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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Germanske+spr%C3%A5k" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Germanske+spr%C3%A5k" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er 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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Klassifisering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassifisering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Klassifisering</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klassifisering-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Klassifisering</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Klassifisering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternativ_klassifisering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternativ_klassifisering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Alternativ klassifisering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternativ_klassifisering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Germanske språk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 140 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Germanske språk – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Germanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanske_sprog" title="Germanske sprog – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Germanske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Germanska språk – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Germanska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germansk_m%C3%A1l" title="Germansk mál – færøysk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Germansk mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%B6nsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Germönsk tungumál – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Germönsk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanse_tale" title="Germaanse tale – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Germaanse tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanische_Sprachen" title="Germanische Sprachen – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Germanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%8A_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD" title="ጀርመናዊ ቋንቋዎች – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጀርመናዊ ቋንቋዎች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanl%C3%A2%C5%A1_kielah" title="Germaanlâš kielah – enaresamisk" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Germaanlâš kielah" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="enaresamisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisca_spr%C7%A3ca" title="Germanisca sprǣca – gammelengelsk" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Germanisca sprǣca" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="gammelengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Агерман бызшәақәа – abkhasisk" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Агерман бызшәақәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhasisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات جرمانية – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات جرمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_chermanicas" title="Luengas chermanicas – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas chermanicas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoues_g%C3%A8rmaniques" title="Lengoues gèrmaniques – arpitansk" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lengoues gèrmaniques" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="arpitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_xerm%C3%A1niques" title="Llingües xermániques – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües xermániques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_dill%C9%99ri" title="German dilləri – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="German dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ژرمن دیللری – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژرمن دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="জার্মানীয় ভাষাসমূহ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মানীয় ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_g%C3%AD-cho%CC%8Dk" title="German gí-cho̍k – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="German gí-cho̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Германскія мовы – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Германскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Германскія мовы – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Германскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Германски езици – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanische_Sprochn" title="Germanische Sprochn – bairisk" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Germanische Sprochn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bairisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanski_jezici" title="Germanski jezici – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Germanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_germanek" title="Yezhoù germanek – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù germanek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_germ%C3%A0niques" title="Llengües germàniques – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües germàniques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Germánské jazyky – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Germánské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Germanaidd" title="Ieithoedd Germanaidd – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Germanaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1nala%C5%A1_gielat" title="Germánalaš gielat – nordsamisk" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Germánalaš gielat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="nordsamisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitsche_Schprooche" title="Deitsche Schprooche – pennsylvaniatysk" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Deitsche Schprooche" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="pennsylvaniatysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanische_Sprachen" title="Germanische Sprachen – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Germanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Germaniske rěcy – lavsorbisk" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Germaniske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="lavsorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaani_keeled" title="Germaani keeled – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Germaani keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Γερμανικές γλώσσες – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Germanic languages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_germ%C3%A1nicas" title="Lenguas germánicas – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas germánicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cermana_lingvaro" title="Ĝermana lingvaro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝermana lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniar_hizkuntzak" title="Germaniar hizkuntzak – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Germaniar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های ژرمنی – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های ژرمنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_bhasa" title="Germanic bhasa – fijiansk hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Germanic bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="fijiansk hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_germaniques" title="Langues germaniques – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues germaniques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanske_talen" title="Germaanske talen – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Germaanske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghis_gjermanichis" title="Lenghis gjermanichis – friuliansk" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghis gjermanichis" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friuliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_Gearm%C3%A1inice" title="Teangacha Gearmáinice – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Gearmáinice" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Germaanagh" title="Çhengaghyn Germaanagh – mansk" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Germaanagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nain_Ghearmaineach" title="Cànain Ghearmaineach – skotsk-gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cànain Ghearmaineach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk-gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_xerm%C3%A1nicas" title="Linguas xermánicas – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas xermánicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼語族 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="日耳曼語族" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جرمني زوانان – gileki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="جرمني زوانان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="gileki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Ng%C3%AE-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="German Ngî-chhu̍k – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="German Ngî-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="게르만어파 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게르만어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գերմանական լեզուներ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="जर्मैनी भाषा परिवार – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मैनी भाषा परिवार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Germanske rěče – høysorbisk" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Germanske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="høysorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanski_jezici" title="Germanski jezici – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Germanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanala_lingui" title="Germanala lingui – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germanala lingui" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Jermanik" title="Rumpun bahasa Jermanik – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Jermanik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_germanic" title="Linguas germanic – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguas germanic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Гермайнаг æвзæгтæ – ossetisk" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гермайнаг æвзæгтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_germaniche" title="Lingue germaniche – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue germaniche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות גרמאניות – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות גרמאניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿಕ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನಿಕ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="გერმანიკული ენები – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიკული ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Герман тілдері – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Герман тілдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yethow_germanek" title="Yethow germanek – kornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yethow germanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijerumaniki" title="Kijerumaniki – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kijerumaniki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_german%C3%AE" title="Zimanên germanî – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên germanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Герман тилдери – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Герман тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rujenedes_germaniches" title="Rujenedes germaniches – ladinsk" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Rujenedes germaniches" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="ladinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanu_vol%C5%ABdys" title="Germanu volūdys – latgallisk" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Germanu volūdys" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="latgallisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Germanicae" title="Linguae Germanicae – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Germanicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2erm%C4%81%C5%86u_valodas" title="Ģermāņu valodas – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģermāņu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanesch_Sproochen" title="Germanesch Sproochen – luxemburgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Germanesch Sproochen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Germanų kalbos – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Germanų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanse_taole" title="Germaanse taole – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Germaanse taole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_germanica" title="Linguas germanica – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas germanica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguv_germanich" title="Lenguv germanich – lombardisk" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lenguv germanich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_nyelvek" title="Germán nyelvek – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Germán nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Германски јазици – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampam-piteny_jermanika" title="Sampam-piteny jermanika – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sampam-piteny jermanika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwi_%C4%A0ermani%C4%8Bi" title="Lingwi Ġermaniċi – maltesisk" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwi Ġermaniċi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Tiamani" title="Take Tiamani – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Take Tiamani" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="जर्मेनिक भाषासमूह – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मेनिक भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%86%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لغات چيرمانيه – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغات چيرمانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="ژرمنی زوونون – mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ژرمنی زوونون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa-bahasa