CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>C-SPAN - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"836e04aa-6f86-44fa-82cc-df44f4931f52","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"C-SPAN","wgTitle":"C-SPAN","wgCurRevisionId":1281884008,"wgRevisionId":1281884008,"wgArticleId":77799,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","Use mdy dates from February 2023","Articles using infobox television channel","Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2021","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2019","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012","Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2013","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010","Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2009","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","C-SPAN","1979 establishments in Washington, D.C.","Commercial-free television networks in the United States","English-language television stations in the United States","Legislature broadcasters in the United States","Mass media companies based in Washington, D.C.","Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.","Peabody Award winners","Television channels and stations established in 1979","YouTube channels launched in 2005"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"C-SPAN","wgRelevantArticleId":77799,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1022311","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="C-SPAN - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-C-SPAN rootpage-C-SPAN skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=C-SPAN" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=C-SPAN" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=C-SPAN" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=C-SPAN" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Channel_expansion_and_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Channel_expansion_and_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Channel expansion and access </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Channel_expansion_and_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_presence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_presence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Online presence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_presence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camera_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camera_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Camera access </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camera_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Programming </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Programming-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Programming subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senate_and_House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_and_House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Senate and House of Representatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_and_House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Public affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C-SPAN_and_C-SPAN2_flagship_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C-SPAN_and_C-SPAN2_flagship_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 C-SPAN and C-SPAN2 flagship programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C-SPAN_and_C-SPAN2_flagship_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C-SPAN3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C-SPAN3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 C-SPAN3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C-SPAN3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Special programming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_broadcasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_broadcasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Radio broadcasts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_broadcasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Online availability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_and_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_and_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Organization and operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_and_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Audience </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_and_media_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_and_media_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Public and media opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_and_media_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Other services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prank_calls_and_obscenities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prank_calls_and_obscenities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Prank calls and obscenities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prank_calls_and_obscenities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">C-SPAN</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سي-سبان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سي-سبان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%86" title="سی-سپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سی-سپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Span" title="C-Span – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="C-Span" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Span" title="C-Span – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="C-Span" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="C-SPAN" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1022311#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:C-SPAN" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/C-SPAN" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/C-SPAN" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&oldid=1281884008" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=C-SPAN&id=1281884008&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FC-SPAN">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FC-SPAN">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=C-SPAN&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:C-SPAN" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1022311" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American public-service television network</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Television channel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250536050">.mw-parser-output .ib-tv-channel .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-tv-channel-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-tv-channel-availability .infobox-header{background-color:#bfdfff;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-tv-channel-embed-header .infobox-header{font-size:100%;background-color:#bfdfff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-tv-channel .infobox-header{background-color:hsl(0,0%,10%);color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-tv-channel-availability .infobox-header,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-tv-channel-embed-header .infobox-header{background-color:hsl(210,100%,10%);color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-tv-channel-infobox-header{background-color:hsl(0,0%,10%);color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-tv-channel-availability .infobox-header,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-tv-channel-embed-header .infobox-header{background-color:hsl(210,100%,10%);color:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard ib-tv-channel"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">C-SPAN</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:C-SPAN_Logo_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/C-SPAN_Logo_%282019%29.svg/250px-C-SPAN_Logo_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/C-SPAN_Logo_%282019%29.svg/330px-C-SPAN_Logo_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/C-SPAN_Logo_%282019%29.svg/500px-C-SPAN_Logo_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="105" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Broadcast area</th><td class="infobox-data label">Nationwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>, Washington, D.C.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme">Programming</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language(s)</th><td class="infobox-data category">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Picture format</th><td class="infobox-data">1080i (HDTV) (downscaled to letterboxed 480i for SDTV feeds)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme">Ownership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">National Cable Satellite Corporation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sister channels</th><td class="infobox-data">C-SPAN2 C-SPAN3 <a href="/wiki/WCSP-FM" title="WCSP-FM">C-SPAN Radio</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">March 19, 1979; 46 years ago (1979-03-19) (C-SPAN) June 2, 1986; 38 years ago (1986-06-02) (C-SPAN2) January 22, 2001; 24 years ago (2001-01-22) (C-SPAN3)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lamb" title="Brian Lamb">Brian Lamb</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme">Links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/">www.c-span.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1022311#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr class="ib-tv-channel-availability"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme">Availability</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: #202122;">Terrestrial</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/WCSP-FM" title="WCSP-FM">WCSP-FM</a>/HD (C-SPAN Radio)</th><td class="infobox-data">FM 90.1 MHz analog/HD Radio (Washington, D.C. / Baltimore)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Selective_TV,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Selective TV, Inc.">Selective TV, Inc.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Minnesota" title="Alexandria, Minnesota">Alexandria, Minnesota</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/K33DB-D" class="mw-redirect" title="K33DB-D">K33DB-D</a> 50.3</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef; color: #202122;"><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Available to current cable/satellite subscribers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/Live-Video/C-SPAN">C-SPAN Live</a> and on demand</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network (C-SPAN <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsiːˌspæn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SEE-span</a>) is an American <a href="/wiki/Cable_television_in_the_United_States" title="Cable television in the United States">cable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television_in_the_United_States" title="Satellite television in the United States">satellite television</a> network, created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_public_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit public corporation">nonprofit public service</a>. It televises proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal government">United States federal government</a> and other public affairs programming. C-SPAN is a private, nonprofit organization funded by its cable and satellite affiliates. It does not have advertisements on any of its television networks or radio stations, nor does it solicit donations or pledges on-air. However their official website has banner advertisements, and streamed videos also have advertisements. The network operates independently; the cable industry and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> have no control over its programming content. The C-SPAN network includes the television channels C-SPAN, focusing on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>; C-SPAN2, focusing on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a>; and C-SPAN3, airing other government hearings and related programming; the radio station <a href="/wiki/WCSP-FM" title="WCSP-FM">WCSP-FM</a>; and a group of websites which provide <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a> and program archives. C-SPAN's television channels are available to approximately 100 million cable and satellite households within the United States. WCSP-FM is broadcast on FM radio in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and is available throughout the U.S. on <a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM_Satellite_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirius XM Satellite Radio">SiriusXM</a>, via Internet streaming, and globally through <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> apps. The network televises U.S. political events, particularly live and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gavel-to-gavel" class="extiw" title="wikt:gavel-to-gavel">gavel-to-gavel</a>" coverage of the U.S. Congress, as well as other major events worldwide. Coverage of political and policy events is unmoderated, providing the audience with unfiltered information about politics and government. Non-political coverage includes historical programming, programs dedicated to non-fiction books, and interview programs with noteworthy individuals associated with public policy. