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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legal writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTML" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTML"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>HTML</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTML-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_device" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_device"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literary device</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_device-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="تعقيبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعقيبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%88%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%99" title="Төшөрмә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төшөрмә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Зноска – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зноска" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бележки под линия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бележки под линия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nota_(tipografia)" title="Nota (tipografia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nota (tipografia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozn%C3%A1mka_(typografie)" title="Poznámka (typografie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poznámka (typografie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anmerkung" title="Anmerkung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anmerkung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پانویس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پانویس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%81%EC%A3%BC" title="각주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="각주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ծանոթագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծանոթագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatan_kaki" title="Catatan kaki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Catatan kaki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nota_(editoria)" title="Nota (editoria) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nota (editoria)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הערת שוליים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הערת שוליים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಟಿಪ್ಪಣಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟಿಪ್ಪಣಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanbihi" title="Tanbihi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tanbihi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1na%C5%A1a" title="Išnaša – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Išnaša" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1bjegyzet" title="Lábjegyzet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lábjegyzet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8" title="脚注 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脚注" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izoh" title="Izoh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Izoh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przypis" title="Przypis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przypis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%8B_(%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Зазначкы (типография) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Зазначкы (типография)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сноска – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сноска" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%BD_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%BD" title="فوٽ نوٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فوٽ نوٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozn%C3%A1mka_(parent%C3%A9za)" title="Poznámka (parentéza) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poznámka (parentéza)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viiteapparaatti" title="Viiteapparaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viiteapparaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8" title="หมายเหตุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมายเหตุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipnot" title="Dipnot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dipnot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Примітки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Примітки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_ch%C3%BA" title="Cước chú – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cước chú" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8" title="脚注 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脚注" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Text placed at the bottom of a page or at the end of a chapter</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Endnote" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Endnote_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Endnote (disambiguation)">Endnote (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"Footnote" redirects here. For the Israeli film, see <a href="/wiki/Footnote_(film)" title="Footnote (film)"><i>Footnote</i> (film)</a>.</span> <span class="selfref">For the usage of footnoting on Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cite_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Cite sources">Wikipedia:Cite sources</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">Wikipedia:Footnotes</a>.</span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a>, a <b>note</b> is a brief text in which the author comments on the subject and themes of the book and names supporting <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">citations</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">editorial production</a> of books and documents, typographically, a note is usually several lines of text at the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Page_(paper)" title="Page (paper)">page</a>, at the end of a chapter, at the end of a volume, or a house-style <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographic usage</a> throughout the text. Notes are usually identified with superscript numbers or a symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-OCEL709_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCEL709-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Footnotes</b> are informational notes located at the foot of the thematically relevant page, whilst <b>endnotes</b> are informational notes published at the end of a chapter, the end of a volume, or the conclusion of a multi-volume book. Unlike footnotes, which require manipulating the page design (text-block and page layouts) to accommodate the additional text, endnotes are advantageous to editorial production because the textual inclusion does not alter the design of the publication.<sup id="cite_ref-OCEL709_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCEL709-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic designers</a> of contemporary editions of the Bible often place the notes in a narrow column in the page centre, between two columns of biblical text. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numbering_and_symbols">Numbering and symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Note_(typography)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Numbering and symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In English-language <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a>, footnotes and endnotes are usually indicated with a <a href="/wiki/Superscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Superscript">superscript</a> number appended to the pertinent block of text. Typographic symbols are sometimes used instead of numbers, with their traditional ordering being: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">Asterisk</a> (*)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_(mark)" title="Dagger (mark)">Dagger</a> (†)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_(mark)" title="Dagger (mark)">Crossed dagger</a> (‡)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_sign" title="Section sign">Section sign</a> (§)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">Vertical bar</a> (‖)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilcrow" title="Pilcrow">Pilcrow</a> (¶)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Additional typographic characters used to identify notes include the <a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">number sign</a> (#), the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">delta</a> (Δ), the diamond-shaped <a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(shape)" title="Lozenge (shape)">lozenge</a> (◊), the <a href="/wiki/Arrow_(symbol)" title="Arrow (symbol)">downward arrow</a> (↓), and the <a href="/wiki/Manicule" title="Manicule">manicule</a> (☞), a hand with an extended index finger.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Note_(typography)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Footnote reference numbers ("cues") in the body text of a page should be placed at the end of a sentence if possible, after the final punctuation. This minimizes the interruption of the flow of reading and allows the reader to absorb a complete sentence-idea before having their attention redirected to the content of the note.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The cue is placed after any punctuation (normally after the closing point of a sentence). ... Notes cued in the middle of a sentence are a distraction to the reader, and cues are best located at the end of sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_usage">Academic usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Note_(typography)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notes are most often used as an alternative to long explanations, citations, comments, or annotations that can be distracting to readers. Most literary style guidelines (including the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>) recommend limited use of foot- and endnotes. However, publishers often encourage note references instead of parenthetical references. Aside from use as a bibliographic element, notes are used for additional information, qualification, or explanation that might be too digressive for the main text. Footnotes are heavily utilized in academic institutions to support claims made in academic essays covering myriad topics. </p><p>In particular, footnotes are the normal form of citation in historical journals. This is due, firstly, to the fact that the most important references are often to archive sources or interviews that do not readily fit standard formats, and secondly, to the fact that historians expect to see the exact nature of the evidence that is being used at each stage. </p><p>The MLA (Modern Language Association) requires the superscript numbers in the main text to be placed following the punctuation in the phrase or clause the note is about. The exception to this rule occurs when a sentence contains a dash, in which case the superscript would precede it.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, MLA is not known for endnote or footnote citations, and APA and Chicago styles use them more regularly. Historians are known to use Chicago style citations. </p><p>Aside from their technical use, authors use notes for a variety of reasons: </p> <ul><li>As signposts to direct the reader to information the author has provided or where further useful information is pertaining to the subject in the main text.</li> <li>To attribute a quote or viewpoint.</li> <li>As an alternative to parenthetical references; it is a simpler way to acknowledge information gained from another source.</li> <li>To escape the limitations imposed on the <a href="/wiki/Word_count" title="Word count">word count</a> of various academic and legal texts which do not take into account notes. Aggressive use of this strategy can lead to a text affected by "foot and note disease" (a derogation coined by <a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_documents">Government documents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Note_(typography)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Government documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/US_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="US Government Printing Office">US Government Printing Office</a> Style Manual devotes over 660 words to the topic of footnotes.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> has guidance for footnote usage in its historical documents.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_writing">Legal writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Note_(typography)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legal writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Former Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> is famous in the American legal community for his writing style, in which he never uses notes. He prefers to keep all citations within the text (which is permitted in American legal citation).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Posner" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Posner">Richard A. Posner</a> has also written against the use of notes in judicial opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-Posner2001_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Posner2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. Garner">Bryan A. Garner</a>, however, advocates using notes instead of inline citations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HTML">HTML</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Note_(typography)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: HTML"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_footnote_-_William_Booth_(forger)_-_2020-07-28.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikipedia_footnote_-_William_Booth_%28forger%29_-_2020-07-28.png/220px-Wikipedia_footnote_-_William_Booth_%28forger%29_-_2020-07-28.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikipedia_footnote_-_William_Booth_%28forger%29_-_2020-07-28.png/330px-Wikipedia_footnote_-_William_Booth_%28forger%29_-_2020-07-28.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikipedia_footnote_-_William_Booth_%28forger%29_-_2020-07-28.png/440px-Wikipedia_footnote_-_William_Booth_%28forger%29_-_2020-07-28.png 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>A footnote on the Wikipedia article "<a href="/wiki/William_Booth_(forger)" title="William Booth (forger)">William Booth (forger)</a>", rendered as a "pop up" over the relevant text </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, the predominant <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a> for web pages, has no mechanism for adding notes. Despite a number of different proposals over the years, the <a href="/wiki/Working_group" title="Working group">working group</a> has been unable to reach a consensus on it.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a>, for example, has had to introduce its own <code><ref></ref></code> tag for citing references in notes. </p><p>It might be argued that the <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlink</a> partially eliminates the need for notes, being the web's way to refer to another document. However, it does not allow citing to offline sources and if the destination of the link changes, the link can become dead or irrelevant.