Jerman – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9nguas_germ%C3%A1nicas" title="Lhénguas germánicas – mirandesisk" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhénguas germánicas" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanse_talen" title="Germaanse talen – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Germaanse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanse_taelen" title="Germaanse taelen – nedersaksisk" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Germaanse taelen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="nedersaksisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E%E6%B4%BE" title="ゲルマン語派 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲルマン語派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaans_spriaken" title="Germaans spriaken – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Germaans spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_g%C3%A8rmannique" title="Langue gèrmannique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Langue gèrmannique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani_lingues" title="Germani lingues – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Germani lingues" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_germanicas" title="Lengas germanicas – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas germanicas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_tillari" title="German tillari – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="German tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="جرمینی بولیاں – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمینی بولیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenganan_germ%C3%A1niko" title="Lenganan germániko – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Lenganan germániko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joermanik_languij" title="Joermanik languij – jamaicansk kreolengelsk" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joermanik languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaicansk kreolengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingues_germannikes" title="Lingues germannikes – pikardisk" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Lingues germannikes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_germ%C3%A0niche" title="Lenghe germàniche – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe germàniche" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_tok_Siamanik" title="Ol tok Siamanik – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ol tok Siamanik" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaansche_Spraken" title="Germaansche Spraken – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Germaansche Spraken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_germa%C5%84skie" title="Języki germańskie – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki germańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_germ%C3%A2nicas" title="Línguas germânicas – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas germânicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermanische_Sprooch" title="Jermanische Sprooch – kølnsk" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Jermanische Sprooch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kølnsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_germanice" title="Limbi germanice – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi germanice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qirmanu_simikuna" title="Qirmanu simikuna – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qirmanu simikuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Ґерманьскы языкы – rusinsk" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґерманьскы языкы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Германские языки – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="جرمنیہ زباناں – saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جرمنیہ زباناں" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbas_germ%C3%A0nicas" title="Limbas germànicas – sardisk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limbas germànicas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_leids" title="Germanic leids – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Germanic leids" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniske_Sproaken" title="Germaniske Sproaken – saterfrisisk" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Germaniske Sproaken" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_gjermanike" title="Gjuhët gjermanike – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët gjermanike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingui_girm%C3%A0nichi" title="Lingui girmànichi – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingui girmànichi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Germanic languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1nske_jazyky" title="Germánske jazyky – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Germánske jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanski_jeziki" title="Germanski jeziki – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Germanski jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95_%D8%AC%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زمانە جێرمەنییەکان – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانە جێرمەنییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Германски језици – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Германски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanski_jezici" title="Germanski jezici – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Germanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaaniset_kielet" title="Germaaniset kielet – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Germaaniset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="செருமானிய மொழிகள் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செருமானிய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="กลุ่มภาษาเจอร์แมนิก – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาเจอร์แมนิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забонҳои олмонӣ – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забонҳои олмонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cermen_dilleri" title="Cermen dilleri – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cermen dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Германські мови – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Германські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="جرمن زبانیں – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمن زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%99c_German" title="Ngữ tộc German – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ tộc German" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaani_keeleq" title="Germaani keeleq – sørestisk" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Germaani keeleq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="sørestisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaansche_toaln" title="Germaansche toaln – vestflamsk" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Germaansche toaln" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="vestflamsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼语族 