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mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B3%E1%89%B3:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%A9:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%A9:MyTalk" title="ለቁ. አድራሻዎ የውይይት ገጽ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>የኔ ውይይት</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var 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id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-የብርሃን_ጸባዮች፣_ምንጮችና_ፋይዳዎች" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የብርሃን_ጸባዮች፣_ምንጮችና_ፋይዳዎች"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>የብርሃን ጸባዮች፣ ምንጮችና ፋይዳዎች</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-የብርሃን_ጸባዮች፣_ምንጮችና_ፋይዳዎች-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle የብርሃን ጸባዮች፣ ምንጮችና ፋይዳዎች subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-የብርሃን_ጸባዮች፣_ምንጮችና_ፋይዳዎች-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-የብርሃን_ፍጥነት" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የብርሃን_ፍጥነት"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>የብርሃን ፍጥነት</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የብርሃን_ፍጥነት-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-የብርሃን_የጉዞ_አቅጣጫ_መቀየር" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የብርሃን_የጉዞ_አቅጣጫ_መቀየር"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>የብርሃን የጉዞ አቅጣጫ መ<b>ቀ</b>የር</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የብርሃን_የጉዞ_አቅጣጫ_መቀየር-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-መንጸባረቅ_(ሪፍሌክሽን)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#መንጸባረቅ_(ሪፍሌክሽን)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>መንጸባረቅ (ሪፍሌክሽን)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-መንጸባረቅ_(ሪፍሌክሽን)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ስብረት_(ሬፍራክሽን)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ስብረት_(ሬፍራክሽን)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>ስብረት (ሬፍራክሽን)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ስብረት_(ሬፍራክሽን)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-መወላገድ_(ዲፍራክሽን)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#መወላገድ_(ዲፍራክሽን)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>መወላገድ (ዲፍራክሽን)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-መወላገድ_(ዲፍራክሽን)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-መጠላለፍ_(ኢንተርፌረንስ)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#መጠላለፍ_(ኢንተርፌረንስ)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>መጠላለፍ (ኢንተርፌረንስ)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-መጠላለፍ_(ኢንተርፌረንስ)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-መዋልት_(ፖላራይዜሽን)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#መዋልት_(ፖላራይዜሽን)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>መዋልት (ፖላራይዜሽን)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-መዋልት_(ፖላራይዜሽን)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-የብርሃን_ግፊት" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የብርሃን_ግፊት"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>የብርሃን ግፊት</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የብርሃን_ግፊት-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ብርሃንና_የኬሚካል_ፋይዳው" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ብርሃንና_የኬሚካል_ፋይዳው"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>ብርሃንና የኬሚካል ፋይዳው</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ብርሃንና_የኬሚካል_ፋይዳው-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-የብርሃን_ምንጮች" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የብርሃን_ምንጮች"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>የብርሃን ምንጮች</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የብርሃን_ምንጮች-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ለመሆኑ_ብርሃን_ምንድን_ነው??_ስለብርሃን_የተሰነዘሩ_ኅልዮቶች_በየዘመኑ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ለመሆኑ_ብርሃን_ምንድን_ነው??_ስለብርሃን_የተሰነዘሩ_ኅልዮቶች_በየዘመኑ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><b>ለመሆኑ ብርሃን ምንድን ነው??</b> ስለብርሃን የተሰነዘሩ ኅልዮቶች በየዘመኑ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ለመሆኑ_ብርሃን_ምንድን_ነው??_ስለብርሃን_የተሰነዘሩ_ኅልዮቶች_በየዘመኑ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <b>ለመሆኑ ብርሃን ምንድን ነው??</b> ስለብርሃን የተሰነዘሩ ኅልዮቶች በየዘመኑ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ለመሆኑ_ብርሃን_ምንድን_ነው??_ስለብርሃን_የተሰነዘሩ_ኅልዮቶች_በየዘመኑ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ጥንታዊት_ሕንድ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ጥንታዊት_ሕንድ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>ጥንታዊት ሕንድ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ጥንታዊት_ሕንድ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ጥንታዊት_ግሪክ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ጥንታዊት_ግሪክ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>ጥንታዊት ግሪክ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ጥንታዊት_ግሪክ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-አካላዊ_ኅልዮት_(ዘመናዊ)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#አካላዊ_ኅልዮት_(ዘመናዊ)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>አካላዊ ኅልዮት (ዘመናዊ)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-አካላዊ_ኅልዮት_(ዘመናዊ)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-እኑስ_ኅልዮት" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#እኑስ_ኅልዮት"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>እኑስ ኅልዮት</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-እኑስ_ኅልዮት-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ሞገዳዊ_ኅልዮት" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ሞገዳዊ_ኅልዮት"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>ሞገዳዊ ኅልዮት</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ሞገዳዊ_ኅልዮት-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ኮረንቲና_መግነጢስ_(ኤሌክትሮማግኔቲክ)_ኅልዮት" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ኮረንቲና_መግነጢስ_(ኤሌክትሮማግኔቲክ)_ኅልዮት"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>ኮረንቲና መግነጢስ (ኤሌክትሮማግኔቲክ) ኅልዮት</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ኮረንቲና_መግነጢስ_(ኤሌክትሮማግኔቲክ)_ኅልዮት-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ልዩ_አንጻርዊ_ኅልዮት" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ልዩ_አንጻርዊ_ኅልዮት"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>ልዩ አንጻርዊ ኅልዮት</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ልዩ_አንጻርዊ_ኅልዮት-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-የእኑስ_ኅልዮት_እንደገና_ማንሰራራት" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የእኑስ_ኅልዮት_እንደገና_ማንሰራራት"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>የእኑስ ኅልዮት እንደገና ማንሰራራት</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የእኑስ_ኅልዮት_እንደገና_ማንሰራራት-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ኳንተም_ኅልዮት" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ኳንተም_ኅልዮት"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>ኳንተም ኅልዮት</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ኳንተም_ኅልዮት-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-የእኑስ_ሞገድ_ሁለትዮሽ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#የእኑስ_ሞገድ_ሁለትዮሽ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>የእኑስ ሞገድ ሁለትዮሽ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-የእኑስ_ሞገድ_ሁለትዮሽ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ኳንተም_ሥነ_ኤሌክትሮ-እንቅስቃሴ_(ኤሌክትሮዳይናሚክስ)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ኳንተም_ሥነ_ኤሌክትሮ-እንቅስቃሴ_(ኤሌክትሮዳይናሚክስ)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>ኳንተም ሥነ ኤሌክትሮ-እንቅስቃሴ (ኤሌክትሮዳይናሚክስ)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ኳንተም_ሥነ_ኤሌክትሮ-እንቅስቃሴ_(ኤሌክትሮዳይናሚክስ)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ማጣቀሻ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ማጣቀሻ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>ማጣቀሻ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ማጣቀሻ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ብርሃን</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 180 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-180" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">180 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lig" title="Lig – አፍሪካንኛ" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="አፍሪካንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licht" title="Licht – ስዊዝ ጀርመንኛ" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Licht" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="ስዊዝ ጀርመንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz" title="Luz – አራጎንስ" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luz" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="አራጎንስ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A1" title="ضوء – ዓረብኛ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضوء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ዓረብኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%97%DC%AA%DC%90_(%DC%9A%DC%99%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܢܘܗܪܐ (ܚܙܝܬܐ) – አራማይክ" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܘܗܪܐ (ܚܙܝܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="አራማይክ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7" title="شعا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شعا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="النور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="النور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%B0" title="পোহৰ – አሳሜዛዊ" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পোহৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="አሳሜዛዊ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluz" title="Lluz – አስቱሪያን" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lluz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="አስቱሪያን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qhana" title="Qhana – አያማርኛ" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qhana" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="አያማርኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F%C4%B1q" title="İşıq – አዘርባጃንኛ" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İşıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="አዘርባጃንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%82" title="ایشیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایشیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Яҡтылыҡ – ባስኪርኛ" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яҡтылыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="ባስኪርኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liacht" title="Liacht – ባቫሪያን" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Liacht" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="ባቫሪያን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C4%97isa" title="Švėisa – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Švėisa" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwanag" title="Liwanag – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Liwanag" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Святло – ቤላራሻኛ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Святло" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ቤላራሻኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Сьвятло – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьвятло" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Светлина – ቡልጋሪኛ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Светлина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ቡልጋሪኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B" title="আলো – ቤንጋሊኛ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ቤንጋሊኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="འོད། – ቲቤታንኛ" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འོད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="ቲቤታንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulo%C3%B9" title="Gouloù – ብሬቶንኛ" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouloù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ብሬቶንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost – ቦስኒያንኛ" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svjetlost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ቦስኒያንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llum" title="Llum – ካታላንኛ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ካታላንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C5%8Fng" title="Guŏng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Guŏng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahayag" title="Kahayag – ካቡዋኖ" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kahayag" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="ካቡዋኖ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%A2" title="ᎢᎦᎢ – ቼሮኬኛ" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᎦᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="ቼሮኬኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ڕووناکی – የሶራኒ ኩርድኛ" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕووناکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="የሶራኒ ኩርድኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btlo" title="Světlo – ቼክኛ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Světlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ቼክኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%82%C4%83" title="Çутă – ቹቫሽ" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çутă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ቹቫሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goleuni" title="Goleuni – ወልሽ" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Goleuni" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ወልሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys" title="Lys – ዴኒሽ" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lys" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ዴኒሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neesim" title="Neesim – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Neesim" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licht" title="Licht – ጀርመንኛ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Licht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ጀርመንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naau" title="Naau – ሴንተራል ዱሰን" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Naau" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="ሴንተራል ዱሰን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%82" title="Φως – ግሪክኛ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φως" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ግሪክኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light" title="Light – እንግሊዝኛ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Light" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="እንግሊዝኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumo" title="Lumo – ኤስፐራንቶ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ኤስፐራንቶ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz" title="Luz – ስፓኒሽ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ስፓኒሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgus" title="Valgus – ኢስቶኒያንኛ" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valgus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ኢስቶኒያንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argi" title="Argi – ባስክኛ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Argi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ባስክኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lus" title="Lus – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lus" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نور – ፐርሺያኛ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ፐርሺያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valo" title="Valo – ፊኒሽ" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ፊኒሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgus" title="Valgus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Valgus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarama" title="Rarama – ፊጂኛ" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Rarama" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="ፊጂኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Lumière – ፈረንሳይኛ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lumière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ፈረንሳይኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laacht" title="Laacht – ሰሜናዊ ፍሪስያን" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Laacht" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ሰሜናዊ ፍሪስያን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljocht" title="Ljocht – ምዕራባዊ ፍሪሲኛ" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ljocht" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="ምዕራባዊ ፍሪሲኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solas" title="Solas – አይሪሽ" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Solas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="አይሪሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光 – ጋን ቻይንኛ" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="光" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="ጋን ቻይንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limy%C3%A8" title="Limyè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Limyè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz" title="Luz – ጋሊሽያዊ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Luz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ጋሊሽያዊ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesape" title="Tesape – ጓራኒኛ" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tesape" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="ጓራኒኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="उजवाड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उजवाड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6" title="પ્રકાશ – ጉጃርቲኛ" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રકાશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="ጉጃርቲኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haske" title="Haske – ሃውሳኛ" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Haske" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="ሃውሳኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אור – ዕብራይስጥ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ዕብራይስጥ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6" title="प्रकाश – ሒንዱኛ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ሒንዱኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakaas" title="Prakaas – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Prakaas" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost – ክሮሽያንኛ" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svjetlost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ክሮሽያንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limy%C3%A8" title="Limyè – ሃይትኛ ክሮሌ" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Limyè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="ሃይትኛ ክሮሌ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9ny" title="Fény – ሀንጋሪኛ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ሀንጋሪኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD" title="Լույս – አርመናዊ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լույս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="አርመናዊ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%BD" title="Լոյս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լոյս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumine" title="Lumine – ኢንቴርሊንጓ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lumine" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ኢንቴርሊንጓ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penampak" title="Penampak – ኢባን" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Penampak" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ኢባን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahaya" title="Cahaya – ኢንዶኔዥያኛ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cahaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ኢንዶኔዥያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAmine" title="Lúmine – እንተርሊንግወ" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Lúmine" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="እንተርሊንግወ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawag" title="Lawag – ኢሎኮ" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Lawag" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ኢሎኮ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Сердало – ኢንጉሽ" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Сердало" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ኢንጉሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumo" title="Lumo – ኢዶ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lumo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ኢዶ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3s" title="Ljós – አይስላንድኛ" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljós" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="አይስላንድኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luce" title="Luce – ጣሊያንኛ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Luce" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ጣሊያንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光 – ጃፓንኛ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ጃፓንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lait" title="Lait – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Lait" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/gusni" title="gusni – ሎጅባን" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="gusni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ሎጅባን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahya" title="Cahya – ጃቫኒዝ" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cahya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ጃቫኒዝ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="სინათლე – ጆርጂያዊ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინათლე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ጆርጂያዊ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafat" title="Tafat – ካብይል" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafat" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="ካብይል" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Жарық – ካዛክኛ" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жарық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="ካዛክኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BA" title="ពន្លឺ – ክመር" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពន្លឺ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="ክመር" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81" title="ಬೆಳಕು – ካናዳ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆಳಕು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="ካናዳ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%9B" title="빛 – ኮሪያኛ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빛" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ኮሪያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="گاش – ካሽሚርኛ" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گاش" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="ካሽሚርኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronah%C3%AE_(fiz%C3%AEk)" title="Ronahî (fizîk) – ኩርድሽ" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ronahî (fizîk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="ኩርድሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Жарык – ክይርግይዝ" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жарык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="ክይርግይዝ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux" title="Lux – ላቲንኛ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lux" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ላቲንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liicht" title="Liicht – ሉክሰምበርግኛ" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Liicht" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ሉክሰምበርግኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lus" title="Lus – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lus" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekitangaala" title="Ekitangaala – ጋንዳኛ" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ekitangaala" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ጋንዳኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8ch" title="Lèch – ሊምቡርጊሽ" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lèch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="ሊምቡርጊሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxe" title="Luxe – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Luxe" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCs" title="Lüs – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lüs" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0viesa" title="Šviesa – ሉቴንያንኛ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šviesa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ሉቴንያንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaisma" title="Gaisma – ላትቪያን" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gaisma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ላትቪያን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahazavana" title="Fahazavana – ማላጋስይ" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahazavana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ማላጋስይ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahayo" title="Cahayo – ሚናንግካባኡ" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Cahayo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="ሚናንግካባኡ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Светлина – ሜቄዶንኛ" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Светлина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="ሜቄዶንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രകാശം – ማላያላም" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകാശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="ማላያላም" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Гэрэл – ሞንጎሊያኛ" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гэрэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="ሞንጎሊያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6" title="प्रकाश – ማራቲ" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रकाश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="ማራቲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahaya" title="Cahaya – ማላይ" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cahaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ማላይ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%A7" title="Luç – ሚራንዴዝ" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Luç" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="ሚራንዴዝ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အလင်း – ቡርማኛ" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ቡርማኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88" title="سو – ማዛንደራኒ" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="ማዛንደራኒ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tl%C4%81hu%C4%ABlli" title="Tlāhuīlli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlāhuīlli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luce" title="Luce – ኒአፖሊታን" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Luce" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="ኒአፖሊታን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licht" title="Licht – የታችኛው ጀርመንኛ" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Licht" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="የታችኛው ጀርመንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locht_(straoling)" title="Locht (straoling) – የታችኛው ሳክሰን" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Locht (straoling)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="የታችኛው ሳክሰን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6" title="प्रकाश – ኔፓሊኛ" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रकाश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="ኔፓሊኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%83" title="जः – ኒዋሪ(ኔፓል)" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="ኒዋሪ(ኔፓል)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licht" title="Licht – ደች" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Licht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ደች" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys" title="Lys – የኖርዌይ ናይኖርስክ" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lys" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="የኖርዌይ ናይኖርስክ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys" title="Lys – የኖርዌይ ቦክማል" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lys" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="የኖርዌይ ቦክማል" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lume" title="Lume – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Lume" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumyire" title="Lumyire – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Lumyire" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz" title="Lutz – ኦሲታን" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lutz" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ኦሲታን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifa" title="Ifa – ኦሮሚኛ" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ifa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="ኦሮሚኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%95" title="ଆଲୋକ – ኦዲያ" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲୋକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ኦዲያ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ – ፑንጃብኛ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="ፑንጃብኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licht" title="Licht – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Licht" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awiat%C5%82o" title="Światło – ፖሊሽ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Światło" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ፖሊሽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lus" title="Lus – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lus" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DD%A8" title="چانݨ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چانݨ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz" title="Luz – ፖርቹጋልኛ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ፖርቹጋልኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achkiy" title="Achkiy – ኩዌቹዋ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Achkiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ኩዌቹዋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumin%C4%83" title="Lumină – ሮማኒያኛ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lumină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ሮማኒያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C5%84in%C3%A2" title="Luńinâ – አሮማንያን" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Luńinâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="አሮማንያን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%86" title="Шветлосц – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Шветлосц" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Свет – ራሽያኛ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ራሽያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Світло – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Світло" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="द्युतिशक्तिः – ሳንስክሪት" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="द्युतिशक्तिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="ሳንስክሪት" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Сырдык – ሳክሃ" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сырдык" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="ሳክሃ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ – ሳንታሊ" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="ሳንታሊ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luci" title="Luci – ሲሲሊያንኛ" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Luci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="ሲሲሊያንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licht" title="Licht – ስኮትስ" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Licht" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="ስኮትስ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A" title="روشني – ሲንዲ" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="روشني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="ሲንዲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlost" title="Svetlost – ሰርቦ-ክሮኤሽያኛ" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svetlost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="ሰርቦ-ክሮኤሽያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA" title="ආලෝකය – ሲንሃላ" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආලෝකය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="ሲንሃላ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light" title="Light – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Light" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidite%C4%BEn%C3%A9_svetlo" title="Viditeľné svetlo – ስሎቫክኛ" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Viditeľné svetlo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="ስሎቫክኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetloba" title="Svetloba – ስሎቬንኛ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svetloba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="ስሎቬንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiedza" title="Chiedza – ሾና" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chiedza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="ሾና" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileys" title="Ileys – ሱማልኛ" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ileys" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="ሱማልኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drita" title="Drita – አልባንያንኛ" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Drita" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="አልባንያንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Светлост – ሰርብያኛ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Светлост" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ሰርብያኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucht" title="Lucht – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Lucht" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahya" title="Cahya – ሱዳንኛ" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cahya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="ሱዳንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljus" title="Ljus – ስዊድንኛ" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ljus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ስዊድንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuru" title="Nuru – ስዋሂሊኛ" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nuru" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="ስዋሂሊኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awiat%C5%82o" title="Światło – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Światło" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="ஒளி – ታሚል" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ታሚል" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="కాంతి – ተሉጉ" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాంతి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="ተሉጉ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87" title="แสง – ታይ" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แสง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ታይ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwanag" title="Liwanag – ታጋሎገኛ" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Liwanag" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ታጋሎገኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1k" title="Işık – ቱርክኛ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Işık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ቱርክኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoningo" title="Rivoningo – ጾንጋ" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Rivoningo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="ጾንጋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Яктылык – ታታር" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яктылык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="ታታር" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Чырык – ቱቪንያንኛ" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чырык" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="ቱቪንያንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Югыт – ኡድሙርት" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Югыт" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="ኡድሙርት" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Світло – ዩክሬንኛ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Світло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ዩክሬንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%DB%8C" title="روشنی – ኡርዱኛ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روشنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ኡርዱኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorug%CA%BBlik" title="Yorugʻlik – ኡዝቤክኛ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yorugʻlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ኡዝቤክኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uze" title="Łuze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łuze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauktuz" title="Vauktuz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vauktuz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nh_s%C3%A1ng" title="Ánh sáng – ቪየትናምኛ" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ánh sáng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ቪየትናምኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit" title="Lit – ቮላፑክኛ" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lit" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="ቮላፑክኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loumire" title="Loumire – ዋሎን" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Loumire" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="ዋሎን" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamrag" title="Lamrag – ዋራይ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lamrag" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ዋራይ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光 – ዉ ቻይንኛ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ዉ ቻይንኛ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Light_beams_in_smoke03.jpg/400px-Light_beams_in_smoke03.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Light_beams_in_smoke03.jpg/600px-Light_beams_in_smoke03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Light_beams_in_smoke03.jpg/800px-Light_beams_in_smoke03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%80%E1%88%90%E1%8B%AD" title="ፀሐይ">ፀሐይ</a> ብርሃን ጨረሮች ከምድር በሚተን የውሃ እንፋሎት እንደሚንፀባረቁና በዛፍ ቅርንጫፎች እንደሚሽሎኮለኩ</figcaption></figure> <p><b>ብርሃን</b> ነገሮች በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ዓይን">ዓይን</a> እንዲታዩ የሚያደርግ የተፈጥሮ <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5" title="ሞገድ">ሞገድ</a> ነው። የብርሃን ሞገድ ከኤሌክትሪክ እና ከመግነጢስ የተሰራ ስለሆነ ሞገዱ የ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AE%E1%88%98%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%A2%E1%88%B5_%E1%8C%A8%E1%88%A8%E1%88%AB" title="ኤሌክትሮመግነጢስ ጨረራ">ኤሌክትሮመግነጢስ ጨረራ</a> ይባላል። ይሁንና፣ የኤሌክትሮመግነጢስ ጨረራ ብርሃንን ብቻ ሳይሆን የብርሃንን ታናናሽና ታላላቅ ወንድሞች ሳይቀር ያፈልቃል። ከብርሃን ታናናሽ ወንድሞች፣ <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%AE_%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5" title="ራዲዮ ሞገድ">ሬዲዮ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ራዳር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ራዳር</a> እና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%B3%E1%88%85%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%AD_%E1%89%80%E1%8B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ታህታይ ቀይ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ታህታይ ቀይ</a> ይገኙበታል። ታላላቅ ወንድሞቹ ቢባል፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AD_%E1%8B%88%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95_%E1%8C%A0%E1%8C%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ላዕላይ ወይን ጠጅ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ላዕላይ ወይን ጠጅ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5_%E1%8C%A8%E1%88%A8%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኤክስ ጨረር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኤክስ ሬይ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%9B_%E1%8C%A8%E1%88%A8%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጋማ ጨረር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጋማ ጨረር</a> ይገኛሉ። እነዚህ የብርሃን ወንድሞች በተፈጥሯቸው ከብርሃን ጋር አንድ ቢሆኑም ፣ የሰው <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ዓይን">ዓይን</a> ሊያያቸው ስለማይችል ብርሃን አይባሉም። ሆኖም ግን አንድ አንድ እንስሳት እነዚህን ሞገዶች መመልከት ይችላላሉ። ለምሳሌ ታህታይ ቀይ የሚባለው የብርሃን ታናሽ ወንድም፣ ለሰዎች እንደ ሙቀት ሆኖ ይሰማል። ለምሳሌ የፀሐይ መሞቅ ከምትተፋው የታህታይ ቀይ ጨረራ ይመነጫል። በበረሃ የሚንከላዎሱ እባቦች ይህን ሞገድ በአይናቸው መመልከት ስለሚችሉ፣ ሙቀት ያለውን ማንኛውንም ነገር በጭለማ ሳይቀር ማየት ይችላሉ። ንቦች በተቃራኒ፣ የሰው ልጅ እማያየውን <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AD_%E1%8B%88%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95_%E1%8C%A0%E1%8C%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ላዕላይ ወይን ጠጅ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ላዕላይ ወይን ጠጅ</a> ሞገድ በዓይናቸው ማየት ስለሚችሉ፣ አበቦች ለንቦች ከሰው ልጅ የተለየ መልክና መልዕክት ያስተላልፋሉ። </p><p>ብርሃን ሞገድ ብቻ ሳይሆን፣ እንደሌሎቹ ጨረራዎች የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%93_%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%91%E1%88%B5_%E1%88%81%E1%88%88%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%88%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሞገድና እኑስ ሁለትዮሽ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሞገድና እኑስ ሁለትዮሽ</a>ተፈጥሮን አዋህዶ የያዘ ነው። ስለዚህና ስለመሳሰሉት መሰረታዊ የብርሃን ባህርያት የሚያጠናው የዕውቀት ዘርፍ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሥነ ብርሃን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሥነ ብርሃን</a> (ኦፕቲክስ) በመባል ይታወቃል። <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B0%E1%8D%88%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%AE_%E1%88%85%E1%8C%8D%E1%8C%8B%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="የተፈጥሮ ህግጋት ጥናት">የተፈጥሮ ህግጋት ጥናት</a> (ፊዚክስ) ምርምር ዋና ክፍል ነው። </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="የብርሃን_ጸባዮች፣_ምንጮችና_ፋይዳዎች"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.89.A5.E1.88.AD.E1.88.83.E1.8A.95_.E1.8C.B8.E1.89.A3.E1.8B.AE.E1.89.BD.E1.8D.A3_.E1.88.9D.E1.8A.95.E1.8C.AE.E1.89.BD.E1.8A.93_.E1.8D.8B.E1.8B.AD.E1.8B.B3.E1.8B.8E.E1.89.BD"></span>የብርሃን ጸባዮች፣ ምንጮችና ፋይዳዎች</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=1" title="የብርሃን ጸባዮች፣ ምንጮችና ፋይዳዎች ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: የብርሃን ጸባዮች፣ ምንጮችና ፋይዳዎች"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="የብርሃን_ፍጥነት"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.89.A5.E1.88.AD.E1.88.83.E1.8A.95_.E1.8D.8D.E1.8C.A5.E1.8A.90.E1.89.B5"></span>የብርሃን ፍጥነት</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=2" title="የብርሃን ፍጥነት ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: የብርሃን ፍጥነት"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small><i><a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%8D%8D%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="የብርሃን ፍጥነት">የብርሃን ፍጥነት</a></i></small><br /> ብርሃን በመቅጽበት ከአንድ ቦታ ወደ ሌላ ቦታ አይጓዝም። ይልቁኑ ብርሃን የሚጓዘው በከፍተኛ፣ ነገር ግን ውሱን <a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ፍጥነት">ፍጥነት</a> ነው። ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ የብርሃንን ፍጥነት በተሳካ ሁኔታ የለካው <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%AE%E1%88%98%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሮመር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሮመር</a> የተባለ የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%B4%E1%8A%95%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD" title="ዴንማርክ">ዴንማርክ</a> ሰው ሲሆን ይህም በ1676 ዓ.ም. ነበር። ከርሱ በኋላ የተነሱ ሳይንቲስቶች፣ በተሻሻለ መንገድ ፍጥነቱን ለክተዋል። በአሁኑ ዘመን የሚሰራበት የብርሃን የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%8A%93" title="ኦና">ኦና</a> ውስጥ ፍጥነት 299,792,458 ሜትር በሰከንድ ነው<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>። በሌላ አነጋገር አንድ የብርሃን ጨረር በያንዳንዷ ሰከንድ ወደ ሶስት መቶ ሚሊዮን <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9C%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AD" title="ሜትር">ሜትር</a> የሚጠጋ ርቀት ይጓዛል። ይህ የጠፈር ውስጥ ፍጥነት በ <i><b>c</b></i> ምልከት ሲወከል፣ ለ<a href="/wiki/%E1%89%B0%E1%8D%88%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%AE_%E1%88%85%E1%8C%8D%E1%8C%8B%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ተፈጥሮ ህግጋት ጥናት">ተፈጥሮ ህግጋት ጥናት</a> ከፍተኛ ፋይዳ ያለው የተፈጥሮ ቋሚ ቁጥር ነው። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Speed_of_light_from_Earth_to_Moon.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Speed_of_light_from_Earth_to_Moon.gif/600px-Speed_of_light_from_Earth_to_Moon.gif" decoding="async" width="600" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Speed_of_light_from_Earth_to_Moon.gif/900px-Speed_of_light_from_Earth_to_Moon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Speed_of_light_from_Earth_to_Moon.gif 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="92" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E1%89%A2%E1%8C%AB" title="ቢጫ">ቢጫ</a>ው መስመር አንድ የብርሃን ጨረር ከ<a href="/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%AC%E1%89%B5" title="መሬት">መሬት</a> ተነስቶ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%A8%E1%88%A8%E1%89%83" title="ጨረቃ">ጨረቃ</a> ለመድረስ ከመቅጽበት ሳይሆን 1.29 ሴኮንድ እንደሚወስድ በትክክል ያሳያል</figcaption></figure> <p>ብርሃን፣ ከኦና ወጥቶ በቁስ አካል ውስጥ (ለምሳሌ በአየር ውስጥ) ሲጓዝ ፍጥነቱ ይቀንሳል። የዚህ ቀስተኛ ፍጥነት መጠን በቁሱ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ዳይኤሌክትሪክ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ዳይኤሌክትሪክ</a> ባህርይና በብርሃኑ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%85%E1%88%9D" title="አቅም">አቅም</a> ይወሰናል። ብርሃን ኦና ውስጥ ያለው ፍጥነት <b>c</b>በአንድ ቁስ ውስጥ ላለው ፍጥነቱ ሲካፈል ውጤቱ የዚያ ቁስ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B5%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%89%B5_%E1%8B%8D%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ስብራት ውድር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ስብራት ውድር</a> ይባላል። በሒሳብ ቋንቋ ሲጻፍ፦ </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n={\frac {c}{v}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>c</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n={\frac {c}{v}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33da8c421d52a437e59e6726572ed6d09cb6f3e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.457ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n={\frac {c}{v}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>እዚህ ላይ n = የቁሱ የስብራት ውድር ሲሆን፣ v ደግሞ በቁሱ ውስጥ ያለው የብርሃን ፍጥነት ነው። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="የብርሃን_የጉዞ_አቅጣጫ_መቀየር"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.89.A5.E1.88.AD.E1.88.83.E1.8A.95_.E1.8B.A8.E1.8C.89.E1.8B.9E_.E1.8A.A0.E1.89.85.E1.8C.A3.E1.8C.AB_.E1.88.98.E1.89.80.E1.8B.A8.E1.88.AD"></span>የብርሃን የጉዞ አቅጣጫ መ<b>ቀ</b>የር</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=3" title="የብርሃን የጉዞ አቅጣጫ መቀየር ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: የብርሃን የጉዞ አቅጣጫ መቀየር"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ብርሃን በቀጥተኛ መንገድ እንደሚጓዝ ከጥንት ጀምሮ የታዎቀ ሃቅ ነው። ደግሞም የብርሃን ቀጥተኛ ጉዞ አልፎ አልፎ ሊስተጓጎል እንደሚችል ሌላው የሚታዎቅ ሃቅ ነው። ብርሃን የሚጓዝበትን አቅጣጫ በሦስት መንገዶች ይቀይራል፦ እነርሱም <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%B8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የብርሃን ነጸብራል (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">በመንጸባረቅ</a>፣ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%B5%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5" title="የብርሃን ስብረት">በመሰበር</a> እና <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%8B%88%E1%88%8B%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5" title="የብርሃን መወላገድ">በመወላገድ</a> ናቸው። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:F%C3%A9nyvisszaver%C5%91d%C3%A9s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/F%C3%A9nyvisszaver%C5%91d%C3%A9s.jpg/200px-F%C3%A9nyvisszaver%C5%91d%C3%A9s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/F%C3%A9nyvisszaver%C5%91d%C3%A9s.jpg/300px-F%C3%A9nyvisszaver%C5%91d%C3%A9s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/F%C3%A9nyvisszaver%C5%91d%C3%A9s.jpg/400px-F%C3%A9nyvisszaver%C5%91d%C3%A9s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>ብርሃን በመስታወት ሲንጸባረቅ። የብርሃኑን መግቢያ ማዕዘንና መውጫ ማዕዘን ያስተውሉ</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="መንጸባረቅ_(ሪፍሌክሽን)"><span id=".E1.88.98.E1.8A.95.E1.8C.B8.E1.89.A3.E1.88.A8.E1.89.85_.28.E1.88.AA.E1.8D.8D.E1.88.8C.E1.8A.AD.E1.88.BD.E1.8A.95.29"></span>መንጸባረቅ (ሪፍሌክሽን)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=4" title="መንጸባረቅ (ሪፍሌክሽን) ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: መንጸባረቅ (ሪፍሌክሽን)"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small><i><a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%B8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%89%85" title="የብርሃን ነጸብራቅ">የብርሃን ነጸብራቅ</a></i></small><br /> ብርሃን አንድ ቁስን ሲመታ የቁሱ አተሞች የተወሰነውን ብርሃን ውጠው የተቀረውን መልሰው በተለያየ አቅጣጫ ወደ ውጭ ይረጫሉ። ይህ ጉዳይ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%89%A0%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የብርሃን መበተን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የብርሃን መበተን</a> ይሰኛል። ቁስ ነገሮች የመታየታቸው ምስጢር ከዚህ የብርሃናዊ መፍካት አንጻር ነው። ከነዚህ ቁሶች በተለየ መልኩ፣ እንደ መስታውት ያሉ፣ ገጽታቸው ልስልስ የሆኑ አካላት፣ ብርሃን ከገጽታቸው ሲንጸባረቅ በሚነሳው የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5_%E1%88%98%E1%8C%A0%E1%88%8B%E1%88%88%E1%8D%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሞገድ መጠላለፍ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሞገድ መጠላለፍ</a> ምክንያት አብዛኛው የሚፈካው ጨረራ እርስ በርሱ ይጣፋል። በዚህ መጠፋፋት ወቅት ጸንቶ የሚቀረው፣ ብርሃኑ በአረፈበት ማዕዘን ትክክል ተገልብጦ ያለው የሞገድ ስብስብ ብቻ ነው፣ ይኸውም <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%90%E1%8D%80%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%89%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የብርሃን ነፀብራቅ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የብርሃን ነፀብራቅ</a> ይሰኛል። በሌላ አባባል፣ ብርሃን አንድ ገጽታ ላይ ሲያርፍ እና ሲንጸባረቅ በነጸብራቁና በመጤው ጨረር መካከል ያለው ማዕዘን ከሁለት እኩል ቦታ ይከፈላል፣ የሚያካፍላቸውም የገጽታው <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8C%A4_%E1%8A%90%E1%8A%AD" title="ቀጤ ነክ">ቀጤ ነክ</a> ነው። </p><p>ከዚህ በተጨማሪ በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%B5%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5" title="የብርሃን ስብረት">ብርሃን ስ<b>ብ</b>ረት</a> አማካይነት ብርሃን ሊንጸባረቅ ይችላል። ይህ የሚሆነው አንድ የብርሃን ጨረር ያለበትን አካል ለማምለጥ ያለው ፍጥነት በቂ ሆኖ ሳይገኝ ሲቀር ነው። ጨረሩ የቁሱን ድንበር ከተወሰነ ማዕዘን በላይ በሆነ አቅጣጫ ሲመታ በጣም ከመሰበሩ የተነሳ ተመልሶ ወደ ቁሱ ይንጸባረቃል። ይህም <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%A0%E1%89%83%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AD_%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%A3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%B8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%89%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አጠቃላይ ውስጣዊ ነጸብራቅ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አጠቃላይ ውስጣዊ ነጸብራቅ</a> እሚባለው ነው። የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አልማዝ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አልማዝ</a> ፈርጦች መጭለቅለቅ ከዚህ የተነሳ ነው። </p><p>ብርሃን በዘፈቀደ ሲንጸባረቅ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%89%A0%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የብርሃን መበተን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ተበተነ</a>ይባላል። እንደ መስታዎት ነጸብራቅ አቅጣጫን የተከተለ ሳይሆን እንደ ግድግዳ መፍካት ወይንም እንደብርሃን ጸዳል በሚተን ውሃ ውስጥ መፍካት ነው። የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%AD" title="ሰማይ">ሰማይ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%AB%E1%8B%8A" title="ሰማያዊ">ሰማያዊ</a> ቀለም የሚመነጨው ብርሃን በከባቢ አየር ስለሚበተን ነው። የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%98%E1%8A%93" title="ደመና">ደመና</a> እና <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%89%B0%E1%89%B5" title="ወተት">ወተት</a> ነጭነት እንዲሁ ብርሃን በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%83" title="ውሃ">ውሃ</a> እና በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ካልሲየም">ካልሲየም</a> ስለተበተነ ነው። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg/200px-F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg/300px-F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg/400px-F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>ብርሃን ከአየር ወደ ብርጭቆ ስባሪ ሲገባ መሰበሩን የሚያሳይ ተመክሮ። ከብርጭቆው ወደ አየር ሲመለስ አለመሰበሩ፣ የአየሩን ድንበር ገጽታ በቀጤ ነክ ስለሚሰነጥቅ ነው</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ስብረት_(ሬፍራክሽን)"><span id=".E1.88.B5.E1.89.A5.E1.88.A8.E1.89.B5_.28.E1.88.AC.E1.8D.8D.E1.88.AB.E1.8A.AD.E1.88.BD.E1.8A.95.29"></span>ስብረት (ሬፍራክሽን)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=5" title="ስብረት (ሬፍራክሽን) ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: ስብረት (ሬፍራክሽን)"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small><i><a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%B5%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5" title="የብርሃን ስብረት">የብርሃን ስብረት</a></i></small><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%B5%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5" title="የብርሃን ስብረት">የብርሃን ስብረት</a> እምንለው የብርሃን ጨረር ካንድ ብርሃን አሳላፊ ወደ ሌላ አሳላፊ አካል ሲጓዝ የሚገጥመውን ፈጣን የአቅጣጫ መቀየር ሁኔታ ነው። ይህ የመጉበጥ ሁናቴ በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%94%E1%88%8D_%E1%88%85%E1%8C%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ስኔል ህግ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ስኔል ህግ</a> እንዲህ ሲባል በሒሳብ ቋንቋ ይገለጻል፦ </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}\sin \theta _{1}=n_{2}\sin \theta _{2}\ .}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}\sin \theta _{1}=n_{2}\sin \theta _{2}\ .}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/398f655ab547c613f8614a2b6264096c9b631360" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.773ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}\sin \theta _{1}=n_{2}\sin \theta _{2}\ .}"></span></dd></dl> <p>እዚህ ላይ <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7f84b9443d095623e02fd287cd095123d70b0278" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{1}}"></span> በብርሃኑ ጨረርና በአንደኛው ብርሃን አስተላላፊ አካል <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8C%A4_%E1%8A%90%E1%8A%AD" title="ቀጤ ነክ">ቀጤ ነክ</a> መካከል ያለውን <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%95%E1%8B%98%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ማዕዘን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ማዕዘን</a> ሲዎክል <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ed6ea624b20b153403979ffaf5434fc36de2990" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.145ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}}"></span> ደግሞ በሁለተኛው አካል ቀጤ ነክና በብርሃኑ ጨረር መካከል ያለውን ማዕዘን ይወክላል። n<sub>1</sub> እና n<sub>2</sub> የብርሃን አስተላላፊዎቹ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B5%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%89%B5_%E1%8B%8D%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ስብራት ውድር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ስብራት ውድር</a> ናቸው፣ <i>n</i> = 1 ለ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%A0%E1%8D%88%E1%88%AD" title="ጠፈር">ጠፈር</a> ሲሆን <i>n</i> > 1 ደግሞ ለማናቸው ብርሃን አስተላላፊና በከፊል አስተላላፊ ቁስ አካሎች የሚሆን ነው። </p><p>አንድ ጨረር ከአንድ አካል ወጥቶ ወደሌላ አካል ሲገባ የጨረሩ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5_%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%98%E1%89%B5" title="የሞገድ ርዝመት">የሞገድ ርዝመት</a>ና <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%8D%8D%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="የብርሃን ፍጥነት">ፍጥነት</a> ይቀየራል። ሆኖም ግን <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%9E%E1%88%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ድግግሞሹ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ድግግሞሹ</a> ባለበት ይጸናል። ያ ጨረር ለሚገባበት አካል ገላ <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8C%A4_%E1%8A%90%E1%8A%AD" title="ቀጤ ነክ">ቀጤ ነክ</a> ካልሆነ የሞገድ ርዝመቱ ወይም ፍጥነቱ መቀየር ብርሃኑ እንዲጎብጥ ወይም አቅጣጭ እንዲቀይር ያደርገዋል። አንድ መኪና አንድ ጎን ጎማዎቹ ቀጥ ቢሉና ሌሎች ጎን ጎማዎቹ ቢሽከረከሩ ሳይወድ በግድ እንደሚታጠፍ ነው። የብርሃን አቅጣጫ መቀየር የብርሃን ስብረት በመባል ይታወቃል። </p><p>የተለያዩ የብርሃን <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D" title="ቀለም">ቀለማት</a> እኩል አይሰበሩም። <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8B%AD" title="ቀይ">ቀይ</a> ብርሃን ቀስ ብሎ ሲሰበር <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%88%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95_%E1%8C%B8%E1%8C%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ወይን ጸጅ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ወይን ጸጅ</a> ደግሞ በከፍተኛ ሁናቴ ይሰበራል። ስለሆነም ከሁሉም ቀለም የተሰራ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%AD" title="ነጭ">ነጭ</a> ብርሃን በብርሃን ሰባሪ አካላት፣ ለምሳሌ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%95%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፕሪዝም (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፕሪዝም</a> ወይንም የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AD%E1%8D%92%E1%89%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="እስክርፒቶ">እስክርፒቶ</a> ቀፎ ውስጥ ሲያልፍ ይበተንና ኅብረ ቀለማትን ይፈጥራል። የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0_%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%98%E1%8A%93" title="ቀስተ ደመና">ቀስተ ደመና</a> መፈጠር ብርሃን በከባቢ አየር ባሉ የውሃ ሞለኪሎች መሰበር ምክንያት ነው። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Diffraction_through_Pinhole.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Diffraction_through_Pinhole.svg/140px-Diffraction_through_Pinhole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Diffraction_through_Pinhole.svg/210px-Diffraction_through_Pinhole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Diffraction_through_Pinhole.svg/280px-Diffraction_through_Pinhole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption> ብርሃን ትንሽ ቀዳዳ ውስጥ ሲያልፍ እንደሚወላገድ እሚያሳይ</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="መወላገድ_(ዲፍራክሽን)"><span id=".E1.88.98.E1.8B.88.E1.88.8B.E1.8C.88.E1.8B.B5_.28.E1.8B.B2.E1.8D.8D.E1.88.AB.E1.8A.AD.E1.88.BD.E1.8A.95.29"></span>መወላገድ (ዲፍራክሽን)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=6" title="መወላገድ (ዲፍራክሽን) ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: መወላገድ (ዲፍራክሽን)"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small><i><a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%8B%88%E1%88%8B%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5" title="የብርሃን መወላገድ">የብርሃን መወላገድ</a></i></small><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5" title="ሞገድ">ሞገዶች</a> እንቅፋት ወይም ጠባብ ክፍተት ሲያጋጥማቸው በእንቅፋቱ ዙርያ የመጠምዘም ባህርይ ያሳያሉ። ለምሳሌ ከአንድ ክፍል ሆኖ ከሌላ ክፍል የሚወራን ወሬ ማዳመጥ መቻሉ የድምጽ ሞገድ በግድግዳወችና በሮች ዙሪያ መጠማዘዝ በመቻሉ ነው። ከዚህ በተጻራሪ የዕለት ተለት ተመክሯችን እንደሚያረጋግጥልን ብርሃን በቀጥተኛ መንገድ እንደሚጓዝ ነው፣ ሰሆነም አንድ ክፍል ሆነን ሌላ ክፍል የሚሆነውን ማየት አንችልም። ነገር ግን በጥንቃቄ ስናስተውል ይሄ ሙሉ በሙሉ እውነት ሆኖ አናገኘውም። ለምሳሌ በጣም ስል የሆኑ ጠርዞች የሚያሳርፉትን ጥላ በጥንቃቄ ስንመረምር አንድ ወጥ ከመሆን ይልቅ በፈርጅ በፈርጁ የደመቀና የጨለመ ሆኖ እናገኛለን። ብርሃን በቀጥታ እሚጓዝ ከሆነ ለምን ይሄ ሆነ? አንድ ክፍል ሆነን ሌላ ክፍል የሚሆነውን የማናይበት ምክንያት የብርሃን ሞገድ ርዝመት ከድምጽ ሞገድ ርዝመት በጣም ስለሚያን የድምጽን ያህል መጠማዘዝ ስለማይችል ነው። </p><p>ብርሃን ሁል ጊዜ በቀጥታ መንገድ አይጓዝም። ይልቁኑ የብርሃን ጨረር እንቅፋት ሲያጋጥመው ወይም ጠባብ ክፍተት ውስጥ ሲገባ ይጎብጣል። ይህ ኩነት <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%8B%88%E1%88%8B%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5" title="የብርሃን መወላገድ">የብርሃን መወላገድ</a> ይሰኛል። በጠባብ ቀዳዳዎች አጮልቀን ስንመለከት ነገሮች ተንጋደው የሚታዩት ስለዚህ ምክንያት ነው። ከብርሃን መንጸባረቅና መሰበር ውጭ የብርሃንን አቅጣጫ የሚቀይረው ይሄ መወላገድ ነው። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Ebohr1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ebohr1.svg/200px-Ebohr1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ebohr1.svg/300px-Ebohr1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ebohr1.svg/400px-Ebohr1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ቶማስ ያንግ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ቶማስ ያንግ</a> የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ብርሃን ውልግደት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ብርሃን ውልግደት</a>ን በሁለት በተሸነተሩ ካርዶች አማካይነት ለማሳየት ያደረገው ሙከራ። ይህ የያንግ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%99%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሙከራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሙከራ</a> ብርሃን ሞገድ እንዳለው ያረጋገጠ ነበር።</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="መጠላለፍ_(ኢንተርፌረንስ)"><span id=".E1.88.98.E1.8C.A0.E1.88.8B.E1.88.88.E1.8D.8D_.28.E1.8A.A2.E1.8A.95.E1.89.B0.E1.88.AD.E1.8D.8C.E1.88.A8.E1.8A.95.E1.88.B5.29"></span>መጠላለፍ (ኢንተርፌረንስ)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=7" title="መጠላለፍ (ኢንተርፌረንስ) ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: መጠላለፍ (ኢንተርፌረንስ)"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small><i><a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%8C%A0%E1%88%8B%E1%88%88%E1%8D%8D" title="የብርሃን መጠላለፍ">የብርሃን መጠላለፍ</a></i></small><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%8C%A0%E1%88%8B%E1%88%88%E1%8D%8D" title="የብርሃን መጠላለፍ">የብርሃን መጠላለፍ</a> እንደማንኛውም <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5" title="ሞገድ">ሞገድ</a> መጠላለፍ ነው እንጂ ልዩ አይደለም። ለምሳሌ አንድ የረጋ ውሃ ላይ ሁለት ልጆች የተለያየ ቦታ ላይ ጠጠር ቢጥሉ፣ ከጠጠሮቹ እየከበቡ የሚሰፉት ሞገዶች የሚሰሩት መጠላለፍ አንድ ቦታ በሃይል እንዲጎብጡ፣ ሌላ ቦታ እንዲያንሱ እያደረገ ለአይን የሚስብ የመጠላለፍ ቅርጾች በውሃው ገጽታ ላይ ይሰራሉ። ብርሃንም እንዲህ አይነት የመጠላለፍ ባህርይ ያሳያል። ጉዳዩን በቀላሉ ለማየት የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%99%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ያንግን ሙከራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ያንግን ሙከራ</a> ማካሄድ ይረዳል። የያንግ ሙከራ ምንድን ነው፣ አንድ አይነት ቀለም ያለው ብርሃን አንድ በቀጭኑ የተሸነተረ ካርድ ላይ ይበራል። ከዚህ ሽንትር ካርድ ብርሃኑ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%8B%88%E1%88%8B%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5" title="የብርሃን መወላገድ">እየተወላገደ</a> ይሄድና ሌላ ሁለት ቦታ ላይ የተሸነተረ ካርድ ላይ እንዲያርፍ ይደረጋል። ከኒህ ሁለት ሽንትሮች ያመለጠው ሁለት ጊዜ የተወላገደ ብርሃን ንጹህ ግድግዳ ላይ እንዲያርፍ ይደረጋል። የብርሃንን መጠላለፍ በደንብ በሚያሳይ መልኩ ይህ የሚያርፈው ብርሃን ብዙ ደማቅና ጨለማ ሸንተረሮች በግድግዳው ላይ ይፈጥራል። ከዚህ በተረፈ የብርሃን መጠላለፍ በተፈጥሮም እንዳለ ለማስተዋል ይቻልል። ለምሳሌ ሥሥ የዘይት ወይም ቤንዚን እድፍ በውሃ ላይ ተንጣሎ ሲገኝ የሚፈጥረው ኅብረ ቀለም ከብርሃን መጠላለፍ የሚመጣ ነው። የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%B2" title="ሲዲ">ሲዲ</a> ገጽታም ኅብረ ቀለም ማሳየቱ ብርሃን መጠላለፍ የሚመነጭ ነው። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Animation_polariseur_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Animation_polariseur_2.gif/200px-Animation_polariseur_2.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Animation_polariseur_2.