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-SPAN_Robert_Byrd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/C-SPAN_Robert_Byrd.jpg/250px-C-SPAN_Robert_Byrd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/C-SPAN_Robert_Byrd.jpg/330px-C-SPAN_Robert_Byrd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/C-SPAN_Robert_Byrd.jpg/500px-C-SPAN_Robert_Byrd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Sen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</a> (right), C-SPAN's founder <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lamb" title="Brian Lamb">Brian Lamb</a> (left) and Paul FitzPatrick flip the switch for C-SPAN2 on June 2, 1986. FitzPatrick was C-SPAN president at the time.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lamb" title="Brian Lamb">Brian Lamb</a>, C-SPAN's <a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a>, conceived C-SPAN in 1975 while working as the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, bureau chief of <a href="/wiki/Cablevision" title="Cablevision">Cablevision</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Cable television was a rapidly growing industry, and Lamb envisioned a non-profit network, financed by the cable industry, that televised Congressional sessions, public affairs events, and policy discussions.<a href="#cite_note-Barnhart-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewsCheck-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Rosencrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Rosencrans">Bob Rosencrans</a>, providing $25,000 of initial funding in 1979,<a href="#cite_note-Barnhart-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Columbia_College-5">[5]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_D._Evans" title="John D. Evans">John D. Evans</a>, providing wiring and access to the <a href="/wiki/Cable_television_headend" title="Cable television headend">headend</a> needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal,<a href="#cite_note-Paddock-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> were among those who helped Lamb launch the network. At meetings with House of Representatives leadership, Lamb and Rosencrans promised that the network would be non-political, which helped override broadcast and local network resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia_College-5">[5]</a> C-SPAN launched on March 19, 1979,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> for the first televised session made available by the House of Representatives, beginning with a speech by then-<a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> representative <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TWP-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Upon its debut, only 3.5 million homes were wired for C-SPAN,<a href="#cite_note-Marcus-11">[11]</a> and the network had just three employees.<a href="#cite_note-Wallace-12">[12]</a> For the first few years C-SPAN leased satellite time from the <a href="/wiki/USA_Network" title="USA Network">USA Network</a> and had approximately 9 hours of daily programming. On February 1, 1982, C-SPAN launched its own transponder and expanded programming to 16 hours a day; the arrangement with the USA Network was discontinued two months later.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> C-SPAN began full-time operations on September 13, 1982.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Channel_expansion_and_access">Channel expansion and access</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Channel expansion and access">edit</a>]</div> C-SPAN2 launched on June 2, 1986, to cover Senate proceedings, and began full-time operations on January 5, 1987.<a href="#cite_note-Shales-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ragsdale-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milestones-17">[17]</a> The Senate had debated allowing television coverage for over two years, with Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a> introducing the first, failed, resolution to allow cameras onto the floor and Senator <a href="/wiki/William_L._Armstrong" title="William L. Armstrong">William L. Armstrong</a> finally succeeding in televising Senate proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 1992, Congress passed <a href="/wiki/Must-carry" title="Must-carry">must-carry</a> regulations, which required cable carriers to allocate spectrum to local broadcasters. This affected the availability of C-SPAN, especially C-SPAN2, in some areas as some providers chose to discontinue carriage of the channel altogether.<a href="#cite_note-Love-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oregonian-20">[20]</a> Between 1993 and 1994, cable systems in 95 U.S. cities dropped or reduced broadcasts of C-SPAN and C-SPAN2.<a href="#cite_note-Love-19">[19]</a> Viewers protested these decisions, and some communities, such as <a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene, Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a>, were successful in restoring C-SPAN availability.<a href="#cite_note-Morrison-21">[21]</a> C-SPAN availability was broadly restored when technological improvements expanded channel capacity and allowed for both mandatory stations and the C-SPAN networks to be broadcast.<a href="#cite_note-Love-19">[19]</a> C-SPAN3, the most recent expansion channel, began full-time operations on January 22, 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Milestones-17">[17]</a> It airs public policy and government-related events on weekdays, historical programming on weeknights and weekends, and sometimes serves as an overflow channel for live programming conflicts on C-SPAN and C-SPAN2.<a href="#cite_note-NewsCheck-3">[3]</a> C-SPAN3 is the successor of a digital channel called C-SPAN Extra, which was launched in the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, D.C., area">Washington, D.C., area</a> in 1997, and televised live and recorded political events on weekdays.<a href="#cite_note-Milestones-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moss-22">[22]</a> C-SPAN Radio also began operations in 1997, covering similar events as the television networks and often <a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcasting</a> their programming.<a href="#cite_note-Stoddard-23">[23]</a> In 2010, C-SPAN began a transition to <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high definition</a> telecasts, planned to take place over an 18-month period.<a href="#cite_note-NewsCheck-3">[3]</a> The network provided C-SPAN and C-SPAN2 in high definition on June 1, 2010, and C-SPAN3 in July 2010.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Lamb semi-retired in March 2012 and gave executive control of the network to his two lieutenants, Rob Kennedy and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Swain" title="Susan Swain">Susan Swain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stelter-25">[25]</a> On May 14, 2024, the C-SPAN board of directors announced that longtime <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> executive Sam Feist would become the new CEO. This announcement followed a national search initiated after Swain and Kennedy announced they would be retiring.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_presence">Online presence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Online presence">edit</a>]</div> In January 1997, C-SPAN began real-time streaming of C-SPAN and C-SPAN2 on its website.<a href="#cite_note-Milestones-17">[17]</a> To cover the <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">Republican</a> conventions and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election debates, 2008">presidential debates</a> of 2008, C-SPAN created two standalone websites: the Convention Hub and the Debate Hub.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> C-span.org features further live programming such as committee hearings and speeches that are broadcast later in the day, after the House and Senate have left.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> On January 12, 2017, the online feed for C-SPAN1 was interrupted and replaced by a feed from the Russian television network <a href="/wiki/RT_America" title="RT America">RT America</a> for approximately 10 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> C-SPAN announced that they were troubleshooting the incident and were "operating under the assumption that it was an internal routing issue."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camera_access">Camera access</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Camera access">edit</a>]</div> C-SPAN broadcasts video feed, but does not control the placement or number of cameras on the House and Senate floor. Arguments over C-SPAN's camera in the House and Senate began as early as 1984, with a fight between Democrats and Republicans over camera angles. At the time C-SPAN only broadcast a shot of the person speaking. The Conservative Opportunity Society, led by <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a>, took advantage of this by delivering speeches to an empty chamber, at times referring to Democrats who were not actually there. Speaker <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a>, annoyed by the speeches, ordered the camera to display a wide-shot of the empty chamber without alerting the Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-Weiner-31">[31]</a> The incident turned into a widely publicized argument between Gingrich and O'Neill.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> After the 1984 incident, the House allowed both wide-angle shots and close-ups of the speaker until 1994, when they reverted to just close-up shots in an effort to make the House look "more dignified."<a href="#cite_note-Weiner-31">[31]</a> The Senate, which had allowed cameras since 1987, had always only allowed close-ups. In 1994, C-SPAN requested increased camera access from both the Senate and the House of Representatives, and for permission to bring their own cameras.<a href="#cite_note-Weiner-31">[31]</a> They asked permission to pan for wide reaction shots, and install cameras for House-Senate conference committees and off-floor interviews, among other things. They also asked permission to have C-SPAN employees man the cameras instead of government employees.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> These requests were rejected. Speaker <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Dennis Hastert</a> rejected similar requests in 1999, as well as incoming Speaker <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Weiner-31">[31]</a> A December 2009 request to film healthcare negotiations was similarly denied.<a href="#cite_note-FoxNews-34">[34]</a> In 2011, C-SPAN again requested to bring cameras onto the House floor. Incoming Speaker <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a> rejected the request, though he did allow reporters on the floor for 'special events.'<a href="#cite_note-Weiner-31">[31]</a> On June 22 and 23, 2016, C-SPAN took video footage of the House floor from individual House representatives via streaming services <a href="/wiki/Periscope_(app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Periscope (app)">Periscope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facebook_features#Facebook_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook features">Facebook Live</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-in</a> by House Democrats asking for a vote on gun control measures after the <a href="/wiki/Orlando_nightclub_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando nightclub shooting">Orlando nightclub shooting</a>. The sit-in was out of formal session and while the House was in official recess, so the existing House cameras could not be used to cover the event.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> These live streams violated House rules on use of personal devices on the floor, which C-SPAN noted through on-air disclaimers.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In January 2023, C-SPAN gained widespread attention for its broadcast of the <a href="/wiki/January_2023_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election" title="January 2023 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election">Speaker of the House vote</a>. As the House was not in session, C-SPAN had been given permission for its cameras to roam the House floor, and capture new angles in addition to the often-permitted wide-angle and speaker close-up. After <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">Kevin McCarthy</a> was confirmed as Speaker, camera permissions reverted to what had previously been permitted.