYJZCToq4C&q=%22gospels+are+a+subset+of+the+genre+of+bios%22&pg=PA133">"Reading John"</a>. In Porter, Stanley E. (ed.). Reading the Gospels Today. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802805171" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802805171"><bdi>978-0802805171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reading+John&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Gospels+Today&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0802805171&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOsPYJZCToq4C%26q%3D%2522gospels%2Bare%2Ba%2Bsubset%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgenre%2Bof%2Bbios%2522%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2005" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Andrew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eYmxAwAAQBAJ&q=%22final+form%22%22some+time+between+90+and+110+ce%22&pg=PA18">Gospel According to St John</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441188229" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441188229"><bdi>978-1441188229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gospel+According+to+St+John&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1441188229&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeYmxAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522final%2Bform%2522%2522some%2Btime%2Bbetween%2B90%2Band%2B110%2Bce%2522%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindarsEdwardsCourt2000" class="citation book cs1">Lindars, Barnabas; Edwards, Ruth; Court, John M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVOD0PhayhsC">The Johannine Literature</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-081-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-081-4"><bdi>978-1-84127-081-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Johannine+Literature&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84127-081-4&rft.aulast=Lindars&rft.aufirst=Barnabas&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Court%2C+John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVOD0PhayhsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartens2004" class="citation book cs1">Martens, Allan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OsPYJZCToq4C&q=%22reading+Luke%27s+message+for+a+gentile+audience%22&pg=PA100">"Salvation Today: Reading Luke's Message for a Gentile Audience"</a>. In Porter, Stanley E. (ed.). Reading the Gospels Today. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802805171" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802805171"><bdi>978-0802805171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Salvation+Today%3A+Reading+Luke%27s+Message+for+a+Gentile+Audience&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Gospels+Today&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0802805171&rft.aulast=Martens&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOsPYJZCToq4C%26q%3D%2522reading%2BLuke%2527s%2Bmessage%2Bfor%2Ba%2Bgentile%2Baudience%2522%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier1991" class="citation book cs1">Meier, John P. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zODYAAAAMAAJ">A Marginal Jew. Volume 1: The roots of the problem and the person</a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26425-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26425-9"><bdi>978-0-385-26425-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marginal+Jew.+Volume+1%3A+The+roots+of+the+problem+and+the+person&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-385-26425-9&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzODYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger2003" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce (2003). The New Testament: Its Background, Growth, and Content. Abingdon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-068-705-2639" title="Special:BookSources/978-068-705-2639"><bdi>978-068-705-2639</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+Its+Background%2C+Growth%2C+and+Content&rft.pub=Abingdon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-068-705-2639&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1986" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Leon (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6D3o6fZd67EC&q=Morris+New+Testament+Theology">New Testament Theology</a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-45571-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-45571-4"><bdi>978-0-310-45571-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Theology&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-310-45571-4&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6D3o6fZd67EC%26q%3DMorris%2BNew%2BTestament%2BTheology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolland2005" class="citation book cs1">Nolland, John (2005). The Gospel of Matthew: A Commentary on the Greek Text. Eerdmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Matthew%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Greek+Text&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Nolland&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagels1989" class="citation book cs1">Pagels, Elaine (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52cdf95ae4b0c18dd2d0316a/t/53e074cee4b0ea4fa48a5704/1407218894673/Pagels%2C+Elaine+-+The+Gnostic+Gospels.pdf">The Gnostic Gospels</a> (PDF). Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Gospels&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F52cdf95ae4b0c18dd2d0316a%2Ft%2F53e074cee4b0ea4fa48a5704%2F1407218894673%2FPagels%252C%2BElaine%2B-%2BThe%2BGnostic%2BGospels.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1997" class="citation book cs1">Parker, D.C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yYkvZR-oWVwC&q=Parker+the+living+text+of+the+gospels">The Living Text of the Gospels</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521599511" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521599511"><bdi>978-0521599511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Text+of+the+Gospels&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0521599511&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=D.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyYkvZR-oWVwC%26q%3DParker%2Bthe%2Bliving%2Btext%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgospels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pheme_Perkins" title="Pheme Perkins">Perkins, Pheme</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSHCRgS_SAUC">"The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: Telling the Christian Story"</a>. In Barton, John (ed.). The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48593-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48593-7"><bdi>978-0-521-48593-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Synoptic+Gospels+and+the+Acts+of+the+Apostles%3A+Telling+the+Christian+Story&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+biblical+interpretation&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48593-7&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Pheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPSHCRgS_SAUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2012" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Pheme (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=It58APyHyPsC">Reading the New Testament: An Introduction</a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809147861" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809147861"><bdi>978-0809147861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0809147861&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Pheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIt58APyHyPsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2010" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, William L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0eYRBwAAQBAJ">"The Diatessaron and the Fourfold Gospel"</a>. In Horton, Charles (ed.). The Earliest Gospels. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567000972" title="Special:BookSources/9780567000972"><bdi>9780567000972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Diatessaron+and+the+Fourfold+Gospel&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Gospels&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780567000972&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0eYRBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2006" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Stanley E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZYMifS1fAC&q=%22written+virtually+entirely+in+a+form+of+ancient+Greek%22&pg=PA185">"Language and Translation of the New Testament"</a>. In Rogerson, J.W.; Lieu, Judith M. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199254255" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199254255"><bdi>978-0199254255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+and+Translation+of+the+New+Testament&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Biblical+Studies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0199254255&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Stanley+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKZYMifS1fAC%26q%3D%2522written%2Bvirtually%2Bentirely%2Bin%2Ba%2Bform%2Bof%2Bancient%2BGreek%2522%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddish2011" class="citation book cs1">Reddish, Mitchell (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hliGUOv18cQC">An Introduction to The Gospels</a>. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1426750083" title="Special:BookSources/978-1426750083"><bdi>978-1426750083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+The+Gospels&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1426750083&rft.aulast=Reddish&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhliGUOv18cQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC">The Historical Figure of Jesus</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141928227" title="Special:BookSources/9780141928227"><bdi>9780141928227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780141928227&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkbTL36ZgPIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1995b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (1995b). The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140144994" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140144994"><bdi>978-0140144994</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0140144994&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503100711/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ">"Jesus Christ"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ">the original</a> on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus+Christ&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F303091%2FJesus-Christ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoeps1968" class="citation book cs1">Schoeps, Hans-Joachim (1968) [1961]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionsofmanki00scho/page/261/">The Religions of Mankind</a>. Translated by Winston, Richard; Winston, Clara. Garden City, NY: <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Books">Anchor Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-04080-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-04080-8"><bdi>978-0-385-04080-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+Mankind&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-385-04080-8&rft.aulast=Schoeps&rft.aufirst=Hans-Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionsofmanki00scho%2Fpage%2F261%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholz2009" class="citation book cs1">Scholz, Daniel J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=royKA4FeMB4C">Jesus in the Gospels and Acts: Introducing the New Testament</a>. Saint Mary's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884899556" title="Special:BookSources/9780884899556"><bdi>9780884899556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+in+the+Gospels+and+Acts%3A+Introducing+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Saint+Mary%27s+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780884899556&rft.aulast=Scholz&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DroyKA4FeMB4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelford1999" class="citation book cs1">Telford, W.R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9saA_qL4iMC&q=%22Luke%22%22alters+the+reference+to+Galilee%22&pg=PA148">The Theology of the Gospel of Mark</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521439770" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521439770"><bdi>978-0521439770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+the+Gospel+of+Mark&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0521439770&rft.aulast=Telford&rft.aufirst=W.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE9saA_qL4iMC%26q%3D%2522Luke%2522%2522alters%2Bthe%2Breference%2Bto%2BGalilee%2522%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheissenMerz1998" class="citation book cs1">Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZU97DQMH6UC">The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide</a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0863-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0863-8"><bdi>978-1-4514-0863-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0863-8&rft.aulast=Theissen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Merz%2C+Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZU97DQMH6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2006" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Marianne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTorEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183">"Gospel of John"</a>. In Barton, Stephen C. (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521807661" title="Special:BookSources/9780521807661"><bdi>9780521807661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gospel+of+John&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Gospels&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521807661&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTorEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckett2000" class="citation book cs1">Tuckett, Christopher (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA523">"Gospel, Gospels"</a>. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9053565032" title="Special:BookSources/978-9053565032"><bdi>978-9053565032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gospel%2C+Gospels&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9053565032&rft.aulast=Tuckett&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValantasisBleyleHaugh2009" class="citation book cs1">Valantasis, Richard; Bleyle, Douglas K.; Haugh, Dennis C. (2009). The Gospels and Christian Life in History and Practice. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-7069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-7069-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-7069-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospels+and+Christian+Life+in+History+and+Practice&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-7069-6&rft.aulast=Valantasis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Bleyle%2C+Douglas+K.&rft.au=Haugh%2C+Dennis+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2013" class="citation book cs1">Vermes, Geza (2013) [2012]. Christian Beginnings. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Beginnings&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Geza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2016" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Francis (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourfoldgospelth0000wats">The Fourfold Gospel: A Theological Reading of the New Testament Portraits of Jesus</a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801095450" title="Special:BookSources/9780801095450"><bdi>9780801095450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourfold+Gospel%3A+A+Theological+Reading+of+the+New+Testament+Portraits+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780801095450&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffourfoldgospelth0000wats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiegers1995" class="citation journal cs1">Wiegers, G. (1995). "Muhammad as the Messiah: A comparison of the polemical works of Juan Alonso with the Gospel of Barnabas". Biblitheca Orientalis: 245–291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblitheca+Orientalis&rft.atitle=Muhammad+as+the+Messiah%3A+A+comparison+of+the+polemical+works+of+Juan+Alonso+with+the+Gospel+of+Barnabas&rft.pages=245-291&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Wiegers&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhead2004" class="citation book cs1">Woodhead, Linda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0dFLBAAAQBAJ">Christianity: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199687749" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199687749"><bdi>978-0199687749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0199687749&rft.aulast=Woodhead&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0dFLBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGospel" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="13" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gospel" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Gospel">Gospel</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080608014638/http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/TCG/index.html">A detailed discussion of the textual variants in the gospels</a> – covering about 1200 variants on 2000 pages (archived 8 June 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619001437/http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/GNT/books.html">Greek New Testament</a> – the Greek text of the New Testament: specifically the Westcott-Hort text from 1881, combined with the NA26/27 variants (archived 19 June 2008).