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id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantonese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantonese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cantonese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantonese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Hungarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solomon_Islands_Pidgin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solomon_Islands_Pidgin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Solomon Islands Pidgin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solomon_Islands_Pidgin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Turkish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limbu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limbu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Limbu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limbu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Phonetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proper_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proper_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Proper names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proper_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proper names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proper_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Place_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Place names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Warnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_various_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_various_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Use in various fields</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_in_various_fields-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use in various fields subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_in_various_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mathematics_and_formal_logic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics_and_formal_logic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mathematics and formal logic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics_and_formal_logic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Internet culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Comics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Chess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scrabble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scrabble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span><i>Scrabble</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scrabble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baseball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Baseball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Popular music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode_code-points_(with_HTML)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode_code-points_(with_HTML)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Unicode code-points (with HTML)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode_code-points_(with_HTML)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Exclamation mark</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitroepteken" title="Uitroepteken – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Uitroepteken" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A8" title="علامة التعجب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علامة التعجب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinyal_d%27exclamaci%C3%B3n" title="Sinyal d'exclamación – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sinyal d'exclamación" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signu_d%27esclamaci%C3%B3n" title="Signu d'esclamación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Signu d'esclamación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nida_i%C5%9Far%C9%99si" title="Nida işarəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nida işarəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81i%E2%81%BF-ti%C3%A1m" title="Hāiⁿ-tiám – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hāiⁿ-tiám" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Клічнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клічнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Клічнік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Клічнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Удивителен знак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Удивителен знак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pik-estlammi%C3%B1" title="Pik-estlammiñ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pik-estlammiñ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signe_d%27exclamaci%C3%B3" title="Signe d'exclamació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Signe d'exclamació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyk%C5%99i%C4%8Dn%C3%ADk" title="Vykřičník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vykřičník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udr%C3%A5bstegn" title="Udråbstegn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Udråbstegn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausrufezeichen" title="Ausrufezeichen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ausrufezeichen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BC%C3%BCum%C3%A4rk" title="Hüüumärk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hüüumärk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Θαυμαστικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θαυμαστικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signo_de_exclamaci%C3%B3n" title="Signo de exclamación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Signo de exclamación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisigno" title="Krisigno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krisigno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harridura-marka" title="Harridura-marka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harridura-marka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A8" title="علامت تعجب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علامت تعجب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_d%27exclamation" title="Point d'exclamation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Point d'exclamation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utropteken" title="Utropteken – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Utropteken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clisg-phuing" title="Clisg-phuing – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Clisg-phuing" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signo_de_exclamaci%C3%B3n" title="Signo de exclamación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Signo de exclamación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A8" title="ઉદ્‌ગારચિહ્ન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉદ્‌ગારચિહ્ન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%99%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%87%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Хәәкрегче темдег – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Хәәкрегче темдег" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8A%90%EB%82%8C%ED%91%9C" title="느낌표 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="느낌표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Բացականչական նշան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բացականչական նշան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskli%C4%8Dnik" title="Uskličnik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uskličnik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanda_seru" title="Tanda seru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanda seru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_esclamativo" title="Punto esclamativo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Punto esclamativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94" title="סימן קריאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סימן קריאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ძახილის ნიშანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძახილის ნიშანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Леп белгісі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Леп белгісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izsaukuma_z%C4%ABme" title="Izsaukuma zīme – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izsaukuma zīme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0auktukas" title="Šauktukas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šauktukas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elembo_ya_lig%C3%A1ngisi" title="Elembo ya ligángisi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Elembo ya ligángisi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felki%C3%A1lt%C3%B3jel" title="Felkiáltójel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Felkiáltójel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Извичник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Извичник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsoraka" title="Tsoraka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsoraka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ആശ്ചര്യചിഹ്നം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആശ്ചര്യചിഹ്നം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanda_seru" title="Tanda seru – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tanda seru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitroepteken" title="Uitroepteken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uitroepteken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oetroopteken" title="Oetroopteken – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oetroopteken" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="उद्गार चिह्न – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उद्गार चिह्न" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%98%86%E7%AC%A6" title="感嘆符 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="感嘆符" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utropstegn" title="Utropstegn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Utropstegn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropeteikn" title="Ropeteikn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ropeteikn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_d%27exclamacion" title="Punt d'exclamacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Punt d'exclamacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undov_belgisi" title="Undov belgisi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Undov belgisi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B9" title="ਵਿਸ਼ਮਕ ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਸ਼ਮਕ ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A8" title="نشان تعجب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نشان تعجب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wykrzyknik" title="Wykrzyknik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wykrzyknik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponto_de_exclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Ponto de exclamação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ponto de exclamação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semnul_exclam%C4%83rii" title="Semnul exclamării – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Semnul exclamării" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Восклицательный знак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восклицательный знак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A8_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="علامت تعجب یا ندا – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="علامت تعجب یا ندا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pik%C3%AB%C3%A7uditsja" title="Pikëçuditsja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pikëçuditsja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Exclamation mark" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="عجب جي نشاني – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عجب جي نشاني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDkri%C4%8Dn%C3%ADk" title="Výkričník – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Výkričník" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klicaj" title="Klicaj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Klicaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Узвичник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Узвичник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzvi%C4%8Dnik" title="Uzvičnik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Uzvičnik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huutomerkki" title="Huutomerkki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Huutomerkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utropstecken" title="Utropstecken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Utropstecken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="வியப்புக்குறி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வியப்புக்குறி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="อัศเจรีย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัศเจรีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cnlem_i%C5%9Fareti" title="Ünlem işareti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ünlem işareti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Знак оклику – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Знак оклику" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A8" title="نشان تعجب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نشان تعجب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A5u_ch%E1%BA%A5m_than" title="Dấu chấm than – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dấu chấm than" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintelekamal%C3%BCl" title="Lintelekamalül – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lintelekamalül" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"!" redirects here. For "¡", see <a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">Inverted question and exclamation marks</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/!_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="! (disambiguation)">! (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pling" redirects here. For the Swedish lyricist nicknamed Pling, see <a href="/wiki/Ingela_Forsman" title="Ingela Forsman">Ingela Forsman</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">!</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Exclamation mark</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Exclamation point</td></tr><tr style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+0021</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">!