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming">Programming</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Programming">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate_and_House_of_Representatives">Senate and House of Representatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Senate and House of Representatives">edit</a>]</div> The C-SPAN network's core programming is live coverage of the U.S. House and Senate, with the C-SPAN channel emphasizing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>. Between 1979 and May 2011, the network televised more than 24,246 hours of floor action.<a href="#cite_note-TWP-9">[9]</a> C-SPAN2, the first of the C-SPAN spin-off networks, provides uninterrupted live coverage of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hodges-40">[40]</a> With coverage of the House and Senate, viewers can track legislation as it moves through both bodies of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-Newswire-41">[41]</a> Important debates in Congress that C-SPAN has covered live include the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf conflict</a> during 1991, and the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">House impeachment vote and Senate trial</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1998 and 1999 as well as the <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment of Donald Trump">impeachment proceedings of President Trump in 2019 and 2020</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ragsdale-16">[16]</a> When the House or Senate are not in session, C-SPAN channels broadcast other public affairs programming and recordings of previous events.<a href="#cite_note-Newswire-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_affairs">Public affairs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Public affairs">edit</a>]</div> The public affairs coverage on the C-SPAN networks other than the House and Senate floor debates is wide-ranging. C-SPAN is considered a useful source of information for journalists, lobbyists, educators and government officials as well as casual viewers interested in politics, due to its unedited coverage of political events.<a href="#cite_note-Wallace-12">[12]</a> C-SPAN has been described by media observers as a "window into the world of Washington politics" and it characterizes its own mission as being "to provide public access to the political process".<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-AboutC-SPAN-44">[44]</a> The networks cover U.S. political campaigns, including the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">presidential nominating conventions</a> in their entirety. Coverage of presidential campaign events are provided during the duration of the campaign, both by a weekly television program, <a href="/wiki/Road_to_the_White_House" title="Road to the White House">Road to the White House</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hodges-40">[40]</a> and at its dedicated politics website.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> C-SPAN also covers <a href="/wiki/United_States_midterm_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="United States midterm elections">midterm elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rothstein10-46">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-SPAN_112th_Congress_Roll_Call.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/C-SPAN_112th_Congress_Roll_Call.jpg/250px-C-SPAN_112th_Congress_Roll_Call.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/C-SPAN_112th_Congress_Roll_Call.jpg/500px-C-SPAN_112th_Congress_Roll_Call.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>C-SPAN's <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> coverage of the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th Congress</a> on January 5, 2011. The on-screen design seen here was used from April 19, 2010, to January 17, 2016.</figcaption></figure> All three channels televise events such as <a href="/wiki/Congressional_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional hearing">congressional hearings</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hodges-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_White_House" class="mw-redirect" title="The White House">White House</a> press briefings and presidential speeches, as well as other government meetings including <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> hearings and <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a> press conferences.<a href="#cite_note-Gillespie-47">[47]</a> Other U.S. political coverage includes <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> speeches,<a href="#cite_note-Ragsdale-16">[16]</a> and presidential press conferences. According to the results of a survey after the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 presidential election</a>, 85% of C-SPAN viewers voted in that election.<a href="#cite_note-Harden-48">[48]</a> The results of a similar survey in 2013 found that 89% of C-SPAN viewers voted in the 2012 presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-JohnEggerton-49">[49]</a> In addition to this political coverage, the network broadcasts <a href="/wiki/Press_conference" title="Press conference">press conferences</a> and meetings of various <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">news media</a> and nonprofit organizations, including those at the <a href="/wiki/National_Press_Club_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Press Club (USA)">National Press Club</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ragsdale-16">[16]</a> public policy seminars and the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Correspondents%27_Dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Correspondents' Dinner">White House Correspondents' Dinner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harden-48">[48]</a> While C-SPAN does not have video access to the Supreme Court, the network has used the Court's audio recordings accompanied by still photographs of the justices and lawyers to cover the Court in session on significant cases, and has covered individual Supreme Court justices' speaking engagements.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-50">[50]</a> Occasionally, proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> (usually <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Questions" title="Prime Minister's Questions">Prime Minister's Questions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a>) and other governments are shown on C-SPAN when they discuss matters of importance to viewers in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Similarly, the networks will sometimes broadcast news reports from around the world when major events occur – for instance, C-SPAN broadcast <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC Television</a> coverage of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Milestones-17">[17]</a> C-SPAN also covers <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lying in state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Rotunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Rotunda">Capitol Rotunda</a> and funerals of former presidents<a href="#cite_note-Kubasik-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turegano-54">[54]</a> and other notable individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Shannon-55">[55]</a> In 2005, C-SPAN covered <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> through <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> affiliate <a href="/wiki/WDSU" title="WDSU">WDSU</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, as well as coverage of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ike" title="Hurricane Ike">Hurricane Ike</a> via <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> affiliate <a href="/wiki/KHOU" title="KHOU">KHOU</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> C-SPAN also carries CBC coverage during events that affect <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadians</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federal_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian federal elections">Canadian federal elections</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Pierre_Trudeau" title="Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau">death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2003_North_America_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 North America blackout">2003 North America blackout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> During early 2011, C-SPAN carried broadcasts by <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a> to cover the events in <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a>, and other Arab nations.<a href="#cite_note-Milestones-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-61">[61]</a> Additionally, C-SPAN simulcasts <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Space Shuttle mission launches and landings live, using video footage and audio sourced from <a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AlBawaba-62">[62]</a> With its public affairs programming, C-SPAN intends to offer different viewpoints by allowing time for multiple opinions to be discussed on a given topic. For example, in 2004 C-SPAN intended to televise a speech by <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Lipstadt" title="Deborah Lipstadt">Deborah Lipstadt</a> adjacent to a speech by <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denier" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust denier">Holocaust denier</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Irving" title="David Irving">David Irving</a>, who had <a href="/wiki/Irving_v_Penguin_Books_Ltd" title="Irving v Penguin Books Ltd">unsuccessfully sued Lipstadt</a> for <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> four years earlier; C-SPAN was criticized for its use of the word "balance" to describe the plan to cover both Lipstadt and Irving.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen05-64">[64]</a> When Lipstadt ended media access to her speech, C-SPAN canceled coverage of both.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The network strives for <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(journalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (journalism)">neutrality</a> and a lack of <a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">bias</a>; in all programming when on-camera hosts are present their role is simply to facilitate and explain proceedings to the viewer.<a href="#cite_note-Barnhart-2">[2]</a> Due to this policy, C-SPAN hosts do not state their names on television.<a href="#cite_note-Wallace-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C-SPAN_and_C-SPAN2_flagship_programs">C-SPAN and C-SPAN2 flagship programs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: C-SPAN and C-SPAN2 flagship programs">edit</a>]</div> C-SPAN covers floor proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, while C-SPAN 2 covers floor proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-faq-66">[66]</a> Although many hours of programming on C-SPAN are dedicated to coverage of the House, the network's daily programming begins with the political phone-in and interview program Washington Journal from 7:00 to 10:00 a.m. Eastern Time.<a href="#cite_note-Milestones-17">[17]</a> Washington Journal premiered on January 4, 1995, and has been broadcast every morning since then, with guests including elected officials, government administrators, and journalists. The program covers current events, with guests answering questions on topics presented by the hosts, as well as questions from members of the general public.<a href="#cite_note-Irvine-67">[67]</a> On weeknights C-SPAN2 dedicates its schedule to Politics and Public Policy Today (9:00 p.m. – midnight for the East Coast primetime, replayed immediately for the West Coast primetime), which is a block of recordings of the day's noteworthy events in rapid succession. On the weekend schedule, C-SPAN's main program is <a href="/wiki/Q%26A_(U.S._talk_show)" class="mw-redirect" title="Q&A (U.S. talk show)">Q&A</a>, a Sunday evening interview program hosted by Susan Swain, with guests including journalists, politicians, authors, and other public figures.<a href="#cite_note-McArdle-68">[68]</a> On weekends, C-SPAN2 dedicates its schedule to <a href="/wiki/Book_TV" title="Book TV">Book TV</a>, which is 48 hours of programming about non-fiction books, book events, and authors. Book TV was launched in September 1998. <a href="/wiki/Booknotes" title="Booknotes">Booknotes</a> was originally broadcast from <a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_1989" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 1989">1989</a> to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_2004" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 2004">2004</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Boston-69">[69]</a> as a one-hour one-on-one <a href="/wiki/Interview" title="Interview">interview</a> of a non-fiction author.<a href="#cite_note-Heltzel-70">[70]</a> Repeats of the interviews remain a regular part of the Book TV schedule with the title Encore Booknotes.