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="日耳曼语族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%C3%A8d%C3%A8_on%C3%ADj%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Àwọn èdè oníjẹ́mánì – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn èdè oníjẹ́mánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼語族 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="日耳曼語族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_Cermenki" title="Zıwanê Cermenki – dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Cermenki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaonse_taelen" title="Germaonse taelen – zeeuws" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Germaonse taelen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zeeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼语族 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日耳曼语族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rungkun_basa_J%C3%A8rmanik" title="Rungkun basa Jèrmanik – betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Rungkun basa Jèrmanik" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almani_zyvonon" title="Almani zyvonon – talysj" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Almani zyvonon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Germanske_spr%C3%A5k&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanske_spr%C3%A5k&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Germanic_languages" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21200" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24461009">.mw-parser-output .wb-edithandle{display:none;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .wd-editable-show .wb-edithandle{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .wd-editable-hide .wb-edithandle{display:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks{float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:3px;margin:0.5em 0em 1em 1em;background-color:#f9f9f9;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift th{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:larger;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{background-color:#fff;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks td{background-color:#efefef;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;margin:4px;padding:3px}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.custom td{background:none;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad th{text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td{text-align:left;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.headercenter{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.hode th{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{text-align:center;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift td{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;background-color:#eee;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.geografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.transport tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bygning tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.infrastruktur tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.ekstrabred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><table class="infobox infoboks bred"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Germanske språk</th></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Region</th><td colspan="2">Opprinnelig i <a href="/wiki/Nord-Europa" title="Nord-Europa">Nord-</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vest-Europa" title="Vest-Europa">Vest-</a> og <a href="/wiki/Sentral-Europa" title="Sentral-Europa">Sentral-Europa</a>; i dag over hele verden.</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Antall brukere</th><td colspan="2">Ca. 560 millioner</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kfamilie" title="Språkfamilie">Lingvistisk<br />klassifikasjon</a></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indoeuropeiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoeuropeiske språk">Indoeuropeisk</a></td></tr><tr class="overskrift"><td colspan="4">Videre inndeling</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Inndeling</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nordgermanske_spr%C3%A5k" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordgermanske språk">Nordgermansk</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vestgermanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Vestgermanske språk">Vestgermansk</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%98stgermanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Østgermanske språk">Østgermansk</a></td></tr><tr class="overskrift"><td colspan="4">Språkkoder</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td colspan="2"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">gem</span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a><br /><span style="margin-left:1em;">Hierarki</span></th><td colspan="2"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">gem</span><br /><span style="margin-left:1em;font-family:monospace,monospace;"><a href="/wiki/Indoeuropeiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoeuropeiske språk">ine</a> : gem</span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Glottolog</th><td colspan="2" class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/germ1287">germ1287</a> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4" class="center wikipedia-lenke"><hr /><span class="portallenke"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spr%C3%A5k" title="Portal:Språk">Portal: Språk</a></span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4"><hr /><div class="sentrert"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Germanic_languages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Germanic languages">Germanske språk på Commons</a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG/250px-Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG/375px-Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG/500px-Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>De germanske språkas utbredelse i <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24553557">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style=""><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Nederlandsk" title="Nederlandsk">Nederlandsk</a> (Nederfrankisk, vestgermansk)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24553557"><div class="legend" style=""><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#38ff00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Nedertysk" title="Nedertysk">Nedertysk</a> (Vestgermansk)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24553557"><div class="legend" style=""><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00d200; color:black;"> </span> Mitteldeutsche Sprachen (<a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8ytysk" title="Høytysk">Høytysk</a>, vestgermansk)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24553557"><div class="legend" style=""><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> Oberdeutsche Dialekte (Høytysk, vestgermansk)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24553557"><div class="legend" style=""><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8811; color:black;"> </span> Anglisk (Anglo-Frisisk, vestgermansk)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24553557"><div