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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_and_phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationships_to_other_insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_to_other_insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Relationships to other insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_to_other_insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_between_subgroups_and_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_between_subgroups_and_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Relationships between subgroups and families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_between_subgroups_and_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy_and_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy_and_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anatomy and morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy_and_morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy and morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_and_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Life cycle and development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_cycle_and_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life cycle and development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Larva" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Larva"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Larva</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Larva-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pupa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pupa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pupa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pupa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Adult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-predator_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-predator_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Anti-predator adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-predator_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_interaction_and_cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_interaction_and_cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Human interaction and cultural depictions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_interaction_and_cultural_depictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human interaction and cultural depictions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_interaction_and_cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Economic importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fly</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweevlerkiges" title="Tweevlerkiges – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tweevlerkiges" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9D%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A5" title="ዝንብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዝንብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C4%93oge" title="Flēoge – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Flēoge" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ذوات الجناحين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذوات الجناحين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera" title="Diptera – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Diptera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Երկթեւեաններ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Երկթեւեաններ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera" title="Diptera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Diptera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantcocak" title="Mantcocak – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Mantcocak" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mberu" title="Mberu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mberu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhichhillanka" title="Chhichhillanka – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Chhichhillanka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kiqanadl%C4%B1lar" title="İkiqanadlılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İkiqanadlılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%86%DA%A9" title="میلچک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میلچک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyung" title="Buyung – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Buyung" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF" title="মাছি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাছি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biranga" title="Biranga – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Biranga" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Двухкрылыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Двухкрылыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Двукрыльныя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Двукрыльныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Двукрили – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Двукрили" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvokrilci" title="Dvokrilci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dvokrilci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%91%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хоёр далитан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хоёр далитан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADpters" title="Dípters – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dípters" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langaw" title="Langaw – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Langaw" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvouk%C5%99%C3%ADdl%C3%AD" title="Dvoukřídlí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dvoukřídlí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovinger" title="Tovinger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tovinger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweifl%C3%BCgler" title="Zweiflügler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweiflügler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%CA%BC%C3%AD%CA%BCii_d%C3%B3%C3%B3_Ts%C3%A9%CA%BC%C3%A9d%C7%AB%CC%81%CA%BCii" title="Tsʼíʼii dóó Tséʼédǫ́ʼii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsʼíʼii dóó Tséʼédǫ́ʼii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahetiivalised" title="Kahetiivalised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kahetiivalised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AF%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Δίπτερα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δίπτερα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera" title="Diptera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diptera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipteroj" title="Dipteroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dipteroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera" title="Diptera – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Diptera" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera" title="Diptera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Diptera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%B3" title="مگس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مگس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera" title="Diptera – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diptera" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera" title="Diptera – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Diptera" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADpteros" title="Dípteros – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dípteros" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EB%AA%A9" title="파리목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파리목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A9%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Երկթևանիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկթևանիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="डिप्टेरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डिप्टेरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvokrilci" title="Dvokrilci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dvokrilci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptero" title="Diptero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Diptero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalat" title="Lalat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lalat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuviuvak" title="Nuviuvak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nuviuvak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Дыбазыронтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дыбазыронтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluga" title="Fluga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fluga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera" title="Diptera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diptera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="זבובאים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זבובאים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laler" title="Laler – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Laler" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0" title="ಡಿಪ್ಟರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡಿಪ್ಟರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ორფრთიანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორფრთიანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қосқанаттылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қосқанаттылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelyonen" title="Kelyonen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kelyonen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%82" title="Гут – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Гут" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouch" title="Mouch – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mouch" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AA%C5%9F" title="Mêş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mêş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кош канаттуулар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кош канаттуулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%88%D3%B9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%93%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Кок шылдыран шӹнгӓвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кок шылдыран шӹнгӓвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera" title="Diptera – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Diptera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divsp%C4%81r%C5%86i" title="Divspārņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Divspārņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvisparniai" title="Dvisparniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dvisparniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twi%C3%A8vleugelige" title="Twièvleugelige – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Twièvleugelige" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzinzi" title="Nzinzi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nzinzi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9tsz%C3%A1rny%C3%BAak" title="Kétszárnyúak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kétszárnyúak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera" title="Diptera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Diptera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1" title="ഡിപ്‌റ്റെറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡിപ്‌റ്റെറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჭანდეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭანდეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ذوات الجناحين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ذوات الجناحين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="مهاز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مهاز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalat" title="Lalat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lalat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ယင်ကောင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယင်ကောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweevleugeligen" title="Tweevleugeligen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweevleugeligen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="झिँगा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="झिँगा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A8%E7%9B%AE" title="ハエ目 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハエ目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiij%C3%BCgeten" title="Twiijügeten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Twiijügeten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovinger" title="Tovinger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tovinger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovenger" title="Tovenger – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tovenger" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Карме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Карме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BF" title="ମାଛି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାଛି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikki_qanotlilar" title="Ikki qanotlilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ikki qanotlilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%82" title="Гут – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Гут" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweeflunken" title="Tweeflunken – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tweeflunken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much%C3%B3wki" title="Muchówki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muchówki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera" title="Diptera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diptera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptere" title="Diptere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Diptere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskaylla_rapra" title="Iskaylla rapra – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iskaylla rapra" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Двукрылые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Двукрылые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B8" title="ᱨᱚᱸ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱚᱸ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flee" title="Flee – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Flee" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miza" title="Miza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Miza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly" title="Fly – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fly" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9" title="مک – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مک" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvojkr%C3%ADdlovce" title="Dvojkrídlovce – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dvojkrídlovce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvokrilci" title="Dvokrilci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dvokrilci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B4" title="مێش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Двокрилци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Двокрилци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvokrilci" title="Dvokrilci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dvokrilci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laleur" title="Laleur – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Laleur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaksisiipiset" title="Kaksisiipiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaksisiipiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%A5vingar" title="Tvåvingar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tvåvingar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera" title="Diptera – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Diptera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இருசிறகிப் பூச்சிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இருசிறகிப் பூச்சிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasenfriwin" title="Tasenfriwin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasenfriwin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%88%E0%B0%97" title="ఈగ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఈగ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="แมลงวัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แมลงวัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinek" title="Sinek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sinek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Двокрилі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Двокрилі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%E1%BB%93i" title="Ruồi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ruồi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inseke_%C3%A5s_deus_aiyes" title="Inseke ås deus aiyes – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Inseke ås deus aiyes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tw%C3%AAevleuglign" title="Twêevleuglign – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Twêevleuglign" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diptera&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">Diptera</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Order of insects</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the insect. For the process of flying, see <a href="/wiki/Flight" title="Flight">Flight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flying_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Flying (disambiguation)">Flying</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fly_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fly (disambiguation)">Fly (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Flies" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Flies_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Flies (disambiguation)">Flies (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Fly<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">245–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:137.07692307692px; width:82.923076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:137.07692307692px; width:82.923076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:138.07692307692px; width:80.923076923077px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span><small>Middle <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> – Recent</small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Six_Diptera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Six_Diptera.jpg/260px-Six_Diptera.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Six_Diptera.jpg/390px-Six_Diptera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Six_Diptera.jpg/520px-Six_Diptera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="1645" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Diptera from different families: <p><a href="/wiki/Housefly" title="Housefly">Housefly</a> (Muscidae) (top left) <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Haematopota_pluvialis" title="Haematopota pluvialis">Haematopota pluvialis</a></i> (Tabanidae) (top right) <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora_(fly)" title="Ctenophora (fly)">Ctenophora pectinicornis</a></i> (Tipulidae) (mid left) <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Ochlerotatus" title="Ochlerotatus">Ochlerotatus notoscriptus</a></i> (Culicidae) (mid right) <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Milesia_crabroniformis" title="Milesia crabroniformis">Milesia crabroniformis</a></i> (Syrphidae) (bottom left) <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Holcocephala_fusca" title="Holcocephala fusca">Holcocephala fusca</a></i> (Asilidae) (bottom right) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Diptera" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panorpida" title="Panorpida">Panorpida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Antliophora">Antliophora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diptera</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Suborders </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nematocera" title="Nematocera">Nematocera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>) (inc <a href="/wiki/Eudiptera" title="Eudiptera">Eudiptera</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Brachycera" title="Brachycera">Brachycera</a> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthomyiidae_(female)_(10144905255).