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Other Book TV programs feature political and historical books and biographies of public figures. These include <a href="/wiki/In_Depth" title="In Depth">In Depth</a>, a live, monthly, three-hour interview with a single author, and <a href="/wiki/After_Words" title="After Words">After Words</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Herald-72">[72]</a> an author interview program featuring guest hosts interviewing authors on topics with which both are familiar.<a href="#cite_note-Milliot-73">[73]</a> After Words was developed as a new type of author interview program after the end of production of Booknotes.<a href="#cite_note-Milliot-73">[73]</a> Weekend programming on Book TV also includes coverage of book events such as panel discussions, book fairs,<a href="#cite_note-Estepa-74">[74]</a> book signings, readings by authors and tours of bookstores around the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Newswire-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C-SPAN3">C-SPAN3</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: C-SPAN3">edit</a>]</div> C-SPAN 3 covers public affairs events, congressional hearings and history programming.<a href="#cite_note-faq-66">[66]</a> The weekday programming on C-SPAN3 (from the morning — anywhere from 6 to 8:30 a.m. — to 8 p.m. Eastern Time) features uninterrupted live public affairs events, in particular political events from Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-Moss-22">[22]</a> Each weekend since January 8, 2011, the network has broadcast 48 hours of programming dedicated to the history of the United States, under the umbrella title American History TV.<a href="#cite_note-NewsCheck-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The programming covers the history of the U.S. from the founding of the nation through the late 20th century. Programs include American Artifacts, which is dedicated to exploring museums, archives and historical sites, and Lectures in History, featuring major university history professors giving lectures on U.S. history.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In 2009, C-SPAN3 aired an eight-installment series of interviews from the <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Dole_Institute_of_Politics" title="Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics">Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a>, which featured historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Norton_Smith" title="Richard Norton Smith">Richard Norton Smith</a> and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a>, among other interviewees.<a href="#cite_note-States-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_programming">Special programming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Special programming">edit</a>]</div> C-SPAN has also occasionally produced special episodes and series. In 1989, C-SPAN celebrated its 10th anniversary with a three-hour retrospective on the history of the network.<a href="#cite_note-Shales-15">[15]</a> In 1994, Booknotes collaborated with Lincoln scholar <a href="/wiki/Harold_Holzer" title="Harold Holzer">Harold Holzer</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/The_Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_Debates_(1994_reenactments)" title="The Lincoln–Douglas Debates (1994 reenactments)">reenactments</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates_of_1858" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates of 1858">1858 Lincoln–Douglas debates</a> for the network's 15th anniversary.<a href="#cite_note-Rust-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Tour:_Exploring_Democracy_in_America" title="The Alexis de Tocqueville Tour: Exploring Democracy in America">The Alexis de Tocqueville Tour: Exploring Democracy in America</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Writers:_A_Journey_Through_History" title="American Writers: A Journey Through History">American Writers: A Journey Through History</a> took viewers on tours of the United States, themed around <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a>'s travels and the works of 40 famous American writers, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Prial-80">[80]</a> The year-long series <a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a>, produced to commemorate the 20th anniversary of C-SPAN, won a <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody Award">Peabody Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The network has also produced special feature documentaries on the history of various American institutions and landmarks. In 2005, C-SPAN hosted a 25-hour "call-in marathon" and essay contest, the winner of which was invited to co-host an hour of the broadcast, to commemorate 25 years of taking viewer telephone calls.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_broadcasts">Radio broadcasts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Radio broadcasts">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the three television networks, C-SPAN also broadcasts via C-SPAN Radio, which is carried on their <a href="/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station" title="Owned-and-operated station">owned-and-operated station</a> <a href="/wiki/WCSP-FM" title="WCSP-FM">WCSP-FM</a> (90.1 FM) in the Washington, D.C., area with all three cable network feeds airing via <a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">HD Radio</a> subchannels, and nationwide on XM Satellite Radio.<a href="#cite_note-Babington-84">[84]</a> Its programming is also livestreamed at c-span.org and is available via <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">apps</a> for iPhone, BlackBerry and Android devices.<a href="#cite_note-C-SPANRadio-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Relax-86">[86]</a> C-SPAN Radio has a selective policy regarding its broadcast content, rather than duplicating the television network programming, although it does offer some audio simulcasts of programs such as Washington Journal.<a href="#cite_note-Kaltenbach-87">[87]</a> Unique programming on the radio station includes <a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">oral histories</a>, and some committee meetings and press conferences not shown on television due to programming commitments. The station also compiles the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_morning_talk_shows" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday morning talk shows">Sunday morning talk shows</a> for a same-day rebroadcast without commercials, in rapid succession.<a href="#cite_note-Kaltenbach-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_availability">Online availability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Online availability">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-SPAN_Video_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/C-SPAN_Video_Library.jpg/300px-C-SPAN_Video_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/C-SPAN_Video_Library.jpg/450px-C-SPAN_Video_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/C-SPAN_Video_Library.jpg/600px-C-SPAN_Video_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Home page of the C-SPAN Video Library, 2013</figcaption></figure> C-SPAN archival video is available through the <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN_Video_Library" title="C-SPAN Video Library">C-SPAN Video Library</a>, maintained at the <a href="/wiki/Purdue_Research_Park" title="Purdue Research Park">Purdue Research Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Lafayette,_Indiana" title="West Lafayette, Indiana">West Lafayette, Indiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Unveiled in August 2007,<a href="#cite_note-Milestones-17">[17]</a> the C-SPAN Video Library contains all of the network's programming since 1987, totaling more than 160,000 hours at its completion of digitization and public debut in March 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Older C-SPAN programming continues to be added to the library, dating back to the beginning of the network in 1979,<a href="#cite_note-Stelter-25">[25]</a> and some limited earlier footage from the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a>, such as film clips of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s 1972 trip to China, is available as well.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Most of the recordings before 1987 (when the C-SPAN Archive was established) were not saved, except for approximately 10,000 hours of video which are slated to be made available online.<a href="#cite_note-Stelter-25">[25]</a> As of November 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit">[update]</a>, the C-SPAN Video Library held over 271,000 hours of programming, and they have been viewed over 253 million times. Described by media commentators as a major educational service and a valuable resource for researchers of politics and history,<a href="#cite_note-Stelter-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> the C-SPAN Video Library has also had a major role in media and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_research" title="Opposition research">opposition research</a> in several U.S. political campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> It won a <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody Award">Peabody Award</a> in 2010 "for creating an enduring archive of the history of American policymaking, and for providing it as a free, user-friendly public service."<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Prior to the initiation of the C-SPAN Video Library, websites such as <a href="/wiki/Metavid" title="Metavid">Metavid</a> and voterwatch.org hosted House and Senate video records, however C-SPAN contested Metavid's usage of C-SPAN copyrighted footage. The result was Metavid's removal of portions of the archive produced with C-SPAN's cameras, while preserving its archive of government-produced content.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> C-SPAN also engaged in actions to stop parties from making unauthorized uses of its content online, including its video of House and Senate proceedings. Most notably, in May 2006, C-SPAN requested the removal of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert_at_the_2006_White_House_Correspondents%27_Association_Dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Colbert at the 2006 White House Correspondents' Association Dinner">Stephen Colbert's performance</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Correspondents%27_Association#White_House_Correspondents'_dinner" title="White House Correspondents' Association">White House Correspondents' Association Dinner</a> from <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-APColbert06-97">[97]</a> After concerns by some webloggers,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> C-SPAN gave permission for <a href="/wiki/Google_Video" title="Google Video">Google Video</a> to host the full event.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> On March 7, 2007, C-SPAN liberalized its copyright policy for current, future, and past coverage of any official events sponsored by Congress and any federal agency and now allows for attributed non-commercial copying, sharing, and posting of C-SPAN video on the Internet,<a href="#cite_note-Hunt07-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> excluding re-syndication of live video streams. The new policy did not affect the public's right to use the public domain video coverage of the floor proceedings of the U.S. House and Senate.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In 2008, C-SPAN's online political coverage was expanded just prior to the elections, with the introduction of three special pages on the C-SPAN website: the C-SPAN Convention Hubs and C-SPAN Debate Hub, which offered video of major events as well as discussion from weblogs and social media about the major party conventions and candidate debates.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> C-SPAN brought back the Convention Hub for the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatrick13-105">[105]</a> In addition to the programming available in the C-SPAN Video Library, all C-SPAN programming is available as a live feed streamed on its website in <a href="/wiki/Flash_Video" title="Flash Video">Flash Video</a> format.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> On July 29, 2014, C-SPAN announced that it would begin <a href="/wiki/TV_Everywhere" title="TV Everywhere">restricting access to the live feeds</a> of the main channel, C-SPAN2 and C-SPAN3 to subscribers of cable or satellite providers later that summer, citing concerns with the slow shift in viewing habits from cable television to the internet due to its reliance on carriage fees from cable and satellite providers. However, it will continue to allow all government meetings, hearings and conferences to be streamed live online and via archived on the C-SPAN Video Library without requiring an authenticated login by a provider; live audio feeds of all three channels are also available for free through the network's <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile app</a>. The decision drew some criticism from public interest and government transparency advocates, citing the fact that C-SPAN was designed as a public service.