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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drang_nach_Osten_in_German_discourse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drang_nach_Osten_in_German_discourse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><span><i>Drang nach Osten</i></span> in German discourse</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Drang_nach_Osten_in_German_discourse-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <span><i>Drang nach Osten</i></span> in German discourse subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Drang_nach_Osten_in_German_discourse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drang_nach_Westen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drang_nach_Westen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><span><i>Drang nach Westen</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drang_nach_Westen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebensraum_concept_of_Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebensraum_concept_of_Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lebensraum concept of Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebensraum_concept_of_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expulsion_of_Germans_from_the_East_after_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsion_of_Germans_from_the_East_after_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Expulsion of Germans from the East after World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsion_of_Germans_from_the_East_after_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="درانغ ناخ أوستين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="درانغ ناخ أوستين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dranq_nax_Osten" title="Dranq nax Osten – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dranq nax Osten" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Натиск на изток – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Натиск на изток" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansi%C3%B3_cap_a_l%27Est" title="Expansió cap a l'Est – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Expansió cap a l'Est" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Drang nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Drang nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Drang nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Drang nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Drang nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Drang nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="درانگ ناخ استن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درانگ ناخ استن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Drang nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%9E%91_%EB%82%98%ED%9D%90_%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%90" title="드랑 나흐 오스텐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드랑 나흐 오스텐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD_%D6%85%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6_(%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Դրանգ նախ օստեն (արտահայտություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դրանգ նախ օստեն (արտահայտություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Drang nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Drang nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%94" title="ההתפשטות הגרמנית מזרחה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ההתפשטות הגרמנית מזרחה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="აღმოსავლეთით ზეწოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აღმოსავლეთით ზეწოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дранг нах Остен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дранг нах Остен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Drang nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Drang nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Drang nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%9D%E5%8B%95" title="東方への衝動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東方への衝動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Drang nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drang nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Drang nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дранг нах Остен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дранг нах Остен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Drang nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Продор на исток – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Продор на исток" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Drang nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_Nach_Osten" title="Drang Nach Osten – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Drang Nach Osten" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%91_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дранґ нах Остен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дранґ нах Остен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%80%B2" title="東進 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="東進" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q313099#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the game in the <a href="/wiki/Europa_(wargame)" title="Europa (wargame)">Europa</a> wargame series, see <a href="/wiki/Drang_Nach_Osten!" title="Drang Nach Osten!">Drang Nach Osten!</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈdʁaŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>nax<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʔɔstn̩]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> '<b>Drive to the East'</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Best_2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Best_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Osmańczyk_2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osmańczyk_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 'push eastward',<sup id="cite_ref-Lerski_1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lerski_1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'desire to push east')<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the name for a 19th-century German nationalist intent to expand Germany into Slavic territories of Central and Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Osmańczyk_2003_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osmańczyk_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wippermann_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wippermann-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some historical discourse, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span> combines <a href="/wiki/History_of_German_settlement_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe"> historical German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe</a>, medieval (12th to 13th century)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> military expeditions such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> policies and warfare of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Age"> modern</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German states</a> such as those that implemented <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>'s concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lerski_1996_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lerski_1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"> Polish</a> works the term <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span> could refer to programs for the Germanization of Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in 19th-century Germany the slogan was used variously of a wider nationalist approbation of medieval <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">German settlement in the east</a> and the idea of the "superiority of German culture".