</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCLAMATION MARK</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&excl;</span>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#ebebeb;padding:0 0 0.4em;line-height:1.2em;"> <table align="center" style="display:table;padding:0;background:transparent;width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 300%; text-align: center; line-height: 0.01; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;"> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">¡ </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em ;min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">՜</span> </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">ǃ </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">﹗ </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">Inverted exclamation mark</a> </th> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a> exclamation mark </th> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_click" title="Alveolar click">Alveolar<br />click</a> </th> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;">Small<br />exclamation sign </th></tr></tbody></table></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">See also</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00A1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">¡</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>exclamation mark</b> <b><span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">!</span></b> (also known as <b>exclamation point</b> in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> mark usually used after an <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjection</a> or exclamation to indicate strong feelings or to show <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emphasis" class="extiw" title="wikt:emphasis">emphasis</a>. The exclamation mark often marks the end of a sentence, for example: "Watch out!". Similarly, a bare exclamation mark (with nothing before or after) is often used in <a href="/wiki/Warning_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Warning sign">warning signs</a>. The exclamation mark is often used in writing to make a character seem as though they are shouting, excited, or surprised. </p><p>Other uses include: </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, it denotes the <a href="/wiki/Factorial" title="Factorial">factorial</a> operation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Several computer languages use <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">!</span> at the beginning of an <a href="/wiki/Expression_(computer_science)" title="Expression (computer science)">expression</a> to denote logical <a href="/wiki/Negation" title="Negation">negation</a>. For example,<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">!A</code> means "the logical negation of A", also called "not A". This usage has spread to ordinary language (e.g., "!clue" means no-clue or clueless).</li> <li>Some languages use <a href="/wiki/%C7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ǃ">ǃ</a>, a symbol that looks like an exclamation mark, to denote a <a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">click consonant</a>.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graphically, the exclamation mark is represented by variations on the theme of a <a href="/wiki/Period_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (punctuation)">period</a> with a vertical line above. One theory of its origin posits derivation from a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> exclamation of joy, namely <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">io</i></span>, analogous to "hooray"; copyists wrote the Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">io</i></span> at the end of a sentence, to indicate expression of joy. Over time, the <i>i</i> moved above the <i>o</i>; that <i>o</i> first became smaller, and (with time) a dot.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> as a punctuation symbol after the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient Era</a> can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, when scribes would often add various marks and symbols to <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a> to indicate changes in <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pausa" title="Pausa">pauses</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">emphasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These symbols included the punctus admirativus,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a symbol that was similar in shape to the modern exclamation mark and was used to indicate admiration, surprise, or other strong emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern use of the exclamation mark was supposedly first described in the 14th century by Italian scholar Alpoleio da Urbisaglia.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 21st-century literary scholar Florence Hazrat,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> da Urbisaglia "felt very annoyed" that people were reading script with a flat tone, even if it was written to elicit emotions. The exclamation mark was introduced into English printing during this time to show <a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">emphasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-truss_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-truss-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later called by many names, including <i>point of admiration</i> (1611),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>note of exclamation or admiration</i> (1657),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>sign of admiration or exclamation</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>exclamation point</i> (1824),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally, <i>exclamation mark</i> (1839).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many older or portable <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</a> did not have the exclamation mark. Instead the user typed a <a href="/wiki/Period_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (punctuation)">period</a> and then backspaced and overtyped an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slang_and_other_names_for_the_exclamation_mark">Slang and other names for the exclamation mark</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Slang and other names for the exclamation mark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Now obsolete, the name <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ecphoneme" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ecphoneme">ecphoneme</a></i> was documented in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, secretarial dictation and typesetting manuals in America referred to the mark as "bang",<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps from comic books – where the ! appeared in dialogue bubbles to represent a gun being fired<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – although the nickname probably emerged from letterpress printing.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "bang" usage is behind the names of the <a href="/wiki/Interrobang" title="Interrobang">interrobang</a>, an unconventional typographic character, and a <a href="/wiki/Shebang_(Unix)" title="Shebang (Unix)">shebang</a>, a feature of <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> computer systems. </p><p>In the printing world, the exclamation mark can be called a screamer, a gasper, a slammer, a dog's cock,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a startler.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(programmer_subculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (programmer subculture)">hacker culture</a>, the exclamation mark is called "bang", "shriek", or, in the British slang known as Commonwealth Hackish, "<span title="British English-language text"><span lang="en-GB">pling</span></span>". For example, the password communicated in the spoken phrase "Your password is em-zero-pee-aitch-bang-en-three" ("<span title="British English-language text"><span lang="en-GB">em-nought-pee-aitch-pling-en-three</span></span>" in Commonwealth Hackish) is <code>m0ph!n3</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exclamation mark is mainly used in languages that use the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, although usage varies slightly. It has also been adopted in languages written in other scripts, such as languages written with <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> scripts, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sentence ending in an exclamation mark may represent an <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">exclamation</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">interjection</a> (such as "Wow!", "Boo!"), or an <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> ("Stop!"), or may indicate astonishment or surprise: "They were the footprints of a gigantic hound!" Exclamation marks are occasionally placed mid-sentence with a function similar to a comma, for dramatic effect, although this usage is obsolete: "On the walk, oh! there was a frightful noise."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Informally, exclamation marks may be repeated for additional emphasis ("That's great!!!"), but this practice is generally considered unacceptable in formal prose.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exclamation mark is sometimes used in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a>. This can be in protest or astonishment ("Out of all places, the squatter-camp?!"); a few writers replace this with a single, nonstandard punctuation mark, the <a href="/wiki/Interrobang" title="Interrobang">interrobang</a>, which is the combination of a question mark and an exclamation mark.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overly frequent use of the exclamation mark is generally considered poor writing, as it distracts the reader and decreases the mark's significance.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Cut out all these exclamation points... An exclamation point is like laughing at your own joke.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Some authors, most notably <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Tom Wolfe</a>, are known for unashamedly liberal use of the exclamation mark. In <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a>, the very frequent use of exclamation mark is common—see <a href="#Comics">Comics</a>, below. </p><p>For information on the use of spaces after an exclamation mark, see the discussion of <a href="/wiki/Full_stop#Spacing_after_a_full_stop" title="Full stop">spacing after a period</a>. </p><p>Several studies have shown that women use exclamation marks more than men do. One study suggests that, in addition to other uses, exclamation marks may also function as markers of friendly interaction, for example, by making "Hi!" or "Good luck!" seem friendlier than simply "Hi." or "Good luck." (with periods).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, use of exclamation marks in contexts that are not unambiguously positive can be misinterpreted as indicating hostility. </p><p>In English writing and often <a href="/wiki/Subtitle_(captioning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtitle (captioning)">subtitles</a>, a <b>(!)</b> symbol (an exclamation mark within <a href="/wiki/Bracket#Parentheses" title="Bracket">parentheses</a>) implies that a character has made an obviously <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcastic</a> comment e.g.: "<i>Ooh, a sarcasm detector. That's a <b>really useful</b> invention(!)</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also is used to indicate surprise at one's own experience or statement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French">French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In French, as well as marking exclamations or indicating astonishment, the exclamation mark is also commonly used to mark orders or requests: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Viens ici !</i></span> (English: 'Come here!'). When available, a <a href="/wiki/Non-breaking_space#Width_variation" title="Non-breaking space">'narrow no-break space'</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">espace fine insécable</i></span>) is used between the last word and the exclamation mark in European French. If not, a regular <a href="/wiki/Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">non-breaking space</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">espace insécable</i></span>) is currently used. In Canadian French, either no space is used or a small space (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">espace fine insécable</i></span>) is inserted if available. One can also combine an exclamation mark with a question mark at the end of a sentence where appropriate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> uses the exclamation mark for several things that English conveys with other <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>It is used at the end of <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> sentences even when not particularly emphatic: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ruf mich morgen an!</i></span> (English: 'Call me tomorrow.') A normal period, as in English, is fairly common but is considered substandard.</li> <li>A related use is on signs that express a command or interdiction: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Betreten verboten!</i></span> (English: 'No trespassing!').</li> <li>The exclamation mark may also be used in the salutation line of a letter: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Lieber Hans!</i></span> (English: 'Dear Hans,'). However, the use of a <a href="/wiki/Comma_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comma (punctuation)">comma</a> is equally correct and is more common.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Greek_exclamation_mark"></span><span class="anchor" id="Thavmastiko"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cantonese">Cantonese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cantonese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cantonese has not historically used dedicated punctuation marks, rather relying on grammatical markers to denote the end of a statement. Usage of exclamation marks is common in written <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> and in some <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> speaking regions.<sup id="cite_ref-routledge_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledge-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Canton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> regions, however, generally refused to accept the exclamation mark as it was seen as carrying with it unnecessary and confusing Western connotations; however, an exclamation mark, including in some written representations of colloquy in <a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, can be used informally to indicate strong feeling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek">Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>, the exclamation mark (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Θαυμαστικό</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">thavmastikó</i></span>) has been introduced from <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin scripts</a> and is used identically, although without the reluctance seen in <a href="#English">English usage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nicky_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicky-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minor grammatical difference is that, while a series of interjections each employ an exclamation mark (e.g., <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Ωχ! Αχ!</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Ōch! Ach!</i></span>, 'Oops! Oh!'), an interjection should only be separated from an extended exclamation by a comma (e.g., <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Ωχ, ξέχασα το μάτι της κουζίνας ανοιχτό!