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> As of December 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit">[update]</a>, C-SPAN has begun advertising on its online videos, with YouTube-style advertisements that can be skipped after five seconds.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_operations">Organization and operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Organization and operations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-SPAN_Leadership.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/C-SPAN_Leadership.jpg/220px-C-SPAN_Leadership.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/C-SPAN_Leadership.jpg/330px-C-SPAN_Leadership.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/C-SPAN_Leadership.jpg/440px-C-SPAN_Leadership.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>Founder Brian Lamb (center) in 2012 with co-CEOs Rob Kennedy (left) and Susan Swain (right)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">National Cable Satellite Corporation</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">November 14, 1978; 46 years ago (1978-11-14)<a href="#cite_note-corp-110">[110]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Identification_Number" title="Taxpayer Identification Number">Tax ID no.</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">84-0751854<a href="#cite_note-990-2013-111">[111]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> nonprofit organization</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_(corporation)" class="mw-redirect" title="President (corporation)">President</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Brian Lamb<a href="#cite_note-990-2013-111">[111]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data">C-SPAN Education Foundation<a href="#cite_note-990-2013-111">[111]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data">$73,244,854<a href="#cite_note-990-2013-111">[111]</a> (2014)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Expenses</th><td class="infobox-data">$63,409,586<a href="#cite_note-990-2013-111">[111]</a> (2014)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">282<a href="#cite_note-C-SPAN's_Mission-112">[112]</a> or 337<a href="#cite_note-990-2013-111">[111]</a> (2013)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c-span.org">c-span.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> C-SPAN is operated by the National Cable Satellite Corporation, a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wallace-12">[12]</a> Early chairmen included <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rosencrans" title="Robert Rosencrans">Bob Rosencrans</a>, John Saeman, Ed Allen and Gene Schneider.<a href="#cite_note-AboutBoard-113">[113]</a> As a non-commercial public service, C-SPAN receives most of its funding from subscriber fees charged to cable and <a href="/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite">direct-broadcast satellite</a> (DBS) operators.<a href="#cite_note-AboutCompany-114">[114]</a> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit">[update]</a>, C-SPAN received 6¢ of each subscriber's cable bill for an annual budget of $60 million.<a href="#cite_note-Touhey12-115">[115]</a> C-SPAN began airing internet commercials early in 2021 and now sells C-SPAN merchandise. As the network is an independent entity, neither the cable industry nor Congress controls the content of its programming.<a href="#cite_note-Gillespie-47">[47]</a> As of January 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit">[update]</a>, the network has 282<a href="#cite_note-C-SPAN's_Mission-112">[112]</a> or 337<a href="#cite_note-990-2013-111">[111]</a> employees. C-SPAN has for many years led by co-CEOs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rob_Kennedy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rob Kennedy (page does not exist)">Rob Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Swain" title="Susan Swain">Susan Swain</a>. Founder and former CEO Brian Lamb serves as the executive chairman of the board of directors.<a href="#cite_note-BrianStelter-116">[116]</a> On May 14, 2024, the C-SPAN board of directors announced that longtime <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> executive Sam Feist would become the new CEO. This announcement followed a national search initiated after Swain and Kennedy announced they would be retiring. Swain will stay on as CEO until Feist officially begins his duties in the summer of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The majority of C-SPAN's employees are based at C-SPAN's headquarters located on <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a> in Washington, D.C. In 2003 television studios were opened in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver, Colorado</a>. These studios use digital equipment that can be controlled from Washington.<a href="#cite_note-Barnhart-2">[2]</a> C-SPAN also maintains <a href="/wiki/Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Archives">archives</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Lafayette,_Indiana" title="West Lafayette, Indiana">West Lafayette, Indiana</a>, at the Purdue Research Park under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Robert_X._Browning" title="Robert X. Browning">Robert X. Browning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harden-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audience">Audience</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Audience">edit</a>]</div> The C-SPAN networks are available in more than 100 million households as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit">[update]</a>, not including access to the C-SPAN websites.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bedard-118">[118]</a> More than 7,000 telephone callers have participated with discussion on Washington Journal as of March 18, 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-119">[119]</a> There are no official viewing statistics for C-SPAN because the network, which has no commercials or underwriting advertisements, does not use the <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_ratings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen ratings">Nielsen ratings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harden-48">[48]</a> However, there have been a number of surveys providing estimates: <ul><li>A 1994 survey found that 8.6% of the U.S. population regularly watched C-SPAN.<a href="#cite_note-Harden-48">[48]</a></li> <li>In 2004 this figure increased to 12% of the U.S. population, according to a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey, while 31% of the population was categorized as occasional viewers.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus-11">[11]</a> More than 28 million people said they watched C-SPAN programming each week.<a href="#cite_note-Wallace-12">[12]</a></li> <li>A March 2009 <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Hart" title="Peter D. Hart">Hart Research</a> survey found that 20% of homes with cable television watch C-SPAN at least once a week, for an estimated 39 million Americans.<a href="#cite_note-C-SPAN-120">[120]</a></li> <li>A 2010 poll conducted by C-SPAN and <a href="/wiki/Penn_Schoen_Berland" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn Schoen Berland">Penn Schoen Berland</a> estimates that 79 million adults in the U.S. watched C-SPAN at some time from 2009 to 2010.<a href="#cite_note-CSPAN-121">[121]</a></li> <li>In January 2013, Hart Research conducted another survey which showed that 47 million adults, or 24% of adults with access to cable television, watch C-SPAN weekly.<a href="#cite_note-JohnEggerton-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-JenniferHarper-122">[122]</a> Of the 47 million regular C-SPAN viewers, 51% are male and 49% female; 26% are liberal, 31% conservative, and 39% moderate. About half are college graduates. 28% of 18-to-49-year-olds report watching at least once a week, as do 19% of 50- to 64-year-olds, and 22% of those over age 65.<a href="#cite_note-JenniferHarper-122">[122]</a></li> <li>In February 2017, Ipsos Audience conducted another survey which showed that 70 million adults, or 36% of adults with access to cable television, watch C-SPAN on a given six-month period. Of the 70 million regular C-SPAN viewers, 52% are male and 48% female; 25% are <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> viewers, 22% <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>, 20% <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> and 33% <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>. 28% identified themselves as liberal, 27% conservative, and 36% moderate. 51% of all viewers are 18–44 years old.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_and_media_opinion">Public and media opinion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Public and media opinion">edit</a>]</div> C-SPAN's public service nature has been praised as an enduring contribution to national knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-Osnos-123">[123]</a> In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rosenthal" title="Andrew Rosenthal">Andrew Rosenthal</a> wrote for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> about C-SPAN's influence in political elections, arguing that C-SPAN's "blanket coverage" had expanded television journalism "into areas once shielded from general view".<a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal87-124">[124]</a> The network has received positive media coverage for providing public access to proceedings such as the <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a> Senate hearings,<a href="#cite_note-Zurawik-125">[125]</a> and the U.S. 2010 Healthcare Summit,<a href="#cite_note-Heffernan-126">[126]</a> while its everyday programming has been credited with providing the media and the general public with an intimate knowledge of U.S. political proceedings and people.<a href="#cite_note-Heffernan-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Corn-128">[128]</a> The ability of C-SPAN to provide this service without federal funding, advertising or soliciting viewer contributions has been remarked by local newspapers and online news services, with the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Beast" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Beast">Daily Beast</a> terming C-SPAN's $55 million annual budget (in 2009), "an astounding bargain."<a href="#cite_note-Osnos-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In an article on the 25th anniversary of the network, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> noted that C-SPAN's programming has been copied by television networks worldwide and credits the network with providing information about foreign politics to American viewers.<a href="#cite_note-Reid-130">[130]</a> According to The New York Times, C-SPAN's mission to record official events in Washington, D.C., makes it "one of a kind", particularly in the creation of the C-SPAN Video Library, which received significant press coverage.<a href="#cite_note-Stelter-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-89">[89]</a> Despite its stated commitment to providing politically balanced programming, C-SPAN and its shows such as Washington Journal, Booknotes, Q & A, and After Words have been accused by some liberal organizations of having a conservative bias.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In 2005, the media criticism organization <a href="/wiki/Fairness_and_Accuracy_in_Reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting">Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting</a> (FAIR) released a study of C-SPAN's morning telephone call-in show Washington Journal. In their six-month sample of guests, they identified 32 as "right-of-center" and 19 as "left-of-center"; they also noted <a href="/wiki/People_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="People of color">people of color</a> are underrepresented at 15% of the guest list.<a href="#cite_note-Fair05-132">[132]</a> A 2007 survey released by the think tank <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research" title="Center for Economic and Policy Research">Center for Economic and Policy Research</a> reported that C-SPAN covered conservative <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a> more than left-of-center think tanks.<a href="#cite_note-Harper07-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_services">Other services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other services">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-SPAN_Bus_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/C-SPAN_Bus_2012.jpg/330px-C-SPAN_Bus_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/C-SPAN_Bus_2012.jpg/500px-C-SPAN_Bus_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/C-SPAN_Bus_2012.jpg/960px-C-SPAN_Bus_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>C-SPAN Digital Bus, which tours the U.S. educating the public about C-SPAN resources</figcaption></figure> C-SPAN offers a number of public services related to the network's public affairs programming. C-SPAN Classroom, a free membership service for teachers, began in July 1987 and offers help using C-SPAN resources for classes or research.