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anthomyiidae_%28female%29_%2810144905255%29.jpg/220px-Anthomyiidae_%28female%29_%2810144905255%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anthomyiidae_%28female%29_%2810144905255%29.jpg/330px-Anthomyiidae_%28female%29_%2810144905255%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Anthomyiidae_%28female%29_%2810144905255%29.jpg/440px-Anthomyiidae_%28female%29_%2810144905255%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2194" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Anthomyiidae" title="Anthomyiidae">Anthomyiidae</a> species showing characteristic dipteran features: large <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eyes</a>, small <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_of_Diptera" title="Morphology of Diptera">sucking mouthparts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diptera_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera wing">single pair of flying wings</a>, hindwings reduced to clublike <a href="/wiki/Halteres" title="Halteres">halteres</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Flies</b> are <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <b>Diptera</b>, the name being derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> δι- <i>di-</i> "two", and πτερόν <i>pteron</i> "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced mechanosensory organs known as <a href="/wiki/Halteres" title="Halteres">halteres</a>, which act as high-speed sensors of rotational movement and allow dipterans to perform advanced aerobatics. Diptera is a large order containing more than 150,000 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> including <a href="/wiki/Horse-flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse-flies">horse-flies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Crane_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Crane flies">crane flies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoverflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoverflies">hoverflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a> and others. </p><p>Flies have a mobile head, with a pair of large <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a>, and mouthparts designed for piercing and sucking (mosquitoes, black flies and robber flies), or for lapping and sucking in the other groups. Their wing arrangement gives them great manoeuvrability in flight, and claws and pads on their feet enable them to cling to smooth surfaces. Flies undergo complete <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a>; the eggs are often laid on the larval food-source and the larvae, which lack true limbs, develop in a protected environment, often inside their food source. Other species are <a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovoviviparous">ovoviviparous</a>, opportunistically depositing hatched or hatching larvae instead of eggs on <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>, dung, decaying material, or open wounds of mammals. The pupa is a tough capsule from which the adult emerges when ready to do so; flies mostly have short lives as adults. </p><p>Diptera is one of the major insect orders and of considerable <a href="/wiki/Ecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological">ecological</a> and human importance. Flies are major pollinators, second only to the bees and their <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenopteran</a> relatives. Flies may have been among the evolutionarily earliest pollinators responsible for early plant <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a>. <a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Fruit flies</a> are used as <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organisms</a> in research, but less benignly, <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a> are <a href="/wiki/Disease_vector" title="Disease vector">vectors</a> for <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dengue" class="mw-redirect" title="Dengue">dengue</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Nile_fever" title="West Nile fever">West Nile fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">encephalitis</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diseases">infectious diseases</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Houseflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Houseflies">houseflies</a>, commensal with humans all over the world, spread <a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">foodborne illnesses</a>. Flies can be annoyances especially in some parts of the world where they can occur in large numbers, buzzing and settling on the skin or eyes to bite or seek fluids. Larger flies such as <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsetse flies">tsetse flies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Screwworms" class="mw-redirect" title="Screwworms">screwworms</a> cause significant economic harm to cattle. Blowfly larvae, known as <a href="/wiki/Calliphoridae" title="Calliphoridae">gentles</a>, and other dipteran larvae, known more generally as <a href="/wiki/Maggot" title="Maggot">maggots</a>, are used as <a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">fishing bait</a>, as food for carnivorous animals, and in medicine in <a href="/wiki/Debridement" title="Debridement">debridement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maggot_therapy" title="Maggot therapy">to clean wounds</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_phylogeny">Taxonomy and phylogeny</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships_to_other_insects">Relationships to other insects</h3></div> <p>Dipterans are <a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">holometabolans</a>, insects that undergo radical metamorphosis. They belong to the <a href="/wiki/Mecopterida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecopterida">Mecopterida</a>, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Mecoptera" title="Mecoptera">Mecoptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siphonaptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Siphonaptera">Siphonaptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trichoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichoptera">Trichoptera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possession of a single pair of wings distinguishes most true flies from other insects with "fly" in their names. However, some true flies such as <a href="/wiki/Hippoboscidae" title="Hippoboscidae">Hippoboscidae</a> (louse flies) have become secondarily wingless.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mayhew_2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayhew_2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> represents the current consensus view.<sup id="cite_ref-Kjer_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kjer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">Holometabola</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> (sawflies, wasps, ants, bees) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_wasp_white_bg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/European_wasp_white_bg.jpg/70px-European_wasp_white_bg.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/European_wasp_white_bg.jpg/105px-European_wasp_white_bg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/European_wasp_white_bg.jpg/140px-European_wasp_white_bg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Aparaglossata" title="Aparaglossata">Aparaglossata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Neuropteroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropteroidea">Neuropteroidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Neuropterida" title="Neuropterida">Neuropterida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Raphidioptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphidioptera">Raphidioptera</a> (snakeflies) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphidia_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Raphidia_icon.png/70px-Raphidia_icon.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Raphidia_icon.png/105px-Raphidia_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Raphidia_icon.png/140px-Raphidia_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="288" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Megaloptera" title="Megaloptera">Megaloptera</a> (alderflies and allies) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_(rotated).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png/70px-Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png/105px-Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png/140px-Corydalus_cornutus_illustration_%28rotated%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="751" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Neuroptera" title="Neuroptera">Neuroptera</a> (Lacewings and allies) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmylus_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Osmylus_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="421" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Coleopterida" title="Coleopterida">Coleopterida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</a> (beetles) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_(Reitter,_1887).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg/50px-Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg/75px-Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg/100px-Pseudacrossus_przewalskyi_%28Reitter%2C_1887%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3935" data-file-height="2625" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Strepsiptera" title="Strepsiptera">Strepsiptera</a> (twisted-wing parasites) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elenchus_koebelei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elenchus_koebelei.jpg/70px-Elenchus_koebelei.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elenchus_koebelei.jpg/105px-Elenchus_koebelei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Elenchus_koebelei.jpg/140px-Elenchus_koebelei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Panorpida" title="Panorpida">Panorpida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Amphiesmenoptera" title="Amphiesmenoptera">Amphiesmenoptera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Trichoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichoptera">Trichoptera</a> (caddisflies) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg/70px-RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg/105px-RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg/140px-RHYACOPHILA_DORSALIS_Male_Pont_Forge_de_Sailly_Watigny_02_MHNT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5649" data-file-height="4771" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> (butterflies, moths) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG/70px-Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG/105px-Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG/140px-Arctia_villica_SLU.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Antliophora </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Diptera</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_house_fly,_Musca_domestica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg/70px-Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg/105px-Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg/140px-Common_house_fly%2C_Musca_domestica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2372" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mecoptera" title="Mecoptera">Mecoptera</a> (scorpionflies) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scorpionfly_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Scorpionfly_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3182" data-file-height="2020" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Siphonaptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Siphonaptera">Siphonaptera</a> (fleas) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg/40px-Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg/80px-Pulex_irritans_female_ZSM_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2870" data-file-height="2757" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(Mecopterida) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships_between_subgroups_and_families">Relationships between subgroups and families</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossil_insect_Diptera,_Brachycera_in_Baltic_amber._Age_50_Mill._years_(the_Lower_Eocene).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fossil_insect_Diptera%2C_Brachycera_in_Baltic_amber._Age_50_Mill._years_%28the_Lower_Eocene%29.jpg/150px-Fossil_insect_Diptera%2C_Brachycera_in_Baltic_amber._Age_50_Mill._years_%28the_Lower_Eocene%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fossil_insect_Diptera%2C_Brachycera_in_Baltic_amber._Age_50_Mill._years_%28the_Lower_Eocene%29.jpg/225px-Fossil_insect_Diptera%2C_Brachycera_in_Baltic_amber._Age_50_Mill._years_%28the_Lower_Eocene%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Fossil_insect_Diptera%2C_Brachycera_in_Baltic_amber._Age_50_Mill._years_%28the_Lower_Eocene%29.jpg/300px-Fossil_insect_Diptera%2C_Brachycera_in_Baltic_amber._Age_50_Mill._years_%28the_Lower_Eocene%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>Fossil <a href="/wiki/Brachycera" title="Brachycera">brachyceran</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltic_amber" title="Baltic amber">Baltic amber</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lower_Eocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Eocene">Lower Eocene</a>, c. 50 million years ago</figcaption></figure> <p>The first true dipterans known are from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a> (around 240 million years ago), and they became widespread during the Middle and <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Modern flowering plants</a> did not appear until the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> (around 140 million years ago), so the original dipterans must have had a different source of nutrition other than <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a>. Based on the attraction of many modern fly groups to shiny droplets, it has been suggested that they may have fed on <a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">honeydew</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Homoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoptera">sap-sucking bugs</a> which were abundant at the time, and dipteran mouthparts are well-adapted to softening and lapping up the crusted residues.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Basal_clade" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal clade">basal clades</a> in the Diptera include the <a href="/wiki/Deuterophlebiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterophlebiidae">Deuterophlebiidae</a> and the enigmatic <a href="/wiki/Nymphomyiidae" title="Nymphomyiidae">Nymphomyiidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiegmann2011_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiegmann2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three episodes of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation" title="Evolutionary radiation">evolutionary radiation</a> are thought to have occurred based on the fossil record. Many new species of lower Diptera developed in the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>, about 220 million years ago. Many lower Brachycera appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, some 180 million years ago. A third radiation took place among the <a href="/wiki/Schizophora" title="Schizophora">Schizophora</a> at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a>, 66 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiegmann2011_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiegmann2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phylogenetic position of Diptera has been controversial. The monophyly of <a href="/wiki/Holometabolous" class="mw-redirect" title="Holometabolous">holometabolous</a> insects has long been accepted, with the main orders being established as Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, and it is the relationships between these groups which has caused difficulties. Diptera is widely thought to be a member of <a href="/wiki/Mecopterida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecopterida">Mecopterida</a>, along with Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Trichoptera (caddisflies), Siphonaptera (fleas), Mecoptera (scorpionflies) and possibly <a href="/wiki/Strepsiptera" title="Strepsiptera">Strepsiptera</a> (twisted-wing flies). Diptera has been grouped with Siphonaptera and Mecoptera in the Antliophora, but this has not been confirmed by molecular studies.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutzomyia_adiketis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lutzomyia_adiketis.jpg/150px-Lutzomyia_adiketis.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lutzomyia_adiketis.jpg/225px-Lutzomyia_adiketis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lutzomyia_adiketis.jpg/300px-Lutzomyia_adiketis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>Fossil <a href="/wiki/Nematocera" title="Nematocera">nematoceran</a> in Dominican amber. Sandfly, <i><a href="/wiki/Lutzomyia_adiketis" title="Lutzomyia adiketis">Lutzomyia adiketis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Psychodidae" title="Psychodidae">Psychodidae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">Early Miocene</a>, c. 20 million years ago</figcaption></figure> <p>Diptera were traditionally broken down into two suborders, <a href="/wiki/Nematocera" title="Nematocera">Nematocera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brachycera" title="Brachycera">Brachycera</a>, distinguished by the differences in antennae. The Nematocera are identified by their elongated bodies and many-segmented, often feathery antennae as represented by mosquitoes and crane flies. The Brachycera have rounder bodies and much shorter antennae.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TOL_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOL-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent studies have identified the Nematocera as being non-monophyletic with modern phylogenies placing the Brachycera within grades of groups formerly placed in the Nematocera. The construction of a phylogenetic tree has been the subject of ongoing research. The following cladogram is based on the FLYTREE project.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:105%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Diptera</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ptychopteromorpha" title="Ptychopteromorpha">Ptychopteromorpha</a> (phantom and primitive crane-flies) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptychoptera_contaminata_male_Walker_1856_plate-XXVIII.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ptychoptera_contaminata_male_Walker_1856_plate-XXVIII.png/60px-Ptychoptera_contaminata_male_Walker_1856_plate-XXVIII.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ptychoptera_contaminata_male_Walker_1856_plate-XXVIII.png/90px-Ptychoptera_contaminata_male_Walker_1856_plate-XXVIII.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ptychoptera_contaminata_male_Walker_1856_plate-XXVIII.png/120px-Ptychoptera_contaminata_male_Walker_1856_plate-XXVIII.png 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Culicomorpha" title="Culicomorpha">Culicomorpha</a> (mosquitoes, blackflies and midges) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stegomyia_fasciata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stegomyia_fasciata.jpg/55px-Stegomyia_fasciata.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stegomyia_fasciata.jpg/83px-Stegomyia_fasciata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stegomyia_fasciata.jpg/110px-Stegomyia_fasciata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="609" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Blephariceromorpha" title="Blephariceromorpha">Blephariceromorpha</a> (net-winged midges, etc) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imago_of_Blepharicera_fasciata_as_Asthenia_fasciata_in_Westwood_1842,_plate_94.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Imago_of_Blepharicera_fasciata_as_Asthenia_fasciata_in_Westwood_1842%2C_plate_94.png/60px-Imago_of_Blepharicera_fasciata_as_Asthenia_fasciata_in_Westwood_1842%2C_plate_94.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Imago_of_Blepharicera_fasciata_as_Asthenia_fasciata_in_Westwood_1842%2C_plate_94.png/90px-Imago_of_Blepharicera_fasciata_as_Asthenia_fasciata_in_Westwood_1842%2C_plate_94.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Imago_of_Blepharicera_fasciata_as_Asthenia_fasciata_in_Westwood_1842%2C_plate_94.png/120px-Imago_of_Blepharicera_fasciata_as_Asthenia_fasciata_in_Westwood_1842%2C_plate_94.png 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="852" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bibionomorpha" title="Bibionomorpha">Bibionomorpha</a> (gnats) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isoneuromyia_annandalei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Isoneuromyia_annandalei.jpg/55px-Isoneuromyia_annandalei.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Isoneuromyia_annandalei.jpg/83px-Isoneuromyia_annandalei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Isoneuromyia_annandalei.jpg/110px-Isoneuromyia_annandalei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Psychodomorpha" title="Psychodomorpha">Psychodomorpha</a> (drain flies, sand flies, etc) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clogmia_clean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Clogmia_clean.jpg/55px-Clogmia_clean.