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption> የብርሃን መዋልት</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="መዋልት_(ፖላራይዜሽን)"><span id=".E1.88.98.E1.8B.8B.E1.88.8D.E1.89.B5_.28.E1.8D.96.E1.88.8B.E1.88.AB.E1.8B.AD.E1.8B.9C.E1.88.BD.E1.8A.95.29"></span>መዋልት (ፖላራይዜሽን)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=8" title="መዋልት (ፖላራይዜሽን) ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: መዋልት (ፖላራይዜሽን)"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small><i><a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%88%E1%89%B3" title="የብርሃን ዋለታ">የብርሃን መዋልት</a></i></small><br /> የብርሃን ሞገድ ልከ አንድን ገመደ ወደላይ ወደታች ስናደርግ እንደምናገኘው ሞገድ ነው። ማለት የሞገዱ ጉዞ ወደፊት ሲሆን ሞገዱ የሚርገበገበው ወደ ላይ-ወደ ታች ነው። ሞገዱ የሚርገበገብበት አቅጣጫ የሞገዱ ዋልታ ይሰኛል። የሞገዱ የጉዞ አቅጣጫና የሞገዱ ዋልታ አንድ ወጥ አይደሉም። ይልቁኑ ሞገዱ በአንድ አቅጣጫ እየተጓዘ እያለ የሞገዱ ዋልታ ሊቀየር ይችላል። ለምሳሌ የአንድ ሞገድ ዋልታ ወደ ላይ ወደታች ከሆነ፣ ይህን ቀይሮ ወ ጎንና ወደ ጎን ሊርገበገብ ይችላል። ይህ የብርሃን ባህርይ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%88%E1%89%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የብርሃን መዋለታ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መዋልት</a> ይባላል። ጉዳዩን በገሃዱ አለም ማየት ይቻላል። ብዙ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%80%E1%88%90%E1%8B%AD_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፀሐይ መነጽር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጸሐይ መነጽሮች</a> የሚሰሩት ብርሃንን ዋልታ ከሚለዩ ንጥር ነገሮች ነው። ስለሆነም የመነጽሮቹ መስታወቶች የሚያሳልፉት ከነርሱ ዋልታ ጋር የሚስማማውን ክፍል ብቻ ነው። ስለዚህ ሁለት የጸሓይ መነጽሮችን በተለያየ ማዕዘን በማስቀመጥ ከአንዱ ያለፈውን የዋለታ ብርሃን በሌላው መነጽር እንደገና በማጥራት የተለያየ የብርሃን መጠን እንዲያልፍ ማድረግ ይቻላል። በርግጥ ሁለቱ መነጽሮች ደርቦ በማስቀመጥና አንዱን ከሌላው አንጻር በማዞር ከከፍተኛ ብርሃን እስከ ሙሉ በሙሉ ጨለማ እንዲያስተላልፉ ማድረግ ይቻላል። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Wire-grid-polarizer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Wire-grid-polarizer.svg/200px-Wire-grid-polarizer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Wire-grid-polarizer.svg/300px-Wire-grid-polarizer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Wire-grid-polarizer.svg/400px-Wire-grid-polarizer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption> የመጀመሪያው ብርሃን አሳላፊ (መነጽር) እንዴት ዋልታቸው ከላይ ወደታች የሆኑ ብርሃኖችን ብቻ እንደሚያሳልፍ እና የተቀሩትን እንደሚያስቀር የሚያሳይ</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="የብርሃን_ግፊት"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.89.A5.E1.88.AD.E1.88.83.E1.8A.95_.E1.8C.8D.E1.8D.8A.E1.89.B5"></span>የብርሃን ግፊት</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=9" title="የብርሃን ግፊት ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: የብርሃን ግፊት"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ብርሃን በተጨባጭ ግፊት ማድረግ ይችላል። ይህን የሚያደርገው <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%8E%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፎቶን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፎቶኖች</a> የተሰኙት የብርሃን <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%91%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="እኑስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">እኑሶች</a> የቁስን ገጽታ በመደብደብ ግፊታቸውን በማሳረፍ ነው። የብርሃን ግፊት እሚለካው የአንድን ብርሃን ጨረር ሃይል ለብርሃን ፍጥነት በማካፈል ነው። የብርሃን ፍጥነት እጅግ ግዙፍ ስለሆነ ክብርሃን የሚገኘው ግፊት በጣም አንስተኛ ነው። ስለዚህ አንዲት ሳንቲም በብርሃን ለማንሳት 30 ቢሊዮን የ1 ዋት ሌዘር ፖይነተሮች በአንድ ላይ መሳተፍ አለባቸው፡፡ <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> የሆኖ ሆኖ የብርሃን ግፊት በናኖ ሜትር ደረጃ ባለው አንስተኛው አለም ውስጥ የማይናቅ ሚና ይቻወታል። ስለሆነም ጥቃቅን የናኖ ሜትር ማብሪያ ማጥፊያወችን በብርሃን ግፊት ለመቆጣጠር ጥናት ይካሄዳል<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ብርሃንና_የኬሚካል_ፋይዳው"><span id=".E1.89.A5.E1.88.AD.E1.88.83.E1.8A.95.E1.8A.93_.E1.8B.A8.E1.8A.AC.E1.88.9A.E1.8A.AB.E1.88.8D_.E1.8D.8B.E1.8B.AD.E1.8B.B3.E1.8B.8D"></span>ብርሃንና የኬሚካል ፋይዳው</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=10" title="ብርሃንና የኬሚካል ፋይዳው ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: ብርሃንና የኬሚካል ፋይዳው"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%8E%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%AC%E1%88%9A%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፎቶኬሚስትሪ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፎቶኬሚስትሪ</a></i></small><br /> </p><p>አንድ አንድ ቅመሞች (ኬሚካልስ) ብርሃን ሲያርፍባቸው ጠባያቸው ይቀየራል። ግማሾቹ የብርሃኑን <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%85%E1%88%9D" title="አቅም">አቅም</a> ገንዘብ በማድረግ ከፍተኛ አቅም ገዝተው ከሌላ ቁስ ጋር የኬሚካል ግንኙነት ያደርጋሉ፣ ገሚሶቹ ያላቸውን ግንኙነት አቋርጠው ለብቻቸው ይሆናሉ። <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8E%E1%89%BD_%E1%88%9D%E1%8C%8D%E1%89%A5_%E1%8B%9D%E1%8C%8D%E1%8C%85%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የተክሎች ምግብ ዝግጅት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የተክሎች ምግብ ዝግጅት</a> (ፎቶ ሲንቴሲስ) ከዚህ ወገን ነው። እፅዋት የተለያዩ የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%B3%E1%88%AD" title="ስኳር">ስኳር</a> አይነቶች የሚሰሩት ከ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%83" title="ውሃ">ውሃ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B0%E1%89%83%E1%8C%A0%E1%88%88_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የተቃጠለ አየር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የተቃጠለ አየር</a>ና ከብርሃን ነው። የሰው ልጅ ቆዳ እንዲሁ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%AB%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%B3%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%95_%E1%8B%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ቫይታሚን ዲ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ቫይታሚን ዲ</a> የሚፈጥረው የብርሃንን <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%85%E1%88%9D" title="አቅም">አቅም</a> በመጠቀም ነው። <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ዓይን">ዓይን</a>ም ብርሃንን የሚመለከተው ከአይን ውስጥ ያሉ ኬሚካሎችን በብርሃን የመቀየር ጠባይ በመጠቀም ነው። የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%8E%E1%89%B6_%E1%8D%8A%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፎቶ ፊልም (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፎቶ ፊልም</a> እንዲሁ ከብርና-ናይትሮጅን ኬሚካል የተሰራ ሲሆን ብርሃን ሲያርፍበት ጠባዩን ስለሚቀያይር ፎቶ ለማንሳት ያስችላል። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="የብርሃን_ምንጮች"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.89.A5.E1.88.AD.E1.88.83.E1.8A.95_.E1.88.9D.E1.8A.95.E1.8C.AE.E1.89.BD"></span>የብርሃን ምንጮች</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=11" title="የብርሃን ምንጮች ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: የብርሃን ምንጮች"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ብዙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%AE%E1%89%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የብርሃን ምንጮች (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የብርሃን ምንጮች</a> በአለም ላይ ይገኛሉ። ብዙ ጊዜ የብርሃን ምንጮች በመ<b>ጋል</b> የፋሙ ነገሮች ናቸው። ማናቸውም ሙቀት ያላቸው ነገሮች የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%81%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጥቁር አካል (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጥቁር አካል</a> ጨረራ ያመነጫል። ለምሳሌ የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%80%E1%88%90%E1%8B%AD" title="ፀሐይ">ፀሐይ</a> አካል ገጽታ ሙቀት መጠን 6,000 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%AC%E1%88%8D%E1%89%AA%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኬልቪን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኬልቪን</a> ሲደሰርስ በዚህ ምክንያት ከገጽታው የሚመነጨው <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8D%80%E1%88%90%E1%8B%AD_%E1%8C%A8%E1%88%A8%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የፀሐይ ጨረራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የፀሐይ ጨረራ</a> ለአይን የሚታይ ብርሃንንም ይጨምራል<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>። ብስሌት እንደተደረሰበት ከፀሐይ ጨራራ ወደ 40% ይሚጠጋው በአይን የሚታይ ብርሃን ነው። በዚህ ትይዩ የቤት <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%91%E1%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አምፑል (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አምፑል</a> ከሚወስደው <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%85%E1%88%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የኤሌክትሪክ አቅም (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የኤሌክትሪክ አቅም</a> በብርሃን መልኩ የሚረጨው 10% ብቻ ነው፣ የተቀረውን ወደ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%88%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ግለት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ግለት</a> ቀይሮ በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%B3%E1%88%85%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%AD_%E1%89%80%E1%8B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ታህታይ ቀይ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ታህታይ ቀይ</a> ጨረራ ይረጫል። የሚግም የፋመ ብረትም ብርሃን ክሚያመነጩ ወገን ነው። </p><p>መለስተኛ ሙቀት ያላቸው ነገሮች፣ ለምሳሌ የሰው ልጅ፣ ለአይን የማይታይ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%81%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጥቁር አካል (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጥቁር አካል</a> ጨረራ በአካባቢው ይረጫል፣ ሆኖም ይሄ በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%B3%E1%88%85%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%AD_%E1%89%80%E1%8B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ታህታይ ቀይ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ታህታይ ቀይ</a> ደረጃ ስለሆነ ለአይን አይታይም። ሙቀቱ እየጨመረ ሲሄድ ከታህታይ ቀይ የሞገድ ርዘመቱ ቀንሶ ወደ <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8B%AD" title="ቀይ">ቀይ</a> ቀለም እያደላ ይሄዳል። የጋመው ቀይ የበለጠ ሲግል ወደ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%AD" title="ነጭ">ነጭ</a> ቀለም ይቀየርና ሙቀቱ እየባሰ ሲሄድ ወደ በጣም አጭር የሞገድ እርዝመተ እያደላ ይሄዳል፣ ይሄውም ወደ <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%AB%E1%8B%8A" title="ሰማያዊ">ሰማያዊ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D" title="ቀለም">ቀለም</a> መሆኑ ነው። ከዚህ ይብስ ከጋለ አንድኛውን ላይን ይሰወርና የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AD_%E1%8B%88%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%90_%E1%8C%B8%E1%8C%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ላዕላይ ወይነ ጸጅ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ላዕላይ ወይነ ጸጅ</a> ጨረር ባህሪን ይይዛል። እኒህን ቀለማት በሚንቀለቀል <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B3%E1%89%B5" title="እሳት">እሳት</a> ውስጥ የሚፍሙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B3_%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ብረታ ብረት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ብረታ ብርቶችም</a> ሊስተዋሉ ይችላሉ። </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%B0%E1%88%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="አተም">አተሞች</a> ብርሃንን አመንጭተው መርጨት ወይም ውጠው ማስቀረት ይችላሉ። ይህን እሚያረጉት እንዲሁ በደፈናው ሳይሆን ለጠባያቸው በሚስማማ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%85%E1%88%9D" title="አቅም">አቅም</a> ውስጥ ያለን ብርሃን ነው። ይህ ሲሆን አተሞቹ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%98%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%A8%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%98%E1%88%B5%E1%88%98%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="መርጨት መስመር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መርጨት መስመር</a> በአተሞቹ ብትን ላይ እንዲፈጥር ያደርጋል። ሁለት አይነት የኤሌክትሮማግኔቲክ ምርጨት አለ። ፩ኛው <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%88%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%9B_%E1%88%98%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%A8%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ድንገተኛ መርጨት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ድንገተኛ መርጨት</a> ሲባል ይህ አይነት ብርሃን በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%A8%E1%8C%AA_%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%AE%E1%8B%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ብርሃን ረጪ ዳዮድ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ብርሃን ረጪ ዳዮድ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%8B%E1%8B%9D_%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%AD%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጋዝ ርጭት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጋዝ ርጭት</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%96%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%91%E1%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኒዖን አምፑል (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኒዖን አምፑል</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9C%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%A9%E1%88%AA_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%91%E1%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሜርኩሪ አምፑል (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሜርኩሪ አምፑል</a>ና በ እሳት<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%90%E1%89%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A3%E1%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ነበልባል (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ነበልባል</a> ለሚመነጨው ብርሃን ተጠያቂ ነው። ፪ኛው <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%90%E1%88%B3%E1%88%B3_%E1%88%98%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%A8%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የተነሳሳ መርጨት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የተነሳሳ መርጨት</a> ሲባል በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%8C%E1%8B%98%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሌዘር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሌዘር</a> እና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9C%E1%8B%98%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሜዘር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሜዘር</a> ለሚመነጨው ብርሃን ተጠያቂ ነው። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Refraction-with-soda-straw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Refraction-with-soda-straw.jpg/200px-Refraction-with-soda-straw.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Refraction-with-soda-straw.jpg/300px-Refraction-with-soda-straw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Refraction-with-soda-straw.jpg/400px-Refraction-with-soda-straw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption> የመጠጫው ቱቦ የታጠፈ መምስሉ ከርሱ የሚንጸባረቀው ብርሃን ከውሃው ወጥቶ አየር ውስጥ <a href="#ስብረት(ሬፍራክሽን)">ስለሚሰበር</a> ነው</figcaption></figure> <p>የኤሌክትሪክ <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%85" title="ቻርጅ">ቻርጅ</a> ተሸካሚ አካላት (ለምሳሌ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኤሌክትሮን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኤሌክትሮን</a> )፣ የሚጓዙበት ፍጥነት ሲቀንስ ጨረራ ይረጫሉ፣ በዚህ አኳኋን የምታይ ብርሃን ሊፈጥሩ ይችላሉ፡ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8E%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%95_%E1%8C%A8%E1%88%AB%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሳይክሎትሮን ጨራራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሳይክሎትሮን ጨራራ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B2%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AE%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%95_%E1%8C%A8%E1%88%AB%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሲንክሮትሮን ጨራራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሲንክሮትሮን ጨራራ</a> እና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AC%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D_%E1%8C%A8%E1%88%AB%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ብሬምስትራንግ ጨራራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ብሬምስትራንግ ጨራራ</a> የዚህ ምሳሌወች ናቸው። አንድ አንድ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%91%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="እኑስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">እኑሶች</a> (ፓርቲክልስ) በቁስ አካል ውስጥ ከብርሃን ፍጥነት በላይ ከተጓዙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%BC%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AE%E1%89%AD_%E1%8C%A8%E1%88%A8%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ቼርንኮቭ ጨረራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ቼርንኮቭ ጨረራ</a> የተሰኘን በአይን ሊታይ የሚጭል ጨረር ይፈጥራሉ። </p><p>አንድ አንድ ቅመሞች (ኬሚካሎች) ብርሃን የመፍጠር ችሎታ አላቸው። ህይወት ባላቸው ነገሮች፣ በተለይ በአንድ አንድ <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ትንኝ">ትንኞች</a>፣ ዘንድ ብልጭ-ድርግም የሚል ብርሃን እንዲያመነጩ የሚያግዛቸው ይሄው ነው። አንድ አንድ ቁስ አካላት ከፍተኛ አቅም ባለው ጨረራ ሲደበደቡ የመጋምና የመፍካት ሁኔታ ያሳያሉ። ይህ ጉዳይ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%8E%E1%88%AE%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፍሎሮሰንስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፍሎሮሰንስ</a> ይሰኛል፣ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B8%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A0%E1%89%86_%E1%88%98%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሸምበቆ መብራት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሸምበቆ መብራት</a> የዚህ አይነት ነው። ሌሎች ደግሞ ቶሎ ከመፍካት ይልቅ ቀስ ብለው ብርሃን መርጨት ያደርጋሉ፣ እኒህ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%8E%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%8E%E1%88%A8%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፎስፎረሰንስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፎስፎረሰንስ</a> ይሰኛል። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Diffraction_Halo_at_Sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Diffraction_Halo_at_Sunset.jpg/200px-Diffraction_Halo_at_Sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Diffraction_Halo_at_Sunset.jpg/300px-Diffraction_Halo_at_Sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Diffraction_Halo_at_Sunset.jpg/400px-Diffraction_Halo_at_Sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption> በዛፎች ቅርንጫፍ በተነሳ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%8B%88%E1%88%8B%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5" title="የብርሃን መወላገድ">የብርሃን መወላገድ</a> የተፈጠረ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%80%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0_%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%98%E1%8A%93_%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የቀስተ ደመና ክትረት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የቀስተ ደመና ክትረት</a> (የቀስተ ደመና ክብ) </figcaption></figure> <p>ፎስፎረሰንስ ቁሶች በጥቃቅን የአተም ንዑስ አካላት ሲደበደብ እንዲሁ ብርሃን ይሰጣል። በዚህ መንገድ ብርሃን ከሚሰጡት ውገን ፣ የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%89%B4%E1%88%8C%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%A5%E1%8A%95" title="ቴሌቪዥን">ቴሌቪዥን</a>፣ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%92%E1%8B%8D%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ኮምፒውተር">ኮምፒውተር</a> እና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%AB%E1%89%B6%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8C%A8%E1%88%A8%E1%88%AD_%E1%89%B1%E1%89%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ካቶድ ጨረር ቱቦ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ካቶድ ጨረር ቱቦ</a> ይገኙበታል። ከዚህ በተጨማሪ ሌሎች የብርሃን ማመንጫ መንገዶች አሉ ግን ከላይ የተጠቀሱት ዋና ዋናወቹ ናቸው። </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ለመሆኑ_ብርሃን_ምንድን_ነው??_ስለብርሃን_የተሰነዘሩ_ኅልዮቶች_በየዘመኑ"><span id=".E1.88.88.E1.88.98.E1.88.86.E1.8A.91_.E1.89.A5.E1.88.AD.E1.88.83.E1.8A.95_.E1.88.9D.E1.8A.95.E1.8B.B5.E1.8A.95_.E1.8A.90.E1.8B.8D.3F.3F_.E1.88.B5.E1.88.88.E1.89.A5.E1.88.AD.E1.88.83.E1.8A.95_.E1.8B.A8.E1.89.B0.E1.88.B0.E1.8A.90.E1.8B.98.E1.88.A9_.E1.8A.85.E1.88.8D.E1.8B.AE.E1.89.B6.E1.89.BD_.E1.89.A0.E1.8B.A8.E1.8B.98.E1.88.98.E1.8A.91"></span><big><b>ለመሆኑ ብርሃን ምንድን ነው??</b></big> ስለብርሃን የተሰነዘሩ ኅልዮቶች በየዘመኑ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=12" title="ለመሆኑ ብርሃን ምንድን ነው?? ስለብርሃን የተሰነዘሩ ኅልዮቶች በየዘመኑ ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: ለመሆኑ ብርሃን ምንድን ነው?? ስለብርሃን የተሰነዘሩ ኅልዮቶች በየዘመኑ"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ጥንታዊት_ሕንድ"><span id=".E1.8C.A5.E1.8A.95.E1.89.B3.E1.8B.8A.E1.89.B5_.E1.88.95.E1.8A.95.E1.8B.B5"></span>ጥንታዊት ሕንድ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=13" title="ጥንታዊት ሕንድ ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: ጥንታዊት ሕንድ"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ከክርስቶስ ልደት በፊት በ6-5ኛ ክፍለ ዝመን የነበሩ ህንዶች ስለብርሃን ብዙ ተፈላስፈዋል። አንድ አንዶቹ ብርሃን ያልተቆራረጠ ነገር ነው ሲሉ ሌሎች ደግሞ የተቆራረጠ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%91%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="እኑስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">እኑስ</a> ነገር ሲሆን ከከፍተኛ ፍጥነት ካላቸው የእሳት እኑሶች የሚፈጠር ነው ብለው አስፍረዋል። ሌሎች በተራቸው ብርሃን የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%85%E1%88%9D" title="አቅም">አቅም</a> አይነት ነው ሲሉ የአሁኑን አይነት የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%8E%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፎቶን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፎቶን</a> ግንዛቤ አስፍረዋል። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ጥንታዊት_ግሪክ"><span id=".E1.8C.A5.E1.8A.95.E1.89.B3.E1.8B.8A.E1.89.B5_.E1.8C.8D.E1.88.AA.E1.8A.AD"></span>ጥንታዊት ግሪክ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=14" title="ጥንታዊት ግሪክ ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: ጥንታዊት ግሪክ"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ከክርስቶስ ልደት በፊት በ5ኛው ክፍለ ዝመን ይኖር የነበር <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%90%E1%8B%B6%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኢምፐዶክልስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኢምፐዶክልስ</a> እንዳስተማረ የሰው ልጅ አይን ከአራቱ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%A8_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AE%E1%89%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ንጥረ ነገሮች">ንጥረ ነገሮች</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B3%E1%89%B5%E1%8D%A3_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%8D%A3_%E1%88%98%E1%88%AC%E1%89%B5%E1%8A%93_%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="እሳት፣ አየር፣ መሬትና ውሃ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">እሳት፣ አየር፣ መሬትና ውሃ</a>) የተሰራ ሲሆን ጣዖቷ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AE%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አፍሮዳይት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አፍሮዳይት</a> የሰውን ልጅ እሳት በአይኑ ውስጥ እንዳቀጣጠለች፣ ስለዚህም የሰው ልጅ አይን የብርሃን ምንጭ እንደንበር አስተምሯል። ሆኖም የሰው ልጅ ማታ ላይ ስለማያይ ይህ አስተሳሰቡ እንደማያዋጣው በመገንዘብ በርግጥም የሰው ልጅ እሚያየው ከራሱ በሚያመነጨው ብርሃንና ከጸሃይ በሚያገኘው ጨረር ግንኙነት ነው ለማለት ችሏል። <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A9%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%B5" title="ዩክሊድ">ዩክሊድ</a> በበኩሉ የኢምፐዶክልስን ኅልዮት ጥያቄ ውስጥ በመጣል ብርሃን ከአይን ይመነጫል የሚለውን ሃሳብ አልተቀበለም። በተጨማሪ ብርሃን በቀጥተኛ መስመር እንደሚጓዝና ከገጽታ ላይ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%B8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%89%85" title="የብርሃን ነጸብራቅ">ሲንጸባረቅ</a> የሚከተለውን የጂዎሜትሪ ህግ አስቀምጧል። <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%89%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AA%E1%89%B0%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሉክሪተስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሉክሪተስ</a> በበኩሉ ብርሃን የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%91%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="እኑስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">እኑስ</a> አካላት ውጤት ነው የሚለውን ሃሳብ አስተጋብቷል። ቶሎሚ ደግሞ ስለ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%88%B3%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ብርሃን መሳበር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ብርሃን መሳበር</a> ጽፏል። <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="አካላዊ_ኅልዮት_(ዘመናዊ)"><span id=".E1.8A.A0.E1.8A.AB.E1.88.8B.E1.8B.8A_.E1.8A.85.E1.88.8D.E1.8B.AE.E1.89.B5_.28.E1.8B.98.E1.88.98.E1.8A.93.E1.8B.8A.29"></span>አካላዊ ኅልዮት (ዘመናዊ)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=15" title="አካላዊ ኅልዮት (ዘመናዊ) ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: አካላዊ ኅልዮት (ዘመናዊ)"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ከጥንቶቹ በኋላ የአረቡ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D_%E1%88%83%E1%8B%98%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አል ሃዘን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አል ሃዘን</a>፣ ፈረንሳዩ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ደካርት">ደካርት</a> እንዲሁም እንግሊዙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A4%E1%8A%A8%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ቤከን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ቤከን</a> እርስ በርሳቸው በሂደት እየተተራረሙ የብርሃንን ምንነት ለማወቅ ሞክረዋል። ሆኖም <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ደካርት">ደካርት</a> የብርሃንን ጸባይ በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="አካላዊ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">አካላዊ</a> መንገድ (ያለ መንፈሳዊ መንገድ) ለመግልጽ ስለቻለ የዘመናዊ የብርሃን ትምህርት አባት በመባል ይታወቃል። <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> የዘመናዊው የብርሃን ኅልዮት ከሁለት የብርሃን ተፈጥሮ ደጋፊወች ቅራኔ ያደገ ነው። አንደኛው ወገን ብርሃን <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%91%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="እኑስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">እኑስ</a> (ጠጣር፣ ደቂቅ፣ ፓርቲክል) ነው ሲል፣ ሌላኛው ደግሞ ብርሃን <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5" title="ሞገድ">ሞገድ</a> (ዌቭ፣ ፈሳሽ ዓይነት፣ የማይቆራረጥ) ነው የሚል ነበር። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="እኑስ_ኅልዮት"><span id=".E1.8A.A5.E1.8A.91.E1.88.B5_.E1.8A.85.E1.88.8D.E1.8B.AE.E1.89.B5"></span>እኑስ ኅልዮት</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=16" title="እኑስ ኅልዮት ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: እኑስ ኅልዮት"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>እኑስ ስንል እዚህ ላይ <b>ደቂቅ</b> <b>ጠጣር</b> <b>አንስተኛ ነገር</b> እንደማለት ነው። ከነደካርት ቀጥሎ ከፍተኛውን እርምጃ ወደፊት የወሰደው <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%92%E1%88%AD_%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%B2%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፒር ጋሲንዲ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፒር ጋሲንዲ</a> (1592–1655) ብርሃን በጣም ጥቃቅን እኑሶች ክምችት ነው በማለት አስረዳ። <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%B3%E1%89%85_%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%8D%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ኢሳቅ ኒውተን">ኢሳቅ ኒውተን</a> ገና በወጣትነቱ የጋሲንዲን ጥናት በማንበቡ እርሱም የብራሃንን እኑስነት መሰረት በማድረግ ጥናት አቅርቧል። ለዚህ ምክንያቱን ሲያቀርብ ሞገዶች፣ ለምሳሌ የድምጽ ሞገድ በቀጥታ ከመሄድ ይልቅ በእንቅፋት ዙሪያ መጓዝ ይችላሉ። ነገር ግን ብርሃን በቀጥታ እንጂ እንቅፋትን የመዞር ችሎታ የለውም። ኒውተን <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%B8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%89%85" title="የብርሃን ነጸብራቅ">የብርሃን ነጸብራቅ</a>ንና <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%8B" title="ጥላ">ጥላ</a>ን በዚሁ ኅልዮቱ ለመግለጽ ችሏል። የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%B5%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ብርሃን ስብረት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ብርሃን ስብረት</a>ንም በተሳሳተ መልኩ በዚሁ ኅልዮቱ ገልጿል። ኢሳቅ ኒውተን በነበረው የገነነ ክብር ምክንያት 18ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን የርሱን የብርሃን እኑስ ኅልዮት በመከተል ተጠናቀቀ። ይሁንና በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ይህን አስተሳሰብ የሚቃወሙና የብርሃንን ሞገደኝነት የሚያስተምሩ ጥናቶች መታየት ጀመሩ። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ሞገዳዊ_ኅልዮት"><span id=".E1.88.9E.E1.8C.88.E1.8B.B3.E1.8B.8A_.E1.8A.85.E1.88.8D.E1.8B.AE.E1.89.B5"></span>ሞገዳዊ ኅልዮት</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=17" title="ሞገዳዊ ኅልዮት ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: ሞገዳዊ ኅልዮት"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>በኒውተን ዘመን የተነሱት <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%AE%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%81%E1%8A%AD" title="ሮበርት ሁክ">ሮበርት ሁክ</a> እና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B2%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%81%E1%8B%AD%E1%8C%88%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ክርስቲያን ሁይገንስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ክርስቲያን ሁይገንስ</a> የብርሃንን ሞገዳዊነት የሚያስረግጡ ጥናቶችን አሳተመው ነበር። ነገር ግን ኒውተን ከነበረው ክብር አኳያ ብዙወች ችላ ብለዋቸው ነበር። የብርሃን ሞገዳዊ ኅልዮት ብርሃን ልክ እንደ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ድምፅ">ድምፅ</a> እንደሚጠላለፍ የተነበየ ነበር። በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን የተነሳው <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9B%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ቶማስ ያንግ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ቶማስ ያንግ</a> ይህን ጉዳይ በሙከራ ለማሳየት ቻለ። በተረፈ እንደማንኛውም <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AB%E1%88%9B%E1%8C%85_%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ተራማጅ ሞገድ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ተራማጅ ሞገድ</a> እንደሚ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%88%E1%89%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ዋለታ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ዋልት</a> በዚህ ወቅት በሙከራ ተረጋገጠ። ያንግ በዚህ ሳይወሰን <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ብርሃን ውልግደት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ብርሃን እንደሚወላገድ</a> በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%81%E1%88%88%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%88%BD_%E1%88%BD%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሁለትዮሽ ሽንትር ካርድ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሁለትዮሽ ሽንትር ካርድ</a> ሙከራ ለማሳየት ቻለ። የተለያዩ <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D" title="ቀለም">ቀለማት</a> መፈጠር ምክንያቱ በተለያዩት የብርሃን ሞገዶች ውስጥ ባለ የሞገድ ርዝመት ምክንያት እንደሆነ በጥናቱ አቀረበ። ይህ ሁሉ የብርሃንን ሞገዳዊነት ያጠናከረ ጥናትና የብርሃንን እኑስ አለመሆን ለጊዜው ሳይንቲስቶች ያሳመነ ነበር። <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AE%E1%8A%93%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8A%A6%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%88%E1%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ላዮናርድ ኦይለር">ላዮናርድ ኦይለር</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A6%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%95_%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AC%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%90%E1%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኦግስቲን ፍሬስነል (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኦግስቲን ፍሬስነል</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%B2%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%95_%E1%8D%96%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሲሞን ፖይሰን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሲሞን ፖይሰን</a> የብርሃንን ሞገድ የሂሳብ ቀመሮች ሊጠረጠር በማይችል ሁኔታ መሰረት ሰጡት። ፍሬስነል በ1821 የብርሃን ዋልታዊነት በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5" title="ሞገድ">ሞገድ</a> ኅልዮት ብቻና ብቻ የሚገለጽ እና እንዲሁም ብርሃን ተራማጅ ሞገድ እንጂ ፊት-ኋላ የሚል ሞገድ ቅንብር እንዳልሆነ በሂሳብ ቀመሩ ለማስረገጥ ቻለ። ይህ እንግዲህ የኒውተንን የእኑስ ኅልዮት ጥያቄ ውስጥ የጣለ ሂደት ነበር። እንደ ኒውተን ኅልዮት፣ የብርሃን ጨረር ከቀላል ነገር ወደ ጭፍግ (ዴንስ) ያለ ነገር ሲሻገር በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%A0%E1%89%B5" title="ግስበት">ግስበት</a> ምክንያት ፍጥነቱ ይጨምራል። ሆኖም ግን <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AE%E1%8A%95_%E1%8D%8E%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ላዮን ፎካልት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ላዮን ፎካልት</a> በ1850 ባደረገው ጥንቃቄ የተመላበት የፍጥነት ልኬት፣ ብርሃን እንዲያውም ጭፍግ ያለ አካል ውስጥ ሲጓዝ ቀስ እንደሚል አረጋገጠ<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ። ይህ እንግዲህ የኒውተን እኑስ ኅልዮት ሙሉ በሙሎ እንዲጣልና የሞገድ ኅልዮቱ ተቀባይነት እንዲያገኝ ያደረገ ሁናቴ ነበር። </p><p>የሞገድ ኅልዮት በራሱ ድክመት ነበረው። <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%9D%E1%8C%BD" title="ድምጽ">ድምጽ</a> ከአንድ ቦታ ወደ ሌላ ለመጓዝ በመሃከሉ ሞግዱን ተሸካሚ አካል ያስፈልገዋል። ለምሳሌ አንድ ሰው በጠፈር ውስጥ ቢናገር በሌሎች አይሰማም ምክንያቱም የድምጹን ሞገድ የሚያስተላልፍ አየር የለምና። ልክ እንዲሁ ብርሃንን አስተላላፊ አካል ያስፈልጋል። ነገር ግን ብርሃን በባዶ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%A0%E1%8D%88%E1%88%AD" title="ጠፈር">ጠፈር</a> ውስጥ ከፀሐይ መንጭቶ መሬት ይደርሳል። ስለሆነም የጥንቶቹ ሳይንቲስቶች ጠፈር ውስጥ የሚኖር <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኤተር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኤተር</a> የተባለ በአይን የማይታይ ነገር ሞገዱን እንደሚያስተላልፍ መላ ምት አደርጉ። </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Onde_electromagnetique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Onde_electromagnetique.svg/500px-Onde_electromagnetique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Onde_electromagnetique.svg/750px-Onde_electromagnetique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Onde_electromagnetique.svg/1000px-Onde_electromagnetique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="176" /></a><figcaption> በግራ የምናየው የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%93%E1%88%98%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%A2%E1%88%B5_%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኮረንቲናመግነጢስ ሞገድ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኮረንቲናመግነጢስ ሞገድ</a> ከጎን በኩል ሲታይ ሲሆን፣ በቀኝ በኩል የምናየው ደግሞ ይሄው ሞገድ ከፊት ለፊት ስናየው ነው። ቀዩ፣ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%98%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%A2%E1%88%B5_%E1%88%98%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="የመግነጢስ መስክ">የመግነጢስ መስክ</a>ን ሲያመላክት፣ ሰማያዊ ደግሞ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD_%E1%88%98%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="የኤሌክትሪክ መስክ">የኤሌክትሪክ መስክ</a>ን ያመላክታል።