</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Ōch, xéchasa to máti tīs kouzínas anoichtó!</i></span>, 'Oops! I left the stove on.'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungarian">Hungarian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hungarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, an exclamation mark is put at the end of exclamatory, imperative or prohibitive sentences, and sentences expressing a wish (e.g. <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">De szép!</i></span> – 'How beautiful!', <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">A fűre lépni tilos!</i></span> – 'Keep off the grass', <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Bárcsak sikerülne a tervem!</i></span> – 'If only my plan would work out.'). The use of the exclamation mark is also needed when addressing someone and the addressing is a separate sentence. (typically at the beginning of letters, e.g. <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Kedves Péter!</i></span> – 'Dear Peter,').<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greetings are also typically terminated with an exclamation mark (e.g. <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Jó estét!</i></span> – 'Good evening.'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solomon_Islands_Pidgin">Solomon Islands Pidgin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Solomon Islands Pidgin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_Pidgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon Islands Pidgin">Solomon Islands Pidgin</a>, the phrase may be between admiration marks. Compare <span title="Pijin-language text"><i lang="pis">Nomoa.</i></span> ("No.") and <span title="Pijin-language text"><i lang="pis">!Nomoa nao!</i></span> ("Certainly not!").<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish">Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Billboard_at_Montju%C3%AFc,_Barcelona_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Billboard_at_Montju%C3%AFc%2C_Barcelona_%28detail%29.jpg/220px-Billboard_at_Montju%C3%AFc%2C_Barcelona_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Billboard_at_Montju%C3%AFc%2C_Barcelona_%28detail%29.jpg/330px-Billboard_at_Montju%C3%AFc%2C_Barcelona_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Billboard_at_Montju%C3%AFc%2C_Barcelona_%28detail%29.jpg/440px-Billboard_at_Montju%C3%AFc%2C_Barcelona_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2469" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Trilingual billboard in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> (detail), showing the initial exclamation mark for Spanish, but not for <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> (top line) and English</figcaption></figure> <p>In Spanish, a sentence or clause ending in an exclamation mark must also begin with an <a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">inverted exclamation mark</a> (the same also applies to the question mark): <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">¿Estás loco? ¡Casi la matas!</i></span>, 'Are you crazy? You almost killed her!' </p><p>As in British English, a bracketed exclamation mark may be used to indicate irony or surprise at a statement: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Dice que esta noche no va a salir de fiesta (!)</i></span>, 'He said that he's not going to a party tonight(!).' Such use is not matched by an inverted opening exclamation mark.<sup id="cite_ref-RAE_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAE-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish">Turkish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Turkish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, an exclamation mark is used after a sentence or phrase for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emphasis" class="extiw" title="wikt:emphasis">emphasis</a>, and is common following both commands and the addressees of such commands. For example, in the <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Ordular! İlk hedefiniz Akdenizdir, ileri!</i></span> ('Armies! Your first target is the Mediterranean') order by <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk">Atatürk</a>, <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">ordular</i></span> ('the armies') constitute the addressee. It is further used in parentheses, <span title="Turkish-language text"><span lang="tr">(!)</span></span>, after a sentence or phrase to indicate <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcasm</a>: <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Çok iyi bir iş yaptın (!)</i></span>, 'You've done a very good job – <a href="/wiki/Not!" class="mw-redirect" title="Not!">Not!</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limbu">Limbu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Limbu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)"><img alt="<?>" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/40px-Replacement_character.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/60px-Replacement_character.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/80px-Replacement_character.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This section contains uncommon <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of the intended characters.</div></div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a>, an exclamation mark is used after a Limbu sentence or phrase for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emphasis" class="extiw" title="wikt:emphasis">emphasis</a>, and is common following both commands and the addressees of such commands. For example, in the Limbu sentence <i>ᤐᤚᤢ᥄ ᤄᤨᤘᤑ ᤂᤥᤆᤌᤙ Mediterranean, ᤚᤦᤛᤅ᥄</i> — <i>Paṡu! Ghōwapha khōcathaśa Mediterranean, ṡausaṅa!</i> (Armies! Your first target is the <i>Mediterranean</i>!). It is further used in parentheses, (᥄), after a sentence or phrase to indicate <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcasm</a>: <i>ᤖᤥᤂᤌ ᤔᤚᤗ ᤐᤤ ᤊᤇ ᤃᤦᤄ (᥄)</i> — <i>Rōkhatha maṡala pai yancha gaugha (!)</i> (You did a very good job — <a href="/wiki/Not!" class="mw-redirect" title="Not!">Not!</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetics">Phonetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Phonetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan languages</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, a symbol that looks like the exclamation mark is used as a letter to indicate the <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar click">postalveolar click</a> sound (represented as <i>q</i> in <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> orthography). It is actually a vertical bar with underdot. In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, this letter is properly coded as <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+01C3</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ǃ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN LETTER RETROFLEX CLICK</span> and distinguished from the common punctuation symbol <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0021</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">!</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCLAMATION MARK</span> to allow software to deal properly with word breaks. </p><p>The exclamation mark has sometimes been used as a <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic notation">phonetic symbol</a> to indicate that a consonant is <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a>. More commonly this is represented by an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Superscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Superscript">superscript</a> <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> symbol (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02C0</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ˀ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER GLOTTAL STOP</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proper_names">Proper names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Proper names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although not part of dictionary words, exclamation marks appear in some <a href="/wiki/Brand_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand names">brand names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">trade names</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Yum!_Brands" title="Yum! Brands">Yum! Brands</a> (parent of fast food chains like <a href="/wiki/Taco_Bell" title="Taco Bell">Taco Bell</a> and <a href="/wiki/KFC" title="KFC">KFC</a>), <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">Web</a> services <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joomla!" class="mw-redirect" title="Joomla!">Joomla!</a>, and the online game <a href="/wiki/Kahoot!" title="Kahoot!">Kahoot!</a>. It appears in the titles of stage and screen works, especially comedies and <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musicals</a>; examples include the <a href="/wiki/Game_show" title="Game show">game show</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Jeopardy!" title="Jeopardy!">Jeopardy!</a></i>; the '60s musical TV show <i><a href="/wiki/Shindig!" title="Shindig!">Shindig!</a></i>; musicals <i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!" title="Oklahoma!">Oklahoma!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mamma_Mia!_(musical)" title="Mamma Mia! (musical)">Mamma Mia!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver!" title="Oliver!">Oliver!</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Oh!_Calcutta!" title="Oh! Calcutta!">Oh! Calcutta!</a></i>; and movies <i><a href="/wiki/Airplane!" title="Airplane!">Airplane!</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge!" title="Moulin Rouge!">Moulin Rouge!</a></i>. Writer <a href="/wiki/Elliot_S!_Maggin" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliot S! Maggin">Elliot S! Maggin</a> and cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Scott_Shaw!" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Shaw!">Scott Shaw!</a> include exclamation marks in their names. In the 2016 United States presidential campaign, Republican candidate <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> used "Jeb!" as his campaign logo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Place_names">Place names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Place names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westward_Ho!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Westward_Ho%21.jpg/220px-Westward_Ho%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Westward_Ho%21.jpg/330px-Westward_Ho%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Westward_Ho%21.jpg/440px-Westward_Ho%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Road sign marking the entrance to Westward Ho!</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Westward_Ho!" title="Westward Ho!">Westward Ho!</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Westward_Ho!_(novel)" title="Westward Ho! (novel)">the novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a>, is the only place name in the United Kingdom that officially contains an exclamation mark.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a town in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> called <a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis-du-Ha!_Ha!" title="Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!">Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!</a>, which is spelled with two exclamation marks.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ohio" title="Hamilton, Ohio">Hamilton, Ohio</a>, changed its name to Hamilton! in 1986, but neither the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">United States Board on Geographic Names</a> nor mapmakers <a href="/wiki/Rand_McNally" title="Rand McNally">Rand McNally</a> recognised the change.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, changed its logotype to Ostrava!!! in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warnings">Warnings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Warnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achtung.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Achtung.svg/130px-Achtung.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Achtung.svg/195px-Achtung.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Achtung.svg/260px-Achtung.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>A hazard <a href="/wiki/Warning_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Warning sign">warning sign</a> with an exclamation mark.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattle_stop_sign_-_New_Zealand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cattle_stop_sign_-_New_Zealand.jpg/220px-Cattle_stop_sign_-_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cattle_stop_sign_-_New_Zealand.jpg/330px-Cattle_stop_sign_-_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cattle_stop_sign_-_New_Zealand.jpg/440px-Cattle_stop_sign_-_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3507" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>New Zealand road sign warning of a "cattle stop" (<a href="/wiki/Cattle_grid" title="Cattle grid">cattle grid</a>/cattle guard)</figcaption></figure> <p>Exclamation marks are used to emphasize a <a href="/wiki/Precautionary_statement" title="Precautionary statement">precautionary statement</a>. On <a href="/wiki/Warning_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Warning sign">warning signs</a>, an exclamation mark is often used to draw attention to a warning of danger, hazards, and the unexpected. These signs are common in hazardous environments or on potentially dangerous equipment. A common type of this warning is a yellow <a href="/wiki/Triangle" title="Triangle">triangle</a> with a black exclamation mark, but a white triangle with a red border is common on <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Warning_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Warning sign">road warning signs</a>. (In most cases, a pictogram indicating the nature of the hazard is enclosed in the triangle but an exclamation mark may be used instead as a generic symbol; a plate beneath identifies the hazard.) </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_various_fields">Use in various fields</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Use in various fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics_and_formal_logic">Mathematics and formal logic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mathematics and formal logic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Mathematics"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols" title="Glossary of mathematical symbols">Glossary of mathematical symbols</a></div> <p>In elementary <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, the symbol represents the <a href="/wiki/Factorial" title="Factorial">factorial</a> operation. The expression <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>! means "the product of the <a href="/wiki/Integers" class="mw-redirect" title="Integers">integers</a> from 1 to <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>". For example, 4! (read <i>four factorial</i>) is 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24. (0! is defined as 1,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a <a href="/wiki/Neutral_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral element">neutral element</a> in <a href="/wiki/Multiplication" title="Multiplication">multiplication</a>, not multiplied by anything.) Additionally, it can also represent the <a href="/wiki/Uniqueness_quantification" title="Uniqueness quantification">uniqueness quantifier</a> or, if used in front of a number, it can represent a <a href="/wiki/Subfactorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfactorial">subfactorial</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Linear_logic" title="Linear logic">linear logic</a>, the exclamation mark denotes one of the modalities that control weakening and contraction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computing">Computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, the exclamation mark is <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">character</a> 33 (21 in <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a>). Due to its availability on even early computers, the character was used for many purposes. The name given to "!" by programmers varies according to their background, though it was very common to give it a short name to make reading code aloud easier. "Bang"<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is very popular. In the UK the term <a href="/wiki/Pling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pling">pling</a> was popular in the earlier days of computing, whilst in the United States, the term <a href="/wiki/Vociferation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vociferation">shriek</a> was used. It is claimed that these word usages were invented in the US and <i>shriek</i> is from Stanford or MIT; however, <i>shriek</i> for the ! sign is found in the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> dating from the 1860s. </p><p>Many computer languages using <a href="/wiki/C_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="C programming language">C-style syntax</a> use "!" for <a href="/wiki/Negation#Programming_language_and_ordinary_language" title="Negation">logical negation</a>; <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">!A</code> means "not A", and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">A != B</code> means "A is <a href="/wiki/Inequation" title="Inequation">not equal</a> to B". This negation principle has spread to ordinary language; for example, the word "!clue" is used as a synonym for "no-clue" or "clueless".