<a href="#cite_note-TWP-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN_School_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="C-SPAN School Bus">C-SPAN School Bus</a>, introduced in November 1993, traveled around the U.S. educating the public about government and politics using C-SPAN resources, and served as a mobile television studio. The bus also recorded video footage of the places that it visited.<a href="#cite_note-Schlosse-134">[134]</a> A second bus was introduced in 1996. The two original buses were retired in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> and the C-SPAN Digital Bus was inaugurated, introducing the public to C-SPAN's enhanced digital products.<a href="#cite_note-Shayon-136">[136]</a> C-SPAN has also equipped six Local Content Vehicles (LCVs) to travel the country and record unique political and historical stories, with each vehicle containing production and web-based technologies to produce on-the-spot content.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rothstein13-138">[138]</a> C-SPAN has published ten books based on its programming; these contain original material and text taken from interview transcripts. The first C-SPAN book, C-SPAN: America's Town Hall, was published in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-Shales-15">[15]</a> Other C-SPAN books include: Gavel to Gavel: A C-SPAN Guide to Congress;<a href="#cite_note-GavelBook-139">[139]</a> Who's Buried in Grant's Tomb?, a guide to the grave sites of U.S. presidents;<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Abraham Lincoln - Great American Historians On Our Sixteenth President, a collection of essays based on C-SPAN interviews with American historians;<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> and The Supreme Court, which features biographies and interviews with past Supreme Court judges together with commentary from legal experts.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Five books have been drawn from the former Booknotes program: Booknotes: Life Stories;<a href="#cite_note-Biffle-143">[143]</a> Booknotes: On American Character;<a href="#cite_note-LambBooknotes2005-144">[144]</a> Booknotes: Stories from American History;<a href="#cite_note-LambBooknotes2001-145">[145]</a> Booknotes: America's Finest Authors on Reading, Writing and the Power of Ideas, the latter a compilation of short monologues taken from the transcripts of Lamb's interviews;<a href="#cite_note-Heltzel-70">[70]</a> and a companion book to the series on Tocqueville, Traveling Tocqueville's America: A Tour Book.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prank_calls_and_obscenities">Prank calls and obscenities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Prank calls and obscenities">edit</a>]</div> Due to the open phone lines on Washington Journal, C-SPAN has been noted to have a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Prank_calls" class="mw-redirect" title="Prank calls">prank calls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes_2015-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Salt_Lake_Tribune_2018-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirby_2020-149">[149]</a> Calls have ranged from crude jokes about <a href="/wiki/Howard_Stern" title="Howard Stern">Howard Stern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bababooey" class="mw-redirect" title="Bababooey">Bababooey</a> to racist tirades against <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King Jr">Martin Luther King Jr</a> and questions regarding the size of <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>'s penis.<a href="#cite_note-HuffPost_2012-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> One particularly well-known instance happened in 2015, when during a segment on the <a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework" title="Iran nuclear deal framework">Iran nuclear deal framework</a>, a man calling himself Jack Strickland called in claiming to be from <a href="/wiki/Bel-Air,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel-Air, California">Bel-Air, California</a>, before promptly reciting the theme song of <a href="/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air" title="The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air">The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air</a> TV show.<a href="#cite_note-Schwarz_2015-154">[154]</a> Obscenities have also made it into broadcasts, such as in 2014 where a caller said "The Republicans hate that nigger Obama." before being kicked off the air.<a href="#cite_note-Gold_1970-155">[155]</a> The network implemented a 3-second <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">broadcast delay</a> in 2016 to combat these types of calls.<a href="#cite_note-Borchers_2016-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED393737.pdf">Educators' Guide: Teaching Critical Thinking in the Classroom</a> (1995). Washington, DC: National Cable Satellite Corp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/classroom/">C-SPAN in the Classroom Series.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZAiAAAACAAJ">Gavel to Gavel: A C-SPAN Guide to Congress</a> (1999). Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6111-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6111-6">978-0-8018-6111-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public,_educational,_and_government_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Public, educational, and government access">Public, educational, and government access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature_broadcaster" title="Legislature broadcaster">Legislature broadcaster</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBooth2010" class="citation book cs1">Booth, David R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peerproductionso0000boot/page/81">Peer Participation and Software: What Mozilla Has to Teach Government</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peerproductionso0000boot/page/81">81</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51461-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51461-3"><bdi>978-0-262-51461-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peer+Participation+and+Software%3A+What+Mozilla+Has+to+Teach+Government&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-262-51461-3&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeerproductionso0000boot%2Fpage%2F81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnhart-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnhart_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnhart_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnhart_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnhart_2-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnhart2003" class="citation news cs1">Barnhart, Aaron (May 3, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=48H7-J1B0-010F-S1NX&csi=145214&oc=00240&perma=true">"Win like a lamb; C-SPAN remains a reliable source thanks to founder's fair approach"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City Star">Kansas City Star</a>. p. F1. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kansas+City+Star&rft.atitle=Win+like+a+lamb%3B+C-SPAN+remains+a+reliable+source+thanks+to+founder%27s+fair+approach&rft.pages=F1&rft.date=2003-05-03&rft.aulast=Barnhart&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D48H7-J1B0-010F-S1NX%26csi%3D145214%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewsCheck-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewsCheck_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewsCheck_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewsCheck_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewsCheck_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130205063150/http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/2010/04/20/41591/cspan-the-other-washington-monument">"C-SPAN: The Other Washington Monument"</a>. tvnewscheck.com. News Check Media. April 20, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/2010/04/20/41591/cspan-the-other-washington-monument">the original</a> on February 5, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tvnewscheck.com&rft.atitle=C-SPAN%3A+The+Other+Washington+Monument&rft.date=2010-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvnewscheck.com%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F20%2F41591%2Fcspan-the-other-washington-monument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMixon2003" class="citation book cs1">Mixon, Franklin G. (2003). Legislative Television As Political Advertising: A Public Choice Approach. <a href="/wiki/IUniverse" title="IUniverse">iUniverse</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-27086-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-27086-6"><bdi>978-0-595-27086-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legislative+Television+As+Political+Advertising%3A+A+Public+Choice+Approach&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-595-27086-6&rft.aulast=Mixon&rft.aufirst=Franklin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia_College-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_College_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_College_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829153957/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/jan05/features3.php">"Original Cable Guy"</a>. college.columbia.edu. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College,_Columbia_University" title="Columbia College, Columbia University">Columbia College</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/jan05/features3.php">the original</a> on August 29, 2008. Retrieved August 5, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=college.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Original+Cable+Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.college.columbia.edu%2Fcct%2Fjan05%2Ffeatures3.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paddock-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Paddock_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaddock1998" class="citation news cs1">Paddock, Travis (April 8, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729024731/http://www.ur.umich.edu/9798/Apr08_98/cspan.htm">"C-SPAN chief says network has 'extended the gallery'"</a>. The University Record. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ur.umich.edu/9798/Apr08_98/cspan.htm">the original</a> on July 29, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+University+Record&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+chief+says+network+has+%27extended+the+gallery%27&rft.date=1998-04-08&rft.aulast=Paddock&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ur.umich.edu%2F9798%2FApr08_98%2Fcspan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrantzichJohn_Sullivan1996" class="citation book cs1">Frantzich, Stephen E.; John Sullivan (1996). The C-SPAN Revolution. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2870-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2870-4"><bdi>0-8061-2870-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+C-SPAN+Revolution&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8061-2870-4&rft.aulast=Frantzich&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft.au=John+Sullivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4R2X-FHC0-TWWX-S08V&csi=256482&oc=00240&perma=true">"Lamb opened government with C-SPAN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_%26_Courier" title="Journal & Courier">Journal & Courier</a>. Lafayette, Indiana. November 3, 2007. p. 6A. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+%26+Courier&rft.atitle=Lamb+opened+government+with+C-SPAN&rft.pages=6A&rft.date=2007-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4R2X-FHC0-TWWX-S08V%26csi%3D256482%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TWP-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TWP_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TWP_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TWP_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4BXM-NJT0-TW87-N2B1&csi=8075&oc=00240&perma=true">"C-SPAN By the Numbers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. March 14, 2004. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+By+the+Numbers&rft.date=2004-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4BXM-NJT0-TW87-N2B1%26csi%3D8075%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrantzichJohn_Sullivan1996" class="citation book cs1">Frantzich, Stephen E.; John Sullivan (1996). The C-SPAN Revolution. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2870-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2870-4"><bdi>0-8061-2870-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+C-SPAN+Revolution&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8061-2870-4&rft.aulast=Frantzich&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft.au=John+Sullivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcus-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marcus_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcus_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuth_Marcus2004" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Marcus_(journalist)" title="Ruth Marcus (journalist)">Ruth Marcus</a> (March 18, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4BYF-XSH0-TW87-N26J&csi=8075&oc=00240&perma=true">"Confessions of a C-SPAN Junkie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. p. A31. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Confessions+of+a+C-SPAN+Junkie&rft.pages=A31&rft.date=2004-03-18&rft.au=Ruth+Marcus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4BYF-XSH0-TW87-N26J%26csi%3D8075%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_12-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChris_Wallace2004" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Wallace" title="Chris Wallace">Chris Wallace</a> (August 15, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4D3J-4CJ0-00MM-P4FJ&csi=174179&oc=00240&perma=true">"Power Player of the Week Brian Lamb"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Network">Fox News Network</a>. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News+Network&rft.atitle=Power+Player+of+the+Week+Brian+Lamb&rft.date=2004-08-15&rft.au=Chris+Wallace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4D3J-4CJ0-00MM-P4FJ%26csi%3D174179%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/82-OCR/1982-01-25-BC-OCR-Page-0099.pdf">"C-SPAN goes on campaign trail"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting Magazine. January 25, 1982. p. 99. Retrieved August 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting+Magazine&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+goes+on+campaign+trail&rft.pages=99&rft.date=1982-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2Fhd2%2FIDX-Business%2FMagazines%2FArchive-BC-IDX%2F82-OCR%2F1982-01-25-BC-OCR-Page-0099.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/82-OCR/1982-08-02-BC-OCR-Page-0008.pdf">"24 -hour milestone"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting Magazine. August 2, 1982. p. 8. Retrieved August 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting+Magazine&rft.atitle=24+-hour+milestone&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1982-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2Fhd2%2FIDX-Business%2FMagazines%2FArchive-BC-IDX%2F82-OCR%2F1982-08-02-BC-OCR-Page-0008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shales-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shales_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shales_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shales_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTom_Shales1989" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shales" title="Tom Shales">Tom Shales</a> (April 3, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105213910/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1183350.html">"C-SPAN, America's Town Hall; Looking Back on the Decade That Brought Government Home"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1183350.html">the original</a> on November 5, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=C-SPAN%2C+America%27s+Town+Hall%3B+Looking+Back+on+the+Decade+That+Brought+Government+Home&rft.date=1989-04-03&rft.au=Tom+Shales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-1183350.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ragsdale-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ragsdale_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ragsdale_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ragsdale_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ragsdale_16-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRagsdale1999" class="citation news cs1">Ragsdale, Shirley (March 14, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=470F-B6D0-01G9-9184&csi=256478&oc=00240&perma=true">"C-SPAN has taken viewers on tour of history, government for 20 years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Argus_Leader" title="Argus Leader">Argus Leader</a>. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. p. 10C. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Argus+Leader&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+has+taken+viewers+on+tour+of+history%2C+government+for+20+years&rft.pages=10C&rft.date=1999-03-14&rft.aulast=Ragsdale&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D470F-B6D0-01G9-9184%26csi%3D256478%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milestones-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milestones_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milestones_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milestones_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milestones_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milestones_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milestones_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milestones_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milestones_17-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717175854/http://legacy.c-span.org/about/company/index.asp?code=MILESTONES">"C-SPAN Milestones"</a>. c-span.org. C-SPAN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.c-span.org/about/company/index.asp?code=MILESTONES">the original</a> on July 17, 2011. Retrieved October 8, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Milestones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.c-span.org%2Fabout%2Fcompany%2Findex.asp%3Fcode%3DMILESTONES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?14519-1/life-career-william-armstrong">"Life and Career of William Armstrong | C-SPAN.org"</a>. www.c-span.org. Retrieved June 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.c-span.org&rft.atitle=Life+and+Career+of+William+Armstrong+%7C+C-SPAN.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3F14519-1%2Flife-career-william-armstrong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Love-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Love_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Love_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Love_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlice_A._Love1994" class="citation news cs1">Alice A. Love (August 8, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3S4T-HMV0-0001-S02F&csi=3624&oc=00240&perma=true">"C-SPAN Cut in 95 Cities Around the Country For Total Loss of About Four Million Viewers Brian Lamb Says Competition for Air Time May Lead Network to Liven Up Its Format"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a>. Washington, D.C. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roll+Call&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Cut+in+95+Cities+Around+the+Country+For+Total+Loss+of+About+Four+Million+Viewers+Brian+Lamb+Says+Competition+for+Air+Time+May+Lead+Network+to+Liven+Up+Its+Format&rft.date=1994-08-08&rft.au=Alice+A.+Love&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D3S4T-HMV0-0001-S02F%26csi%3D3624%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oregonian-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Oregonian_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4JN0-GVH0-TX1M-R2CG&csi=235910&oc=00240&perma=true">"Federal Law Forced Paragon into Programming Changes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Oregonian" title="The Oregonian">The Oregonian</a>. Portland, Oregon. January 24, 1995. p. B08. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oregonian&rft.atitle=Federal+Law+Forced+Paragon+into+Programming+Changes&rft.pages=B08&rft.date=1995-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4JN0-GVH0-TX1M-R2CG%26csi%3D235910%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrison-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Morrison_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBayard_H._Morrison2001" class="citation news cs1">Bayard H. Morrison (April 8, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2001/04/08/some-of-us-want-our-c-span2/">"Some of U.S. Want Our C-SPAN2"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel" title="Orlando Sentinel">Orlando Sentinel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327021841/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2001-04-08/news/0104080011_1_lake-county-senate-debate-county-residents">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Some+of+U.S.+Want+Our+C-SPAN2&rft.date=2001-04-08&rft.au=Bayard+H.+Morrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2F2001%2F04%2F08%2Fsome-of-us-want-our-c-span2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moss-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moss_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moss_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoss2001" class="citation news cs1">Moss, Linda (February 19, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.multichannel.com/news/time-warner-gives-lift-c-span3-136166">"Time Warner Gives Lift to C-SPAN3"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Multichannel_News" title="Multichannel News">Multichannel News</a>. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Multichannel+News&rft.atitle=Time+Warner+Gives+Lift+to+C-SPAN3&rft.date=2001-02-19&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.multichannel.com%2Fnews%2Ftime-warner-gives-lift-c-span3-136166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoddard-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Stoddard_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA.B._Stoddard1997" class="citation news cs1">A.B. Stoddard (October 15, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3SKN-K9R0-00BY-M0BK&csi=153182&oc=00240&perma=true">"Rosty to be Released from Custody Today"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. Washington, D.C. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Rosty+to+be+Released+from+Custody+Today&rft.date=1997-10-15&rft.au=A.B.+Stoddard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D3SKN-K9R0-00BY-M0BK%26csi%3D153182%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multichannel.com/article/452819-IN_BRIEF.php">"Cable Show Draws News of HD Channel Launches"</a>. multichannel.com. <a href="/wiki/NewBay_Media" title="NewBay Media">NewBay Media</a>. May 18, 2010. Retrieved December 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=multichannel.com&rft.atitle=Cable+Show+Draws+News+of+HD+Channel+Launches&rft.date=2010-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multichannel.com%2Farticle%2F452819-IN_BRIEF.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stelter-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stelter_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stelter_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stelter_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stelter_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stelter_25-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStelter2010" class="citation news cs1">Stelter, Brian (March 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/arts/television/16cspan.html">"C-SPAN Puts Full Archives on the Web"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved September 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Puts+Full+Archives+on+the+Web&rft.date=2010-03-15&rft.aulast=Stelter&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F03%2F16%2Farts%2Ftelevision%2F16cspan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Barr2024" class="citation news cs1">Jeremy Barr (May 14, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/media/2024/05/14/sam-feist-cspan-ceo-cnn/">"Sam Feist, longtime CNN executive, will become CEO of CSPAN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sam+Feist%2C+longtime+CNN+executive%2C+will+become+CEO+of+CSPAN&rft.date=2024-05-14&rft.au=Jeremy+Barr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fstyle%2Fmedia%2F2024%2F05%2F14%2Fsam-feist-cspan-ceo-cnn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOstrow2008" class="citation web cs1">Ostrow, Adam (September 26, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100808142229/http://mashable.com/2008/09/26/don%E2%80%99t-like-twitter%E2%80%99s-election-site-c-span-has-a-way-cooler-alternative-really/">"Don't like Twitter's Election Site? C-SPAN Has a Way Cooler Alternative (Really!)"