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A proposed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> solution is the use of a <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">digital object identifier</a>. As of 2024, the HTML Living Standard has provided several workarounds for the inclusion of footnotes depending on length or type of annotation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In instances where a user needs to add an endnote or footnote using HTML, they can add the superscript number using <code><sup></sup></code>, then link the superscripted text to the reference section using an <a href="/wiki/Anchor_tag" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor tag">anchor tag</a>. Create an anchor tag by using <code><a name="ref1"></a></code> and then link the superscripted text to "ref1". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Note_(typography)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Note_(typography)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The London printer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Jugge" title="Richard Jugge">Richard Jugge</a> is generally credited as the inventor of the footnote, first used in the <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Bible" title="Bishops' Bible">Bishops' Bible</a> of 1568.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early printings of the Douay Bible used a four-dot punctuation mark (represented in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> as U+2E2C “⸬”) to indicate a marginal note.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It can often be mistaken for two closely-spaced <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colons</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_device">Literary device</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Note_(typography)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literary device"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At times, notes have been used for their comical effect, or as a literary device. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Finnegans_Wake" title="Finnegans Wake">Finnegans Wake</a></i> (1939) uses footnotes along with left and right marginal notes in Book II Chapter 2. The three types of notes represent comments from the three siblings doing their homework: Shem, Shaun, and Issy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._G._Ballard" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard</a>'s "Notes Towards a Mental Breakdown" (1967) is one sentence ("A discharged Broadmoor patient compiles 'Notes Towards a Mental Breakdown,' recalling his wife's murder, his trial and exoneration.") and a series of elaborate footnotes to each one of the words.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Z._Danielewski" title="Mark Z. Danielewski">Mark Z. Danielewski</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Leaves" title="House of Leaves">House of Leaves</a></i> (2000) uses what are arguably some of the most extensive and intricate footnotes in literature. Throughout the novel, footnotes are used to tell several different narratives outside of the main story. The physical orientation of the footnotes on the page also works to reflect the twisted feeling of the plot (often taking up several pages, appearing mirrored from page to page, vertical on either side of the page, or in boxes in the center of the page, in the middle of the central narrative).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flann_O%27Brien" title="Flann O'Brien">Flann O'Brien</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Third_Policeman" title="The Third Policeman">The Third Policeman</a></i> (1967) utilizes extensive and lengthy footnotes for the discussion of a fictional philosopher, <a href="/wiki/De_Selby" title="De Selby">de Selby</a>. These footnotes span several pages and often overtake the main plotline, and add to the absurdist tone of the book.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace" title="David Foster Wallace">David Foster Wallace</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Infinite_Jest" title="Infinite Jest">Infinite Jest</a></i> includes over 400 endnotes, some over a dozen pages long. Several literary critics suggested that the book be read with two bookmarks. Wallace uses footnotes, endnotes, and in-text notes in much of his other writing as well.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Puig" title="Manuel Puig">Manuel Puig</a>'s <i>Kiss of the Spider Woman</i> (originally published in Spanish as <i>El beso de la mujer araña</i>) also makes extensive use of footnotes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrison_Keillor" title="Garrison Keillor">Garrison Keillor</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Wobegon_Days" title="Lake Wobegon Days">Lake Wobegon Days</a></i> includes lengthy footnotes and a parallel narrative.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Dunn" title="Mark Dunn">Mark Dunn</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ibid:_A_Life" title="Ibid: A Life">Ibid: A Life</a></i> is written entirely in endnotes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_d%27Antin_van_Rooten" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis d'Antin van Rooten">Luis d'Antin van Rooten</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mots_d%27Heures:_Gousses,_Rames" class="mw-redirect" title="Mots d'Heures: Gousses, Rames">Mots d'Heures: Gousses, Rames</a></i> (the title is in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, but when pronounced, sounds similar to the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <i>"Mother Goose Rhymes"</i>), in which he is allegedly the editor of a manuscript by the fictional François Charles Fernand d’Antin, contains copious footnotes purporting to help explain the nonsensical French text. The point of the book is that each written French poem <i>sounds</i> like an English <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhyme</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a> has made numerous uses within his novels. The footnotes will often set up running jokes for the rest of the novel.</li> <li>B.L.A. and G.B. Gabbler's meta novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Automation" title="The Automation">The Automation</a></i> makes uses of footnotes to break the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_wall" title="Fourth wall">fourth wall</a>. The narrator of the novel, known as "B.L.A.," tells the fantastical story as if true, while the editor, Gabbler, annotates the story through footnotes and thinks the manuscript is only a <a href="/wiki/Prose_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Prose poem">prose poem</a> attempting to be a literary masterwork.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Clarke" title="Susanna Clarke">Susanna Clarke</a>'s 2004 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Strange_%26_Mr_Norrell" title="Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell">Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell</a></i> has 185 footnotes,<sup id="cite_ref-Hendrix_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendrix-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adumbrating fictional events before and after those of the main text, in the same archaic narrative voice, and citing fictional scholarly and magical authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Dirda_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dirda-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Stroud" title="Jonathan Stroud">Jonathan Stroud</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bartimaeus_Trilogy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bartimaeus Trilogy">The Bartimaeus Trilogy</a></i> uses footnotes to insert comical remarks and explanations by one of the protagonists, Bartimaeus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gerber_(parodist)" title="Michael Gerber (parodist)">Michael Gerber</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Barry_Trotter" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Trotter">Barry Trotter</a></i> parody series used footnotes to expand <a href="/wiki/One-line_joke" title="One-line joke">one-line jokes</a> in the text into paragraph-long comedic monologues that would otherwise break the flow of the narrative.