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Ajoute atik la pou lòt lang" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ajoute lang yo</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espas non yo"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Thomas_Raynal" title="Wè paj kontni a [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Atik</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskite:Guillaume-Thomas_Raynal&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskisyon apwopo kontni paj sa a (paj sa pa ekziste nan sistèm nan) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskisyon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Chanje variant lang" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Kreyòl ayisyen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichay yo"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Thomas_Raynal"><span>Li</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume-Thomas_Raynal&veaction=edit" title="Edit paj sa a [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifye</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume-Thomas_Raynal&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page"><span>Modifye kòd</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume-Thomas_Raynal&action=history" title="Vèsyon ki ansyen pou paj sa (ak tout kontribitè ki te travay sou li) [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Gade istorik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bwat zouti" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bwat zouti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Bwat zouti</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">kache</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Thomas_Raynal"><span>Li</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume-Thomas_Raynal&veaction=edit" title="Edit paj sa a [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifye</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="selected collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume-Thomas_Raynal&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifye kòd</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume-Thomas_Raynal&action=history"><span>Gade istorik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Jeneral </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Espesyal:SakLye/Guillaume-Thomas_Raynal" title="Yon lis tout paj ki gen lyen vè paj sa a [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lyen yo pou paj sa a</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Espesyal:LyenChanjmanResan/Guillaume-Thomas_Raynal" rel="nofollow" title="Lis modifikasyon ki fèk fèt pou paj yo ki genyen lyen nan paj sa a [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi paj ki gen rapò yo</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ht" title="Televèse fichye yo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Televèse fichye yo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Espesyal:PajEspesyal" title="Lis tout paj espesyal yo [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Paj espesyal yo</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume-Thomas_Raynal&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Enfòmasyon sou paj la</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espesyal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fht.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGuillaume-Thomas_Raynal%26action%3Dedit"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espesyal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fht.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGuillaume-Thomas_Raynal%26action%3Dedit"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nan lòt pwojè yo </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q727782" title="Relye nan eleman nan depo done konekte [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Eleman Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">kache</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Thomas_Raynal" title="Guillaume-Thomas Raynal">Guillaume-Thomas Raynal</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>Ou pa otorize pou modifye paj sa, pou rezon sa : </p> <div class="permissions-errors"><div class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"><b>Adrès IP ou a nan yon seri ki <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks">bloke sou tout wiki Fondasyon Wikimedya yo</a>.</b> <p>Blòk la fèt pa <a href="/wiki/Itilizat%C3%A8:Jon_Kolbert" title="Itilizatè:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> .! N!Rezon yo bay la se <i> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </i>. </p> <ul><li>Kòmansman blòk: 27 out 2023 à 15:12</li> <li>Ekspirasyon blòk: 27 out 2028 à 15:12</li></ul> <p>Adrès IP ou ye kounye a se 8.222.208.146 ak seri bloke a se 8.222.128.0/17 . 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À cette époque, l’escorte des navires était devenue pour les officiers de la marine royale une chose secondaire, une fonction indigne de leur rang et de leurs titres. {{citation|Officiers de marine, dit-il, vous vous croyez avilis de protéger, d’escorter le commerce ! Mais si le commerce n’a plus de protecteurs, que deviendront les richesses de l’État, dont vous demandez sans doute une part pour récompense de vos services ? Quoi, avilis en vous rendant utiles à vos concitoyens! Votre poste est sur les mers comme celui des magistrats sur les tribunaux, celui de l’officier et du soldat de terre dans les camps, celui du monarque même sur le trône, où il ne domine de plus haut que pour voir de plus loin et embrasser d’un coup d’œil tous ceux qui ont besoin de sa protection et de sa défense. Apprenez que la gloire de conserver vaut encore mieux que celle de détruire. Dans l’antique Rome, on aimait aussi la gloire, cependant on y préférait l’honneur d’avoir sauvé un seul citoyen à l’honneur d’avoir égorgé une foule d’ennemis. }}}} [[Fichye:Guillaumethomasraynal.jpg|vignette|upright|Pòtrè Guillaume-Thomas Raynal avèk 3e edisyon liv ''Histoire des deux Indes''.]] * ''Lettre à l’auteur de la Nymphe de Spa'' (1781) * ''Précis de l’Histoire philosophique'' (1782) * ''Réponse à la Censure de la Faculté de Théologie'' (1782) * ''Esprit et génie de M. l’abbé Reynal'' (publié par l’abbé Hédouin, 1782) <small>[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k651282.pdf Texte en ligne]</small> * ''Considérations sur la paix en 1783'' (1783) * ''Histoire philosophique et politique des isles françoises'' (1784]) * ''Œuvres de M. l’abbé Raynal'' (1785) * ''Essai sur l’administration de St Domingue'' (1785) * ''Maximes des trois auteurs philosophes'' (1787) * ''Tableau général du commerce de l’Europe'' (1787) * ''Éloge d’Eliza Draper'' (attribué à Diderot, 1787) * ''L’Abbé Raynal aux États-généraux'' (1789) <small>[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k72957b.pdf Texte en ligne]</small> * ''Lettre à S. M. Louis XVI'' (1789) * ''Lettre à l’Assemblée nationale, 31 mai 1791'' (1791) * ''Extrait raisonné de l’[[Histoire des deux Indes]]'' (1791) * ''Histoire abrégée de l’[[Histoire des deux Indes]]'' (1792) * ''Abrégé de l’[[Histoire des deux Indes]]'' (1793) * ''Histoire abrégée de l’Établissement des Européens'' (1797) * ''Recueil de pensées'' (1802) * ''Abrégé de l’[[Histoire des deux Indes]] à l’usage de la jeunesse'' (1810) * ''Le Raynal de la jeunesse'' (1821) * ''Des Peuples et des gouvernements'' (1822) * ''Histoire philosophique des Établissements dans l’Afrique septentrionale'' (1826) == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [http://www.abbe-raynal.org/ Sit Sosyete etid Guillaume-Thomas Raynal] * [http://www.wdl.org/fr/item/4398/ ''Une histoire philosophique et politique des établissements et du commerce des Européens dans les Indes orientales et occidentales''] {{DEFAULTSORT:Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Ekriven]] [[Kategori:Ekriven franse]] 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