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbol in formal logic for <a href="/wiki/Negation" title="Negation">negation</a> is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">¬</code> but, as this symbol is not present as standard on most keyboards, the C convention has spread informally to other contexts. </p><p>Early <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a> systems also used the exclamation mark as a separator character between hostnames for routing information, usually referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Bang_path" class="mw-redirect" title="Bang path">bang path</a>" notation. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">IRC</a> protocol, a user's nickname and <a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">ident</a> are separated by an exclamation mark in the <a href="/wiki/Hostmask" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostmask">hostmask</a> assigned to him or her by the server. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> scripting (typically for <a href="/wiki/UNIX_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX shell">UNIX shell</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>), "!" is usually used after a "#" in the first line of a script, the <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_directive" title="Interpreter directive">interpreter directive</a>, to tell the OS what program to use to run the script. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">#!</code> is usually called a "hash-bang" or <a href="/wiki/Shebang_(Unix)" title="Shebang (Unix)">shebang</a>. A similar convention for <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> files calls for the first line to begin with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">%!</code>, called "percent-bang".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An exclamation mark starts <a href="/wiki/Command_history" title="Command history">history</a> expansions in many <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shells</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">bash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tcsh" title="Tcsh">tcsh</a> where <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">!!</code> executes the previous command and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">!*</code> refers to all of the arguments from the previous command. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Acorn_Computers_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Acorn Computers Ltd">Acorn</a> <a href="/wiki/RISC_OS" title="RISC OS">RISC OS</a> uses filenames starting with pling to create an <a href="/wiki/Application_directory" title="Application directory">application directory</a>: for instance a file called <code>!Run</code> is executed when the folder containing it is double-clicked (holding down shift prevents this). There is also <code>!Boot</code> (executed the first time the application containing it comes into view of the filer), <code>!Sprites</code> (icons), <code>!Help</code>, and others. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">!x</code> is used for <a href="/wiki/Factorial" title="Factorial">factorial</a> of x (backwards from math notation), and also for the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_coefficient" title="Binomial coefficient">binomial coefficient</a>: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">k!n</code> means <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tbinom {n}{k}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN"> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo> </mrow> <mfrac linethickness="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mi>k</mi> </mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE"> <mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tbinom {n}{k}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/206415d3742167e319b2e52c2ca7563b799abad7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.116ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tbinom {n}{k}}}"></span> or <span class="texhtml"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num"><i>n</i>!</span>⁄<span class="den"><i>k</i>!(<i>n</i>–<i>k</i>)!</span></span></span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/BBC_BASIC" title="BBC BASIC">BBC BASIC</a> used pling as an indirection operator, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/PEEK_and_POKE" title="PEEK and POKE">PEEK and POKE</a> of four <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> at once.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a>, the precursor of <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, used "!" for pointer and array indirection: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">!P</code> is equivalent to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">*P</code> in C, and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">P!3</code> is equivalent to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">P[3]</code> in C. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a> programming language, "!" is used to express strictness. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a> programming language, "!!" ("double-bang") is the not-null assertion operator, used to override <a href="/wiki/Void_safety" title="Void safety">null safety</a> so as to allow a <a href="/wiki/Null_pointer" title="Null pointer">null pointer</a> exception.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a> programming language (including <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a> and <a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>), "!" is the operator to get the value out of a "reference" data structure. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Raku_(programming_language)" title="Raku (programming language)">Raku</a> programming language, the "!" <a href="/wiki/Sigil_(computer_programming)" title="Sigil (computer programming)">twigil</a> is used to access private attributes or methods in a class (like <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-raku mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">class</span> <span class="n">Person</span> { <span class="k">has</span> <span class="nv">$!name</span>; }</code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-raku mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">self</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">private-method</span>;</code>).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-r5rs_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r5rs-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> programming languages, "!" is conventionally the suffix for functions and special forms that mutate their input. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a> programming language, a type followed by "!" denotes an "implicitly unwrapped optional", an <a href="/wiki/Option_type" title="Option type">option type</a> where the compiler does not enforce safe unwrapping. The "!" operator "force unwraps" an option type, causing an error if it is nil. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Geek_Code" title="Geek Code">Geek Code</a> version 3, "!" is used before a letter to denote that the geek refuses to participate in the topic at hand. In some cases, it has an alternate meaning, such as <i>G!</i> denoting a geek of no qualifications, <i>!d</i> denoting not wearing any clothes, <i>P!</i> denoting not being allowed to use Perl, and so on. They all share some negative connotations, however. </p><p><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">!</code> is used to denote changed lines in <a href="/wiki/Diff" title="Diff"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">diff</code></a> output in the <a href="/wiki/Diff#Context_format" title="Diff">context format</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Diff#Unified_format" title="Diff">unified format</a>, changes to a single line are denoted as an addition and deletion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exclamation mark can be used in video games to signify that a character is startled or alarmed. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Metal_Gear_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal Gear (series)">Metal Gear</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paper_Mario" title="Paper Mario">Paper Mario</a></i> series, an exclamation mark appears over enemies' heads when they notice the player. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">massively multiplayer online (MMO)</a> games such as <i><a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a></i>, an exclamation mark hovering over a character's head is often used to indicate that they are offering a quest for the player to complete. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Dota_2" title="Dota 2">Dota 2</a></i>, an exclamation mark is shown above the head of a unit if it is killed by means not granting enemies experience or gold (if it is "denied"). </p><p>In the 2005 arcade dance simulation game <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Groove_2" title="In the Groove 2">In the Groove 2</a></i>, there is a song titled "!" (also referred to as "bang") by the artist Onyx. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_culture">Internet culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Internet culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Exclamation_mark" title="Special:EditPage/Exclamation mark">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Internet#Social_impact" title="Internet">Internet culture</a>, especially where <a href="/wiki/Leet" title="Leet">leet</a> is used, multiple exclamation marks may be affixed with the numeral "1" as in <i>!!!!!!111</i>. The notation originates from a common error: when typing multiple exclamation points quickly, the typist may fail to hold the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ <a href="/wiki/Shift_key" title="Shift key">Shift</a></kbd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">1</kbd> combination that produces the exclamation mark on many <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layouts</a>. This error, first used intentionally as a joke in the leet linguistic community, is now an accepted form of exclamation in leet and derivative dialects such as <a href="/wiki/Lolcat" title="Lolcat">Lolspeak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some utterances include further substitutions, for example "!!!111oneeleven".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">fandom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fanfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanfiction">fanfiction</a>, ! is used to signify a defining quality in a character, usually signifying an alternative interpretation of a character from a <a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">canonical</a> work. Examples of this would be "Romantic!Draco" or "Vampire!Harry" from <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> fandom. It is also used to clarify the current persona of a character with multiple identities or appearances, such as to distinguish "Armor!<a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Elric" title="Alphonse Elric">Al</a>" from "Human!Al" in a work based on <a href="/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist" title="Fullmetal Alchemist">Fullmetal Alchemist</a>. The origin of this usage is unknown, although <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">it is hypothesized to have originated with certain <a href="/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles" title="Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles">Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles</a> action figures, for example, "Football Player! Leonardo", "Rockstar! Raphael", and "Breakdancer! Michelangelo".</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comics">Comics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Action252.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d1/Action252.jpg/220px-Action252.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d1/Action252.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>This <i>Action Comics</i> cover from 1959 ends every sentence with an exclamation point or <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a>. Often, few or no <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">periods</a> would be used in the entire book.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a> comics of the mid-20th century, routinely use the exclamation point instead of the period, which means the character has just realized something; unlike when the question mark appears instead, which means the character is confused, surprised or they do not know what is happening. This tends to lead to exaggerated speech, in line with the other <a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">hyperboles</a> common in comic books. A portion of the motivation, however, was simply that a period might disappear in the printing process used at the time, whereas an exclamation point would likely remain recognizable even if there was a printing glitch. For a short period <a href="/wiki/Stan_Lee" title="Stan Lee">Stan Lee</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Editor-in-chief" title="Editor-in-chief">editor-in-chief</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a>, attempted to curb their overuse by a short-lived ban on exclamation points altogether, which led to an inadvertent lack of ending punctuation on many sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comic book writer <a href="/wiki/Elliot_S._Maggin" title="Elliot S. Maggin">Elliot S! Maggin</a> once accidentally signed his name with an exclamation due to the habit of using them when writing comic scripts; it became his professional name from then on.