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Green" title="John Green">John Green</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/An_Abundance_of_Katherines" title="An Abundance of Katherines">An Abundance of Katherines</a></i> uses footnotes, about which he says: "[They] can allow you to create a kind of secret second narrative, which is important if, say, you're writing a book about what a story is and whether stories are significant."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dr Carol Bolton uses extensive footnotes to provide the modern reader with a cipher for a novel about the travels of the fictional Spanish traveller <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275996974_Through_Spanish_Eyes_Robert_Southey's_Double_Vision_in_Letters_from_England_By_Don_Manuel_Alvarez_Espriella_%281807%29">Don Manuel Alvarez Espriella</a>, an early 19th-century construct of Robert Southey's, designed to provide him with vehicle to critique the societal habits of the day.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Fforde" title="Jasper Fforde">Jasper Fforde</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Thursday_Next" title="Thursday Next">Thursday Next</a></i> series exploits the use of footnotes as a communication device (the <i>footnoterphone</i>) which allows communication between the main character’s universe and the fictional bookworld.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_of_the_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural History of the Dead">Natural History of the Dead</a></i> uses a footnote to further satirize the style of a history while making a sardonic statement about the extinction of "humanists" in modern society.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_Historique_et_Critique" title="Dictionnaire Historique et Critique">Historical and Critical Dictionary</a></i> follows each brief entry with a footnote (often five or six times the length of the main text) in which saints, historical figures, and other topics are used as examples for philosophical digression. The separate footnotes are designed to contradict each other, and only when multiple footnotes are read together is Bayle's core argument for <a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideistic skepticism</a> revealed. This technique was used in part to evade the harsh censorship of 17th-century France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Richler" title="Mordecai Richler">Mordecai Richler</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Barney%27s_Version_(novel)" title="Barney's Version (novel)">Barney's Version</a></i> uses footnotes as a character device that highlights unreliable passages in the narration. As the editor of his father's autobiography, the narrator's son must correct any of his father's misstated facts. The frequency of these corrections increases as the father falls victim to both hubris and <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>. While most of these changes are minor, a few are essential to plot and character development.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Fire" title="Pale Fire">Pale Fire</a></i>, the main plot is told through the annotative endnotes of a fictional editor.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartleby_%26_Co." title="Bartleby & Co.">Bartleby & Co.</a></i>, a novel by <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Vila-Matas" title="Enrique Vila-Matas">Enrique Vila-Matas</a>, is stylized as footnotes to a nonexistent novel.</li> <li>The works of <a href="/wiki/Jack_Vance" title="Jack Vance">Jack Vance</a> often have footnotes, detailing and informing the reader of the background of the world in the novel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_America_(And_So_Can_You!)" title="I Am America (And So Can You!)">I Am America (And So Can You!)</a></i> uses both footnotes and margin notes to offer additional commentary and humor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Dorst" title="Doug Dorst">Doug Dorst</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/S._(Dorst_novel)" title="S. (Dorst novel)">S.</a></i> uses footnotes to explore the story and relationship of characters V.M. Straka and F.X. Caldeira.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a>'s collaboration, <i><a href="/wiki/Good_Omens" title="Good Omens">Good Omens</a></i>, frequently uses footnotes to add humorous asides.</li> <li>The short story "The Fifth Fear" in Terena Elizabeth Bell's <a href="/wiki/Short_story_collection" title="Short story collection">collection</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tell_Me_What_You_See_(2022_book)" title="Tell Me What You See (2022 book)">Tell Me What You See</a></i> uses footnotes to make the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> story resemble a historical document.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a> used footnotes frequently in his <a href="/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy" title="The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy">Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</a> series.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Note_(typography)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annotation" title="Annotation">Annotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperkino" title="Hyperkino">Hyperkino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibid." title="Ibid.">Ibid.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nota_bene" title="Nota bene">Nota bene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia style guide for references</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Note_(typography)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OCEL709-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCEL709_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCEL709_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Companion to the English Language</i> (1992) p. 709.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBringhurst2005" class="citation book cs1">Bringhurst, Robert (2005). <i>The Elements of Typographic Style</i> (3.1 ed.). Point Roberts, WA: Hartley and Marks. pp. 68–69. <q>But beyond the ... double dagger, this order is not familiar to most readers, and never was.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Typographic+Style&rft.place=Point+Roberts%2C+WA&rft.pages=68-69&rft.edition=3.1&rft.pub=Hartley+and+Marks&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bringhurst&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANote+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2005" class="citation web cs1">Sherman, William H. (2005-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131008235230/http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf">"Toward a History of the Manicule"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Centre for Editing Lives and Letters</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/papers/FOR_2005_04_001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Centre+for+Editing+Lives+and+Letters&rft.atitle=Toward+a+History+of+the+Manicule&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livesandletters.ac.uk%2Fpapers%2FFOR_2005_04_001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANote+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many of these symbols are used, for example, in <a href="/wiki/John_Bach_McMaster" title="John Bach McMaster">John Bach McMaster</a>, <i>History of the People of the United States</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammarly.com/blog/footnotes/">"How to Write Footnotes: Rules and Examples"</a>. <i>How to Write Footnotes: Rules and Examples | Grammarly Blog</i>. 