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Clogmia_clean.jpg/83px-Clogmia_clean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Clogmia_clean.jpg/110px-Clogmia_clean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="684" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid green;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tipulomorpha" title="Tipulomorpha">Tipulomorpha</a> (crane flies) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipula_oleracea_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Tipula_oleracea_icon.jpg/65px-Tipula_oleracea_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Tipula_oleracea_icon.jpg/98px-Tipula_oleracea_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Tipula_oleracea_icon.jpg/130px-Tipula_oleracea_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="476" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><b><a href="/wiki/Brachycera" title="Brachycera">Brachycera</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Stratiomyomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratiomyomorpha">Stratiomyomorpha</a> (soldier flies, etc) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermetia_illucens_f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hermetia_illucens_f.jpg/66px-Hermetia_illucens_f.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hermetia_illucens_f.jpg/99px-Hermetia_illucens_f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hermetia_illucens_f.jpg/132px-Hermetia_illucens_f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="920" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Xylophagomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Xylophagomorpha">Xylophagomorpha</a> (stink flies, etc) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coenomyia_ferruginea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Coenomyia_ferruginea.png/55px-Coenomyia_ferruginea.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Coenomyia_ferruginea.png/83px-Coenomyia_ferruginea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Coenomyia_ferruginea.png/110px-Coenomyia_ferruginea.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="696" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tabanomorpha" title="Tabanomorpha">Tabanomorpha</a> (horse flies, snipe flies, etc) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chrysops_relicta_f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Chrysops_relicta_f.jpg/66px-Chrysops_relicta_f.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Chrysops_relicta_f.jpg/99px-Chrysops_relicta_f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Chrysops_relicta_f.jpg/132px-Chrysops_relicta_f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="1204" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Muscomorpha" title="Muscomorpha">Mus</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nemestrinoidea" title="Nemestrinoidea">Nemestrinoidea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acrocera_globulus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Acrocera_globulus.png/66px-Acrocera_globulus.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Acrocera_globulus.png/99px-Acrocera_globulus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Acrocera_globulus.png/132px-Acrocera_globulus.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="364" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Asiloidea" title="Asiloidea">Asiloidea</a> (robber flies, bee flies, etc) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asilidae_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Asilidae_icon.jpg/66px-Asilidae_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Asilidae_icon.jpg/99px-Asilidae_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Asilidae_icon.jpg/132px-Asilidae_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="504" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eremoneura" title="Eremoneura">Ere</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Empidoidea" title="Empidoidea">Empidoidea</a> (dance flies, etc) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapetis_brevior_fbi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Drapetis_brevior_fbi.jpg/35px-Drapetis_brevior_fbi.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Drapetis_brevior_fbi.jpg/53px-Drapetis_brevior_fbi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Drapetis_brevior_fbi.jpg/70px-Drapetis_brevior_fbi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="571" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Cyclorrhapha" title="Cyclorrhapha">Cyc</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aschiza" title="Aschiza">Aschiza</a> (in part) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Phoroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoroidea">Phoroidea</a> (flat-footed flies, etc) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Platypeza_picta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Platypeza_picta.png/55px-Platypeza_picta.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Platypeza_picta.png/83px-Platypeza_picta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Platypeza_picta.png/110px-Platypeza_picta.png 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="393" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Syrphoidea" title="Syrphoidea">Syrphoidea</a> (hoverflies) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrphidae_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Syrphidae_icon.jpg/55px-Syrphidae_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Syrphidae_icon.jpg/83px-Syrphidae_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Syrphidae_icon.jpg/110px-Syrphidae_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="327" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Schizophora" title="Schizophora">Sch</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Calyptratae" title="Calyptratae">Cal</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hippoboscoidea" title="Hippoboscoidea">Hippoboscoidea</a> (louse flies, etc) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nycteribiidae_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nycteribiidae_icon.jpg/55px-Nycteribiidae_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nycteribiidae_icon.jpg/83px-Nycteribiidae_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nycteribiidae_icon.jpg/110px-Nycteribiidae_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="393" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Muscoidea" title="Muscoidea">Muscoidea</a> (house flies, dung flies, etc) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Musca_domestica_female.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Musca_domestica_female.jpg/55px-Musca_domestica_female.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Musca_domestica_female.jpg/83px-Musca_domestica_female.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Musca_domestica_female.jpg/110px-Musca_domestica_female.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2476" data-file-height="1793" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Oestroidea" title="Oestroidea">Oestroidea</a> (blow flies, flesh flies, etc) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarcophaga_haemorrhoidalis_m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sarcophaga_haemorrhoidalis_m.jpg/55px-Sarcophaga_haemorrhoidalis_m.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sarcophaga_haemorrhoidalis_m.jpg/83px-Sarcophaga_haemorrhoidalis_m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sarcophaga_haemorrhoidalis_m.jpg/110px-Sarcophaga_haemorrhoidalis_m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="904" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Acalyptratae" title="Acalyptratae">Acalyptratae</a> (marsh flies, etc) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratitis_capitata_illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ceratitis_capitata_illustration.jpg/55px-Ceratitis_capitata_illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ceratitis_capitata_illustration.jpg/83px-Ceratitis_capitata_illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ceratitis_capitata_illustration.jpg/110px-Ceratitis_capitata_illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="1084" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-bar" style=""><div><div style="position:absolute;white-space:nowrap;top:16%;">"<a href="/wiki/Nematocera" title="Nematocera">Nematocera</a>"</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="font-size:85%;"><i>Abbreviations used in the cladogram:</i> <ul><li>Cal=<a href="/wiki/Calyptratae" title="Calyptratae">Calyptratae</a></li> <li>Cyc=<a href="/wiki/Cyclorrhapha" title="Cyclorrhapha">Cyclorrhapha</a></li> <li>Ere=<a href="/wiki/Eremoneura" title="Eremoneura">Eremoneura</a></li> <li>Mus=<a href="/wiki/Muscomorpha" title="Muscomorpha">Muscomorpha</a></li> <li>Sch=<a href="/wiki/Schizophora" title="Schizophora">Schizophora</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversity">Diversity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mydas_sp..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mydas_sp..JPG/220px-Mydas_sp..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mydas_sp..JPG/330px-Mydas_sp..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mydas_sp..JPG/440px-Mydas_sp..JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Gauromydas_heros" title="Gauromydas heros">Gauromydas heros</a></i> is the largest fly in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>Flies are often abundant and are found in almost all terrestrial habitats in the world apart from Antarctica. They include many familiar insects such as house flies, blow flies, mosquitoes, gnats, black flies, midges and fruit flies. More than 150,000 have been <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">formally described</a> and the actual species diversity is much greater, with the flies from many parts of the world yet to be studied intensively.<sup id="cite_ref-Pape2009_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pape2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suborder Nematocera include generally small, slender insects with long antennae such as mosquitoes, gnats, midges and crane-flies, while the Brachycera includes broader, more robust flies with short antennae. Many nematoceran larvae are aquatic.<sup id="cite_ref-TolwebDiptera_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TolwebDiptera-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are estimated to be a total of about 19,000 species of Diptera in Europe, 22,000 in the Nearctic region, 20,000 in the Afrotropical region, 23,000 in the Oriental region and 19,000 in the Australasian region.<sup id="cite_ref-Pape_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pape-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most species have restricted distributions, a few like the housefly (<i><a href="/wiki/Musca_domestica" class="mw-redirect" title="Musca domestica">Musca domestica</a></i>) are cosmopolitan.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Gauromydas_heros" title="Gauromydas heros">Gauromydas heros</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiloidea" title="Asiloidea">Asiloidea</a>), with a length of up to 7 cm (2.8 in), is generally considered to be the largest fly in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the smallest is <i><a href="/wiki/Euryplatea_nanaknihali" title="Euryplatea nanaknihali">Euryplatea nanaknihali</a></i>, which at 0.4 mm (0.016 in) is smaller than a grain of salt.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brachycera are ecologically very diverse, with many being predatory at the larval stage and some being parasitic. Animals parasitised include <a href="/wiki/Molluscs" class="mw-redirect" title="Molluscs">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodlice" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodlice">woodlice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">millipedes</a>, insects, <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pape_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pape-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flies are the second largest group of pollinators after the Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and relatives). In wet and colder environments flies are significantly more important as pollinators. Compared to bees, they need less food as they do not need to provision their young. Many flowers that bear low nectar and those that have evolved <a href="/wiki/Pollination_trap" title="Pollination trap">trap pollination</a> depend on flies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that some of the earliest pollinators of plants may have been flies.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The greatest diversity of gall forming insects are found among the flies, principally in the family Cecidomyiidae (gall midges).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many flies (most importantly in the family Agromyzidae) lay their eggs in the mesophyll tissue of leaves with larvae feeding between the surfaces forming blisters and mines.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some families are mycophagous or fungus feeding. These include the cave dwelling Mycetophilidae (fungus gnats) whose larvae are the only diptera with bioluminescence. The Sciaridae are also fungus feeders. Some plants are pollinated by fungus feeding flies that visit fungus infected male flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The larvae of <i><a href="/wiki/Megaselia_scalaris" title="Megaselia scalaris">Megaselia scalaris</a></i> (Phoridae) are almost omnivorous and consume such substances as paint and shoe polish.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Exorista_mella_(Walker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exorista mella (Walker)">Exorista mella (Walker)</a></i> fly are considered generalists and parasitoids of a variety of hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larvae of the <a href="/wiki/Ephydridae" title="Ephydridae">shore flies</a> (Ephydridae) and some Chironomidae survive in extreme environments including glaciers (<i><a href="/wiki/Diamesa" title="Diamesa">Diamesa</a></i> sp., Chironomidae<sup id="cite_ref-Biology_of_Shore_Flies_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biology_of_Shore_Flies-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), hot springs, geysers, saline pools, sulphur pools, septic tanks and even crude oil (<i><a href="/wiki/Helaeomyia_petrolei" title="Helaeomyia petrolei">Helaeomyia petrolei</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Biology_of_Shore_Flies_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biology_of_Shore_Flies-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-Pape_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pape-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult <a href="/wiki/Hoverflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoverflies">hoverflies</a> (Syrphidae) are well known for their <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a> and the larvae adopt diverse lifestyles including being <a href="/wiki/Inquiline" title="Inquiline">inquiline</a> <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a> inside the nests of social insects.<sup id="cite_ref-Gullan320_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gullan320-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some brachycerans are agricultural pests, some bite animals and humans and suck their blood, and some transmit diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-Pape_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pape-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_and_morphology">Anatomy and morphology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Morphology_of_Diptera" title="Morphology of Diptera">Morphology of Diptera</a></div> <p>Flies are adapted for aerial movement and typically have short and streamlined bodies. The first <a href="/wiki/Tagma_(biology)" title="Tagma (biology)">tagma</a> of the fly, the head, bears the eyes, the <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Insect_mouthparts" title="Insect mouthparts">mouthparts</a> (the labrum, labium, mandible, and maxilla make up the mouthparts). The second tagma, the <a href="/wiki/Thorax_(insect_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorax (insect anatomy)">thorax</a>, bears the wings and contains the flight muscles on the second segment, which is greatly enlarged; the first and third segments have been reduced to collar-like structures, and the third segment bears the <a href="/wiki/Halteres" title="Halteres">halteres</a>, which help to balance the insect during flight. The third tagma is the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen#Arthropoda" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> consisting of 11 segments, some of which may be fused, and with the three hindmost segments modified for reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickinson_1999_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickinson_1999-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Resh_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Dipterans are mimics and can only be distinguished from their models by very careful inspection. An example of this is <i><a href="/wiki/Spilomyia_longicornis" title="Spilomyia longicornis">Spilomyia longicornis</a></i>, which is a fly but mimics a <a href="/wiki/Vespid" class="mw-redirect" title="Vespid">vespid</a> wasp. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabanus_atratus,_U,_Face,_MD_2013-08-21-16.06.31_ZS_PMax_(9599360121).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tabanus_atratus%2C_U%2C_Face%2C_MD_2013-08-21-16.06.31_ZS_PMax_%289599360121%29.jpg/220px-Tabanus_atratus%2C_U%2C_Face%2C_MD_2013-08-21-16.06.31_ZS_PMax_%289599360121%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tabanus_atratus%2C_U%2C_Face%2C_MD_2013-08-21-16.06.31_ZS_PMax_%289599360121%29.jpg/330px-Tabanus_atratus%2C_U%2C_Face%2C_MD_2013-08-21-16.06.31_ZS_PMax_%289599360121%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tabanus_atratus%2C_U%2C_Face%2C_MD_2013-08-21-16.06.31_ZS_PMax_%289599360121%29.jpg/440px-Tabanus_atratus%2C_U%2C_Face%2C_MD_2013-08-21-16.06.31_ZS_PMax_%289599360121%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4676" data-file-height="3612" /></a><figcaption>Head of <a href="/wiki/Tabanus_atratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabanus atratus">a horse-fly</a> showing large <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a> and stout piercing <a href="/wiki/Insect_mouthparts" title="Insect mouthparts">mouthparts</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tephrochlamys_rufiventris_(female_head)_(25234095874).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tephrochlamys_rufiventris_%28female_head%29_%2825234095874%29.jpg/220px-Tephrochlamys_rufiventris_%28female_head%29_%2825234095874%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tephrochlamys_rufiventris_%28female_head%29_%2825234095874%29.jpg/330px-Tephrochlamys_rufiventris_%28female_head%29_%2825234095874%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tephrochlamys_rufiventris_%28female_head%29_%2825234095874%29.jpg/440px-Tephrochlamys_rufiventris_%28female_head%29_%2825234095874%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="5327" /></a><figcaption>A head of a fly, showing the two compound eyes and three simple eyes clearly.</figcaption></figure> <p>Flies have a mobile head with a pair of large <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a> on the sides of the head, and in most species, three small <a href="/wiki/Ocelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocelli">ocelli</a> on the top. The compound eyes may be close together or widely separated, and in some instances are divided into a dorsal region and a ventral region, perhaps to assist in swarming behaviour. The antennae are well-developed but variable, being thread-like, feathery or comb-like in the different families. The mouthparts are adapted for piercing and sucking, as in the black flies, mosquitoes and robber flies, and for lapping and sucking as in many other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female <a href="/wiki/Horse-flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse-flies">horse-flies</a> use knife-like mandibles and maxillae to make a cross-shaped incision in the host's skin and then lap up the blood that flows. The gut includes large <a href="/wiki/Diverticulum" title="Diverticulum">diverticulae</a>, allowing the insect to store small quantities of liquid after a meal.<sup id="cite_ref-IIBD_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIBD-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For visual course control, flies' <a href="/wiki/Optic_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Optic flow">optic flow</a> field is analyzed by a set of motion-sensitive neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11943823_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11943823-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subset of these neurons is thought to be involved in using the optic flow to estimate the parameters of self-motion, such as yaw, roll, and sideward translation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other neurons are thought to be involved in analyzing the content of the visual scene itself, such as separating figures from the ground using motion parallax.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/H1_neuron" title="H1 neuron">H1 neuron</a> is responsible for detecting horizontal motion across the entire visual field of the fly, allowing the fly to generate and guide stabilizing motor corrections midflight with respect to yaw.<sup id="cite_ref-DoiBFMissing_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoiBFMissing-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ocelli are concerned in the detection of changes in light intensity, enabling the fly to react swiftly to the approach of an object.