<sup id="cite_ref-Best_2008_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Best_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years after World War I the idea of a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Westen</i></span> ('drive to the west'), an alleged Polish drive westward—an analogy of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span>—circulated among German authors in reaction to the loss of eastern territories and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Best_2008_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Best_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hayes_1994_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of <i>Drang nach Osten</i> became a core element of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi ideology</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> (1925–1926), <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> declares the idea to be an essential element of his reorganisation plans for Europe. He states: "It is eastwards, only and always eastwards, that the veins of <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism" title="Aryan race">our race</a> must expand. It is the direction which nature herself has decreed for the expansion of the German peoples."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_term">Origin of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drang_nach_Osten&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first known use of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span> was by the Polish journalist <a href="/wiki/Julian_Klaczko" title="Julian Klaczko">Julian Klaczko</a> in 1849, yet it is debatable whether he invented the term as he used it in form of a citation.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawaty_2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawaty_2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the term is used almost exclusively in its German form in English, Polish, Russian, Czech and other languages, it has been concluded that the term is of German origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawaty_2003_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawaty_2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drang_nach_Osten&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_German_settlement_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe">History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG/220px-Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG/330px-Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG/440px-Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Phases of German eastward expansion, 700–1400 <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e86664; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Before 700</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e59ca3; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 700–1099</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#516d44; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 1100–1199</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#99ca55; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 1200–1250</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dbee82; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 1251–1300</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f4f5a7; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 1301–1400</div> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expulsion_areas_-_German_-_Mixed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Expulsion_areas_-_German_-_Mixed.png/220px-Expulsion_areas_-_German_-_Mixed.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Expulsion_areas_-_German_-_Mixed.png/330px-Expulsion_areas_-_German_-_Mixed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Expulsion_areas_-_German_-_Mixed.png/440px-Expulsion_areas_-_German_-_Mixed.png 2x" data-file-width="3323" data-file-height="3854" /></a><figcaption>German language areas in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a> (Russia), <a href="/wiki/Memelland" class="mw-redirect" title="Memelland">Lithuania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> before expulsion of Germans <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3ccf12; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> completely German</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffdf38; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> ethnically mixed areas</div></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 19th and the early 20th century <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span> has been associated with the medieval German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i></span>, the High Medieval migration period of ethnic Germans to Eastern Europe, inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic peoples">Balts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugrics</a>. This movement caused legal, cultural, linguistic, religious and economic changes, that had a profound influence on the history of Eastern Europe between the Baltic Sea and the Carpathians.<sup id="cite_ref-sze_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sze-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Massive population increase during the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> left increasing numbers of commoners like peasants, craftsmen and artisans displaced, who were joined by nobility not entitled to land inheritance, stimulating the movement of settlers from territories of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a> into the sparsely-populated East. These movements were supported by the Slavic kings and dukes and the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Rösener1992_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rösener1992-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brzechczyn2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brzechczyn2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FulbrookFulbrook2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FulbrookFulbrook2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The future state of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, named for the conquered <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a>, had its roots largely in these movements. As the Middle Ages came to a close, the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>, who had been invited to northern Poland by <a href="/wiki/Konrad_of_Masovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Konrad of Masovia">Konrad of Masovia</a>, had assimilated and forcibly converted much of the southern Baltic coastlands. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in the late 18th century, Prussia gained much of western Poland. The Prussians, and later the Germans, engaged in a policy of <a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_Partitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanisation of Poles during Partitions">Germanization</a> in Polish territories. Russia and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> eventually conquered the lands taken by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drang_nach_Osten_in_German_discourse"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span> in German discourse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drang_nach_Osten&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Drang nach Osten in German discourse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term became a centerpiece of the program of the German nationalist movement in 1891, with the founding of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Alldeutscher Verband</i></span>, in the words: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">"Der alte Drang nach dem Osten soll wiederbelebt werden"</i></span> ('The old <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span> must be revived').<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> employed the slogan in calling the <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> a "Slav bulwark against the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span>" in the 1938 <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudeten crisis</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Osmańczyk_2003_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osmańczyk_2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span> policies, population movement took place in the opposite direction also, as people from rural, less developed areas in the East were attracted by the prospering industrial areas of Western Germany. This phenomenon became known by the German term <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostflucht" title="Ostflucht">Ostflucht</a></i></span>, literally 'flight from the East'. </p><p>With the development of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalism</a> in the 19th century, Polish and Russian intellectuals began referring to the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i></span> as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span>. The <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> attempted to expand their power eastward; Germany by gaining influence in the declining <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a>) and Austria-Hungary through the acquisition of territory in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drang_nach_Westen"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Westen</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drang_nach_Osten&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Drang nach Westen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">German nationalists</a> called for a new <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span> to oppose what they conceived as a Polish <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Westen</i></span> ('thrust toward the West').<sup id="cite_ref-Hayes_1994_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_1994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Polish paper <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Wprost" title="Wprost">Wprost</a></i></span> used both <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Westen</i></span> in August 2002 to title stories about the German company <a href="/wiki/RWE" title="RWE">RWE</a> taking over the Polish <a href="/w/index.php?title=STOEN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STOEN (page does not exist)">STOEN</a> and Polish migration into eastern Germany, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Westen</i></span> is also the ironic title of a chapter in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Joseph_Goldberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Joseph Goldberg (page does not exist)">Eric Joseph Goldberg</a>'s book <i>Struggle for Empire</i>, used to point out the "missing" eastward ambitions of <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a> who instead expanded his kingdom to the West.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greim-Drang_nach_osten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Greim-Drang_nach_osten.jpg/250px-Greim-Drang_nach_osten.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Greim-Drang_nach_osten.jpg/375px-Greim-Drang_nach_osten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Greim-Drang_nach_osten.jpg/500px-Greim-Drang_nach_osten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>German colonists near <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></i></span>, Poland (Russian Partition) at the end of the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lebensraum_concept_of_Nazi_Germany">Lebensraum concept of Nazi Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drang_nach_Osten&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lebensraum concept of Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany">Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, dictator of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> from 1933–1945, advocated for a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span> to acquire territory for German colonists at the expense of central and eastern European nations (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i></span>). The term, by then, had gained enough currency to appear in foreign newspapers without explanation.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a> depicted Eastern Europe as historically Germanic territories, promoting the myth that these regions were stolen from <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan races</a> by <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avar</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler viewed Slavs as primitive subhumans and for this reason detested the German empire's <a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">alliance with Austria-Hungary</a> during World War I. In his works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch"><i>Zweites Buch</i></a>, Hitler viewed the Slavs as lacking the capability to form a state.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Slavism">Anti-Slavism</a> was also a core doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ideology">Nazi ideology</a>, which considered Slavs to be racially inferior <i><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></i>. Through the <i>Generalplan Ost</i> ("General Plan for the East"), Nazi Germany sought the total domination by Germanic peoples of Eastern Europe by conducting a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> of Slavic inhabitants and forcibly deporting rest of the population beyond the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Nazi Germany's initiation of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the propaganda of <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> described the military campaign as a "European crusade against Bolshevism" to foreign powers. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s domestic propaganda depicted the war as a racial struggle of Aryans against "Jewish and Slavic <i>Untermenschen</i>" to annihilate "<a href="/wiki/Judeo-Bolshevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, played an active role in distributing racist propaganda pamphlets on these topics across German-occupied territories.