class="legend" style=""><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Frisisk" title="Frisisk">Frisisk</a> (Anglo-Frisisk, vestgermansk)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24553557"><div class="legend" style=""><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> Øst-skandinavisk</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24553557"><div class="legend" style=""><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ffff; color:black;"> </span> Vest-skandinavisk</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24553557"><div class="legend" style=""><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> Strek som viser skillet mellom nord- og vestgermanske språk</div> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Germanske språk</b> er en <a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kgruppe" title="Språkgruppe">gruppe</a> beslektede språk som er en grein av den <a href="/wiki/Indoeuropeiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoeuropeiske språk">indoeuropeiske språkfamilien</a>. Språkenes felles opphav er <a href="/wiki/Urgermansk" title="Urgermansk">urgermansk</a> som ble talt av <a href="/wiki/Germanerne" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanerne">germanske</a> folk i siste halvdel av det første årtusen før Kristi fødsel i <a href="/wiki/Jernalderen" title="Jernalderen">jernalderens</a> <a href="/wiki/Nord-Europa" title="Nord-Europa">Nord-Europa</a>. Urgermansk og dets etterkommere karakteriseres av et antall unike lingvistiske fenomener, som inkluderer et konsonantbytte som er kjent som <a href="/wiki/Grimms_lov" title="Grimms lov">Grimms lov</a>. Tidligere variasjoner over germansk er kjent fra de germanske folkene som slo seg ned ved <a href="/wiki/Romerriket" title="Romerriket">Romerrikets</a> nordlige og østlige grenser fra det <a href="/wiki/2._%C3%A5rhundre" title="2. århundre">2. århundre</a>. </p><p>De største moderne germanske språkene er <a href="/wiki/Engelsk" title="Engelsk">engelsk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Tysk" title="Tysk">tysk</a>, med henholdsvis 380 og 120 millioner morsmålstalere. Andre større germanske språk inkluderer de nedertyske språkene med <a href="/wiki/Nedertysk" title="Nedertysk">nedertysk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nederlandsk" title="Nederlandsk">nederlandsk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">afrikaans</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia">skandinaviske</a> språkene med <a href="/wiki/Norsk" title="Norsk">norsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dansk" title="Dansk">dansk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Svensk" title="Svensk">svensk</a>, og de øynordiske språkene med <a href="/wiki/Islandsk" title="Islandsk">islandsk</a> og <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A6r%C3%B8ysk" title="Færøysk">færøysk</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> anfører at det finnes 53 forskjellige germanske språk og dialekter. </p><p>De levende germanske språkene er: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engelsk" title="Engelsk">Engelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tysk" title="Tysk">Tysk</a> (inkl. <a href="/wiki/Bairisk" title="Bairisk">bairisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alemannisk" title="Alemannisk">alemannisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgsk" title="Luxembourgsk">luxembourgsk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Jiddisch" title="Jiddisch">jiddisch</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsk" title="Nederlandsk">Nederlandsk</a> (inkl. <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">afrikaans</a> og <a href="/wiki/Limburgsk" title="Limburgsk">limburgsk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedertysk" title="Nedertysk">Nedertysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisisk" title="Frisisk">Frisisk</a> (inkl. <a href="/wiki/Saterfrisisk" title="Saterfrisisk">saterfrisisk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Nordfrisisk" title="Nordfrisisk">nordfrisisk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skotsk" title="Skotsk">Skotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk" title="Norsk">Norsk</a> (inkl. <a href="/wiki/Bergensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergensk">bergensk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">trøndersk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setesdalsk" title="Setesdalsk">setesdalsk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" title="Vikværsk">vikværsk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svensk" title="Svensk">Svensk</a> (inkl. <a href="/wiki/Elvdalsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Elvdalsk">elvdalsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5nsk" title="Skånsk">skånsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jemtsk" title="Jemtsk">jemtsk</a> og <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A5huslensk" title="Båhuslensk">båhuslensk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansk" title="Dansk">Dansk</a> (inkl. <a href="/wiki/Jysk" title="Jysk">jysk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islandsk" title="Islandsk">Islandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A6r%C3%B8ysk" title="Færøysk">Færøysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutnisk" title="Gutnisk">Gutnisk</a></li></ul> <p>Språkene som er nevnt i parentes blir delvis sett på som <a href="/wiki/Dialekt" title="Dialekt">dialekter</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klassifisering">Klassifisering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanske_spr%C3%A5k&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Klassifisering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanske_spr%C3%A5k&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Klassifisering"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lista viser klassifiseringen av de moderne germanske språkene og dialektene. Alle dialektene kan også deles inn ytterligere. Lingvistisk sett er det umulig å trekke skiller mellom hva som er egne språk og hva som er dialekter, ettersom det i de fleste tilfellene er snakk om et <a href="/wiki/Dialektkontinuum" title="Dialektkontinuum">dialektkontinuum</a>. Skillene mellom språk og dialekt blir derfor kun politiske. Varianter som vanligvis klassifiseres som egne språk, av politiske eller historiske grunner, er i lista markert med feit skrift. Utdødde språk som har utvikla seg til språk som snakkes i dag er ikke markert med feit skrift. </p><p>Den utdødde <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stgermanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Østgermanske språk">østgermanske</a> greina er ikke tatt med i lista. Man er usikre på den nøyaktige inndelinga av denne. De østgermanske språka man kjenner til, er <a href="/wiki/Gotisk_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Gotisk (språk)">gotisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandalsk" title="Vandalsk">vandalsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundisk" title="Burgundisk">burgundisk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Krimgotisk" title="Krimgotisk">krimgotisk</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestgermanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Vestgermanske språk">Vestgermanske språk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8ytyske_spr%C3%A5k" class="mw-redirect" title="Høytyske