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, comic artist <a href="/wiki/Scott_Shaw_(artist)" title="Scott Shaw (artist)">Scott Shaw!</a> has used the exclamation point after his name throughout his career. </p><p>In comic books and comics in general, a large exclamation point is often used near or over a character's head to indicate surprise. A <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a> can similarly be used to indicate confusion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chess">Chess</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Chess"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_(chess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation (chess)">Punctuation (chess)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_chess_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Algebraic chess notation">chess notation</a> <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_(chess)#!:_Good_move" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation (chess)">"!"</a> denotes a good move, <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_(chess)#‼:_Brilliant_move" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation (chess)">"!!"</a> denotes an excellent move, "?!" denotes a dubious move, and "!?" denotes an interesting, risky move. In some chess variants such as large-board <a href="/wiki/Shogi_variant" title="Shogi variant">Shogi variants</a>, "!" is used to record pieces capturing by stationary feeding or burning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scrabble"><i>Scrabble</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Scrabble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Scrabble" title="Scrabble">Scrabble</a></i>, an exclamation mark written after a word is used to indicate its presence in the <a href="/wiki/Official_Tournament_and_Club_Word_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Tournament and Club Word List">Official Tournament and Club Word List</a> but its absence from the <i><a href="/wiki/Official_Scrabble_Players_Dictionary" title="Official Scrabble Players Dictionary">Official Scrabble Players Dictionary</a></i>, usually because the word has been judged offensive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baseball">Baseball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Baseball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exclamation points or <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisks</a> can be used on scorecards to denote a "great defensive play".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The band <a href="/wiki/!!!" title="!!!">!!!</a> (pronounced "Chk Chk Chk") uses exclamation points as its name.<sup id="cite_ref-NPRatc07_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPRatc07-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the pop-punk band <a href="/wiki/Panic!_at_the_Disco" title="Panic! at the Disco">Panic! at the Disco</a> dropped the exclamation point in its name; this became the "most-discussed topic on [fan] message boards around the world".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the exclamation mark was re-inserted following the band's split.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The band <a href="/wiki/Bomb_the_Music_Industry!" title="Bomb the Music Industry!">Bomb the Music Industry!</a> utilizes an exclamation mark in its name, as well as several album and song titles and promotional material. Examples include their songs "(Shut) Up The Punx!!!" and the album <i><a href="/wiki/Adults!!!:_Smart!!!_Shithammered!!!_And_Excited_by_Nothing!!!!!!!" title="Adults!!!: Smart!!! Shithammered!!! And Excited by Nothing!!!!!!!">Adults!!!: Smart!!! Shithammered!!! And Excited by Nothing!!!!!!!</a></i>. </p><p>American musician <a href="/wiki/Pink_(singer)" title="Pink (singer)">Pink</a> stylizes her stage name "P!NK",<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and uses three exclamation points in the subtitle of her 2010 release, <i><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits..._So_Far!!!" class="mw-redirect" title="Greatest Hits... So Far!!!">Greatest Hits... So Far!!!</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exclamation mark was included in the title of <a href="/wiki/Dinah_Shore" title="Dinah Shore">Dinah Shore</a>'s TV series, <i><a href="/wiki/Dinah!" title="Dinah!">Dinah!</a></i> The exclamation mark was later the subject of a bitter argument between <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Benes" title="Elaine Benes">Elaine Benes</a> and her boyfriend, Jake Jarmel, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a></i> episode, "<a href="/wiki/The_Sniffing_Accountant" title="The Sniffing Accountant">The Sniffing Accountant</a>". Elaine got upset with Jake for not putting an exclamation mark at the end of a message about her friend having a baby. Jake took extreme exception to the trivial criticism and broke up with Elaine, putting an exclamation mark after his parting words: "I'm leaving!"<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode_code-points_(with_HTML)"><span id="Unicode_code-points_.28with_HTML.29"></span>Unicode code-points (with HTML)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Unicode code-points (with HTML)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1092331828"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)"><img alt="<?>" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/40px-Replacement_character.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/60px-Replacement_character.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/80px-Replacement_character.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains uncommon <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of the intended characters.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0021</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">!</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCLAMATION MARK</span> (HTML <code>&#33;</code>, <code>&excl;</code><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul> <p>Related forms have these <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code points</a>: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00A1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">¡</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK</a></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&iexcl;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+01C3</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN LETTER RETROFLEX CLICK</span> (In IPA: <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_click" title="Alveolar click">alveolar click</a>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+203C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">‼</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DOUBLE EXCLAMATION MARK</span> (for use in vertical text) <ul><li>‼️ with <a href="/wiki/Emoji_variation_selector" class="mw-redirect" title="Emoji variation selector">emoji variation selector</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+203D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">‽</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Interrobang" title="Interrobang">INTERROBANG</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2E18</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⸘</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">INVERTED INTERROBANG</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2048</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⁈</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">QUESTION EXCLAMATION MARK</span> (for use in vertical text)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2049</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⁉</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCLAMATION QUESTION MARK</span> (for use in vertical text) <ul><li>⁉️ with emoji variation selector</li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+26A0</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⚠</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WARNING SIGN</span> (exclamation mark in triangle)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2755</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">❕</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WHITE EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT</span> (in Unicode lingo, "white" means hollow)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2757</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">❗</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HEAVY EXCLAMATION MARK SYMBOL</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2762</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">❢</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HEAVY EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2763</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">❣</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HEAVY HEART EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT</span> <ul><li>❣️ with emoji variation selector</li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2E53</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⹓</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MEDIEVAL EXCLAMATION MARK</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A71D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꜝ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER RAISED EXCLAMATION MARK</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A71E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꜞ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER RAISED INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A71F</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꜟ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER LOW INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FE15</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">︕</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL EXCLAMATION MARK</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FE57</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">﹗</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SMALL EXCLAMATION MARK</span> (for special applications within <a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">CJK</a> text)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FF01</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">！</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK</span> (for special applications within <a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">CJK</a> text)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+E0021</span> </span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">TAG EXCLAMATION MARK</span></li></ul> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">emojis</a> include an exclamation mark: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1F199</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">🆙</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SQUARED UP WITH EXCLAMATION MARK</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1F51B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">🔛</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ON WITH EXCLAMATION MARK WITH LEFT RIGHT ARROW ABOVE</span></li></ul> <p>Some scripts have their own exclamation mark: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+055C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">՜</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">ARMENIAN EXCLAMATION MARK</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+07F9</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">߹</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">NKO EXCLAMATION MARK</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+109F</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">႟</span></span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese script">MYANMAR SYMBOL SHAN EXCLAMATION</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1944</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">᥄</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">LIMBU EXCLAMATION MARK</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+AA77</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">꩷</span></span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MYANMAR SYMBOL AITON EXCLAMATION</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1E95E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span title="Fula-language text"><span lang="ff" dir="rtl">𞥞</span></span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Adlam_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adlam alphabet">ADLAM INITIAL EXCLAMATION MARK</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (punctuation)">Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">Inverted question and exclamation marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_punctuation" title="Terminal punctuation">Terminal punctuation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"admiration" referred to its <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>-language sense, of wonderment.<sup id="cite_ref-truss_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-truss-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HTML5 is the only version of HTML that has a named entity for the exclamation mark.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/factorial.html">"Factorial Function !"</a>. <i>www.mathsisfun.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002131215/https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/factorial.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mathsisfun.com&rft.atitle=Factorial+Function+%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathsisfun.com%2Fnumbers%2Ffactorial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartridge1953" class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Eric (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lN-KAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82"><i>You Have a Point There</i></a>. Routledge. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-37992-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-37992-6"><bdi>0-203-37992-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425171540/https://books.google.com/books?id=lN-KAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Have+a+Point+There&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=0-203-37992-6&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlN-KAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2023" class="citation news cs1">Jensen, Priscilla M. (6 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/an-admirable-point-review-exclaim-yourself-ade02c56">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'An Admirable Point' Review: Exclaim Yourself!