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nazi Germany's eastern campaigns during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> were initially successful with the conquests of Poland, the Baltic countries, Belarus, Ukraine and much of <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i></span>; <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></span> was implemented by Nazi forces to eliminate the native Slavic peoples from these lands and replace them with Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wehrbauer" title="Wehrbauer">Wehrbauer</a></i></span>, or soldier-peasants, would settle in <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost#Phases_of_the_plan_and_its_implementation" title="Generalplan Ost">a fortified line</a> to prevent civilization arising beyond and threatening Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was greatly hindered by the lack of German people who desired to settle in the east, let alone act as <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> there.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settlements established during the war did not receive colonists from the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Altreich_(pre-1938_Nazi_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altreich (pre-1938 Nazi Germany)">Altreich</a></i></span>, but in the main part <a href="/wiki/Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet_population_transfers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi–Soviet population transfers">East European Germans resettled from Soviet "spheres of interest"</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and such Poles as deemed <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanizable</a> by Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> began to reverse the German conquests by 1943. Nazi Germany was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expulsion_of_Germans_from_the_East_after_World_War_II">Expulsion of Germans from the East after World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drang_nach_Osten&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Expulsion of Germans from the East after World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">Former eastern territories of Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)</a></div> <p>Most of the demographic and cultural outcome of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i></span> was terminated after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II">expulsion of Germans after World War II</a> east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse line"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oder-Neisse</i></span> line</a> in 1945–48 on the basis of decisions of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> were later justified by their beneficiaries as a rollback of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span>. "<a href="/wiki/Historical_Eastern_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Eastern Germany">Historical Eastern Germany</a>"—historically the land of the Baltic people called <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a> who had been colonized and assimilated by German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang Nach Osten</i></span>—was split between <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (a Baltic country) and repopulated with settlers of the respective ethnicities. The Old Prussians were conquered by the Teutonic Knights in the 13th century, and gradually assimilated over the following centuries; the <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian language</a> was extinct by the 17th or early 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cord_Meyer" title="Henry Cord Meyer">Henry Cord Meyer</a>, in his book "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span>: Fortunes of a Slogan-Concept in German–Slavic Relations, 1849–1990" claims that the slogan <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-Meyer_1996_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer_1996-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originated in the Slavic world, and it also was more widely used than in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer_1996_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer_1996-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drang_nach_Osten&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostforschung" title="Ostforschung">Ostforschung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Germany" title="Expulsion of Poles by Germany">Expulsion of Poles by Germany</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wehrbauer" title="Wehrbauer">Wehrbauer</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference_(March_31,_1917)" title="Berlin Conference (March 31, 1917)">Berlin Conference (March 31, 1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavophobia">Slavophobia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drang_nach_Osten&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Best_2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Best_2008_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Best_2008_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Best_2008_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich Best, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TSdHrfeowHMC"><i>Transgression as a Rule: German–Polish cross-border cooperation, border discourse and EU-enlargement</i></a>, 2008, p. 58, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3825806545" title="Special:BookSources/978-3825806545">978-3825806545</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osmańczyk_2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osmańczyk_2003_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osmańczyk_2003_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osmańczyk_2003_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmund Jan Osmańczyk, Anthony Mango, <i>Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements</i>, 2003, p. 579, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415939218" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415939218">978-0415939218</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerski_1996-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lerski_1996_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lerski_1996_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, <i>Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945</i>, 1996, p. 118, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313260070" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313260070">978-0313260070</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcin Zaborowski, <i>Germany, Poland and Europe</i>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wippermann-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wippermann_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">W. Wippermann, Der "deutsche Drang nach Osten": Ideologie und Wirklichkeit eines politischen Schlagwortes, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft</i></span>, 1981, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/event/Drang-nach-Osten">Drang nach Osten</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Haar" title="Ingo Haar">Ingo Haar</a>, <i>Historiker im Nationalsozialismus</i>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest2007" class="citation book cs1">Best, Ulrich (2007). "III.2.3. The moving Other: the 'Drang nach Osten'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TSdHrfeowHMC"><i>Transgression as a Rule: German-Polish Cross-border Cooperation, Border Discourse and EU-enlargement</i></a>. Volume 3 of Forum Politische Geographie. Berlin: LIT Verlag. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3825806545" title="Special:BookSources/978-3825806545"><bdi>978-3825806545</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2022</span>. <q>In 1896, a Polish encyclopedia defined 'Drang nach Osten': 'the drive of the Germans eastward to de-nationalise the Polish people' [...]. [...] In Poland, the slogan ties in with nationalist discourse that put the Polish nation in the role of a suffering nation, in particular at the hands of the German enemy. [...] It also responded to the situation in the Prussian-administered part of Poland, where in the later part of the 19th century Bismarck's policy of Germanisation was applied.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.2.3.+The+moving+Other%3A+the+%27Drang+nach+Osten%27&rft.btitle=Transgression+as+a+Rule%3A+German-Polish+Cross-border+Cooperation%2C+Border+Discourse+and+EU-enlargement&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Volume+3+of+Forum+Politische+Geographie&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3825806545&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTSdHrfeowHMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrang+nach+Osten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayes_1994-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes_1994_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes_1994_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bascom Barry Hayes, <i>Bismarck and Mitteleuropa</i>, 1994, p. 17, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0838635124" title="Special:BookSources/978-0838635124">978-0838635124</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Hitler, a chronology of his life and time</i>. Milan Hauner, Macmillan, 1983, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawaty_2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lawaty_2003_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawaty_2003_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Lawaty, Hubert Orłowski, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche und Polen: Geschichte, Kultur, Politik</i></span>, 2003, p. 34, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3406494369" title="Special:BookSources/978-3406494369">978-3406494369</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sze-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sze_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatalin_Szende" class="citation web cs1">Katalin Szende. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332981514">"Iure Theutonico ? German settlers and legal frameworks for immigration to Hungary in an East-Central European perspective"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iure+Theutonico+%3F+German+settlers+and+legal+frameworks+for+immigration+to+Hungary+in+an+East-Central+European+perspective&rft.au=Katalin+Szende&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F332981514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrang+nach+Osten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rösener1992-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rösener1992_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Rösener1992" class="citation book cs1">Werner Rösener (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w86ZAAAAIAAJ"><i>Agrarwirtschaft, Agrarverfassung und ländliche Gesellschaft im Mittelalter</i></a>. Oldenbourg. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3486550245" title="Special:BookSources/978-3486550245"><bdi>978-3486550245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agrarwirtschaft%2C+Agrarverfassung+und+l%C3%A4ndliche+Gesellschaft+im+Mittelalter&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3486550245&rft.au=Werner+R%C3%B6sener&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw86ZAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrang+nach+Osten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brzechczyn2009-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brzechczyn2009_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrzysztof_Brzechczyn2009" class="citation book cs1">Krzysztof Brzechczyn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4i5ZmD9CAgQC&pg=PA235"><i>Idealization XIII: Modeling in History</i></a>. Rodopi. pp. 235–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042028319" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042028319"><bdi>978-9042028319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idealization+XIII%3A+Modeling+in+History&rft.pages=235-&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9042028319&rft.au=Krzysztof+Brzechczyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4i5ZmD9CAgQC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrang+nach+Osten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FulbrookFulbrook2004-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FulbrookFulbrook2004_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_FulbrookProfessor_of_German_History_Mary_Fulbrook2004" class="citation book cs1">Mary Fulbrook; Professor of German History Mary Fulbrook (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFBu8ujJWzkC&pg=PA13"><i>A Concise History of Germany</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521540711" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521540711"><bdi>978-0521540711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Germany&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0521540711&rft.au=Mary+Fulbrook&rft.au=Professor+of+German+History+Mary+Fulbrook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFBu8ujJWzkC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrang+nach+Osten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wippermann, 1981, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Reuber, Anke Strüver, Günter Wolkersdorfer, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Politische Geographien Europas - Annäherungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt: Annäherungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt</i></span>, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3825865238" title="Special:BookSources/978-3825865238">978-3825865238</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Joseph Goldberg, <i>Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876</i>, pp. 233<i>ff</i>, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801438905" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801438905">978-0801438905</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlson, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Betoño2020" class="citation journal cs1">de Betoño, Fernández (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501150039/https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5117/511767145006/html/">"The Nazi anti-urban utopia: 'Generalplan Ost'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Mètode Science Studies Journal</i>. <b>10</b>: <span