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other insects, flies have <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreceptors</a> that detect smell and taste, and <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">mechanoreceptors</a> that respond to touch. The third segments of the antennae and the maxillary palps bear the main olfactory receptors, while the gustatory receptors are in the labium, pharynx, feet, wing margins and female genitalia,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enabling flies to taste their food by walking on it. The taste receptors in females at the tip of the abdomen receive information on the suitability of a site for ovipositing.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flies that feed on blood have special sensory structures that can detect <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> emissions, and use them to home in on their hosts, Many blood-sucking flies can detect the raised concentration of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> that occurs near large animals.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some tachinid flies (Ormiinae) which are parasitoids of <a href="/wiki/Tettigoniidae" title="Tettigoniidae">bush crickets</a>, have sound receptors to help them locate their singing hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halteres-Tipule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Halteres-Tipule.jpg/220px-Halteres-Tipule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Halteres-Tipule.jpg/330px-Halteres-Tipule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Halteres-Tipule.jpg/440px-Halteres-Tipule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Crane_fly" title="Crane fly">crane fly</a>, showing the hind wings reduced to drumstick-shaped <a href="/wiki/Haltere" class="mw-redirect" title="Haltere">halteres</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Diptera have one pair of fore <a href="/wiki/Insect_wing" title="Insect wing">wings</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mesothorax" title="Mesothorax">mesothorax</a> and a pair of <a href="/wiki/Halteres" title="Halteres">halteres</a>, or reduced hind wings, on the <a href="/wiki/Metathorax" title="Metathorax">metathorax</a>. A further adaptation for flight is the reduction in number of the neural <a href="/wiki/Ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganglia">ganglia</a>, and concentration of nerve tissue in the thorax, a feature that is most extreme in the highly derived Muscomorpha infraorder.<sup id="cite_ref-IIBD_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIBD-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some flies such as the ectoparasitic <a href="/wiki/Nycteribiidae" title="Nycteribiidae">Nycteribiidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streblidae" title="Streblidae">Streblidae</a> are exceptional in having lost their wings and become flightless. The only other order of insects bearing a single pair of true, functional wings, in addition to any form of halteres, are the <a href="/wiki/Strepsiptera" title="Strepsiptera">Strepsiptera</a>. In contrast to the flies, the Strepsiptera bear their halteres on the mesothorax and their flight wings on the metathorax.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the fly's six <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">legs</a> has a typical insect structure of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus, with the tarsus in most instances being subdivided into five <a href="/wiki/Tarsomere" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsomere">tarsomeres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the tip of the limb is a pair of claws, and between these are cushion-like structures known as <a href="/wiki/Pulvilli" title="Pulvilli">pulvilli</a> which provide adhesion.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The abdomen shows considerable variability among members of the order. It consists of eleven segments in primitive groups and ten segments in more derived groups, the tenth and eleventh segments having fused.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibb_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibb-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last two or three segments are adapted for reproduction. Each segment is made up of a dorsal and a ventral <a href="/wiki/Sclerite" title="Sclerite">sclerite</a>, connected by an elastic membrane. In some females, the sclerites are rolled into a flexible, telescopic <a href="/wiki/Ovipositor" title="Ovipositor">ovipositor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight">Flight</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Insect_flight" title="Insect flight">Insect flight</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March-fly-in-flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/March-fly-in-flight.jpg/220px-March-fly-in-flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/March-fly-in-flight.jpg/330px-March-fly-in-flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/March-fly-in-flight.jpg/440px-March-fly-in-flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Horse-fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse-fly">Tabanid</a> fly in <a href="/wiki/Insect_flight" title="Insect flight">flight</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Flies are capable of great manoeuvrability during flight due to the presence of the halteres. These act as <a href="/wiki/Gyroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyroscopic">gyroscopic</a> organs and are rapidly oscillated in time with the wings; they act as a balance and guidance system by providing rapid feedback to the wing-steering muscles, and flies deprived of their halteres are unable to fly. The wings and halteres move in synchrony but the amplitude of each wing beat is independent, allowing the fly to turn sideways.<sup id="cite_ref-Sane_2015_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sane_2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wings of the fly are attached to two kinds of muscles, those used to power it and another set used for fine control.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flies tend to fly in a straight line then make a rapid change in direction before continuing on a different straight path. The directional changes are called <a href="/wiki/Saccade" title="Saccade">saccades</a> and typically involve an angle of 90°, being achieved in 50 milliseconds. They are initiated by visual stimuli as the fly observes an object, nerves then activate steering muscles in the thorax that cause a small change in wing stroke which generate sufficient torque to turn. Detecting this within four or five wingbeats, the halteres trigger a counter-turn and the fly heads off in a new direction.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flies have rapid reflexes that aid their escape from predators but their sustained flight speeds are low. <a href="/wiki/Dolichopus_pennatus" title="Dolichopus pennatus">Dolichopodid</a> flies in the genus <i>Condylostylus</i> respond in less than five milliseconds to camera flashes by taking flight.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, the deer bot fly, <i><a href="/wiki/Cephenemyia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephenemyia">Cephenemyia</a></i>, was claimed to be one of the fastest insects on the basis of an estimate made visually by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Tyler_Townsend" title="Charles Henry Tyler Townsend">Charles Townsend</a> in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This claim, of speeds of 600 to 800 miles per hour, was regularly repeated until it was shown to be physically impossible as well as incorrect by Irving Langmuir. Langmuir suggested an estimated speed of 25 miles per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although most flies live and fly close to the ground, a few are known to fly at heights and a few like <i>Oscinella</i> (Chloropidae) are known to be dispersed by winds at altitudes of up to 2,000 ft and over long distances.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some hover flies like <i>Metasyrphus corollae</i> have been known to undertake long flights in response to aphid population spurts.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Males of fly species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cuterebra" title="Cuterebra">Cuterebra</a></i>, many hover flies,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bee flies (Bombyliidae)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fruit flies (Tephritidae)<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maintain territories within which they engage in aerial pursuit to drive away intruding males and other species.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these territories may be held by individual males, some species, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles_freeborni" title="Anopheles freeborni">A. freeborni</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> form <a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">leks</a> with many males aggregating in displays.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some flies maintain an airspace and still others form dense swarms that maintain a stationary location with respect to landmarks. Many flies mate in flight while swarming.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle_and_development">Life cycle and development</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biology_of_Diptera" title="Biology of Diptera">Biology of Diptera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthomyiidae_sp._1_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Anthomyiidae_sp._1_%28aka%29.jpg/220px-Anthomyiidae_sp._1_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Anthomyiidae_sp._1_%28aka%29.jpg/330px-Anthomyiidae_sp._1_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Anthomyiidae_sp._1_%28aka%29.jpg/440px-Anthomyiidae_sp._1_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption>Mating <a href="/wiki/Anthomyiidae" title="Anthomyiidae">anthomyiid flies</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Diptera go through a complete metamorphosis with four distinct life stages – egg, larva, pupa and adult. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Larva">Larva</h3></div> <p>In many flies, the larval stage is long and adults may have a short life. Most dipteran larvae develop in protected environments; many are aquatic and others are found in moist places such as carrion, fruit, vegetable matter, fungi and, in the case of parasitic species, inside their hosts. They tend to have thin cuticles and become desiccated if exposed to the air. Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Brachycera" title="Brachycera">Brachycera</a>, most dipteran larvae have sclerotised head capsules, which may be reduced to remnant mouth hooks; the Brachycera, however, have soft, gelatinized head capsules from which the sclerites are reduced or missing. Many of these larvae retract their heads into their thorax.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gullan_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gullan-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(arthropods)" title="Spiracle (arthropods)">spiracles</a> in the larva and pupa do not have any internal mechanical closing device.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stomoxys-stable-fly-life-cycle-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Stomoxys-stable-fly-life-cycle-2.jpg/220px-Stomoxys-stable-fly-life-cycle-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Stomoxys-stable-fly-life-cycle-2.jpg/330px-Stomoxys-stable-fly-life-cycle-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Stomoxys-stable-fly-life-cycle-2.jpg/440px-Stomoxys-stable-fly-life-cycle-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Life cycle of stable fly <i><a href="/wiki/Stomoxys_calcitrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomoxys calcitrans">Stomoxys calcitrans</a></i>, showing eggs, 3 <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larval</a> <a href="/wiki/Instar" title="Instar">instars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a>, and adult</figcaption></figure> <p>Some other anatomical distinction exists between the larvae of the <a href="/wiki/Nematocera" title="Nematocera">Nematocera</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brachycera" title="Brachycera">Brachycera</a>. Especially in the Brachycera, little demarcation is seen between the thorax and abdomen, though the demarcation may be visible in many Nematocera, such as mosquitoes; in the Brachycera, the head of the larva is not clearly distinguishable from the rest of the body, and few, if any, sclerites are present. Informally, such brachyceran larvae are called maggots,<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-19-861271-0_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-19-861271-0-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the term is not technical and often applied indifferently to fly larvae or insect larvae in general. The eyes and antennae of brachyceran larvae are reduced or absent, and the abdomen also lacks appendages such as <a href="/wiki/Cercus" title="Cercus">cerci</a>. This lack of features is an adaptation to food such as carrion, decaying detritus, or host tissues surrounding <a href="/wiki/Endoparasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Endoparasites">endoparasites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IIBD_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIBD-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nematoceran larvae generally have well-developed eyes and antennae, while those of Brachyceran larvae are reduced or modified.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancaster_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancaster-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dipteran larvae have no jointed, "true legs",<sup id="cite_ref-Gullan_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gullan-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some dipteran larvae, such as species of <a href="/wiki/Simuliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Simuliidae">Simuliidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabanidae" title="Tabanidae">Tabanidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermileonidae" title="Vermileonidae">Vermileonidae</a>, have <a href="/wiki/Proleg" title="Proleg">prolegs</a> adapted to hold onto a substrate in flowing water, host tissues or prey.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of dipterans are <a href="/wiki/Oviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviparous">oviparous</a> and lay batches of eggs, but some species are <a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovoviviparous">ovoviviparous</a>, where the larvae starting development inside the eggs before they hatch or viviparous, the larvae hatching and maturing in the body of the mother before being externally deposited. These are found especially in groups that have larvae dependent on food sources that are short-lived or are accessible for brief periods.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is widespread in some families such as the Sarcophagidae. In <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hylemya_strigosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hylemya strigosa (page does not exist)">Hylemya strigosa</a></i> (Anthomyiidae) the larva moults to the second instar before hatching, and in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termitoxenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termitoxenia (page does not exist)">Termitoxenia</a></i> (Phoridae) females have incubation pouches, and a full developed third instar larva is deposited by the adult and it almost immediately pupates with no freely feeding larval stage. The <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">tsetse fly</a> (as well as other Glossinidae, Hippoboscidae, Nycteribidae and Streblidae) exhibits <a href="/wiki/Adenotrophic_viviparity" title="Adenotrophic viviparity">adenotrophic viviparity</a>; a single fertilised egg is retained in the oviduct and the developing larva feeds on glandular secretions. When fully grown, the female finds a spot with soft soil and the larva works its way out of the oviduct, buries itself and pupates. Some flies like <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lundstroemia_parthenogenetica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lundstroemia parthenogenetica (page does not exist)">Lundstroemia parthenogenetica</a></i> (Chironomidae) reproduce by <a href="/wiki/Thelytokous" class="mw-redirect" title="Thelytokous">thelytokous</a> <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Gall_midge" class="mw-redirect" title="Gall midge">gall midges</a> have larvae that can produce eggs (<a href="/wiki/Paedogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paedogenesis">paedogenesis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pupa">Pupa</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupae</a> take various forms. In some groups, particularly the Nematocera, the pupa is intermediate between the larval and adult form; these pupae are described as "obtect", having the future appendages visible as structures that adhere to the pupal body. The outer surface of the pupa may be leathery and bear spines, respiratory features or locomotory paddles. In other groups, described as "coarctate", the appendages are not visible. In these, the outer surface is a <a href="/wiki/Puparium" class="mw-redirect" title="Puparium">puparium</a>, formed from the last larval skin, and the actual pupa is concealed within. When the adult insect is ready to emerge from this tough, desiccation-resistant capsule, it inflates a balloon-like structure on its head, and forces its way out.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adult">Adult</h3></div> <p>The adult stage is usually short, its function is only to mate and lay eggs. The genitalia of male flies are rotated to a varying degree from the position found in other insects.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some flies, this is a temporary rotation during mating, but in others, it is a permanent torsion of the organs that occurs during the pupal stage. This torsion may lead to the <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a> being below the genitals, or, in the case of 360° torsion, to the sperm duct being wrapped around the gut and the external organs being in their usual position. When flies mate, the male initially flies on top of the female, facing in the same direction, but then turns around to face in the opposite direction. This forces the male to lie on his back for his genitalia to remain engaged with those of the female, or the torsion of the male genitals allows the male to mate while remaining upright. This leads to flies having more reproduction abilities than most insects, and much quicker. Flies occur in large populations due to their ability to mate effectively and quickly during the mating season.<sup id="cite_ref-IIBD_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIBD-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More primitive groups mates in the air during swarming, but most of the more advanced species with a 360° torsion mate on a substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bubbling_Fly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bubbling_Fly.jpg/220px-Bubbling_Fly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bubbling_Fly.jpg/330px-Bubbling_Fly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bubbling_Fly.jpg/440px-Bubbling_Fly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>A calliphorid "bubbling"</figcaption></figure> <p>As ubiquitous insects, dipterans play an important role at various <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a> both as consumers and as prey. In some groups the larvae complete their development without feeding, and in others the adults do not feed. The larvae can be herbivores, scavengers, decomposers, predators or parasites, with the consumption of decaying organic matter being one of the most prevalent feeding behaviours. The fruit or detritus is consumed along with the associated micro-organisms, a sieve-like filter in the pharynx being used to concentrate the particles, while flesh-eating larvae have mouth-hooks to help shred their food. The larvae of some groups feed on or in the living tissues of plants and fungi, and some of these are serious pests of agricultural crops. Some aquatic larvae consume the films of algae that form underwater on rocks and plants. Many of the parasitoid larvae grow inside and eventually kill other arthropods, while parasitic larvae may attack vertebrate hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whereas many dipteran larvae are aquatic or live in enclosed terrestrial locations, the majority of adults live above ground and are capable of flight. Predominantly they feed on nectar or plant or animal exudates, such as honeydew, for which their lapping mouthparts are adapted. Some flies have functional mandibles that may be used for biting. The flies that feed on vertebrate blood have sharp stylets that pierce the skin, with some species having anticoagulant saliva that is regurgitated before absorbing the blood that flows; in this process, certain diseases can be transmitted. The bot flies (Oestridae) have evolved to parasitize mammals. Many species complete their life cycle inside the bodies of their hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larvae of a few fly groups (Agromyzidae, Anthomyiidae, Cecidomyiidae) are capable of inducing plant galls. Some dipteran larvae are leaf-miners. The larvae of many brachyceran families are predaceous. In many dipteran groups, swarming is a feature of adult life, with clouds of insects gathering in certain locations; these insects are mostly males, and the swarm may serve the purpose of making their location more visible to females.