</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ኮረንቲና_መግነጢስ_(ኤሌክትሮማግኔቲክ)_ኅልዮት"><span id=".E1.8A.AE.E1.88.A8.E1.8A.95.E1.89.B2.E1.8A.93_.E1.88.98.E1.8C.8D.E1.8A.90.E1.8C.A2.E1.88.B5_.28.E1.8A.A4.E1.88.8C.E1.8A.AD.E1.89.B5.E1.88.AE.E1.88.9B.E1.8C.8D.E1.8A.94.E1.89.B2.E1.8A.AD.29_.E1.8A.85.E1.88.8D.E1.8B.AE.E1.89.B5"></span>ኮረንቲና መግነጢስ (ኤሌክትሮማግኔቲክ) ኅልዮት</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=18" title="ኮረንቲና መግነጢስ (ኤሌክትሮማግኔቲክ) ኅልዮት ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: ኮረንቲና መግነጢስ (ኤሌክትሮማግኔቲክ) ኅልዮት"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:James_Clerk_Maxwell_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/James_Clerk_Maxwell_big.jpg/150px-James_Clerk_Maxwell_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/James_Clerk_Maxwell_big.jpg/225px-James_Clerk_Maxwell_big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/James_Clerk_Maxwell_big.jpg/300px-James_Clerk_Maxwell_big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%84%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%AD_%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8C%E1%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጄምስ ክልረክ ማክስዌል (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጄምስ ክልረክ ማክስዌል</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8D_%E1%8D%8B%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ሚካኤል ፋራዳይ">ሚካኤል ፋራዳይ</a> በ1845 ዓ.ም. የብርሃንን ዋልታ በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%A2%E1%88%B5_%E1%88%98%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AD" title="መግነጢስ መስክ">መግነጢስ</a> መቀየር እንደሚቻል አስተዋለ። <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>። ይህ እንግዲህ ብርሃን ከ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B2" title="ኮረንቲ">ኮረንቲ</a>ና <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%A2%E1%88%B5" title="መግነጢስ">መግነጢስ</a> ጋር ግንኙነት እንዳለው ያሳየ የመጀመሪያው መረጃ ነበር። ይሄው ፋራዳይ ከ2 አመት በኋላ ብርሃን በጣም ከፍተኛ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%9E%E1%88%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ድግግሞሽ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ድግግሞሽ</a> ያለው ኤሌክትሮመግነጢሳዊ ረብሻ እንደሆነ ጻፈ። </p><p>በፋራዳይ ስራ ተመስጦ ቀጣዩን ጥናት ያካሄደው <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%84%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD_%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8C%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጄምስ ክላርክ ማክስዌውል (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጄምስ ክላርክ ማክስዌውል</a> በ1862 ዓ.ም. ባወጣው ጥናቱ፣ የኤሌክትሮማግኔቲክ ሞገዶች (ማዕበሎች) አንዴ ከተፈጠሩ በኋላ ያለምንም እርዳታ በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%85%E1%8B%8B" title="ኅዋ">ኅዋ</a> ውስጥ በቋሚ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ፍጥነት">ፍጥነት</a> መጓዝ እንዲችሉ አሳየ። በሂሳብ ቀመሩ እንዳሰላ ይህ የኤሌክትሮመግነጢሳዊ ሞገድ ፍጥነት ሌሎች ሳይንቲስቶች በሙከራ ካገኙት የብርሃን ፍጥነት ጋር አንድ ሆነ። ከዚህ ተነስቶ፣ ማክስዌል፣ ብርሃን የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9B%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%94%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AD_%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኤሌክትሮማግኔቲክ ሞገድ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኤሌክትሮማግኔቲክ ሞገድ</a> እንደሆነ አስረዳ። በ1873ዓ.ም. ማክስዌል የብርሃንና የኤሌክትሮማግኔትን ባህርይ እንዲሁም የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%A2%E1%88%B5_%E1%88%98%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AD" title="መግነጢስ መስክ">መግነጢስ መስክ</a>ንና የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD_%E1%88%98%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AD" title="ኤሌክትሪክ መስክ">ኤሌክትሪክ መስክ</a>ን ጠባይ በሂሳብ ቀመር ግልጽ አድርጎ አስቀመጠ። <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%84%E1%8A%94%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD_%E1%8A%B8%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሄኔሪክ ኸርዝ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሄኔሪክ ኸርዝ</a> በበኩሎ የማክስዌልን ሂሳብ በመጠቀም የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%AE_%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5" title="ራዲዮ ሞገድ">ራዲዮ ሞገድ</a>ን ላብሯረተሩ ውስጥ በመፍጠርና በመጥለፍ እንዲሁም ልክ እንደ ብርሃን ሞገዶቹ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%B8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%89%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ነጸብራቅ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መንጸባረቅ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%98%E1%88%B3%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="መሳበር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መሳበር</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%98%E1%8B%88%E1%88%8B%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="መወላገድ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መወላገድ</a>ና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%98%E1%8C%A0%E1%88%8B%E1%88%88%E1%8D%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="መጠላለፍ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መጠላለፍ</a> ባህርያትን እንደሚያሳዩ በተጨባጭ በማረጋገጥ የብርሃንን ኤሌክትሮመግነጢሳዊ ሞገድነት ሙሉ በሙሉ አሳማኝ በሆነ መልኩ አረጋገጠ። በአውሁኑ ወቅት እንደሚታወቀው የኤሌክትሮመግነጢሳዊ ማዕበል ከ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ኤሌክትሪክ">ኤሌክትሪክ</a>ና <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%90%E1%8C%A2%E1%88%B5" title="መግነጢስ">መግነጢስ</a>መስኮች የተሰራ ሲሆን እኒህ መስኮች እርስ በርሳቸው <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8C%A4_%E1%8A%90%E1%8A%AD" title="ቀጤ ነክ">ቀጤ ነክ</a> ናቸው። </p><p>የማክስዌል ኅልዮትና የኸርዝ ሙከራወች <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%AE" title="ራዲዮ">ራዲዮ</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ራዳር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ራዳር</a>፣ <a href="/wiki/%E1%89%B4%E1%88%8C%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%A5%E1%8A%95" title="ቴሌቪዥን">ቴሌቪዥን</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%88%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A3_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%99%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ገመድ አልባ ግንኙነት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ገመድ አልባ ግንኙነት</a> እንዲፈጠሩ አደርጉ። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ልዩ_አንጻርዊ_ኅልዮት"><span id=".E1.88.8D.E1.8B.A9_.E1.8A.A0.E1.8A.95.E1.8C.BB.E1.88.AD.E1.8B.8A_.E1.8A.85.E1.88.8D.E1.8B.AE.E1.89.B5"></span>ልዩ አንጻርዊ ኅልዮት</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=19" title="ልዩ አንጻርዊ ኅልዮት ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: ልዩ አንጻርዊ ኅልዮት"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%A9_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%BB%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%85%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AE%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ልዩ አንጻርዊ ኅልዮት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ልዩ አንጻርዊ ኅልዮት</a></i></small><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%95%E1%88%8D:Albert_Einstein_(Nobel).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Albert_Einstein_%28Nobel%29.png/220px-Albert_Einstein_%28Nobel%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Albert_Einstein_%28Nobel%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95" title="አልበርት አይንስታይን">አልበርት አይንስታይን</a> የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%A9_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%BB%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%8A%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ልዩ አንጻራዊነት">ልዩ አንጻራዊነት</a> ደራሲ</figcaption></figure> <p>የሞገድ ኅልዮቱ በጣም የተሳካ ከመሆኑ የተነሳ አብዛኛውን የብርሃን እይታዊና ኤሌክትሮመግነጢሳዊ ባህርይ ለመተንተን ያስቻለ ነበር። ይህም የ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን <a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%8B%9A%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ፊዚክስ">ፊዚክስ</a> ታላቁ ድል ተደርጎ ይቆጠራል። ነገር ግን በክፍለ ዘመኑ መዝጊያ ወራት ልዩ ልዩ፣ በሙከራ የተጋለጡ ተቃርኖወችና በኅልዮቱ አጥጋቢ ሁናቴ ሊተነተኑ የማይችሉ የብርሃን ክስተቶች ብቅ ማለት ጀመሩ። አንደኛውና ዋና እራስ ምታት የነበረው የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%8D%8D%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ብርሃን ፍጥነት">ብርሃን ፍጥነት</a> ነበር። የጥንቱ ሳይንቲስት <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%8A%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AE_%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%8A%E1%88%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ጋሊልዮ ጋሊሊ">ጋሊልዮ ጋሊሊ</a> እንዳስረዳ ማናቸውም <a href="/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ፍጥነት">ፍጥነት</a> አንጻራዊ ነው። ስለሆነም አንድ ሰው የሚንቀሳቀስ መኪና ላይ ቢረማመድ ፍጥነቱ የርሱ የመራመድ ፍጥነት ሲደመር የመኪናው ፍጥነት ነው። ነገር ግን የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%8C%E1%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ማክስዌል (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ማክስዌል</a> ቀመር ያስረዳ እንደነበር የብርሃን ፍጥነት ምንጊዜም ቋሚና አንድ ነው። ለምሳሌ በሚነዳ መኪና ፊት ያሉ መብራቶች የሚያመነጩት ብርሃን ፍጥነት ከቆመ መኪና ብርሃን ጋር እኩል ነው። ይህ እንግዳ ውጤት በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%AC%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%9E%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8C_%E1%88%99%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሚኬልሰን ሞርሌ ሙከራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሚኬልሰን ሞርሌ ሙከራ</a> የተረጋገጠ የውኑ አለም ባህርይ ነበር። </p><p>በ1905 <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95" title="አልበርት አይንስታይን">አልበርት አይንስታይን</a> ይህን እንቆቅልሽ እስከፈታ ድረስ እንቆቅልሽ ሆኖ ቆይቶ ነብር። አይንስታይን እንዳስረዳ፣ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%85%E1%8B%8B" title="ኅዋ">ኅዋ</a>ና <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%8A%E1%8B%9C" title="ጊዜ">ጊዜ</a> ቋሚ ነገር ሳይሆኑ የሚለጠጡና የሚኮማተሩ ነገሮች ናቸው። ስለዚህ የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%8D%8D%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ብርሃን ፍጥነት">ብርሃን ፍጥነት</a> (በጠፈር) ምንጊዜም ቋሚ የመሆኑ ምስጢር የኅዋና ጊዜ መኮማተር እንደሆነ አስረዳ። በዚያውም አይንስትያን ከዚይ በፊት የማይታወቀውን የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9D%E1%8D%88%E1%89%B5" title="ግዝፈት">ግዝፈት</a> እና የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%85%E1%88%9D" title="አቅም">አቅም</a>ን ተመጣጣኘት በሚከተለው ቀመሩ አስረገጠ ፡ </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a22aba8c4231afd4e22ed2359575f14c6a407520" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.363ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>ማለቱ <i>E</i> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%85%E1%88%9D" title="አቅም">አቅም</a> ሲሆን፣ <i>m</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%95%E1%88%A8%E1%8D%8D%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9D%E1%8D%88%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የዕረፍት ግዝፈት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የዕረፍት ግዝፈት</a> እና <i>c</i> ደግሞ የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%8D%8D%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ብርሃን ፍጥነት">ብርሃን ፍጥነት</a> በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%A0%E1%8D%88%E1%88%AD" title="ጠፈር">ጠፈር</a> ውስጥ ናቸው። </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="የእኑስ_ኅልዮት_እንደገና_ማንሰራራት"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.8A.A5.E1.8A.91.E1.88.B5_.E1.8A.85.E1.88.8D.E1.8B.AE.E1.89.B5_.E1.8A.A5.E1.8A.95.E1.8B.B0.E1.8C.88.E1.8A.93_.E1.88.9B.E1.8A.95.E1.88.B0.E1.88.AB.E1.88.AB.E1.89.B5"></span>የእኑስ ኅልዮት እንደገና ማንሰራራት</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=20" title="የእኑስ ኅልዮት እንደገና ማንሰራራት ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: የእኑስ ኅልዮት እንደገና ማንሰራራት"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>በሙከራ ከተደረሰበት ሌላ እንግዳ ጠባይ በአሁኑ ዘመን <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8D%8E%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD_%E1%89%B0%E1%8C%BD%E1%8B%95%E1%8A%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የፎቶኤሌክትሪክ ተጽዕኖ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የፎቶኤሌክትሪክ ተጽዕኖ</a> የሚባለው የብርሃን ፀባይ ነበር። ብርሃን ከብረታ ብረቶች ገጽታ ጋር ሲገናኝ የገጽታውን <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኤሌክትሮን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኤሌክትሮኖች</a> ከአተሞቻቸው በማፈናጠር <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD_%E1%8C%85%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የኤሌክትሪክ ጅረት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የኤሌክትሪክ ጅረት</a>(ከረንት) እንዲፈጠር ያደርጋል። በጥንቃቄ በተደረጉ ሙከራወች መሰረት የተፈናጣሪወቹ ኤሌክትሮኖች <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%85%E1%88%9D" title="አቅም">አቅም</a> በሚያርፍባቸው <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%9D%E1%89%80%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የብርሃን ድምቀት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የብርሃን ድምቀት</a> (ኢንተንስቲ) ሳይሆን የሚወሰነው በብርሃኑ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%9E%E1%88%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ድግግሞሽ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ድግግሞሽ</a> መጠን ነበር። እያንዳንዱ አይነት ብረታብረት ከተወሰነ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%9E%E1%88%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ድግግሞሽ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ድግግሞሽ</a> መጠን በታች ያለ ብርሃን ካረፈበት ከነጭርሱኑ ኤሌክትሮኖቹ አይንቀሳቀሱም (የፈለገ ብርሃኑ የደመቀ ቢሆንም)። እኒህ ተስተውሎወች (የሙከራ ውጤቶች) የብርሃንን የሞገድነት ተፈጥሮ የሚቃረኑ ነበሩ። ለብዙ አመታት ሳይንቲስቶች እኒህን ተቃርኖወች ከሞገድ ኅልዮት ጋር ለማስታረቅ ሞክረዋል፣ ነገር ግን አልተሳካላቸውም። </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95" title="አልበርት አይንስታይን">አልበርት አይንስታይን</a> በ1905 ዓ.ም. ለችግሩ መፍትሔ አቀረበ። ይህን ያደረገው የብርሃንን <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%91%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="እኑስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">እኑስ</a> ኅልዮት እንደገና እንዲንሰራራ በማድረግ ነበር። ሆኖም ግን ለ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8A%85%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AE%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሞገድ ኅልዮት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሞገድ ኅልዮት</a> እጅግ ብዙ መረጃ ስለነበር በመጀመሪያ የአይንስታይን መፍትሔ በዘመኑ በነበሩ ሳይንቲስቶች ዘንድ ተቀባይነት አልነበረውም። ነገር ግን የ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8D%8E%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD_%E1%89%B0%E1%8C%BD%E1%8B%95%E1%8A%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የፎቶኤሌክትሪክ ተጽዕኖ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የፎቶኤሌክትሪክ ተጽዕኖ</a>ን የአይንስታን ትንታኔ በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A0%E1%89%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="በቂ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">በቂ</a> ሁኔታ ስለገለጸ ቀስ በቀስ ተቀባይነትን አገኘ፣ ስለሆነም አይንትስታን ለዚህ ስራው የ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%96%E1%89%A4%E1%88%8D_%E1%88%BD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9B%E1%89%B5" title="ኖቤል ሽልማት">ኖቤል ሽልማት</a>ን አገኘ። ይህ የአንስታይን የፎቶኤሌክትሪክ ኅልዮት ለቀጣዩ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B0%E1%88%9D_%E1%8A%85%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AE%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኳንተም ኅልዮት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኳንተም ኅልዮት</a> መሰረትና አሁን ተቀባይነት ላለው የብርሃን ሁለት ጸባይነት መሰረት የጣለ ነበር። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ኳንተም_ኅልዮት"><span id=".E1.8A.B3.E1.8A.95.E1.89.B0.E1.88.9D_.E1.8A.85.E1.88.8D.E1.8B.AE.E1.89.B5"></span>ኳንተም ኅልዮት</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=21" title="ኳንተም ኅልዮት ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: ኳንተም ኅልዮት"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B0%E1%88%9D_%E1%8A%85%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AE%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኳንተም ኅልዮት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኳንተም ኅልዮት</a></i></small><br /> በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ከተደረጉ ሙከራወች የተነሳ ሌላ ቀውስ ተፈጠረ፣ ይኸውም የኤሌክትሮማግኔቲክ ኅልዮት በሚለውና በተጨባጭ ሙከራወች ውጤት መካከል የነበር ልዩነት ነው። ማናቸውም ሙቀት ያላቸው ቁሶች የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%99%E1%89%80%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%A8%E1%88%A8%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሙቀት ጨረራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሙቀት ጨረራ</a> ይረጫሉ፣ ነገር ግን ጨረራቸው ያልተቆራረጠ አልነበርም። በ1900፣ <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5_%E1%8D%95%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AD" title="ማክስ ፕላንክ">ማክስ ፕላንክ</a> የተሰኘው ጀርመናዊ ተማሪ የዚህን ጉዳይ ስረ መሰረት ለማወቅ ባደረገው ጥናት ማናቸውም ነገሮች (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%81%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8B%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጥቁር አካላት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጥቁር አካላት</a>) ኤሌክትሮማግኔት ጨረራ የሚረጩት በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%A0%E1%8C%A3%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጠጣር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጠጣር</a> በጠጣር ቁርጥራጭ እንጂ በተቀጣጣይ እንደፈሳሽ አለነበረም። እኒህ ጠጣር የኤሌክትሮማግኔት ጨረራ ቁራጭ መሰረቶች <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%8E%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፎቶን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፎቶን</a> ተባሉ። የሚይዙት ጠጣር ቁራጭ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%85%E1%88%9D" title="አቅም">አቅም</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኳንታ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኳንታ</a> እንዲባል አንስታይን አሳወቀ። ፎቶን መባሉ በዚሁ ዘመን ኤሌክትሮኖች እና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%95%E1%88%AE%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፕሮቶን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፕሮቶኖች</a> የታወቁበት ዘመን ስለነበር ለመለየት ነበር። </p><p>ፎቶን አቅም <i>E</i> ሲኖረው, መጠኑም ከአለው <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%9E%E1%88%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ድግግሞሽ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ድግግሞሽ</a>, <i>f</i>,ጋር <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%80%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%9B_%E1%8B%8D%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ቀጥተኛ ውድር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ቀጥተኛ ውድር</a> አለው። በሒሳብ ሲቀመጥ </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=hf={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>f</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=hf={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f9c6febdb262c24c1541e6bc246b43853524d23" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:14.159ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=hf={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}\,\!}"></span></dd></dl> <p>ማለቱ፦ <i>h</i> የ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%95%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AD_%E1%89%8B%E1%88%9A_%E1%89%81%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፕላንክ ቋሚ ቁጥር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፕላንክ ቋሚ ቁጥር</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }"></span> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5_%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%98%E1%89%B5" title="የሞገድ ርዝመት">የሞገድ ርዝመት</a>፣ እና <i>c</i> ደግሞ <a href="/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%8D%8D%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="የብርሃን ፍጥነት">የብርሃን ፍጥነት</a> ናቸው። ልክ እንዲሁ፣ የፎቶን <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="እንድርድሪት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">እንድርድሪት</a> (ሞመንተም) <i>p</i> ከሞገዱ ድግግሞሽና ጋር ቀጥተኛ ውድር ሲኖረው ከ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B1_%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%98%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የሞገዱ ርዝመት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የሞገዱ ርዝመት</a> ጋር ግን <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%B0%E1%8C%88%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A3%E1%8C%AD_%E1%8B%8D%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ተገልባጭ ውድር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ተገልባጭ ውድር</a> አለው። ወደሒሳብ ቋንቋ ሲተረጎም፦ </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p={E \over c}={hf \over c}={h \over \lambda }.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>E</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>h</mi> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p={E \over c}={hf \over c}={h \over \lambda }.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/66e5511112840371e4b53e317aa80144f33af0dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:19.458ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p={E \over c}={hf \over c}={h \over \lambda }.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>ይሁንና ይህ የፕላንክ ጥናት የፎቶንን ጠጣር የሚመስል ባህርይ በአጥጋቢ ሁኔታ የገለጸ አልነበረም። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="የእኑስ_ሞገድ_ሁለትዮሽ"><span id=".E1.8B.A8.E1.8A.A5.E1.8A.91.E1.88.B5_.E1.88.9E.E1.8C.88.E1.8B.B5_.E1.88.81.E1.88.88.E1.89.B5.E1.8B.AE.E1.88.BD"></span>የእኑስ ሞገድ ሁለትዮሽ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=22" title="የእኑስ ሞገድ ሁለትዮሽ ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: የእኑስ ሞገድ ሁለትዮሽ"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>የብርሃንን ተፈጥሮ የሚገልጸው የአሁኑ ዘመናዊ ኅልዮት በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95" title="አልበርት አይንስታይን">አልበርት አይንስታይን</a> የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%8E%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD_%E1%89%B0%E1%8C%BD%E1%8B%95%E1%8A%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፎቶኤሌክትሪክ ተጽዕኖ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፎቶኤሌክትሪክ ተጽዕኖ</a> ኅልዮትና በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5_%E1%8D%95%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%AD" title="ማክስ ፕላንክ">ማክስ ፕላንክ</a> የፎቶን ጥናት ላይ የተመሰረት ነው። የአይንስታን ትንታኔ በ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%91%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="እኑስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">እኑስ</a>ነት ላይ ያተኮረ ሲሆን የፕላንክ ደግሞ በ<a href="/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5" title="ሞገድ">ሞገድ</a>ነት ላይ ያተኮረ ነበር። የዘመናዊው ኅልዮት እሚለው ብርሃን የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5-%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%91%E1%88%B5_%E1%88%81%E1%88%88%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%88%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሞገድ-እኑስ ሁለትዮሽ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሞገድ-እኑስ ሁለትዮሽ</a> ተፈጥሮ አለው ይላል። ማለቱ ብርሃን፣ ሞገድም፣ እኑስም ነው። አይንስታይን እንዳስተማረ፡ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%8E%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፎቶን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፎቶን</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%85%E1%88%9D" title="አቅም">አቅም</a> ከፎቶኑ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%9E%E1%88%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ድግግሞሽ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ድግግሞሽ</a> ጋር ቀጥተኛ ውድር አለው ( ማለት ድግግሞሹ ሲበዛ፣ አቅሙም ይበዛል፣ ሲያንስ ያንሳል)። ይህ ሃልዮት ሲሰፋ ማናቸውም የአለም አካላት እኑስም ሞገድም ናቸው ብሎ ያስቀምጣል። ብርሃን ብቻ ሳይሆን፣ ማንኛውም ነገር የእኑስነቱን ወይም ደግሞ የሞገድነቱን ባህርይ ለይቶ ሊያወጣ የሚችል ሙከራ ሊካሄድበት ይችላል። አንድ ነገር <a href="/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9D%E1%8D%88%E1%89%B5" title="ግዝፈት">ግዝፈቱ</a> ትልቅ ከሆነ የእኑስነቱ ባህርይ ገኖ ይወጣል። ስለሆነም የአለምን ሞገዳዊነት በዘልማድ ለማወቅ አስቸጋሪ ነው። <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%89%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8B%B0_%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AE%E1%8B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሉዊ ደ ብሮይ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሉዊ ደ ብሮይ</a> በ1924 አፍረጥርጦ የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኤሌክትሮን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኤሌክትሮን</a>ን የእኑስና ሞገድ ሁለትዮሽ ፀባይን እስከተነተነ የሁለቱ ጸባይን የያዘ ብርሃን ብቻ ነው ብሎ ሳይንቲስቶች ያስቡ ነበር። የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኤሌክትሮን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኤሌክትሮን</a> ሞገዳዊ ባህርይ በ1927 ዓ.ም. በዳቪሰንና ገርመር በተጨባጭ ተመክሮ ተረጋገጠ። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ኳንተም_ሥነ_ኤሌክትሮ-እንቅስቃሴ_(ኤሌክትሮዳይናሚክስ)"><span id=".E1.8A.B3.E1.8A.95.E1.89.B0.E1.88.9D_.E1.88.A5.E1.8A.90_.E1.8A.A4.E1.88.8C.E1.8A.AD.E1.89.B5.E1.88.AE-.E1.8A.A5.E1.8A.95.E1.89.85.E1.88.B5.E1.89.83.E1.88.B4_.28.E1.8A.A4.E1.88.8C.E1.8A.AD.E1.89.B5.E1.88.AE.E1.8B.B3.E1.8B.AD.E1.8A.93.E1.88.9A.E1.8A.AD.E1.88.B5.29"></span>ኳንተም ሥነ ኤሌክትሮ-እንቅስቃሴ (ኤሌክትሮዳይናሚክስ)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=23" title="ኳንተም ሥነ ኤሌክትሮ-እንቅስቃሴ (ኤሌክትሮዳይናሚክስ) ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: ኳንተም ሥነ ኤሌክትሮ-እንቅስቃሴ (ኤሌክትሮዳይናሚክስ)"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>የኳንተም መካኒካል ኅልዮት በብርሃንና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9B%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%94%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8C%A8%E1%88%A8%E1%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኤሌክትሮማግኔቲካዊ ጨረራ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኤሌክትሮማግኔቲካዊ ጨረራ</a> ያለው አስተሳሰብ ቀስ በቀስ እየተቀየረ 1920ወቹ አልቀው 1930ዎቹ ተደግሙ። በ1940ወቹ ይህ ኅልዮት አብቦ አሁን የሚታወቀውን የ<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8A%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B0%E1%88%9D_%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%88%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AE%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%93%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ኳንተም ኤለክትሮዳይናሚክስ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ኳንተም ኤለክትሮዳይናሚክስ</a> (QED) ወይንም በሌላ ስሙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B0%E1%88%9D_%E1%88%98%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AD_%E1%8A%85%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AE%E1%89%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="የኳንተም መስክ ኅልዮት (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">የኳንተም መስክ ኅልዮት</a> ወለደ። ይህ አዲሱ ኅልዮት በብዙ ሙከራወች የተፈተነና ጸንቶ የቆመ ሲሆን በሌላ ጎን ስፋት ያላቸውን የተፈጥሮ ክስተቶች በአጥጋቢ ሁኔታ መተንተን የሚያስች ሆኖ እስካሁን ጸንቶ ይገኛል። ኳንተም ኤሌክትሮዲናሚክስን ያቋቋሙት ሳይንቲስቶች <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%AA%E1%89%BB%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8D%8C%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሪቻርድ ፌይማን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሪቻርድ ፌይማን</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95_%E1%8B%B4%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ፍሪማን ዴይሰን (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ፍሪማን ዴይሰን</a>፣ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%8C%81%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%BD%E1%8B%8A%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ጁሊያን ሽዊንገር (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ጁሊያን ሽዊንገር</a>፣ እና <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%BD%E1%8A%95-%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%BD%E1%88%AE_%E1%89%B6%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%93%E1%8C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ሽን-ኢችሮ ቶሞናጋ (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">ሽን-ኢችሮ ቶሞናጋ</a> ናቸው። ፌይማን፣ ሽዊንገር እና ቶሞናጋ የ1965 <a href="/wiki/%E1%8A%96%E1%89%A4%E1%88%8D_%E1%88%BD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9B%E1%89%B5" title="ኖቤል ሽልማት">ኖቤል ሽልማት</a> ስለዚህ ስራቸው አሸንፈዋል። </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ማጣቀሻ"><span id=".E1.88.9B.E1.8C.A3.E1.89.80.E1.88.BB"></span>ማጣቀሻ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&veaction=edit&section=24" title="ማጣቀሻ ክፍልን ለማስተካከል" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ለማስተካከል</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: ማጣቀሻ"><span>ኮድ አርም</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.ss/1009212817">Scientific Method, Statistical Method and the Speed of Light</a><i>. Statistical Science 2000, Vol. 15, No. 3, 254–278</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFTang2009">Tang, Hong X. (October 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/devices/photonics-breakthrough-for-silicon-chips">"May the Force of Light Be with You"</a>, <i>IEEE Spectrum</i>: pp. 41<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%88%98%E1%88%88%E1%8C%A0%E1%8D%8A%E1%8B%AB:Ndash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="መለጠፊያ:Ndash (ገጹ ገና አልተጻፈም)">መለጠፊያ:Ndash</a>45<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/devices/photonics-breakthrough-for-silicon-chips">http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/devices/photonics-breakthrough-for-silicon-chips</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate"> በ7 September 2010 የተቃኘ</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=May+the+Force+of+Light+Be+with+You&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Hong+X.&rft.au=Tang%2C%26%2332%3BHong+X.&rft.date=October+2009&rft.pages=pp.+41%5B%5B%3A%E1%88%98%E1%88%88%E1%8C%A0%E1%8D%8A%E1%8B%AB%3ANdash%5D%5D45&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectrum.ieee.org%2Fsemiconductors%2Fdevices%2Fphotonics-breakthrough-for-silicon-chips&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.yale.edu/tanglab/research.htm">nano-opto-mechanical systems research at Yale University</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://thulescientific.com/LYNCH%20&%20Soffer%20OPN%201999.pdf">http://thulescientific.com/LYNCH%20&%20Soffer%20OPN%201999.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFPtolemy_and_A._Mark_Smith1996">Ptolemy and A. Mark Smith (1996), <i>Ptolemy's Theory of Visual Perception: An English Translation of the Optics with Introduction and Commentary</i>, Diane Publishing, p. 23, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%A9:BookSources/0-871-69862-5" title="ልዩ:BookSources/0-871-69862-5">0-871-69862-5</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemy%27s+Theory+of+Visual+Perception%3A+An+English+Translation+of+the+Optics+with+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.aulast=Ptolemy+and+A.+Mark+Smith&rft.au=Ptolemy+and+A.+Mark+Smith&rft.date=1996&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B23&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing&rft.isbn=0-871-69862-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">'Theories of light, from Descartes to Newton<i> A. I. Sabra CUP Archive,1981 pg 48 <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%A9:BookSources/0521284368" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-28436-8</a>, 9780521284363</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFDavid_Cassidy,_Gerald_Holton,_James_Rutherford2002">David Cassidy, Gerald Holton, James Rutherford (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=rpQo7f9F1xUC&pg=PA382"><i>Understanding Physics</i></a>, Birkhäuser, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%A9:BookSources/0387987568" title="ልዩ:BookSources/0387987568">0387987568</a><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=rpQo7f9F1xUC&pg=PA382">http://books.google.com/?id=rpQo7f9F1xUC&pg=PA382</a></span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Physics&rft.aulast=David+Cassidy%2C+Gerald+Holton%2C+James+Rutherford&rft.au=David+Cassidy%2C+Gerald+Holton%2C+James+Rutherford&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.isbn=0387987568&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DrpQo7f9F1xUC%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Longair, Malcolm. <i>Theoretical Concepts in Physics</i> (2003) p. 87.</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">ከ «<a dir="ltr" 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