class="nowrap">165–</span>166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7203%2Fmetode.10.13009">10.7203/metode.10.13009</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10550%2F89373">10550/89373</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242269651">242269651</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5117/511767145006/html/">the original</a> on 1 May 2022 – via Universitat de Valencia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A8tode+Science+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Nazi+anti-urban+utopia%3A+%27Generalplan+Ost%27&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10550%2F89373&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242269651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7203%2Fmetode.10.13009&rft.aulast=de+Beto%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fjournal%2F5117%2F511767145006%2Fhtml%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrang+nach+Osten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeikart2009" class="citation book cs1">Weikart, Richard (2009). <i>Hitler's Ethic: The Nazi Pursuit of Evolutionary Progress</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349380732" title="Special:BookSources/978-1349380732"><bdi>978-1349380732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Ethic%3A+The+Nazi+Pursuit+of+Evolutionary+Progress&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1349380732&rft.aulast=Weikart&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrang+nach+Osten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Adam (2011). <i>Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">270–</span>271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415486187" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415486187"><bdi>978-0415486187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E270-%3C%2Fspan%3E271&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415486187&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrang+nach+Osten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel2022" class="citation book cs1">Rummel, Rudolph (2022). <i>Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder</i>. New York: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1560000044" title="Special:BookSources/978-1560000044"><bdi>978-1560000044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democide%3A+Nazi+Genocide+and+Mass+Murder&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1560000044&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrang+nach+Osten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarner2020" class="citation book cs1">Karner, Christian (2020). <i>Nationalism Revisited</i>. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1789204520" title="Special:BookSources/978-1789204520"><bdi>978-1789204520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+Revisited&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1789204520&rft.aulast=Karner&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrang+nach+Osten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüllerUeberschär2009" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Ueberschär, Gerd R. (2009). <i>Hitler's War in the East, 1941–1945</i>. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">243–</span>244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845455019" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845455019"><bdi>978-1845455019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+War+in+the+East%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1845455019&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Rolf-Dieter&rft.au=Uebersch%C3%A4r%2C+Gerd+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrang+nach+Osten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüllerUeberschär2009" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Ueberschär, Gerd R. (2009). <i>Hitler's War in the East, 1941–1945</i>. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845455019" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845455019"><bdi>978-1845455019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+War+in+the+East%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1845455019&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Rolf-Dieter&rft.au=Uebersch%C3%A4r%2C+Gerd+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrang+nach+Osten" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120527021449/http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm">Hitler's plans for Eastern Europe</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil_(British_diplomat)" title="Robert Cecil (British diplomat)">Robert Cecil</a>, <i>The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology</i> p. 190. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0396065775" title="Special:BookSources/0396065775">0396065775</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Cecil, <i>The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology</i> p. 191. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0396065775" title="Special:BookSources/0396065775">0396065775</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_H._Nicholas" title="Lynn H. Nicholas">Lynn H. Nicholas</a>, <i>Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web</i> pp. 206–209, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/067977663X" title="Special:BookSources/067977663X">067977663X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Richard Overy</a>, <i>The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia</i>, p. 543. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393020304" title="Special:BookSources/0393020304">0393020304</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer_1996-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_1996_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_1996_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=4569892242187">Hnet Review of</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627001651/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=4569892242187">Archived</a> 27 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Henry Cord Meyer. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drang nach Osten</i></span>: Fortunes of a Slogan-Concept in German–Slavic Relations, 1849–1990</i>. Bern: Peter Lang, 1996. 142 pp. Notes and index. (paper), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3906755939" title="Special:BookSources/978-3906755939">978-3906755939</a>. Reviewed by Douglas Selvage , Yale University.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drang_nach_Osten&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlsonJohn_Richie_Schultz1937" class="citation journal cs1">Carlson, Harold G.; John Richie Schultz (October 1937). "Loan-Words from German". <i>American Speech</i>. <b>12</b> (3). American Speech, Vol. 12, No. 3: <span class="nowrap">232–</span>234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F452436">10.2307/452436</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/452436">452436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=Loan-Words+from+German&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E232-%3C%2Fspan%3E234&rft.date=1937-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F452436&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F452436%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Harold+G.&rft.au=John+Richie+Schultz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrang+nach+Osten" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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