språk">Høytyske språk</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tysk" title="Tysk">Tysk</a></b> (med de skriftlige variantene <a href="/wiki/Standardtysk" title="Standardtysk">tysk standardtysk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sveitsisk_standardtysk" title="Sveitsisk standardtysk">sveitsisk standardtysk</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%98sterriksk_standardtysk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Østerriksk standardtysk (ikke skrevet ennå)">østerriksk standardtysk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middeltysk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middeltysk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Middeltysk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98stmellomtysk" title="Østmellomtysk">Østmellomtysk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestmellomtysk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestmellomtysk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Vestmellomtysk</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgsk" title="Luxembourgsk">Luxembourgsk</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvaniatysk" title="Pennsylvaniatysk">Pennsylvaniatysk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overtysk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overtysk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Overtysk</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Alemannisk" title="Alemannisk">Alemannisk</a></b> (derunder de sveitsiske dialektene <a href="/wiki/Sveitsertysk" title="Sveitsertysk">sveitsertysk</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwabisk" title="Schwabisk">Schwabisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederalemannisk" title="Nederalemannisk">Nederalemannisk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elsassisk" title="Elsassisk">Elsassisk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B8yalemannisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Høyalemannisk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Høyalemannisk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B8yestalemannisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Høyestalemannisk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Høyestalemannisk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bairisk" title="Bairisk">Bairisk</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jiddisch" title="Jiddisch">Jiddisch</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wymys%C3%B6risk" title="Wymysörisk">Wymysörisk</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nederfrankiske_spr%C3%A5k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nederfrankiske språk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Nederfrankiske språk</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsk" title="Nederlandsk">Nederlandsk</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brabantsk" title="Brabantsk">Brabantsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeeuws" title="Zeeuws">Zeeuws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestflamsk" title="Vestflamsk">Vestflamsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%98stflamsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Østflamsk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Østflamsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollandsk_(dialekt)" title="Hollandsk (dialekt)">Hollandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgsk" title="Limburgsk">Limburgsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8rkleverlandsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sørkleverlandsk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Sørkleverlandsk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nedertysk" title="Nedertysk">Nedertysk</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nedersaksisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nedersaksisk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Nedersaksisk</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordnedersaksisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordnedersaksisk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Nordnedersaksisk</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%98stfrisisk_nedersaksisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Østfrisisk nedersaksisk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Østfrisisk nedersaksisk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestfalisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestfalisk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Vestfalisk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%98stfalisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Østfalisk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Østfalisk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%98stnedertysk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Østnedertysk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Østnedertysk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-frisiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Anglo-frisiske språk">Anglo-frisiske språk</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Frisisk" title="Frisisk">Frisisk</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadtfrisisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadtfrisisk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Stadtfrisisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestfrisisk" title="Vestfrisisk">Vestfrisisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saterfrisisk" title="Saterfrisisk">Saterfrisisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordfrisisk" title="Nordfrisisk">Nordfrisisk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angliske_spr%C3%A5k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angliske språk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Angliske språk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mellomengelsk" title="Mellomengelsk">Mellomengelsk</a> † <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Engelsk" title="Engelsk">Engelsk</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britisk_engelsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Britisk engelsk">Britisk engelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordamerikansk_engelsk" title="Nordamerikansk engelsk">Nordamerikansk engelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australsk_engelsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australsk engelsk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Australsk engelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rafrikansk_engelsk" title="Sørafrikansk engelsk">Sørafrikansk engelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indisk_engelsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indisk engelsk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Indisk engelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8r%C3%B8stasiatisk_engelsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sørøstasiatisk engelsk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Sørøstasiatisk engelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karibisk_engelsk" title="Karibisk engelsk">Karibisk engelsk</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skotsk" title="Skotsk">Skotsk</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorisk_(spr%C3%A5k)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorisk (språk) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Dorisk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentral_skotsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentral skotsk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Sentral skotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulsterskotsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulsterskotsk">Ulsterskotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8rlig_skotsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sørlig skotsk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Sørlig skotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%98yskotsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Øyskotsk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Øyskotsk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yola" title="Yola">Yola</a></b> †</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordgermanske_spr%C3%A5k" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordgermanske språk">Nordgermanske språk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urnordisk" title="Urnordisk">Urnordisk</a> † <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norr%C3%B8nt" class="mw-redirect" title="Norrønt">Norrønt</a> † <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestnordiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Vestnordiske språk">Vestnordiske språk</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Norsk" title="Norsk">Norsk</a></b> (er opprinnelig et vestnordisk språk, men med sterk påvirkning fra den østnordiske greina, og representeres også ofte i skrift gjennom det østnordiske bokmål i tillegg til det vestnordiske nynorsk) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98stlandsk" title="Østlandsk">Østlandsk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A5huslensk" title="Båhuslensk">Båhuslensk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midt%C3%B8stlandsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Midtøstlandsk">Midtøstlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midtlandsm%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Midtlandsmål">Midtlandsmål</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rlandsk" title="Sørlandsk">Sørlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rvestlandske_dialekter" class="mw-redirect" title="Sørvestlandske dialekter">Sørvestlandsk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk_dialekt" title="Bergensk dialekt">Bergensk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordvestlandske_dialekter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordvestlandske dialekter">Nordvestlandsk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordnorsk" title="Nordnorsk">Nordnorsk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helgelandsk" title="Helgelandsk">Helgelandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordlandsdialekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordlandsdialekt">Nordlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromsdialekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromsdialekt">Tromsmål</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerikanorsk" title="Amerikanorsk">amerikanorsk</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicagom%C3%A5l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicagomål (ikke skrevet ennå)">chicagomål</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illinoism%C3%A5l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illinoismål (ikke skrevet ennå)">illinoismål</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indianam%C3%A5l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indianamål (ikke skrevet ennå)">indianamål</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Islandsk" title="Islandsk">Islandsk</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A6r%C3%B8ysk" title="Færøysk">Færøysk</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norn" title="Norn">Norn</a></b> †</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98stnordiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Østnordiske språk">Østnordiske språk</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dansk" title="Dansk">Dansk</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98stdansk" title="Østdansk">Østdansk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholmsk" title="Bornholmsk">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5nsk" title="Skånsk">Skånsk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98ydansk" title="Øydansk">Øydansk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%A6llandsk" title="Sjællandsk">Sjællandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fynsk" title="Fynsk">Fynsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syd%C3%B8m%C3%A5l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sydømål (ikke skrevet ennå)">Sydømål</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jysk" title="Jysk">Jysk</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordjysk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordjysk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Nordjysk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%98stjysk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Østjysk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Østjysk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestjysk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestjysk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Vestjysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8nderjysk" title="Sønderjysk">Sønderjysk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudansk" title="Gøtudansk">Gøtudansk</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Svensk" title="Svensk">Svensk</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sveam%C3%A5l" title="Sveamål">Sveamål</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norrlandsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norrlandsk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Norrlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gotlandsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gotlandsk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Gotlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandssvensk" title="Finlandssvensk">Østsvensk/finlandssvensk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8rsvensk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sørsvensk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Sørsvensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tam%C3%A5l" title="Götamål">Götamål</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84lvdalsk" title="Älvdalsk">Älvdalsk</a> (også regna av noen <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unng%C3%A5_unnvikende_uttrykk" title="Wikipedia:Unngå unnvikende uttrykk"><span title="Foregående påstand må presiseres">hvem?