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412191910/https://www.wsj.com/articles/an-admirable-point-review-exclaim-yourself-ade02c56">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=%27An+Admirable+Point%27+Review%3A+Exclaim+Yourself%21&rft.date=2023-04-06&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Priscilla+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fan-admirable-point-review-exclaim-yourself-ade02c56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carsonparkdesign.com/exclamation-points/">"The exclamation point — "a sign of failure"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>carsonparkdesign.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413221402/https://carsonparkdesign.com/exclamation-points/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=carsonparkdesign.com&rft.atitle=The+exclamation+point+%E2%80%94+%22a+sign+of+failure%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarsonparkdesign.com%2Fexclamation-points%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiskott2012" class="citation journal cs1">Weiskott, Eric (2012). "Making Beowulf Scream: Exclamation and the Punctuation of Old English Poetry". <i>The Journal of English and Germanic Philology</i>. <b>111</b> (1): 25–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fjenglgermphil.111.1.0025">10.5406/jenglgermphil.111.1.0025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-6941">0363-6941</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jenglgermphil.111.1.0025">10.5406/jenglgermphil.111.1.0025</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163108784">163108784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+English+and+Germanic+Philology&rft.atitle=Making+Beowulf+Scream%3A+Exclamation+and+the+Punctuation+of+Old+English+Poetry&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-41&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0363-6941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163108784%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Fjenglgermphil.111.1.0025%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fjenglgermphil.111.1.0025&rft.aulast=Weiskott&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilla2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Silla, Mirko (2021-12-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://junior.cronachemaceratesi.it/2021/12/03/alpoleio-lurbisalviense-che-invento-il-punto-esclamativo/63322/">"Iacopo Alpoleio, l'urbisalviense che inventò il punto esclamativo"</a>. <i>CM Junior</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413221402/https://junior.cronachemaceratesi.it/2021/12/03/alpoleio-lurbisalviense-che-invento-il-punto-esclamativo/63322/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CM+Junior&rft.atitle=Iacopo+Alpoleio%2C+l%27urbisalviense+che+invent%C3%B2+il+punto+esclamativo&rft.date=2021-12-03&rft.aulast=Silla&rft.aufirst=Mirko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjunior.cronachemaceratesi.it%2F2021%2F12%2F03%2Falpoleio-lurbisalviense-che-invento-il-punto-esclamativo%2F63322%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781567927870">"An Admirable Point: A Brief History of the Exclamation Mark!"</a>. <i>Publishers Weekly</i> (Review). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413221402/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781567927870">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=An+Admirable+Point%3A+A+Brief+History+of+the+Exclamation+Mark%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F9781567927870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3QcsHvWyxYtlkcqdM71lbV3/exclamation-marks-why-do-we-love-to-hate-them">"BBC Radio 4 - Word of Mouth, Exclamation Marks!! - Exclamation Marks!! Why do we love to hate them?"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413222902/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3QcsHvWyxYtlkcqdM71lbV3/exclamation-marks-why-do-we-love-to-hate-them">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+Radio+4+-+Word+of+Mouth%2C+Exclamation+Marks%21%21+-+Exclamation+Marks%21%21+Why+do+we+love+to+hate+them%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Farticles%2F3QcsHvWyxYtlkcqdM71lbV3%2Fexclamation-marks-why-do-we-love-to-hate-them&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazrat2022" class="citation news cs1">Hazrat, Florence (2022-11-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/nov/17/im-spontaneous-im-sincere-im-infantile-and-deeply-annoying-how-the-exclamation-mark-divided-the-world">"I'm spontaneous! I'm sincere! I'm infantile and deeply annoying! How the exclamation mark divided the world"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413221359/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/nov/17/im-spontaneous-im-sincere-im-infantile-and-deeply-annoying-how-the-exclamation-mark-divided-the-world">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=I%27m+spontaneous%21+I%27m+sincere%21+I%27m+infantile+and+deeply+annoying%21+How+the+exclamation+mark+divided+the+world&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Hazrat&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2022%2Fnov%2F17%2Fim-spontaneous-im-sincere-im-infantile-and-deeply-annoying-how-the-exclamation-mark-divided-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-truss-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-truss_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-truss_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruss2004" class="citation book cs1">Truss, Lynne (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ubcEuLPLzG4C&pg=PA137"><i>Eats, Shoots & Leaves: the zero tolerance approach to punctuation</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Gotham_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotham Books">Gotham Books</a>. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59240-087-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59240-087-6"><bdi>1-59240-087-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018003052/https://books.google.com/books?id=ubcEuLPLzG4C&pg=PA137">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eats%2C+Shoots+%26+Leaves%3A+the+zero+tolerance+approach+to+punctuation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Gotham+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59240-087-6&rft.aulast=Truss&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DubcEuLPLzG4C%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotgrave1611" class="citation book cs1">Cotgrave, Randle (1611). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32435017716812"><i>A dictionarie of the French and English tongues</i></a>. Printed by A. Islip. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32435017716812?urlappend=%3Bseq=26%3Bownerid=13510798903251341-30">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fosu.32435017716812">2027/osu.32435017716812</a>. <q>Admiratif, Th'admirative point, or point of admiration (and of detestation) marked, or made, thus !</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionarie+of+the+French+and+English+tongues.&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Printed+by+A.+Islip&rft.date=1611&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fosu.32435017716812&rft.aulast=Cotgrave&rft.aufirst=Randle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fosu.32435017716812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1657" class="citation book cs1">Smith, John (1657). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32435004505780"><i>The mysterie of rhetorique unvail'd, wherein above 130 of the tropes and figures are severally derived from the Greek into English, together with lively definitions and variety of Latin, English, Scriptural, examples, pertinent to each of them apart ...</i></a> London: Printed by E. Cotes for George Eversden. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32435004505780?urlappend=%3Bseq=286%3Bownerid=13510798904159051-290">259</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fosu.32435004505780">2027/osu.32435004505780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mysterie+of+rhetorique+unvail%27d%2C+wherein+above+130+of+the+tropes+and+figures+are+severally+derived+from+the+Greek+into+English%2C+together+with+lively+definitions+and+variety+of+Latin%2C+English%2C+Scriptural%2C+examples%2C+pertinent+to+each+of+them+apart+...&rft.place=London&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Printed+by+E.+Cotes+for+George+Eversden&rft.date=1657&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fosu.32435004505780&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fosu.32435004505780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKellar1885" class="citation book cs1">MacKellar, Thomas (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-0YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA51"><i>The American Printer: A Manual of Typography, Containing Practical Directions for Managing all Departments of a Printing Office, As Well as Complete Instructions for Apprentices: With Several Useful Tables, Numerous Schemes for Imposing Forms in Every Variety, Hints to Authors, Etc</i></a> (Fifteenth - Revised and Enlarged ed.). Philadelphia: MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Printer%3A+A+Manual+of+Typography%2C+Containing+Practical+Directions+for+Managing+all+Departments+of+a+Printing+Office%2C+As+Well+as+Complete+Instructions+for+Apprentices%3A+With+Several+Useful+Tables%2C+Numerous+Schemes+for+Imposing+Forms+in+Every+Variety%2C+Hints+to+Authors%2C+Etc.&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=Fifteenth+-+Revised+and+Enlarged&rft.pub=MacKellar%2C+Smiths+%26+Jordan&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=MacKellar&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-0YAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1824" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Lindley (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044097056824"><i>English grammar</i></a>. Bridgeport, Conn.: J.B. Baldwin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044097056824?urlappend=%3Bseq=243%3Bownerid=27021597764263980-259">243</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044097056824">2027/hvd.32044097056824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+grammar&rft.place=Bridgeport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=J.B.+Baldwin&rft.date=1824&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fhvd.32044097056824&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Lindley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fhvd.32044097056824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodenow1839" class="citation book cs1">Goodenow, Smith B. (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b257804"><i>A systematic text-book of English grammar: on a new plan: with copious questions and exercises</i></a>. Portland: William Hyde. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b257804?urlappend=%3Bseq=58%3Bownerid=9007199259564681-62">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.%24b257804">2027/uc1.$b257804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+systematic+text-book+of+English+grammar%3A+on+a+new+plan%3A+with+copious+questions+and+exercises&rft.place=Portland&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=William+Hyde&rft.date=1839&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc1.%24b257804&rft.aulast=Goodenow&rft.aufirst=Smith+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fuc1.%24b257804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTruss2004">Truss 2004</a>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_H._Vizetelly1913" class="citation book cs1">Frank H. Vizetelly (1913). <i>The Preparation of Manuscripts for the Printer</i> (5th revised ed.). Funk & Wagnalls Company. p. 51. <q>The note of exclamation or ecphoneme is used after a word or phrase to express sudden emotion, and is sometimes repeated for emphasis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Preparation+of+Manuscripts+for+the+Printer&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=5th+revised&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Frank+H.+Vizetelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1955" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Clyde (1955). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communicatingthr00wilk"><i>Communicating through letters and reports</i></a></span>. Richard Irwin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communicatingthr00wilk/page/651">651</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-256-02270-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-256-02270-4"><bdi>0-256-02270-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communicating+through+letters+and+reports&rft.pages=651&rft.pub=Richard+Irwin&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0-256-02270-4&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommunicatingthr00wilk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrickson1982" class="citation book cs1">Hendrickson, Robert (1982). <i>The literary life and other curiosities</i>. Penguin Books. p. 358.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+literary+life+and+other+curiosities&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Hendrickson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ascii-table.com/pronunciation-guide.php#01">"ASCII Pronunciation Guide"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111024233223/http://ascii-table.com/pronunciation-guide.php#01">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASCII+Pronunciation+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fascii-table.com%2Fpronunciation-guide.php%2301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaley" class="citation web cs1">Haley, Allan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313182231/http://dynamicgraphics.com/dgm/Article/28859/index.html">"Punctuation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dynamicgraphics.com/dgm/Article/28859/index.html">the original</a> on March 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punctuation&rft.aulast=Haley&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dynamicgraphics.com%2Fdgm%2FArticle%2F28859%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveleth" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rose_Eveleth" title="Rose Eveleth">Eveleth, Rose</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/the-history-of-the-exclamation-point-16445416/">"The History of the Exclamation Point"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118195849/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/the-history-of-the-exclamation-point-16445416/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Exclamation+Point&rft.aulast=Eveleth&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fthe-history-of-the-exclamation-point-16445416%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTruss2004">Truss 2004</a>, p. 136: "Everyone knows the exclamation mark – or exclamation point, as it is known in America. It comes at the end of a sentence, is unignorable and hopelessly heavy-handed, and is known in the newspaper world as a screamer, a gasper, a startler or (sorry) a dog's cock."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/B/bang.html">"bang"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jargon_File" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jargon File">The Jargon File</a></i>. 4.4.8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619091226/http://catb.org/jargon/html/B/bang.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jargon+File&rft.atitle=bang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catb.org%2Fjargon%2Fhtml%2FB%2Fbang.