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most adult diptera have their mouthparts modified to sponge up fluid. The adults of many species of flies (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Anthomyia" title="Anthomyia">Anthomyia</a></i> sp., <i><a href="/wiki/Steganopsis_melanogaster" title="Steganopsis melanogaster">Steganopsis melanogaster</a></i>) that feed on liquid food will <a href="/wiki/Regurgitation_(digestion)" title="Regurgitation (digestion)">regurgitate</a> fluid in a behaviour termed as "bubbling" which has been thought to help the insects evaporate water and concentrate food<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or possibly to cool by evaporation.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some adult diptera are known for <a href="/wiki/Kleptoparasitism" title="Kleptoparasitism">kleptoparasitism</a> such as members of the Sarcophagidae. The miltogramminae are known as "satellite flies" for their habit of following wasps and stealing their stung prey or laying their eggs into them. Phorids, milichids and the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Bengalia" title="Bengalia">Bengalia</a></i> are known to steal food carried by ants.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adults of <i><a href="/wiki/Ephydra_hians" title="Ephydra hians">Ephydra hians</a></i> forage underwater, and have special hydrophobic hairs that trap a bubble of air that lets them breathe underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-predator_adaptations">Anti-predator adaptations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">Anti-predator adaptation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grosser_Wollschweber_Bombylius_major.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Grosser_Wollschweber_Bombylius_major.jpg/220px-Grosser_Wollschweber_Bombylius_major.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Grosser_Wollschweber_Bombylius_major.jpg/330px-Grosser_Wollschweber_Bombylius_major.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Grosser_Wollschweber_Bombylius_major.jpg/440px-Grosser_Wollschweber_Bombylius_major.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>The large bee-fly, <i><a href="/wiki/Bombylius_major" title="Bombylius major">Bombylius major</a></i>, is a <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimic" class="mw-redirect" title="Batesian mimic">Batesian mimic</a> of bees.</figcaption></figure> <p>Flies are eaten by other animals at all stages of their development. The eggs and larvae are parasitised by other insects and are eaten by many creatures, some of which specialise in feeding on flies but most of which consume them as part of a mixed diet. Birds, bats, frogs, lizards, dragonflies and spiders are among the predators of flies.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many flies have evolved <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimetic resemblances</a> that aid their protection. <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimicry</a> is widespread with many hoverflies resembling bees and wasps,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ants<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some species of tephritid fruit fly resembling spiders.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species of hoverfly are <a href="/wiki/Myrmecophilous" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmecophilous">myrmecophilous</a>—their young live and grow within the nests of ants. They are protected from the ants by imitating chemical odours given by ant colony members.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bombyliid bee flies such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bombylius_major" title="Bombylius major">Bombylius major</a></i> are short-bodied, round, furry, and distinctly bee-like as they visit flowers for nectar, and are likely also Batesian mimics of bees.<sup id="cite_ref-Godfray1994_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godfray1994-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_subobscura" title="Drosophila subobscura">Drosophila subobscura</a>,</i> a species of fly in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a></i>, lacks a category of hemocytes that are present in other studied species of <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a></i>, leading to an inability to defend against parasitic attacks, a form of innate immunodeficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_interaction_and_cultural_depictions">Human interaction and cultural depictions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_interactions_with_insects" title="Human interactions with insects">Human interactions with insects</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christus_carthusian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Christus_carthusian.jpg/170px-Christus_carthusian.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Christus_carthusian.jpg/255px-Christus_carthusian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Christus_carthusian.jpg/340px-Christus_carthusian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4660" data-file-height="6367" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Christus" title="Petrus Christus">Petrus Christus</a>'s 1446 painting <i>Portrait of a Carthusian</i> has a <i>musca depicta</i> (painted fly) on a <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i> frame.</figcaption></figure> <p>Flies play a variety of symbolic roles in different cultures. These include both positive and negative roles in religion. In the traditional <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> religion, Big Fly is an important spirit being.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a> is a demonic fly, the "Lord of the Flies", and a god of the <a href="/wiki/Philistine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philistine">Philistines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flies have appeared in literature since ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a Sumerian poem, a fly helps the goddess <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> when her husband <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a> is being chased by <i><a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">galla</a></i> demons.<sup id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Mesopotamian versions of the <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">flood myth</a>, the dead corpses floating on the waters are compared to flies.<sup id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the gods are said to swarm "like flies" around the hero <a href="/wiki/Utnapishtim" title="Utnapishtim">Utnapishtim</a>'s offering.<sup id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flies appear on <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Old Babylonian</a> seals as symbols of <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a>, the god of death.<sup id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_94-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fly-shaped <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> beads were often worn in ancient Mesopotamia, along with other kinds of fly-jewellery.<sup id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_94-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ancient Egypt, flies appear in amulets and as a military award for bravery and tenacity, due to the fact that they always come back when swatted at. It is thought that flies may have also been associated with the departing spirit of the dead, as they are often found near dead bodies. In modern Egypt, a similar belief persists in some areas to not swat at shiny green flies, as they may be carrying the soul of a recently deceased person.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a little-known <a href="/wiki/Greek_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek myth">Greek myth</a>, a very chatty and talkative maiden named <a href="/wiki/Myia_(mythology)" title="Myia (mythology)">Myia</a> (meaning "fly") enraged the moon-goddess <a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a> by attempting to seduce her lover, the sleeping <a href="/wiki/Endymion_(mythology)" title="Endymion (mythology)">Endymion</a>, and was thus turned by the angry goddess into a fly, who now always deprives people of their sleep in memory of her past life.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></i>, which is attributed to the Athenian tragic playwright <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Horse-fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse-fly">gadfly</a> sent by <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>'s wife <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> pursues and torments his mistress <a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a>, who has been transformed into a cow and is watched constantly by the hundred eyes of the herdsman <a href="/wiki/Argus_Panoptes" title="Argus Panoptes">Argus</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stagman2010_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stagman2010-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Io: Ah! Hah! Again the prick, the stab of gadfly-sting! O earth, earth, hide, the hollow shape—Argus—that evil thing—the hundred-eyed."<sup id="cite_ref-Stagman2010_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stagman2010-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, inspired by Aeschylus, has <a href="/wiki/Tom_o%27Bedlam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom o'Bedlam">Tom o'Bedlam</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i>, "Whom the foul fiend hath led through fire and through flame, through ford and whirlpool, o'er bog and quagmire", driven mad by the constant pursuit.<sup id="cite_ref-Stagman2010_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stagman2010-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Antony and Cleopatra">Antony and Cleopatra</a></i>, Shakespeare similarly likens Cleopatra's hasty departure from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium battlefield</a> to that of a cow chased by a gadfly.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker2002_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker2002-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, in 1962 the biologist Vincent Dethier wrote <i>To Know a Fly</i>, introducing the general reader to the behaviour and physiology of the fly.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Musca_depicta" title="Musca depicta">Musca depicta</a></i> ("painted fly" in Latin) is a depiction of a fly as an inconspicuous element of various paintings. This feature was widespread in 15th and 16th centuries paintings and its presence may be explained by various reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-eoi_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoi-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flies appear in popular culture in concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Fly-on-the-wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly-on-the-wall">fly-on-the-wall</a> <a href="/wiki/Documentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Documentary">documentary</a>-making in <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Television production">television production</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphoric</a> name suggests that events are seen <a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">candidly</a>, as a fly might see them.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flies have inspired the design of miniature flying robots.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>'s 1993 film <i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park" title="Jurassic Park">Jurassic Park</a></i> relied on the idea that <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> could be preserved in the stomach contents of a blood-sucking fly <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossilised</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>, though the mechanism has been discounted by scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_importance">Economic importance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg/220px-Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg/330px-Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg/440px-Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>An <i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles_stephensi" title="Anopheles stephensi">Anopheles stephensi</a></i> mosquito drinking human blood. The species carries <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dipterans are an important group of insects and have a considerable impact on the environment. Some <a href="/wiki/Leaf-miner_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf-miner flies">leaf-miner flies</a> (Agromyzidae), <a href="/wiki/Tephritidae" title="Tephritidae">fruit flies</a> (Tephritidae and Drosophilidae) and <a href="/wiki/Gall_midges" class="mw-redirect" title="Gall midges">gall midges</a> (Cecidomyiidae) are pests of agricultural crops; others such as <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsetse flies">tsetse flies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screwworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Screwworm">screwworm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Botflies">botflies</a> (Oestridae) attack livestock, causing wounds, spreading disease, and creating significant economic harm. See article: <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_flies_of_domestic_animals" title="Parasitic flies of domestic animals">Parasitic flies of domestic animals</a>. A few can even cause <a href="/wiki/Myiasis" title="Myiasis">myiasis</a> in humans. Still others such as <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a> (Culicidae), <a href="/wiki/Black_fly" title="Black fly">blackflies</a> (Simuliidae) and <a href="/wiki/Drain_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Drain flies">drain flies</a> (Psychodidae) impact human health, acting as <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">vectors</a> of major tropical diseases. Among these, <i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles" title="Anopheles">Anopheles</a></i> mosquitoes transmit <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filariasis" title="Filariasis">filariasis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arboviruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboviruses">arboviruses</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Aedes_aegypti" title="Aedes aegypti">Aedes aegypti</a></i> mosquitoes carry <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">dengue fever</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zika_virus" title="Zika virus">Zika virus</a>; blackflies carry <a href="/wiki/River_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="River blindness">river blindness</a>; sand flies carry <a href="/wiki/Leishmaniasis" title="Leishmaniasis">leishmaniasis</a>. Other dipterans are a nuisance to humans, especially when present in large numbers; these include houseflies, which contaminate food and spread food-borne illnesses; the <a href="/wiki/Ceratopogonidae" title="Ceratopogonidae">biting midges and sandflies</a> (Ceratopogonidae) and the <a href="/wiki/Muscidae" title="Muscidae">houseflies and stable flies</a> (Muscidae).<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_35-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In tropical regions, eye flies (<a href="/wiki/Chloropidae" title="Chloropidae">Chloropidae</a>) which visit the eye in search of fluids can be a nuisance in some seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many dipterans serve roles that are useful to humans. Houseflies, blowflies and <a href="/wiki/Mycetophilidae" title="Mycetophilidae">fungus gnats</a> (Mycetophilidae) are scavengers and aid in decomposition. <a href="/wiki/Robber_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Robber flies">Robber flies</a> (Asilidae), <a href="/wiki/Tachinidae" title="Tachinidae">tachinids</a> (Tachinidae) and <a href="/wiki/Empididae" title="Empididae">dagger flies and balloon flies</a> (Empididae) are predators and parasitoids of other insects, helping to control a variety of pests. Many dipterans such as <a href="/wiki/Bee_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee flies">bee flies</a> (Bombyliidae) and <a href="/wiki/Hoverflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoverflies">hoverflies</a> (Syrphidae) are <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollinators</a> of crop plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Resh_35-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resh-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses">Uses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Researcher_beside_Vials_closed_by_cotton_plugs_and_filled_with_Fruit_fly_larvae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Researcher_beside_Vials_closed_by_cotton_plugs_and_filled_with_Fruit_fly_larvae.jpg/220px-Researcher_beside_Vials_closed_by_cotton_plugs_and_filled_with_Fruit_fly_larvae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Researcher_beside_Vials_closed_by_cotton_plugs_and_filled_with_Fruit_fly_larvae.jpg/330px-Researcher_beside_Vials_closed_by_cotton_plugs_and_filled_with_Fruit_fly_larvae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Researcher_beside_Vials_closed_by_cotton_plugs_and_filled_with_Fruit_fly_larvae.jpg/440px-Researcher_beside_Vials_closed_by_cotton_plugs_and_filled_with_Fruit_fly_larvae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Diptera in research: <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> fruit fly larvae being bred in tubes in a <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> laboratory</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i>, a fruit fly, has long been used as a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> in research because of the ease with which it can be bred and reared in the laboratory, its small <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>, and the fact that many of its genes have counterparts in higher <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>. A large number of genetic studies have been undertaken based on this species; these have had a profound impact on the study of <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">gene regulatory mechanisms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a>. Other studies have investigated <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">microbial pathogenesis</a> and development among other research topics.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The studies on dipteran relationships by <a href="/wiki/Willi_Hennig" title="Willi Hennig">Willi Hennig</a> helped in the development of <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistics</a>, techniques that he applied to morphological characters but now adapted for use with molecular sequences in phylogenetics.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maggot" title="Maggot">Maggots</a> found on corpses are useful to <a href="/wiki/Forensic_entomology" title="Forensic entomology">forensic entomologists</a>. Maggot species can be identified by their anatomical features and by matching their <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. Maggots of different species of flies visit corpses and carcases at fairly well-defined times after the death of the victim, and so do their predators, such as beetles in the family <a href="/wiki/Histeridae" title="Histeridae">Histeridae</a>. Thus, the presence or absence of particular species provides evidence for the time since death, and sometimes other details such as the place of death, when species are confined to particular habitats such as <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casu_Marzu_cheese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Casu_Marzu_cheese.jpg/220px-Casu_Marzu_cheese.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Casu_Marzu_cheese.jpg/330px-Casu_Marzu_cheese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Casu_Marzu_cheese.jpg/440px-Casu_Marzu_cheese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Casu_marzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Casu marzu">Casu marzu</a> is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinian</a> sheep milk cheese that contains larvae of the <a href="/wiki/Cheese_fly" title="Cheese fly">cheese fly</a>, <i>Piophila casei</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some species of maggots such as <a href="/wiki/Calliphoridae" title="Calliphoridae">blowfly larvae (gentles)</a> and bluebottle larvae (<a href="/wiki/Caster_(maggot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caster (maggot)">casters</a>) are bred commercially; they are sold as <a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">bait</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">angling</a>, and as food for carnivorous animals (kept as pets, in zoos, or for research) such as some <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>. It has been suggested that fly larvae could be used at a large scale as food for farmed chickens, pigs, and fish. However, consumers are opposed to the inclusion of insects in their food, and the use of insects in animal feed remains illegal in areas such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fly larvae can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Biomedical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical">biomedical</a> tool for wound care and treatment. <a href="/wiki/Maggot_debridement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Maggot debridement therapy">Maggot debridement therapy</a> (MDT) is the use of <a href="/wiki/Calliphoridae" title="Calliphoridae">blow fly</a> larvae to remove the dead tissue from wounds, most commonly being amputations. Historically, this has been used for centuries, both intentional and unintentional, on battlefields and in early hospital settings.