</span></a></i>]</sup> som en undergruppe av svensk)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammelgutnisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gammelgutnisk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Gammelgutnisk</a> † <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gutnisk" title="Gutnisk">Gutnisk</a></b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternativ_klassifisering">Alternativ klassifisering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanske_spr%C3%A5k&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Alternativ klassifisering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanske_spr%C3%A5k&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Alternativ klassifisering"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Et debattert spørsmål blant moderne lingvister er hvordan <i>moderne norsk</i> (dvs. talemålet i Norge som helhet i moderne tid) skal klassifiseres. Norsk språk i historisk-lingvistisk forstand oppfattes tradisjonelt som et i hovedsak vestnordisk språk, men innen <i>moderne norsk språk</i> finner man også talemålet <a href="/wiki/Standard_%C3%B8stnorsk" title="Standard østnorsk">standard østnorsk</a>, som mange lingvister regner som en gren av dansk språk, dvs. østskandinavisk, i lingvistisk forstand. Generelt er norsk preget av å ligge på grensen mellom østskandinavisk og vestskandinavisk, og en del tradisjonelle norske dialekter, bl.a. den fra Båhuslen, ligger trolig nærmere østskandinavisk enn vestskandinavisk. I tillegg har norske talemål (andre enn standard østnorsk) blitt så sterkt påvirket av østskandinavisk, og ikke minst er skriftspråket så likt dansk, at en gruppering av norsk sammen med islandsk og færøysk separat fra dansk og svensk anses som lite relevant i dag. Klassifiseringen av hele det norske språket som vestskandinavisk er derfor problematisk, og moderne lingvister deler derfor ofte inn språkene på en måte som oppfattes som mer relevant, basert på moderne språk (altså hvor nære de ulike språkene anses å stå hverandre i dag) snarere enn genealogi (språklig stamtre). Det avgjørende blir dermed at norsk, svensk og dansk som <i>moderne språk</i> har utviklet seg til språk som er så like at de bør klassifiseres i samme gruppe, mens islandsk og færøysk har utviklet seg så langt bort fra norsk at de bør klassifiseres i en egen gruppe. </p><p>De moderne nordgermanske språka blir dermed klassifisert på denne måten: </p> <ul><li>Øynordisk <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Islandsk" title="Islandsk">Islandsk</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A6r%C3%B8ysk" title="Færøysk">Færøysk</a></b></li></ul></li> <li>Fastlandsnordisk <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dansk" title="Dansk">Dansk</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norsk" title="Norsk">Norsk</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Svensk" title="Svensk">Svensk</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanske_spr%C3%A5k&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanske_spr%C3%A5k&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bethge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Bethge (ikke skrevet ennå)">Richard Bethge</a>, <i>Konjugation des Urgermanischen</i>, in Ferdinand Dieter, <i>Laut- und Formenlehre der altgermanischen Dialekte</i>, Leipzig 1900, 361.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani" title="Fausto Cercignani">Fausto Cercignani</a>, <i>Indo-European ē in Germanic</i>, in <i>Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung</i>, 86/1, 1972, 104–110.</li> <li>Fausto Cercignani, <i>Indo-European eu in Germanic</i>, in <i>Indogermanische Forschungen</i>, 78, 1973, 106-112.</li> <li>Fausto Cercignani, <i>Proto-Germanic */i/ and */e/ Revisited</i>, in <i>Journal of English and Germanic Philology</i>, 78/1, 1979, 72-82.</li> <li>Fausto Cercignani, <i>Early Umlaut Phenomena in the Germanic Languages</i>, in <i>Language</i>, 56/1, 1980, 126-136.</li> <li>Wayne Harbert, <i>The Germanic Languages</i>, Cambridge 2007, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780521015110" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-01511-0</a>.</li> <li>Claus Jürgen Hutterer, <i>Die germanischen Sprachen. Ihre Geschichte in Grundzügen</i>, Wiesbaden 2008.</li> <li>Ekkehard König und Johan van der Auwera (Hrsg.), <i>The Germanic Languages</i>, London / New York 1994.</li> <li>Orrin W. Robinson, <i>Old English and Its Closest Relatives. A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages</i>, Stanford (Calif) 1992.</li> <li>Stefan Schumacher, '<i>Langvokalische Perfekta' in indogermanischen Einzelsprachen und ihr grundsprachlicher Hintergrund</i>, in Gerhard Meiser und Olav Hackstein, <i>Sprachkontakt und Sprachwandel</i>, Wiesbaden 2005, 603f.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanske_spr%C3%A5k&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanske_spr%C3%A5k&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="Engelsk">(en)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929192145/https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/germanic-0">Germanske språk</a> hos Ethnologue</li> <li><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="Engelsk">(en)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/germ1287">Germanske språk</a> hos Glottolog</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indoeuropeiske_språkgrupper" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24561741">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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id="Indoeuropeiske_språkgrupper" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indoeuropeiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoeuropeiske språk">Indoeuropeiske</a> språkgrupper</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nålevende</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Albansk" title="Albansk">Albansk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Armensk" title="Armensk">Armensk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Baltoslaviske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Baltoslaviske språk">Baltoslavisk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Baltiske språk">Baltisk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Slaviske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Slaviske språk">Slavisk</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Keltiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Keltiske språk">Keltisk</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germansk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gresk" title="Gresk">Gresk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Indoiranske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoiranske språk">Indoiransk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indoariske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoariske språk">Indoarisk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Iranske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Iranske språk">Iransk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nuristanispr%C3%A5k" title="Nuristanispråk">Nuristani</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Italiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Italiske språk">Italisk</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utdødde</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anatoliske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Anatoliske språk">Anatolisk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paleobalkanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Paleobalkanske språk">Paleobalkansk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tokariske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Tokariske språk">Tokarisk</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561737"></div><div role="navigation" 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