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eapoe.org/works/tales/thearta.htm"><i>The Tell-Tale Heart</i> by Edgar Allan Poe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171123052256/https://www.eapoe.org/works/tales/thearta.htm">Archived</a> 2017-11-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>"Villains!" I shrieked, "dissemble no more! I admit the deed! — tear up the planks! — here, here! — it is the beating of his hideous heart!"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090929231639/http://www.e-strategyguide.gov.au/make_email_work/effective_email">"Effective use of email"</a>. <i>E-strategy guide</i>. Government of Australia, Dept. of Broadband. January 23, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-strategyguide.gov.au/make_email_work/effective_email">the original</a> on September 29, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-strategy+guide&rft.atitle=Effective+use+of+email&rft.date=2008-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-strategyguide.gov.au%2Fmake_email_work%2Feffective_email&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.upsidedownexclamationpoint.com/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718041608/http://www.upsidedownexclamationpoint.com/">Archived</a> July 18, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boundless.com/writing/textbooks/boundless-writing-textbook/style-structure-grammar-5/punctuation-31/choosing-correct-end-punctuation-145-9261/">"Terminal punctuation identifies the end of a sentence, and most commonly includes periods, question marks, and exclamation points"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Boundless_(company)" title="Boundless (company)">Boundless.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416013723/https://www.boundless.com/writing/textbooks/boundless-writing-textbook/style-structure-grammar-5/punctuation-31/choosing-correct-end-punctuation-145-9261/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boundless.com&rft.atitle=Terminal+punctuation+identifies+the+end+of+a+sentence%2C+and+most+commonly+includes+periods%2C+question+marks%2C+and+exclamation+points.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boundless.com%2Fwriting%2Ftextbooks%2Fboundless-writing-textbook%2Fstyle-structure-grammar-5%2Fpunctuation-31%2Fchoosing-correct-end-punctuation-145-9261%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnell2017" class="citation news cs1">Linnell, Garry (11 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/comment/donald-trump-has-murdered-the-english-language-20170209-gu9h28.html">"Donald Trump has murdered the English language with exclamation marks"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210162753/http://www.smh.com.au/comment/donald-trump-has-murdered-the-english-language-20170209-gu9h28.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+has+murdered+the+English+language+with+exclamation+marks&rft.date=2017-02-11&rft.aulast=Linnell&rft.aufirst=Garry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fcomment%2Fdonald-trump-has-murdered-the-english-language-20170209-gu9h28.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamFrank1959" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Sheilah; Frank, Gerold (1959). <i>Beloved Infidel: The Education of a Woman</i>. New York: Bantam Books. p. 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beloved+Infidel%3A+The+Education+of+a+Woman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Sheilah&rft.au=Frank%2C+Gerold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol_Waseleski" class="citation web cs1">Carol Waseleski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue4/waseleski.html">"Gender and the Use of Exclamation Points in Computer-Mediated Communication: An Analysis of Exclamations Posted to Two Electronic Discussion Lists"</a>. Jcmc.indiana.edu. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F%28ISSN%291083-6101">10.1111/(ISSN)1083-6101</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070913080814/http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue4/waseleski.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gender+and+the+Use+of+Exclamation+Points+in+Computer-Mediated+Communication%3A+An+Analysis+of+Exclamations+Posted+to+Two+Electronic+Discussion+Lists&rft.pub=Jcmc.indiana.edu&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F%28ISSN%291083-6101&rft.au=Carol+Waseleski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcmc.indiana.edu%2Fvol11%2Fissue4%2Fwaseleski.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/radio/specials/1210_how_to_converse/page13.shtml">"Being sarcastic"</a>. <i>Learning English - How To</i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423201910/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/radio/specials/1210_how_to_converse/page13.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learning+English+-+How+To&rft.atitle=Being+sarcastic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Flearningenglish%2Fradio%2Fspecials%2F1210_how_to_converse%2Fpage13.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duden.de/sprachwissen/rechtschreibregeln/ausrufezeichen">"Duden | Ausrufezeichen"</a>. <i>www.duden.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526052121/https://www.duden.de/sprachwissen/rechtschreibregeln/ausrufezeichen">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.duden.de&rft.atitle=Duden+%7C+Ausrufezeichen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duden.de%2Fsprachwissen%2Frechtschreibregeln%2Fausrufezeichen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cafe-lingua.de/deutsche-grammatik/gebrauch-frage-ausrufezeichen.php">"Gebrauch und Verwendung von Frage- und Ausrufezeichen (?, !)"</a>. <i>www.cafe-lingua.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731095639/https://www.cafe-lingua.de/deutsche-grammatik/gebrauch-frage-ausrufezeichen.php">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cafe-lingua.de&rft.atitle=Gebrauch+und+Verwendung+von+Frage-+und+Ausrufezeichen+%28%3F%2C+%21%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cafe-lingua.de%2Fdeutsche-grammatik%2Fgebrauch-frage-ausrufezeichen.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-routledge-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-routledge_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheiGao2017" class="citation book cs1">Shei, Chris; Gao, Zhao-Ming (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CyE6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT334"><i>The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Translation</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 334–337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317383024" title="Special:BookSources/9781317383024"><bdi>9781317383024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Chinese+Translation&rft.pages=334-337&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781317383024&rft.aulast=Shei&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Gao%2C+Zhao-Ming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCyE6DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nicky-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nicky_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolas, Nick. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html">Greek Unicode Issues: Punctuation</a>". 2005. Accessed 7 Oct 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120806003722/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html">Archived</a> August 6, 2012, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.nytud.hu" class="citation web cs1">www.nytud.hu, MTA NYTI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helyesiras.mta.hu/helyesiras/default/akh">"A magyar helyesírás szabályai (AkH.)"</a>. <i>helyesiras.mta.hu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203055542/https://helyesiras.mta.hu/helyesiras/default/akh">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=helyesiras.mta.hu&rft.atitle=A+magyar+helyes%C3%ADr%C3%A1s+szab%C3%A1lyai+%28AkH.%29&rft.aulast=www.nytud.hu&rft.aufirst=MTA+NYTI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelyesiras.mta.hu%2Fhelyesiras%2Fdefault%2Fakh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1999" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Ernie (1999). <i>Pidgin phrasebook</i> (2nd ed.). Hawthorn, Vic., Australia: Lonely Planet Publications. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0864425872" title="Special:BookSources/0864425872"><bdi>0864425872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pidgin+phrasebook&rft.place=Hawthorn%2C+Vic.%2C+Australia&rft.pages=63-64&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0864425872&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ernie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAE-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RAE_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"interrogación y exclamación (signos de) 3. a)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rae.es/dpd/interrogaci%C3%B3n"><i>Diccionario panhispánico de dudas</i></a> (in Spanish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=interrogaci%C3%B3n+y+exclamaci%C3%B3n+%28signos+de%29+3.+a%29&rft.btitle=Diccionario+panhisp%C3%A1nico+de+dudas&rft.pub=Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rae.es%2Fdpd%2Finterrogaci%25C3%25B3n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turkedebiyati.org/unlem-isareti/">"Ünlem İşareti ( ! ) | Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı"</a>. <i>www.turkedebiyati.org</i> (in Turkish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413221401/https://www.turkedebiyati.org/unlem-isareti/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.turkedebiyati.org&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cnlem+%C4%B0%C5%9Fareti+%28+%21+%29+%7C+T%C3%BCrk+Dili+ve+Edebiyat%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkedebiyati.org%2Funlem-isareti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPooleFrizzell2016" class="citation web cs1">Poole, Steven; Frizzell, Nell (March 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/mar/07/children-use-exclamation-marks-department-education">"Should children be told to not use exclamation marks?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027185314/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/mar/07/children-use-exclamation-marks-department-education">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Should+children+be+told+to+not+use+exclamation+marks%3F&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Frizzell%2C+Nell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2016%2Fmar%2F07%2Fchildren-use-exclamation-marks-department-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/saint-louis-du-ha-ha-guiness-world-record-1.4298482">"Saint Louis du Ha!Ha! gets Guinness World Record nod for its exclamation marks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC.ca" title="CBC.ca">CBC.ca</a>. September 20, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917200341/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/saint-louis-du-ha-ha-guiness-world-record-1.4298482">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Louis+du+Ha%21Ha%21+gets+Guinness+World+Record+nod+for+its+exclamation+marks&rft.pub=CBC.ca&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmontreal%2Fsaint-louis-du-ha-ha-guiness-world-record-1.4298482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1986/08/15/hamilton-contd/dd31958b-0e75-4a0e-affb-a4d589686c16/?noredirect=on">"Hamilton! (Cont'd.)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. August 15, 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200513132623/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1986/08/15/hamilton-contd/dd31958b-0e75-4a0e-affb-a4d589686c16/?noredirect=on">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hamilton%21+%28Cont%27d.%29&rft.date=1986-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fopinions%2F1986%2F08%2F15%2Fhamilton-contd%2Fdd31958b-0e75-4a0e-affb-a4d589686c16%2F%3Fnoredirect%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ostrava.cz/en/o-meste/logo-mesta-ostravy/logo-mesta-ostravy-en">"Logo of the City of Ostrava"</a>. <i>ostrava.cz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623235947/http://www.ostrava.cz/en/o-meste/logo-mesta-ostravy/logo-mesta-ostravy-en">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Raymond">Raymond, Eric</a> and Steele, Guy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g80P_4v4QbIC&pg=PA18">The New Hacker's Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408040118/https://books.google.com/books?id=g80P_4v4QbIC&pg=PA18">Archived</a> 2023-04-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 18 (MIT Press 1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Munat, Judith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UOPXXYslemYC&pg=PA148">Lexical Creativity, Texts and Context</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408085757/https://books.google.com/books?id=UOPXXYslemYC&pg=PA148">Archived</a> 2023-04-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 148 (John Benjamins Publishing, 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdobe_Developer_Support1992" class="citation web cs1">Adobe Developer Support (25 September 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417234413/http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/ps/5001.DSC_Spec.pdf">"PostScript Language Document Structuring Conventions (DSC) Specification Version 3.0"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Developer Resources</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trove&rft.atitle=International+journal+of+emerging+technologies+and+society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nla.gov.au%2Ftep%2F85781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fanlore.org/wiki/!">"! - Fanlore"</a>. <i>fanlore.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413221400/https://fanlore.org/wiki/!">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fanlore.org&rft.atitle=%21+-+Fanlore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffanlore.org%2Fwiki%2F%21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFhosekisama" class="citation web cs1">hosekisama. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hosekisama.tumblr.com/post/90998817920/hey-whats-up-with-the-in-fandoms-ie-fat">"Minstrels of a Hyaena"</a>. <i>Tumblr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413221400/https://hosekisama.tumblr.com/post/90998817920/hey-whats-up-with-the-in-fandoms-ie-fat">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tumblr&rft.atitle=Minstrels+of+a+Hyaena&rft.au=hosekisama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhosekisama.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F90998817920%2Fhey-whats-up-with-the-in-fandoms-ie-fat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cronin, Brian (January 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2010/01/28/comic-book-legends-revealed-245/">Comic Book Legends Revealed #245</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320033524/http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2010/01/28/comic-book-legends-revealed-245/">Archived</a> 2013-03-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources" title="Comic Book Resources">Comic Book Resources</a>. Retrieved 2010-08-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, Eury, Swan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fcm4JrX-F54C&q=point&pg=PA141">The Krypton Companion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408040120/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fcm4JrX-F54C&q=point&pg=PA141">Archived</a> 2023-04-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 141. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893905-61-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893905-61-0">978-1-893905-61-0</a>. Retrieved 2010-08-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129041413/http://superman.nu/esm/">"Elliot S! Maggin, Super-Scribe!"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://superman.nu/esm/">the original</a> on November 29, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elliot+S%21+Maggin%2C+Super-Scribe%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuperman.nu%2Fesm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holz, Sean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baseball-almanac.com/score2b.shtml">Scoring Baseball - Advanced Symbols</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012234604/http://www.baseball-almanac.com/score2b.shtml">Archived</a> 2011-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Baseball-Almanac.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPRatc07-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPRatc07_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seabrook, Andrea (May 17, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10236467">"The Musicians of !!!: Making Their Own 'Myths' "</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180503042123/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10236467">Archived</a> 2018-05-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Audio: Flash or MP3). <i><a href="/wiki/All_Things_Considered" title="All Things Considered">All Things Considered</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. Retrieved 2010-08-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montgomery, James; Elias, Matt (January 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1579497/20080111/panic_at_the_disco.jhtml">"Panic At The Disco Explain Excised Exclamation Point"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090904054724/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1579497/20080111/panic_at_the_disco.jhtml">Archived</a> 2009-09-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Artist News</i>. <a href="/wiki/MTV_News" title="MTV News">MTV News</a>. Retrieved 2010-08-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maura (July 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idolator.com/5252292/panic-at-the-disco-post-new-music-restore-their-exclamation-point">"Panic! At The Disco Post New Music, Restore Their Exclamation Point"</a>. Retrieved 2009-07-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120713041233/http://www.pinkspage.com/us/pnks-biography-new">"P!nk's Biography | The Official P!nk Site"</a>. Pinkspage.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinkspage.com/us/pnks-biography-new">the original</a> on 2012-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P%21nk%27s+Biography+%26%23124%3B+The+Official+P%21nk+Site&rft.pub=Pinkspage.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinkspage.com%2Fus%2Fpnks-biography-new&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121219234201/http://www.pinkspage.com/us/music/greatest-hits%E2%80%A6so-far-edited">"P!nk Music: Greatest Hits... So Far!!! (Edited) | The Official P!nk Site"</a>. Pinkspage.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinkspage.com/us/music/greatest-hits%E2%80%A6so-far-edited">the original</a> on 2012-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P%21nk+Music%3A+Greatest+Hits...+So+Far%21%21%21+%28Edited%29+%26%23124%3B+The+Official+P%21nk+Site&rft.pub=Pinkspage.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinkspage.com%2Fus%2Fmusic%2Fgreatest-hits%25E2%2580%25A6so-far-edited&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/seinfeld/episodes-season-5/1000137994/">"Seinfeld"</a>. <i>TVGuide.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413221401/https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/seinfeld/episodes-season-5/1000137994/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVGuide.com&rft.atitle=Seinfeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvguide.com%2Ftvshows%2Fseinfeld%2Fepisodes-season-5%2F1000137994%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/html4/sgml/entities.html">"24 Character entity references in HTML 4"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/W3.org" class="mw-redirect" title="W3.org">w3.org</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401051616/http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/sgml/entities.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2018</span>. <q>The following sections present the complete lists of character entity references</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w3.org&rft.atitle=24+Character+entity+references+in+HTML+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fhtml4%2Fsgml%2Fentities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/CR-html5-20140731/syntax.html#named-character-references">"A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/W3.org" class="mw-redirect" title="W3.org">w3.org</a></i>. July 31, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805013240/http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/CR-html5-20140731/syntax.html#named-character-references">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2018</span>. <q>excl;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=w3.org&rft.atitle=A+vocabulary+and+associated+APIs+for+HTML+and+XHTML&rft.date=2014-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2F2014%2FCR-html5-20140731%2Fsyntax.html%23named-character-references&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazrat2022" class="citation book cs1">Hazrat, Florence (2022). <i>An admirable point : a brief history of the exclamation mark!</i>. London: Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1800811973" title="Special:BookSources/978-1800811973"><bdi>978-1800811973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+admirable+point+%3A+a+brief+history+of+the+exclamation+mark%21&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1800811973&rft.aulast=Hazrat&rft.aufirst=Florence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExclamation+mark" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exclamation_mark&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Exclamation_marks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Exclamation marks">Exclamation marks</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decodeunicode.org/u+0021">U+0021 exclamation point</a> — Decode Unicode</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template talk:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_punctuation_and_other_typographical_symbols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographical</a> symbols</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;">   </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> , </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> : </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ; </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‐ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ’ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ' </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ′ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ″ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‴ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> . </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> & </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> @ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">at sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ^ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">caret</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> / </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> \ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">backslash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> … </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">ellipsis</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> * </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ※ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Reference_mark" title="Reference mark">Reference mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⁂ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(typography)" title="Asterism (typography)">asterism</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dinkus" title="Dinkus">dinkus</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> - </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">hyphen-minus</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‒ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> – </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> — </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⹀ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸗ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Double_hyphen" title="Double hyphen">double hyphen</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ? </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ! </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">exclamation mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‽ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Interrobang" title="Interrobang">interrobang</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¡ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¿ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">inverted ! and ?</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸮ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Irony_punctuation" title="Irony punctuation">irony punctuation</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> # </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">number sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> № </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Numero_sign" title="Numero sign">numero sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> º </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ª </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">ordinal indicator</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> % </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">percent sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‰ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Per_mille" title="Per mille">per mille</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‱ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Basis_point" title="Basis point">basis point</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ° </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⌀ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Diameter#Symbol" title="Diameter">diameter sign</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> + </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> − </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs" title="Plus and minus signs">plus and minus signs</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> × </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">multiplication sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ÷ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Division_sign" title="Division sign">division sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ~ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ± </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Plus%E2%80%93minus_sign" title="Plus–minus sign">plus–minus sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ∓ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Minus-plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus-plus sign">minus-plus sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> √ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Radical_symbol" title="Radical symbol">radical symbol</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> _ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.25em;">⁀</span> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tie_(typography)" title="Tie (typography)">tie</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> | </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¦ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‖ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">vertical bar</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> • </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">bullet</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> · </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> © </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_symbol" title="Copyright symbol">copyright symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ℗ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_copyright_symbol" title="Sound recording copyright symbol">sound recording copyright</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ® </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark_symbol" title="Registered trademark symbol">registered trademark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <sup><span style="font-size:85%">SM</span></sup> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Service_mark_symbol" title="Service mark symbol">service mark symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <sup><span style="font-size:85%">TM</span></sup> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Trademark_symbol" title="Trademark symbol">trademark symbol</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‘ ’ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> “ ” </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ' ' </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> " " </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‹ › </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> « » </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">guillemet</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ( ) </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> [ ] </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> { } </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⟨ ⟩ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bracket" title="Bracket">bracket</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ” </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ditto_mark" title="Ditto mark">ditto mark</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> † </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‡ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dagger_(mark)" title="Dagger (mark)">dagger</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ❧ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Fleuron_(typography)" title="Fleuron (typography)">fleuron</a> (hedera, aldus)</span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ☞ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Manicule" title="Manicule">manicule</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ◊ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⌑ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(shape)" title="Lozenge (shape)">lozenge</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¶ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸿ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Pilcrow" title="Pilcrow">pilcrow</a> (paragraph mark)</span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> § </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Section_sign" title="Section sign">section mark</a></span></span> </li></ul> 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