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Removing the dead tissue promotes cell growth and healthy wound healing. The larvae also have <a href="/wiki/Biochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biochemical">biochemical</a> properties such as <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">antibacterial</a> activity found in their secretions as they feed.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These medicinal maggots are a safe and effective treatment for chronic wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinian</a> cheese <a href="/wiki/Casu_marzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Casu marzu">casu marzu</a> is exposed to flies known as <a href="/wiki/Cheese_skipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheese skipper">cheese skippers</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Piophila_casei" class="mw-redirect" title="Piophila casei">Piophila casei</a></i>, members of the family <a href="/wiki/Piophilidae" title="Piophilidae">Piophilidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The digestive activities of the fly larvae soften the cheese and modify the aroma as part of the process of maturation. At one time European Union authorities banned sale of the cheese and it was becoming hard to find,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the ban has been lifted on the grounds that the cheese is a traditional local product made by traditional methods.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2></div> <p>Flies are a health hazard and are attracted to toilets because of their smell. The <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i> magazine suggested a trap for these flies. A pipe acting as a chimney was fitted to the toilet which let in some light to attract these flies up to the end of this pipe where a gauze covering prevented escape to the air outside so that they were trapped and died. Toilets are generally dark inside particularly if the door is closed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some authors draw a distinction in writing the common names of insects. True flies are in their view best written as two words, such as <a href="/wiki/Crane_fly" title="Crane fly">crane fly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robber_fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Robber fly">robber fly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bee_fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee fly">bee fly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moth_fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Moth fly">moth fly</a>, and fruit fly. In contrast, common names of non-dipteran insects that have "fly" in their names are written as one word, e.g. butterfly, stonefly, dragonfly, scorpionfly, sawfly, caddisfly, whitefly.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, however, this is a comparatively new convention; especially in older books, names like "saw fly" and "caddis fly", or hyphenated forms such as <a href="/wiki/House-fly" class="mw-redirect" title="House-fly">house-fly</a> and dragon-fly are widely used.<sup id="cite_ref-Comstock_1949_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comstock_1949-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exceptions to this rule occur, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hoverfly" title="Hoverfly">hoverfly</a>, which is a true fly, and the <a href="/wiki/Lytta_vesicatoria" title="Lytta vesicatoria">Spanish fly</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Blister_beetle" title="Blister beetle">blister beetle</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/55">"Order Diptera: Flies"</a>. <i>BugGuide</i>. <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BugGuide&rft.atitle=Order+Diptera%3A+Flies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbugguide.net%2Fnode%2Fview%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comstock_1949-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Comstock_1949_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComstock1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Comstock" title="John Henry Comstock">Comstock, John Henry</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoen1949coms"><i>An Introduction to Entomology</i></a>. 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"Male-male agonistic behavior and ant-mimicry in a Neotropical richardiid (Diptera: Richardiidae)". <i>Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment</i>. <b>37</b>: 19–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1076%2Fsnfe.37.1.19.2114">10.1076/snfe.37.1.19.2114</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84201196">84201196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+on+Neotropical+Fauna+and+Environment&rft.atitle=Male-male+agonistic+behavior+and+ant-mimicry+in+a+Neotropical+richardiid+%28Diptera%3A+Richardiidae%29&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=19-22&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1076%2Fsnfe.37.1.19.2114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84201196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pie&rft.aufirst=Marcio+R.&rft.au=Del-Claro%2C+Kleber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitmanOrsakGreene1988" class="citation journal cs1">Whitman, D. W.; Orsak, L.; Greene, E. (1988). "Spider mimicry in fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Further experiments on the deterrence of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) by <i>Zonosemata vittigera</i> (Coquillett)". <i>Annals of the Entomological Society of America</i>. <b>81</b> (3): 532–536. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faesa%2F81.3.532">10.1093/aesa/81.3.532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Entomological+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Spider+mimicry+in+fruit+flies+%28Diptera%3A+Tephritidae%29%3A+Further+experiments+on+the+deterrence+of+jumping+spiders+%28Araneae%3A+Salticidae%29+by+Zonosemata+vittigera+%28Coquillett%29&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=532-536&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faesa%2F81.3.532&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rft.au=Orsak%2C+L.&rft.au=Greene%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkreGarnettZack1990" class="citation journal cs1">Akre, Roger D.; Garnett, William B.; Zack, Richard S. (1990). "Ant hosts of <i>Microdon</i> (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the Pacific Northwest". <i>Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society</i>. <b>63</b> (1): 175–178. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25085158">25085158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Kansas+Entomological+Society&rft.atitle=Ant+hosts+of+Microdon+%28Diptera%3A+Syrphidae%29+in+the+Pacific+Northwest&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=175-178&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25085158%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Akre&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft.au=Garnett%2C+William+B.&rft.au=Zack%2C+Richard+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godfray1994-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Godfray1994_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodfray1994" class="citation book cs1">Godfray, H. C. J. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parasitoidsbehav0000godf"><i>Parasitoids: Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parasitoidsbehav0000godf/page/299">299</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00047-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00047-3"><bdi>978-0-691-00047-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parasitoids%3A+Behavioral+and+Evolutionary+Ecology&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00047-3&rft.aulast=Godfray&rft.aufirst=H.+C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparasitoidsbehav0000godf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEslinDoury2006" class="citation journal cs1">Eslin, Patrice; Doury, Géraldine (2006). "The fly Drosophila subobscura: A natural case of innate immunity deficiency". <i>Developmental & Comparative Immunology</i>. <b>30</b> (11): 977–983. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dci.2006.02.007">10.1016/j.dci.2006.02.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16620975">16620975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+%26+Comparative+Immunology&rft.atitle=The+fly+Drosophila+subobscura%3A+A+natural+case+of+innate+immunity+deficiency&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=977-983&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.dci.2006.02.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16620975&rft.aulast=Eslin&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rft.au=Doury%2C+G%C3%A9raldine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyman1983" class="citation book cs1">Wyman, Leland Clifton (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073542/http://www.users.humboldt.edu/jwpowell/LelandWymanHONAI-NavajoCeremonialSystem,reduced.pdf">"Navajo Ceremonial System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Handbook of North American Indians</i>. p. 539. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.users.humboldt.edu/jwpowell/LelandWymanHONAI-NavajoCeremonialSystem,reduced.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2015</span>. <q>Nearly every element in the universe may be thus personalized, and even the least of these such as tiny Chipmunk and those little insect helpers and mentors of deity and man in the myths, Big Fly (<i>Dǫ'soh</i>) and Ripener (Corn Beetle) Girl ('<i>Anilt'ánii 'At'ééd</i>) (Wyman and Bailey 1964:29–30, 51, 137–144), are as necessary for the harmonious balance of the universe as is the great Sun.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Navajo+Ceremonial+System&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians&rft.pages=539&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Wyman&rft.aufirst=Leland+Clifton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.users.humboldt.edu%2Fjwpowell%2FLelandWymanHONAI-NavajoCeremonialSystem%2Creduced.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWymanBailey1964" class="citation book cs1">Wyman, Leland Clifton; Bailey, Flora L. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tHl1AAAAMAAJ&q=Big+Fly"><i>Navaho Indian Ethnoentomology</i></a>. Anthropology Series. University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826301109" title="Special:BookSources/9780826301109"><bdi>9780826301109</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/64024356">64024356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navaho+Indian+Ethnoentomology&rft.series=Anthropology+Series&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F64024356&rft.isbn=9780826301109&rft.aulast=Wyman&rft.aufirst=Leland+Clifton&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Flora+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtHl1AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DBig%2BFly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.native-languages.org/legends-fly.htm">"Native American Fly Mythology"</a>. Native Languages of the Americas website.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+American+Fly+Mythology&rft.pub=Native+Languages+of+the+Americas+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.native-languages.org%2Flegends-fly.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Βεελζεβούλ, ὁ indecl. (v.l. Βεελζεβούβ and Βεεζεβούλ W-S. §5, 31, cp. 27 n. 56) Beelzebul, orig. a Philistine deity; the name בַּעַל זְבוּב means Baal (lord) of the flies (4 Km 1:2, 6; Sym. transcribes βεελζεβούβ; Vulgate Beelzebub; TestSol freq. Βεελζεβούλ,-βουέλ).", Arndt, W., Danker, F. W., & Bauer, W. (2000). A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature (3rd ed.) (173). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"1. According to 2 Kgs 1:2–6 the name of the Philistine god of Ekron was Lord of the Flies (Heb. ba‘al zeaûḇ), from whom Israel’s King Ahaziah requested an oracle.", Balz, H. R., & Schneider, G. (1990–). Vol. 1: Exegetical dictionary of the New Testament (211). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"For etymological reasons, Baal Zebub must be considered a Semitic god; he is taken over by the Philistine Ekronites and incorporated into their local cult.", Herrmann, "Baal Zebub", in Toorn, K., Becking, B., & Horst, P. W. (1999). Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible DDD (2nd extensively rev. ed.) (154). Leiden; Boston; Grand Rapids, Mich.: Brill; Eerdmans.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlackGreen1992-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_94-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_94-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_94-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreen1992" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana"><i>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_British_Museum_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Museum Press">The British Museum Press</a>. pp. 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8"><bdi>978-0-7141-1705-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1705-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05LXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DInana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, Dawn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.sun.ac.za/bitstream/10019.1/79920/1/haynes_symbolism_2013.pdf"><i>The Symbolism and Significance of the Butterfly in Ancient Egypt</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Symbolism+and+Significance+of+the+Butterfly+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.sun.ac.za%2Fbitstream%2F10019.1%2F79920%2F1%2Fhaynes_symbolism_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes_Irving1990" class="citation book cs1">Forbes Irving, Paul M. C. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URvXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Metamorphosis in Greek Myths</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814730-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814730-9"><bdi>0-19-814730-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metamorphosis+in+Greek+Myths&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-19-814730-9&rft.aulast=Forbes+Irving&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DURvXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucianC._D._N._Costa2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>; C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Illegal+food%3A+step+away+from+the+cheese%2C+ma%27am&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.aulast=Brones&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2Fwordofmouth%2F2013%2Fapr%2F15%2Fillegal-food-cheese-us-mimolette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Blagoderov, V.A., Lukashevich, E.D. & Mostovski, M.B. (2002)). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaeoentomolog.ru/New/diptera.html">Order Diptera</a>". In: <a href="/wiki/Alex_Rasnitsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Alex Rasnitsyn">Rasnitsyn, A.P.</a> and Quicke, D.L.J. <i>The History of Insects</i>, Kluwer pp.–227–240.</li> <li>Colless, D.H. & McAlpine, D.K. (1991). <i>Diptera (flies)</i>, pp. 717–786. In: The Division of Entomology. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra (spons.), <i>The Insects of Australia</i>. Melbourne University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Hennig" title="Willi Hennig">Hennig, Willi</a>. "Diptera (Zweifluger)". <i>Handb. Zool. Berl</i>. 4 (2) (31):1–337. General introduction with key to World Families <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Oldroyd" title="Harold Oldroyd">Oldroyd, Harold</a> (1965). <i>The Natural History of Flies</i>. W. W. Norton.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_S%C3%A9guy" title="Eugène Séguy">Séguy, Eugène</a> (1924–1953). <i>Diptera: recueil d'etudes biologiques et systematiques sur les Dipteres du Globe</i> (Collection of biological and systematic studies on Diptera of the World). 11 vols. <i>Part of Encyclopedie Entomologique</i>, Serie B II: Diptera.</li> <li>Séguy, Eugène (1950). <i>La Biologie des Dipteres</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Thompson, F. Christian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918204612/http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/diptera/names/BDWDsour.pdf">"Sources for the Biosystematic Database of World Diptera (Flies)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>, Systematic Entomology Laboratory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/diptera/names/BDWDsour.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sources+for+the+Biosystematic+Database+of+World+Diptera+%28Flies%29&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Systematic+Entomology+Laboratory&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=F.+Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sel.barc.usda.gov%2Fdiptera%2Fnames%2FBDWDsour.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFly" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diptera.info">The Diptera.info portal with galleries and discussion forums</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwx.inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/">FLYTREE – dipteran phylogeny</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413095925/https://www.inhs.illinois.edu/research/flytree/">Archived</a> 13 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dipteristsforum.org.uk/">The Dipterists Forum</a> – The Society for the study of flies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bugguide.net/node/view/55">BugGuide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/fossilcat/">The World Catalog of Fossil Diptera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Diptera">The Tree of Life Project</a></li></ul> <p><b>Anatomy</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ento.csiro.au/biology/fly/fly.php">Fly: Anatomical Atlas</a> at CSIRO</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drawwing.org/insects/diptera">Drawing Wing venation</a></li></ul> <p><b>Describers</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/publications/pdf/tr51.pdf">Authors of fly names</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100405091526/http://www.diptera.org/">Systema Dipterorum Nomenclator</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Diptera_families" title="Template:Diptera families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diptera_families" title="Template talk:Diptera families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diptera_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diptera families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Diptera_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diptera</a> families</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a></li> <li>Subclass: <a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">Pterygota</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Neoptera" title="Neoptera">Neoptera</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">Holometabola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Nematocera" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Nematocera" title="Nematocera">Nematocera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Axymyiomorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;padding-right:10.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Axymyiidae" title="Axymyiidae">Axymyiomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axymyiidae" title="Axymyiidae">Axymyiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culicomorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Culicomorpha" title="Culicomorpha">Culicomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Culicoidea" title="Culicoidea">Culicoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dixidae" title="Dixidae">Dixidae <small>(meniscus midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corethrellidae" title="Corethrellidae">Corethrellidae <small>(frog-biting midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoboridae" title="Chaoboridae">Chaoboridae <small>(phantom midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">Culicidae <small>(mosquitoes)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chironomoidea" title="Chironomoidea">Chironomoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaleidae" title="Thaumaleidae">Thaumaleidae <small>(solitary midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_fly" title="Black fly">Simuliidae <small>(black flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceratopogonidae" title="Ceratopogonidae">Ceratopogonidae <small>(biting midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chironomidae" title="Chironomidae">Chironomidae <small>(non-biting midges)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Blephariceromorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;padding-right:10.