2022-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=How+to+Write+Footnotes%3A+Rules+and+Examples+%26%23124%3B+Grammarly+Blog&rft.atitle=How+to+Write+Footnotes%3A+Rules+and+Examples&rft.date=2022-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammarly.com%2Fblog%2Ffootnotes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANote+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddingham2014" class="citation book cs1">Waddingham, Anne (2014). <i>New Hart's rules: the Oxford style guide</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford university press. pp. 332–334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957002-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957002-7"><bdi>978-0-19-957002-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Hart%27s+rules%3A+the+Oxford+style+guide&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=332-334&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+university+press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957002-7&rft.aulast=Waddingham&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANote+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLab" class="citation web cs1">Lab, Purdue Writing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_endnotes_and_footnotes.html">"MLA Endnotes and Footnotes // Purdue Writing Lab"</a>. <i>Purdue Writing Lab</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 5 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dirda-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dirda_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Dirda, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A57806-2004Sep2?language=printer">"Jonathan Strange and Mr Norrell"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202153839/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A57806-2004Sep2?language=printer">Archived</a> 2 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> (5 September 2004). Retrieved 5 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2006" class="citation web cs1">Green, John (2006-08-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061125233911/http://www.sparksflyup.com/2006/08/footnotes.php">"Footnotes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sparksflyup.com/2006/08/footnotes.php">the original</a> on 2006-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Footnotes&rft.date=2006-08-07&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sparksflyup.com%2F2006%2F08%2Ffootnotes.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANote+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutwick-Deaner2023" class="citation web cs1">Lutwick-Deaner, Rachel (2023-01-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southernreviewofbooks.com/2023/01/20/tell-me-what-you-see-terena-elizabeth-bell-review/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Tell Me What You See" Is A Timeless Collection About Unprecedented Times"</a>. <i>Southern Review of Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=%22Tell+Me+What+You+See%22+Is+A+Timeless+Collection+About+Unprecedented+Times&rft.date=2023-01-20&rft.aulast=Lutwick-Deaner&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthernreviewofbooks.com%2F2023%2F01%2F20%2Ftell-me-what-you-see-terena-elizabeth-bell-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANote+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeather2023" class="citation web cs1">Feather, Heavy (2023-01-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heavyfeatherreview.org/2023/01/16/tell-me-what-you-see/">"Dave Fitzgerald Reviews Terena Elizabeth Bell's Story Collection Tell Me What You See"</a>. <i>Heavy Feather Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heavy+Feather+Review&rft.atitle=Dave+Fitzgerald+Reviews+Terena+Elizabeth+Bell%27s+Story+Collection+Tell+Me+What+You+See&rft.date=2023-01-16&rft.aulast=Feather&rft.aufirst=Heavy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheavyfeatherreview.org%2F2023%2F01%2F16%2Ftell-me-what-you-see%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANote+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Note_(typography)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenton2014" class="citation book cs1">Denton, William (2014). <i>Fictional Footnotes and Indexes</i>. Miskatonic University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fictional+Footnotes+and+Indexes&rft.pub=Miskatonic+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Denton&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANote+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrafton1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Grafton" title="Anthony Grafton">Grafton, Anthony</a> (1997). <i>The Footnote: A Curious History</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-90215-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-90215-7"><bdi>0-674-90215-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Footnote%3A+A+Curious+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-674-90215-7&rft.aulast=Grafton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANote+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiess1984" class="citation book cs1">Riess, Peter (1984). <i>Toward a Theory of the Footnote</i>. Berlin: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/717030605">717030605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+a+Theory+of+the+Footnote&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F717030605&rft.aulast=Riess&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANote+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZerby2002" class="citation book cs1">Zerby, Chuck (2002). <i>The Devil's Details: A History of Footnotes</i>. Montpelier, Vt.: Invisible Cities Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1931229058" title="Special:BookSources/1931229058"><bdi>1931229058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Details%3A+A+History+of+Footnotes&rft.place=Montpelier%2C+Vt.&rft.pub=Invisible+Cities+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1931229058&rft.aulast=Zerby&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANote+%28typography%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Book_structure" title="Template:Book structure"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_structure" title="Template talk:Book structure"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_structure" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book structure"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Page_layout" title="Page layout">Page layout</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Text_annotation" title="Text annotation">Annotation</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Footnote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">Gloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalia" title="Marginalia">Marginal note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">Scholia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_page_construction" title="Canons of page construction">Canons of page construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchword" title="Catchword">Catchword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(typography)" title="Column (typography)">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_footer" title="Page footer">Footer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_header" title="Page header">Header</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headpiece_(book_illustration)" title="Headpiece (book illustration)">Headpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">Initial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiated_initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiated initial">Historiated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhabited_initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhabited initial">Inhabited</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margin_(typography)" title="Margin (typography)">Margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_numbering" title="Page numbering">Page numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull_quote" title="Pull quote">Pull quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">Recto and verso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubric" title="Rubric">Rubric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubrication" title="Rubrication">Rubrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">Font</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liji.jpg/120px-Liji.