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel&oldid=1259134051">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel&oldid=1259134051</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 15:26 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie" title="Evangelie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Evangelie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium_(Buch)" title="Evangelium (Buch) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Evangelium (Buch)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8C%E1%88%8D" title="ወንጌል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወንጌል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Аевангелие – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аевангелие" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84" title="إنجيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنجيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%93%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A2" title="ܐܘܢܓܠܝܘܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܢܓܠܝܘܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanxeliu" title="Evanxeliu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Evanxeliu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momarandupor%C3%A3" title="Momaranduporã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Momaranduporã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ncil" title="İncil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İncil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84" title="اینجیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینجیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injil" title="Injil – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Injil" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="সুসমাচার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুসমাচার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hok-im-su" title="Hok-im-su – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hok-im-su" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Евангелле – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Евангелле" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Дабравесьце – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дабравесьце" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Евангелие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Евангелие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium" title="Evangelium – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Evangelium" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%C4%91elje" title="Evanđelje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Evanđelje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviel" title="Aviel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aviel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeli" title="Evangeli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Evangeli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Евангели – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Евангели" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebanghelyo" title="Ebanghelyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ebanghelyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium" title="Evangelium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Evangelium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangeli" title="Vangeli – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Vangeli" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efengyl" title="Efengyl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Efengyl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium" title="Evangelium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Evangelium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium_(Literaturgattung)" title="Evangelium (Literaturgattung) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Evangelium (Literaturgattung)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeelium" title="Evangeelium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Evangeelium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ευαγγέλιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευαγγέλιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelio" title="Evangelio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Evangelio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelio" title="Evangelio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Evangelio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebanjelio" title="Ebanjelio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ebanjelio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84" title="انجیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انجیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium" title="Evangelium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Evangelium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vangiles" title="Évangiles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Évangiles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeelje" title="Evangeelje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Evangeelje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanzeli" title="Vanzeli – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vanzeli" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soisc%C3%A9al" title="Soiscéal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Soiscéal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanxeo" title="Evanxeo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Evanxeo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Инжил – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Инжил" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌴𐌻𐌾𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌴𐌻𐌾𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xubhvortoman" title="Xubhvortoman – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Xubhvortoman" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B5%EC%9D%8C%EC%84%9C" title="복음서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="복음서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ավետարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավետարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2" title="गोस्पल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गोस्पल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewangelij" title="Ewangelij – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ewangelij" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%C4%91elje" title="Evanđelje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Evanđelje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelio" title="Evangelio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Evangelio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injil" title="Injil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Injil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelio" title="Evangelio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Evangelio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie" title="Evangelie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Evangelie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%B0spjall" title="Guðspjall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Guðspjall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangelo" title="Vangelo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vangelo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בשורות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בשורות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injil" title="Injil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Injil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სახარება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სახარება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injili" title="Injili – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Injili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsangu_ya_mbote" title="Nsangu ya mbote – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nsangu ya mbote" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levanjil" title="Levanjil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Levanjil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Инжил – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Инжил" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium" title="Evangelium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Evangelium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%C5%86%C4%A3%C4%93lijs" title="Evaņģēlijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Evaņģēlijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium" title="Evangelium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Evangelium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelija" title="Evangelija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Evangelija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turia_Somuso_D%C3%B6d%C3%B6" title="Turia Somuso Dödö – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Turia Somuso Dödö" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evang%C3%AAio" title="Evangêio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Evangêio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie" title="Evangelie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Evangelie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsango_Mal%C3%A1mu" title="Nsango Malámu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nsango Malámu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanjelio" title="Evanjelio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Evanjelio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevangelii" title="Jevangelii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Jevangelii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangeli" title="Vangeli – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vangeli" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evang%C3%A9lium" title="Evangélium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Evangélium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Евангелие – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Евангелие" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filazantsara" title="Filazantsara – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Filazantsara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="സുവിശേഷങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുവിശേഷങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%C4%A1elju" title="Evanġelju – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Evanġelju" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="गॉस्पेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गॉस्पेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სახარება – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სახარება" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84" title="انجيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انجيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84" title="انجیل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="انجیل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injil_Kristian" title="Injil Kristian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Injil Kristian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3k-%C4%ADng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%86" title="Hók-ĭng-cṳ̆ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hók-ĭng-cṳ̆" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Евангелиясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Евангелиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie" title="Evangelie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Evangelie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E6%9B%B8" title="福音書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="福音書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Инжил – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Инжил" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium" title="Evangelium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Evangelium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium" title="Evangelium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Evangelium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vaung%C3%B9ile" title="Évaungùile – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Évaungùile" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evang%C3%A8lis" title="Evangèlis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Evangèlis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangeela" title="Wangeela – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Wangeela" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84" title="انجیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انجیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84" title="انجيل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انجيل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vangiles" title="Évangiles – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Évangiles" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium_(Book)" title="Evangelium (Book) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Evangelium (Book)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewangelia" title="Ewangelia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ewangelia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelho" title="Evangelho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Evangelho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanghelie" title="Evanghelie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evanghelie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeli" title="Evangeli – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Evangeli" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliwillay" title="Alliwillay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alliwillay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Евангелие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Евангелие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangelu" title="Vangelu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Vangelu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungjilli" title="Ungjilli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ungjilli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanceli" title="Vanceli – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vanceli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gospel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84" title="انجيل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انجيل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanjelium_(spisy)" title="Evanjelium (spisy) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Evanjelium (spisy)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelij" title="Evangelij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evangelij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%94%D0%BB%D1%97%D1%A5" title="Єѵангєлїѥ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єѵангєлїѥ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ئینجیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینجیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Јеванђеље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јеванђеље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan%C4%91elje" title="Evanđelje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Evanđelje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evankeliumit" title="Evankeliumit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Evankeliumit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelium_(bok)" title="Evangelium (bok) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Evangelium (bok)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebanghelyo" title="Ebanghelyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ebanghelyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="நற்செய்திகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நற்செய்திகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aben%C7%A7il" title="Abenǧil – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Abenǧil" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D2%97%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Инҗил – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Инҗил" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4" title="సువార్త – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సువార్త" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="พระวรสาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระวรสาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ncil" title="İncil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İncil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1sham_Nkhang" title="A̱sham Nkhang – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱sham Nkhang" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%94" title="Євангеліє – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Євангеліє" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%84" title="انجیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انجیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanze%C5%82o" title="Vanzeło – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vanzeło" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelii" title="Evangelii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Evangelii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ch_Ph%C3%BAc_%C3%82m" title="Sách Phúc Âm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sách Phúc Âm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evandj%C3%AEle" title="Evandjîle – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Evandjîle" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3" title="福音 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="福音" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebanghelyo" title="Ebanghelyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ebanghelyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%A6" title="福音书 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="福音书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ch%C3%ACnrere" title="Ìhìnrere – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìhìnrere" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E6%9B%B8" title="福音書 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="福音書" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%A6" title="福音书 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="福音书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata_Etip" title="Ata Etip – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ata Etip" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injil" title="Injil – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Injil" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 15:26 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zmfvg","wgBackendResponseTime":213,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.064","walltime":"2.333","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15756,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":363921,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20500,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":416777,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1942.306 1 -total"," 25.00% 485.522 116 Template:Sfn"," 22.69% 440.682 78 Template:Cite_book"," 16.81% 326.410 2 Template:Reflist"," 7.65% 148.522 15 Template:Lang"," 7.62% 147.953 1 Template:Lang-grc-gre"," 7.44% 144.427 1 Template:Books_of_the_New_Testament"," 7.32% 142.147 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 5.53% 107.399 5 Template:Page_needed"," 5.08% 98.664 5 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