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Blephariceromorpha" title="Blephariceromorpha">Blephariceromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blephariceridae" title="Blephariceridae">Blephariceridae <small>(net-winged midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterophlebia" title="Deuterophlebia">Deuterophlebiidae <small>(mountain midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphomyiidae" title="Nymphomyiidae">Nymphomyiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bibionomorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Bibionomorpha" title="Bibionomorpha">Bibionomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Bibionidae" title="Bibionidae">Bibionoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibionidae" title="Bibionidae">Bibionidae <small>(march flies, lovebugs)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Anisopodidae" title="Anisopodidae">Anisopodoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisopodidae" title="Anisopodidae">Anisopodidae <small>(wood gnats)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Sciaroidea" title="Sciaroidea">Sciaroidea</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(fungus gnats)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolitophila" title="Bolitophila">Bolitophilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecidomyiidae" title="Cecidomyiidae">Cecidomyiidae <small>(gall midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadocidiidae" title="Diadocidiidae">Diadocidiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditomyiidae" title="Ditomyiidae">Ditomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keroplatidae" title="Keroplatidae">Keroplatidae <small>(predatory fungus gnats)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lygistorrhinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lygistorrhinidae">Lygistorrhinidae <small>(long-beaked fungus gnats)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycetophilidae" title="Mycetophilidae">Mycetophilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangomaramidae" title="Rangomaramidae">Rangomaramidae <small>(long-winged fungus gnats)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciaridae" title="Sciaridae">Sciaridae <small>(dark-winged fungus gnats)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Perissommatomorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;padding-right:10.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Perissommatidae" title="Perissommatidae">Perissommatomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perissommatidae" title="Perissommatidae">Perissommatidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Psychodomorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Psychodomorpha" title="Psychodomorpha">Psychodomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Scatopsoidea" title="Scatopsoidea">Scatopsoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canthyloscelidae" title="Canthyloscelidae">Canthyloscelidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatopsidae" title="Scatopsidae">Scatopsidae <small>(minute black scavenger flies, or dung midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeseguyidae" title="Valeseguyidae">Valeseguyidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Psychodidae" title="Psychodidae">Psychodoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychodidae" title="Psychodidae">Psychodidae <small>(moth flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ptychopteromorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;padding-right:10.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Ptychopteromorpha" title="Ptychopteromorpha">Ptychopteromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptychopteridae" title="Ptychopteridae">Ptychopteridae <small>(phantom crane flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanyderidae" title="Tanyderidae">Tanyderidae <small>(primitive crane flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tipulomorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Tipulomorpha" title="Tipulomorpha">Tipulomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Trichoceridae" title="Trichoceridae">Trichoceroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichoceridae" title="Trichoceridae">Trichoceridae <small>(winter crane flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Crane_fly" title="Crane fly">Tipuloidea</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(crane flies)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cylindrotomidae" title="Cylindrotomidae">Cylindrotomidae <small>(long-bodied crane flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoniidae" title="Limoniidae">Limoniidae <small>(limoniid crane flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediciidae" title="Pediciidae">Pediciidae <small>(hairy-eyed craneflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipulidae" title="Tipulidae">Tipulidae <small>(large crane flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Brachycera" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Brachycera" title="Brachycera">Brachycera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asilomorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Asilomorpha" title="Asilomorpha">Asilomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Asiloidea" title="Asiloidea">Asiloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apiocera" title="Apiocera">Apioceridae <small>(flower-loving flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsilocephalidae" title="Apsilocephalidae">Apsilocephalidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apystomyia" title="Apystomyia">Apystomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asilidae" title="Asilidae">Asilidae <small>(robber flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyliidae" title="Bombyliidae">Bombyliidae <small>(bee flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocoa" title="Evocoa">Evocoidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarimorphidae" title="Hilarimorphidae">Hilarimorphidae <small>(hilarimorphid flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mydas_fly" title="Mydas fly">Mydidae <small>(mydas flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythicomyiidae" title="Mythicomyiidae">Mythicomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenopinidae" title="Scenopinidae">Scenopinidae <small>(window flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therevidae" title="Therevidae">Therevidae <small>(stiletto flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Empidoidea" title="Empidoidea">Empidoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atelestidae" title="Atelestidae">Atelestidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolichopodidae" title="Dolichopodidae">Dolichopodidae <small>(long-legged flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empididae" title="Empididae">Empididae <small>(dagger flies, balloon flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homalocnemis" title="Homalocnemis">Homalocnemiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybotidae" title="Hybotidae">Hybotidae <small>(dance flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreogetonidae" title="Oreogetonidae">Oreogetonidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragadidae" title="Ragadidae">Ragadidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Nemestrinoidea" title="Nemestrinoidea">Nemestrinoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acroceridae" title="Acroceridae">Acroceridae <small>(small-headed flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemestrinidae" title="Nemestrinidae">Nemestrinidae <small>(tangle-veined flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Muscomorpha" title="Muscomorpha">Muscomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aschiza" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.9em"><a href="/wiki/Aschiza" title="Aschiza">Aschiza</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Platypezoidea" title="Platypezoidea">Platypezoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ironomyiidae" title="Ironomyiidae">Ironomyiidae <small>(ironic flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonchopteridae" title="Lonchopteridae">Lonchopteridae <small>(spear-winged flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opetiidae" title="Opetiidae">Opetiidae <small>(flat-footed flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoridae" title="Phoridae">Phoridae <small>(scuttle flies, coffin flies, humpbacked flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platypezidae" title="Platypezidae">Platypezidae <small>(flat-footed flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Syrphoidea" title="Syrphoidea">Syrphoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipunculidae" title="Pipunculidae">Pipunculidae <small>(big-headed flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoverfly" title="Hoverfly">Syrphidae <small>(hoverflies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.8em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Schizophora" title="Schizophora">Schizophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.7em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;font-size:80%;"><a href="/wiki/Acalyptratae" title="Acalyptratae">Acalyptratae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Conopidae" title="Conopidae">Conopoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conopidae" title="Conopidae">Conopidae <small>(thick-headed flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Tephritoidea" title="Tephritoidea">Tephritoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallopteridae" title="Pallopteridae">Pallopteridae <small>(flutter flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piophilidae" title="Piophilidae">Piophilidae <small>(cheese flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platystomatidae" title="Platystomatidae">Platystomatidae <small>(signal flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrgotidae" title="Pyrgotidae">Pyrgotidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardiidae" title="Richardiidae">Richardiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephritidae" title="Tephritidae">Tephritidae <small>(peacock flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulidiidae" title="Ulidiidae">Ulidiidae <small>(picture-winged flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Nerioidea" title="Nerioidea">Nerioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypselosomatidae" title="Cypselosomatidae">Cypselosomatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropezidae" title="Micropezidae">Micropezidae <small>(stilt-legged flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neriidae" title="Neriidae">Neriidae <small>(cactus flies, banana stalk flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Diopsoidea" title="Diopsoidea">Diopsoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalk-eyed_fly" title="Stalk-eyed fly">Diopsidae <small>(stalk-eyed flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobryidae" title="Gobryidae">Gobryidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megamerinidae" title="Megamerinidae">Megamerinidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothybidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothybidae">Nothybidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilidae" title="Psilidae">Psilidae <small>(rust flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatiidae">Somatiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strongylophthalmyiidae" title="Strongylophthalmyiidae">Strongylophthalmyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syringogaster" title="Syringogaster">Syringogastridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanypezidae" title="Tanypezidae">Tanypezidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Sciomyzoidea" title="Sciomyzoidea">Sciomyzoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coelopidae" title="Coelopidae">Coelopidae <small>(kelp flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryomyzidae" title="Dryomyzidae">Dryomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helcomyzidae" title="Helcomyzidae">Helcomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helosciomyzidae" title="Helosciomyzidae">Helosciomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterocheila" title="Heterocheila">Heterocheilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huttoninidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Huttoninidae">Huttoninidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalimyzidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalimyzidae">Natalimyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeomyiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeomyiidae">Phaeomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropalomeridae" title="Ropalomeridae">Ropalomeridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciomyzidae" title="Sciomyzidae">Sciomyzidae <small>(marsh flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepsidae" title="Sepsidae">Sepsidae <small>(black scavenger flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Sphaeroceroidea" title="Sphaeroceroidea">Sphaeroceroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chyromyidae" title="Chyromyidae">Chyromyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heleomyzidae" title="Heleomyzidae">Heleomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannodastiidae" title="Nannodastiidae">Nannodastiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphaeroceridae" title="Sphaeroceridae">Sphaeroceridae <small>(small dung flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lauxanioidea" title="Lauxanioidea">Lauxanioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celyphidae" title="Celyphidae">Celyphidae <small>(beetle-backed flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamaemyiidae" title="Chamaemyiidae">Chamaemyiidae <small>(aphid flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremifaniidae" title="Cremifaniidae">Cremifaniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauxaniidae" title="Lauxaniidae">Lauxaniidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Opomyzoidea" title="Opomyzoidea">Opomyzoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agromyzidae" title="Agromyzidae">Agromyzidae <small>(leaf miner flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthomyzidae" title="Anthomyzidae">Anthomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteiidae" title="Asteiidae">Asteiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulacigastridae" title="Aulacigastridae">Aulacigastridae <small>(sap flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusiidae" title="Clusiidae">Clusiidae <small>(lekking, or druid flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergusoninidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fergusoninidae">Fergusoninidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginidae">Marginidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neminidae" title="Neminidae">Neminidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochaetidae" title="Neurochaetidae">Neurochaetidae <small>(upside-down flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odiniidae" title="Odiniidae">Odiniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opomyzidae" title="Opomyzidae">Opomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periscelididae" title="Periscelididae">Periscelididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratomyzidae" title="Teratomyzidae">Teratomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenasteiidae" title="Xenasteiidae">Xenasteiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Ephydroidea" title="Ephydroidea">Ephydroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camillidae" title="Camillidae">Camillidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtonotidae" title="Curtonotidae">Curtonotidae <small>(quasimodo flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diastatidae" title="Diastatidae">Diastatidae <small>(bog flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosophilidae" title="Drosophilidae">Drosophilidae <small>(vinegar and fruit flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephydridae" title="Ephydridae">Ephydridae <small>(shore flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormotomyiidae" title="Mormotomyiidae">Mormotomyiidae <small>(frightful hairy fly)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Carnoidea" title="Carnoidea">Carnoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acartophthalmus" title="Acartophthalmus">Acartophthalmidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australimyzidae" title="Australimyzidae">Australimyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braulidae" title="Braulidae">Braulidae <small>(bee lice)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canacidae" title="Canacidae">Canacidae <small>(beach flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnidae" title="Carnidae">Carnidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropidae" title="Chloropidae">Chloropidae <small>(frit flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbiomyiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Inbiomyiidae">Inbiomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milichiidae" title="Milichiidae">Milichiidae <small>(freeloader flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lonchaeoidea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptochetidae" title="Cryptochetidae">Cryptochetidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonchaeidae" title="Lonchaeidae">Lonchaeidae <small>(lance flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.7em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;font-size:80%;"><a href="/wiki/Calyptratae" title="Calyptratae">Calyptratae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:3em;"><a href="/wiki/Muscoidea" title="Muscoidea">Muscoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthomyiidae" title="Anthomyiidae">Anthomyiidae <small>(cabbage flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanniidae" title="Fanniidae">Fanniidae <small>(little house flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscidae" title="Muscidae">Muscidae <small>(house flies, stable flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scathophagidae" title="Scathophagidae">Scathophagidae <small>(dung flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:3em;"><a href="/wiki/Oestroidea" title="Oestroidea">Oestroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calliphoridae" title="Calliphoridae">Calliphoridae <small>(blow-flies: bluebottles, greenbottles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesembrinellidae" title="Mesembrinellidae">Mesembrinellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_batfly" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand batfly">Mystacinobiidae <small>(New Zealand batfly)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botfly" title="Botfly">Oestridae <small>(botflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhiniidae" title="Rhiniidae">Rhiniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinophoridae">Rhinophoridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flesh_fly" title="Flesh fly">Sarcophagidae <small>(flesh flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachinidae" title="Tachinidae">Tachinidae <small>(tachina flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulurumyiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulurumyiidae">Ulurumyiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hippoboscoidea" title="Hippoboscoidea">Hippoboscoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">Glossinidae <small>(tsetse flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippoboscidae" title="Hippoboscidae">Hippoboscidae <small>(louse flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nycteribiidae" title="Nycteribiidae">Nycteribiidae <small>(bat flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streblidae" title="Streblidae">Streblidae <small>(bat flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Stratiomyomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratiomyomorpha">Stratiomyomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Stratiomyoidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Stratiomyoidea" title="Stratiomyoidea">Stratiomyoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantophthalmidae" title="Pantophthalmidae">Pantophthalmidae <small>(timber flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratiomyidae" title="Stratiomyidae">Stratiomyidae <small>(soldier flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylomyidae" title="Xylomyidae">Xylomyidae <small>(wood soldier flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Tabanomorpha" title="Tabanomorpha">Tabanomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhagionoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhagionoidea (page does not exist)">Rhagionoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austroleptis" title="Austroleptis">Austroleptidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolbomyia" title="Bolbomyia">Bolbomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhagionidae" title="Rhagionidae">Rhagionidae <small>(snipe flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Tabanoidea" title="Tabanoidea">Tabanoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athericidae" title="Athericidae">Athericidae <small>(water snipe flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreoleptidae" title="Oreoleptidae">Oreoleptidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelecorhynchidae" title="Pelecorhynchidae">Pelecorhynchidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabanidae" title="Tabanidae">Tabanidae <small>(horse and deer flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vermileonidae" title="Vermileonidae">Vermileonomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vermileonoidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Vermileonidae" title="Vermileonidae">Vermileonoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vermileonidae" title="Vermileonidae">Vermileonidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Xylophagidae" title="Xylophagidae">Xylophagomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Xylophagoidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Xylophagidae" title="Xylophagidae">Xylophagoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylophagidae" title="Xylophagidae">Xylophagidae <small>(awl flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Diptera_families" title="List of Diptera families">List of families of Diptera</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Insect_orders" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orders_of_Insects" title="Template:Orders of Insects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orders_of_Insects" title="Template talk:Orders of Insects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orders_of_Insects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orders of Insects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Insect_orders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insect</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Insect_orders" title="Category:Insect orders">orders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li>(unranked): <a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">Pancrustacea</a></li> <li>Subphylum: <a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Extant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monocondylia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeognatha" title="Archaeognatha">Monocondylia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeognatha" title="Archaeognatha">Archaeognatha <small>(jumping bristletails)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insect_collage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Insect_collage.png/75px-Insect_collage.