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liji.jpg/180px-Liji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liji.jpg/240px-Liji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="1648" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Front and <br />back covers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropodermic_bibliopegy" title="Anthropodermic bibliopegy">Anthropodermic bibliopegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckram" title="Buckram">Buckram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">Dust jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">Hardcover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather#Book_binding" title="Leather">Leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">Paperback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_cover" title="Picture cover">Picture cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_binding" title="Treasure binding">Treasure binding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endpaper" title="Endpaper">Endpapers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_marbling" title="Paper marbling">Marbled</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_design#Front_matter" title="Book design">Front matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-title" title="Half-title">Half-title</a> <ul><li>bastard title</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_frontispiece" title="Book frontispiece">Frontispiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_page" title="Title page">Title page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edition_notice" title="Edition notice">Edition notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimi_potest" title="Imprimi potest">Imprimi potest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihil_obstat" title="Nihil obstat">Nihil obstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">Imprimatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedication_(publishing)" title="Dedication (publishing)">Dedication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)" title="Epigraph (literature)">Epigraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_contents" title="Table of contents">Table of contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreword" title="Foreword">Foreword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preface" title="Preface">Preface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_(creative_arts_and_sciences)" title="Acknowledgment (creative arts and sciences)">Acknowledgments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_(writing)" title="Introduction (writing)">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prologue" title="Prologue">Prologue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer%27s_mark" title="Printer's mark">Printer's mark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_design#Body_matter" title="Book design">Body matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_text" title="Body text">Body text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_illustration" title="Book illustration">Illustrations</a></li> <li>Parts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_(typography)" title="Section (typography)">Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipped-in_page" title="Tipped-in page">Tipped-in pages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_design#Back_matter_(end_matter)" title="Book design">Back matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterword" title="Afterword">Afterword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conclusion_(book)" title="Conclusion (book)">Conclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilogue" title="Epilogue">Epilogue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epilogue" title="Epilogue">Outro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postscript" title="Postscript">Postscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addendum#In_books" title="Addendum">Addendum/Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endnote" class="mw-redirect" title="Endnote">Endnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_(publishing)" title="Index (publishing)">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">Errata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">Colophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postface" title="Postface">Postface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_page" title="Author page">Author page</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_curse" title="Book curse">Book curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookplate">Bookplate</a> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ex-librīs</i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_rhyme" title="Book rhyme">Book rhyme</a></li> <li>Die-cutting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endband" title="Endband">Endband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-illustration" title="Extra-illustration">Extra-illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-edge_painting" title="Fore-edge painting">Fore-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionally_blank_page" title="Intentionally blank page">Intentionally blank page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">Pop-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipcase" title="Slipcase">Slipcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb_index" title="Thumb index">Thumb index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_punctuation_and_other_typographical_symbols" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template talk:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_punctuation_and_other_typographical_symbols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographical</a> symbols</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;">   </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> , </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> : </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ; </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‐ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ’ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ' </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ′ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ″ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‴ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> . </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> & </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> @ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">at sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ^ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">caret</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> / </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> \ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">backslash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> … </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">ellipsis</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> * </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ※ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Reference_mark" title="Reference mark">Reference mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⁂ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(typography)" title="Asterism (typography)">asterism</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dinkus" title="Dinkus">dinkus</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> - </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">hyphen-minus</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‒ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> – </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> — </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⹀ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸗ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Double_hyphen" title="Double hyphen">double hyphen</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ? </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ! </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‽ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Interrobang" title="Interrobang">interrobang</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¡ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¿ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">inverted ! and ?</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸮ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Irony_punctuation" title="Irony punctuation">irony punctuation</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> # </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">number sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> № </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Numero_sign" title="Numero sign">numero sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> º </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ª </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">ordinal indicator</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> % </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">percent sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‰ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Per_mille" title="Per mille">per mille</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‱ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Basis_point" title="Basis point">basis point</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ° </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⌀ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Diameter#Symbol" title="Diameter">diameter sign</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> + </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> − </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs" title="Plus and minus signs">plus and minus signs</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> × </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">multiplication sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ÷ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Division_sign" title="Division sign">division sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ~ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ± </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Plus%E2%80%93minus_sign" title="Plus–minus sign">plus–minus sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ∓ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Minus-plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus-plus sign">minus-plus sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> √ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Radical_symbol" title="Radical symbol">radical symbol</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> _ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.25em;">⁀</span> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tie_(typography)" title="Tie (typography)">tie</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> | </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¦ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‖ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">vertical bar</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> • </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">bullet</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> · </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> © </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_symbol" title="Copyright symbol">copyright symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ℗ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_copyright_symbol" title="Sound recording copyright symbol">sound recording copyright</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ® </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark_symbol" title="Registered trademark symbol">registered trademark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <sup><span style="font-size:85%">SM</span></sup> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Service_mark_symbol" title="Service mark symbol">service mark symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <sup><span style="font-size:85%">TM</span></sup> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Trademark_symbol" title="Trademark symbol">trademark symbol</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‘ ’ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> “ ” </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ' ' </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> " " </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‹ › </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> « » </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">guillemet</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ( ) </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> [ ] </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> { } </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⟨ ⟩ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bracket" title="Bracket">bracket</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ” </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ditto_mark" title="Ditto mark">ditto mark</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> † </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‡ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dagger_(mark)" title="Dagger (mark)">dagger</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ❧ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Fleuron_(typography)" title="Fleuron (typography)">fleuron</a> (hedera, aldus)</span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ☞ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Manicule" title="Manicule">manicule</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ◊ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⌑ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(shape)" title="Lozenge (shape)">lozenge</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¶ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸿ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Pilcrow" title="Pilcrow">pilcrow</a> (paragraph mark)</span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> § </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Section_sign" title="Section sign">section mark</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">Version of this table as a sortable list</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Currency symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a> (accents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_logic_symbols" title="List of logic symbols">Logic symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mathematical symbols">Math symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Chinese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Hebrew punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Japanese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_punctuation" title="Korean punctuation">Korean punctuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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