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Insect_collage.png/113px-Insect_collage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Insect_collage.png/150px-Insect_collage.png 2x" data-file-width="2967" data-file-height="2887" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dicondylia" title="Dicondylia">D<br />i<br />c<br />o<br />n<br />d<br />y<br />l<br />i<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygentoma" title="Zygentoma">Zygentoma <small>(silverfish, firebrats)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">P<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />y<br />g<br />o<br />t<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Palaeoptera" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaeoptera" title="Palaeoptera">Palaeoptera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">Ephemeropteroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">Ephemeroptera <small>(mayflies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odonatoptera" title="Odonatoptera">Odonatoptera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odonata" title="Odonata">Odonata <small>(dragonflies, damselflies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neoptera" title="Neoptera">N<br />e<br />o<br />p<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polyneoptera" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Polyneoptera" title="Polyneoptera">Polyneoptera</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plecoptera" title="Plecoptera">Plecoptera <small>(stoneflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earwig" title="Earwig">Dermaptera <small>(earwigs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embioptera" title="Embioptera">Embioptera <small>(webspinners)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasmatodea" title="Phasmatodea">Phasmatodea <small>(stick and leaf insects)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthoptera" title="Orthoptera">Orthoptera <small>(crickets, wetas, grasshoppers, locusts)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoraptera" title="Zoraptera">Zoraptera <small>(angel insects)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Notoptera" title="Notoptera">Notoptera<br /><small>(Xenonomia)</small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grylloblattidae" title="Grylloblattidae">Grylloblattodea <small>(ice-crawlers)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantophasmatidae" title="Mantophasmatidae">Mantophasmatodea <small>(gladiators)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dictyoptera" title="Dictyoptera">Dictyoptera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blattodea" title="Blattodea">Blattodea <small>(cockroaches, termites)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantis" title="Mantis">Mantodea <small>(mantises)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eumetabola" title="Eumetabola">E<br />u<br />m<br />e<br />t<br />a<br />b<br />o<br />l<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Paraneoptera_*" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paraneoptera" title="Paraneoptera">Paraneoptera</a></i><abbr title="Eumetabola = (Psocodea + (rest of Paraneoptera + Holometabola))"> *</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psocodea" title="Psocodea">Psocodea <small>(barklice, lice)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrips" title="Thrips">Thysanoptera <small>(thrips)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera <small>(cicadas, aphids, true bugs)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;text-align:center;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">H<br />o<br />l<br />o<br />m<br />e<br />t<br />a<br />b<br />o<br />l<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera <small>(sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)</small></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Neuropteroidea</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Coleopterida" title="Coleopterida">Coleopterida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strepsiptera" title="Strepsiptera">Strepsiptera <small>(twisted-winged parasites)</small></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">Coleoptera <small>(beetles)</small></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Neuropterida" title="Neuropterida">Neuropterida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snakefly" title="Snakefly">Raphidioptera <small>(snakeflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaloptera" title="Megaloptera">Megaloptera <small>(alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroptera" title="Neuroptera">Neuroptera <small>(net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panorpida" title="Panorpida">Panorpida<br /><small><span class="nobold">(Mecopterida)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:2em;"><span class="nobold">Antliophora</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="A clade comprising paraphyletic order Mecoptera and monophyletic order Siphonaptera."><i><a href="/wiki/Mecoptera" title="Mecoptera">Mecoptera <small>(scorpionflies)</small></a></i> + <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">Siphonaptera <small>(fleas)</small></a></abbr></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diptera <small>(gnats, mosquitoes, flies)</small></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:2em;"><a href="/wiki/Amphiesmenoptera" title="Amphiesmenoptera">Amphiesmenoptera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddisfly" title="Caddisfly">Trichoptera <small>(caddisflies)</small></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera <small>(moths, butterflies)</small></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-size:90%;"><div> <ul><li>Four most speciose orders are marked in <b>bold</b></li> <li><i>Italic</i> are paraphyletic groups</li> <li>Based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/236">Sasaki <i>et al.</i> (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Extinct" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extinct</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiocarenodea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aethiocarenodea">Aethiocarenodea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roachoid" title="Roachoid">Blattoptera <small>(roachoids)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloneurodea" title="Caloneurodea">Caloneurodea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylopteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Campylopteridae">Campylopteridae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbotriplurida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbotriplurida (page does not exist)">Carbotriplurida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxoplectoptera" title="Coxoplectoptera">Coxoplectoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphanopterodea" title="Diaphanopterodea">Diaphanopterodea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eoblattodea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eoblattodea (page does not exist)">Eoblattodea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eudiaphanoptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eudiaphanoptera (page does not exist)">Eudiaphanoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Geroptera">Geroptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glosselytrodea" title="Glosselytrodea">Glosselytrodea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraridea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heraridea (page does not exist)">Heraridea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypoperlida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypoperlida (page does not exist)">Hypoperlida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapeyriidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapeyriidae">Lapeyriidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meganisoptera" title="Meganisoptera">Meganisoptera <small>(griffinflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasecoptera" title="Megasecoptera">Megasecoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miomoptera" title="Miomoptera">Miomoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeodictyoptera" title="Palaeodictyoptera">Palaeodictyoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paoliida" title="Paoliida">Paoliida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permoplectoptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permoplectoptera (page does not exist)">Permoplectoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permothemistida" title="Permothemistida">Permothemistida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protanisoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Protanisoptera">Protanisoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protelytroptera" title="Protelytroptera">Protelytroptera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protephemerida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protephemerida (page does not exist)">Protephemerida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protorthoptera" title="Protorthoptera">Protorthoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protozygoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozygoptera">Protozygoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntonoptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syntonoptera (page does not exist)">Syntonoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanoptera" title="Titanoptera">Titanoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadophlebioptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Triadophlebioptera">Triadophlebioptera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beetle_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/25px-Beetle_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/38px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/50px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="159" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Insects" title="Portal:Insects">Insects portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Insecta" class="extiw" title="species:Insecta">Wikispecies</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_interactions_with_insects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insects_in_culture" title="Template talk:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_interactions_with_insects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_interactions_with_insects" title="Human interactions with insects">Human interactions with insects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects<br />of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a><br />in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_art" title="Insects in art">Insects in art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beetlewing" title="Beetlewing">Beetlewing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musca_depicta" title="Musca depicta">Musca depicta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropods_in_film" title="Arthropods in film">Arthropods in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_literature" title="Insects in literature">Insects in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_music" title="Insects in music">Insects in music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insect-inspired_songs" title="List of insect-inspired songs">List of insect-inspired songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_on_stamps" title="Insects on stamps">Insects on stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_tying" title="Fly tying">Fly tying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_medicine" title="Insects in medicine">In medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Apitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">Melittin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytta_vesicatoria" title="Lytta vesicatoria">Spanish fly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">Cantharidin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_mythology" title="Insects in mythology">In mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_in_mythology" title="Bees in mythology">Bees in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicadas_in_mythology" title="Cicadas in mythology">Cicadas in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab (artifact)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroach_racing" title="Cockroach racing">Cockroach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroaches_in_popular_culture" title="Cockroaches in popular culture">Cockroaches in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_fighting" title="Cricket fighting">Cricket fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomological_warfare" title="Entomological warfare">Entomological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">Flea circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_religion" title="Insects in religion">Insects in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhe" title="Jingzhe">Jingzhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_entomology" title="Economic entomology">Economic<br />entomology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insect" title="Beneficial insect">Beneficial insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Biological pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">Bee pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees" title="List of crop plants pollinated by bees">List of crop plants pollinated by bees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine/Cochineal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)#Insects" title="Pest (organism)">Harmful<br />insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bites and stings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_sting_allergy" title="Insect sting allergy">Insect sting allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">Bed bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworm" title="Woodworm">Woodworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-stored_product_entomology" title="Home-stored product entomology">Home-stored product entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_moth" title="Clothes moth">Clothes moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zinsser" title="Hans Zinsser">Hans Zinsser</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rats,_Lice_and_History" title="Rats, Lice and History">Rats, Lice and History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> (<i>Insect Literature</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_and_toxic_chemicals" title="Bees and toxic chemicals">Bees and toxic chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_insects" title="List of endangered insects">List of endangered insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonicotinoid" title="Neonicotinoid">Neonicotinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees" title="Pesticide toxicity to bees">Pesticide toxicity to bees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories,<br />templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Insects_and_humans" title="Category:Insects and humans">Insects and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Insecticides" title="Template:Insecticides">Insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pesticides" title="Template:Pesticides">Pesticides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beetle_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/25px-Beetle_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/38px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/50px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="159" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Insects" title="Portal:Insects">Insects portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Diptera</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25312" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q25312">Q25312</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Diptera" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Diptera">Diptera</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Diptera/">Diptera</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Diptera">Diptera</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id16869">16869</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=127">127</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/55">55</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/D2P">D2P</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/421">421</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1DIPTO">1DIPTO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:10877">10877</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/27be1201-53d6-4518-8656-a0ed1af676e8">27be1201-53d6-4518-8656-a0ed1af676e8</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/811">811</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47822">47822</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10063">10063</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=118831">118831</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000841073">NHMSYS0000841073</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7147">7147</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/0441df7d-4b0f-4271-b0b9-75c7789ee555">0441df7d-4b0f-4271-b0b9-75c7789ee555</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=661378">661378</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=70527">70527</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PPE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/diptera/">diptera</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/95010EA3-1EA4-2194-6DC6-C6B7FD9EB759">95010EA3-1EA4-2194-6DC6-C6B7FD9EB759</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=118088">118088</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25312#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4068207-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85049104">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Diptères"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119373647">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Diptères"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119373647">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571460">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="dvoukřídlí"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114379&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dípteros"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX530866">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536034505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fly&oldid=1260809664">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fly&oldid=1260809664</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flies" title="Category:Flies">Flies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diptera_by_classification" title="Category:Diptera by classification">Diptera by classification</a></li><li><a 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