</a>. mashable.com. <a href="/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2008/09/26/don%E2%80%99t-like-twitter%E2%80%99s-election-site-c-span-has-a-way-cooler-alternative-really/">the original</a> on August 8, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mashable.com&rft.atitle=Don%27t+like+Twitter%27s+Election+Site%3F+C-SPAN+Has+a+Way+Cooler+Alternative+%28Really%21%29&rft.date=2008-09-26&rft.aulast=Ostrow&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2008%2F09%2F26%2Fdon%25E2%2580%2599t-like-twitter%25E2%2580%2599s-election-site-c-span-has-a-way-cooler-alternative-really%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925045216/http://www.c-span.org/About/The-Company/Viewer-FAQ/">"Viewer FAQs"</a>. c-span.org. C-SPAN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/About/The-Company/Viewer-FAQ/">the original</a> on September 25, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=Viewer+FAQs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2FAbout%2FThe-Company%2FViewer-FAQ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBromwich2017" class="citation news cs1">Bromwich, Jonah Engel (January 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/business/media/cspan-russia-today.html">"C-Span Online Broadcast Interrupted by Russian Network"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=C-Span+Online+Broadcast+Interrupted+by+Russian+Network&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft.aulast=Bromwich&rft.aufirst=Jonah+Engel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F01%2F12%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fcspan-russia-today.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFC-SPAN2017" class="citation web cs1">C-SPAN [@cspan] (January 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/cspan/status/819652454237278208">"This afternoon the online feed for C-SPAN was briefly interrupted by RT programming"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+afternoon+the+online+feed+for+C-SPAN+was+briefly+interrupted+by+RT+programming.&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft.au=C-SPAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fcspan%2Fstatus%2F819652454237278208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiner-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiner_31-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2011" class="citation news cs1">Weiner, Rachel (February 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/04/AR2011020407317.html">"C-SPAN denied cameras in the House of Representatives, again"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved February 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+denied+cameras+in+the+House+of+Representatives%2C+again&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2011%2F02%2F04%2FAR2011020407317.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBencks" class="citation web cs1">Bencks, Jarret. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandeis.edu/magazine/2020/fall/arts-and-culture/gingrich.html">"When Partisanship Got Polarized"</a>. Brandeis Magazine. Retrieved January 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brandeis+Magazine&rft.atitle=When+Partisanship+Got+Polarized&rft.aulast=Bencks&rft.aufirst=Jarret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandeis.edu%2Fmagazine%2F2020%2Ffall%2Farts-and-culture%2Fgingrich.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcfp.org/c-span-asks-congress-greater-camera-access-sessions/">"C-Span asks Congress for greater camera access to sessions"</a>. Reporters Committee. November 29, 1994. Retrieved January 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=C-Span+asks+Congress+for+greater+camera+access+to+sessions&rft.date=1994-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcfp.org%2Fc-span-asks-congress-greater-camera-access-sessions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FoxNews-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FoxNews_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/c-span-challenges-congress-to-open-health-care-talks-to-tv-coverage/">"C-SPAN Challenges Congress to Open Health Care Talks to TV Coverage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel">Fox News</a>. January 5, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101118140658/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/01/05/c-span-challenges-congress-open-health-care-talks-tv-coverage/">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2010. Retrieved November 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Challenges+Congress+to+Open+Health+Care+Talks+to+TV+Coverage&rft.date=2010-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fc-span-challenges-congress-to-open-health-care-talks-to-tv-coverage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAkin2016" class="citation news cs1">Akin, Stephanie (June 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/cant-see-house-sit-c-span">"Why You Can't See the House Sit-In on C-SPAN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a>. Retrieved June 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roll+Call&rft.atitle=Why+You+Can%27t+See+the+House+Sit-In+on+C-SPAN&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft.aulast=Akin&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollcall.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcant-see-house-sit-c-span&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2016" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Amber (June 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/06/22/the-real-reason-c-span-cameras-arent-showing-democrats-gun-control-sit-in/">"C-SPAN cameras couldn't show Democrats' gun control sit-in – so Democrats did it themselves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved June 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+cameras+couldn%27t+show+Democrats%27+gun+control+sit-in+%E2%80%93+so+Democrats+did+it+themselves&rft.date=2016-06-23&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Amber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2016%2F06%2F22%2Fthe-real-reason-c-span-cameras-arent-showing-democrats-gun-control-sit-in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerszenhornHuetteman2016" class="citation news cs1">Herszenhorn, David M.; Huetteman, Emmarie (June 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/23/us/politics/house-democrats-stage-sit-in-to-push-for-action-on-gun-control.html">"House Democrats' Gun-Control Sit-In Turns into Chaotic Showdown With Republicans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=House+Democrats%27+Gun-Control+Sit-In+Turns+into+Chaotic+Showdown+With+Republicans&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft.aulast=Herszenhorn&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Huetteman%2C+Emmarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F06%2F23%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fhouse-democrats-stage-sit-in-to-push-for-action-on-gun-control.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988">Herszenhorn </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/cspan/status/745643506786504704">"@cspan: C-SPAN has no control over the U.S. House TV cameras"</a>. Tweet. C-SPAN <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> account. June 22, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tweet&rft.atitle=%40cspan%3A+C-SPAN+has+no+control+over+the+U.S.+House+TV+cameras.&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fcspan%2Fstatus%2F745643506786504704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeChalus2023" class="citation news cs1">DeChalus, Camila (January 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/01/05/c-span-cameras-house-speaker-vote/?&wpisrc=nl_evening&carta-url=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.washingtonpost.com%2Fcar-ln-tr%2F38bc806%2F63b74897ef9bf67b234c8422%2F596d08e2ade4e24119db5461%2F12%2F51%2F63b74897ef9bf67b234c8422&wp_cu=466552ee2313957ce7b379e29fbed753%7CF0F747E7294BBEAAE040007F01004453">"With the House in chaos, C-SPAN shows footage Americans don't usually see"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved January 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=With+the+House+in+chaos%2C+C-SPAN+shows+footage+Americans+don%27t+usually+see&rft.date=2023-01-05&rft.aulast=DeChalus&rft.aufirst=Camila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2023%2F01%2F05%2Fc-span-cameras-house-speaker-vote%2F%3F%26wpisrc%3Dnl_evening%26carta-url%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fs2.washingtonpost.com%252Fcar-ln-tr%252F38bc806%252F63b74897ef9bf67b234c8422%252F596d08e2ade4e24119db5461%252F12%252F51%252F63b74897ef9bf67b234c8422%26wp_cu%3D466552ee2313957ce7b379e29fbed753%257CF0F747E7294BBEAAE040007F01004453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodges-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_40-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodges1994" class="citation news cs1">Hodges, Ann (March 19, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3SJB-93Y0-0030-W550&csi=8380&oc=00240&perma=true">"Historic debates will mark 15 years of C-SPAN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Houston_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Houston Chronicle">The Houston Chronicle</a>. p. 4. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Historic+debates+will+mark+15+years+of+C-SPAN&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1994-03-19&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D3SJB-93Y0-0030-W550%26csi%3D8380%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newswire-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newswire_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newswire_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newswire_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1">"C-SPAN2 to be Added to PRIMESTAR's Channel Lineup" (Press release). C-SPAN. December 4, 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C-SPAN2+to+be+Added+to+PRIMESTAR%27s+Channel+Lineup&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft.date=1996-12-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/impeachment/">"C-SPAN's Impeachment Coverage | C-SPAN.org"</a>. www.c-span.org. Retrieved July 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.c-span.org&rft.atitle=C-SPAN%27s+Impeachment+Coverage+%7C+C-SPAN.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fimpeachment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrington-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrington_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrington_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinda_M._Harrington1993" class="citation news cs1">Linda M. Harrington (October 31, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1993/10/31/c-span-tvs-political-insider-in-washington/">"C-SPAN: TV's Political Insider in Washington"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=C-SPAN%3A+TV%27s+Political+Insider+in+Washington&rft.date=1993-10-31&rft.au=Linda+M.+Harrington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1993%2F10%2F31%2Fc-span-tvs-political-insider-in-washington%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AboutC-SPAN-44"><a href="#cite_ref-AboutC-SPAN_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/About/About-C-SPAN/">"About C-SPAN"</a>. c-span.org. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=About+C-SPAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2FAbout%2FAbout-C-SPAN%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/politics/">"C-SPAN Politics"</a>. c-span.org. C-SPAN. Retrieved December 6, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Politics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fpolitics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothstein10-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Rothstein10_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothstein2010" class="citation web cs1">Rothstein, Betsy (October 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adweek.com/digital/c-span-reaches-debate-milestone/">"C-SPAN Reaches Debate Milestone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adweek" title="Adweek">Adweek</a>. Retrieved December 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adweek&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Reaches+Debate+Milestone&rft.date=2010-10-20&rft.aulast=Rothstein&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adweek.com%2Fdigital%2Fc-span-reaches-debate-milestone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillespie-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillespie_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillespie_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Gillespie" title="Nick Gillespie">Gillespie, Nick</a> (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/archives/2010/11/16/the-democratizer">"The Democratizer"</a>. reason.com. <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>. Retrieved November 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reason.com&rft.atitle=The+Democratizer&rft.date=2010-12&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Farchives%2F2010%2F11%2F16%2Fthe-democratizer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harden-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harden_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harden_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harden_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harden_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harden_48-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarden1996" class="citation news cs1">Harden, Blaine (May 9, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105213902/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-781215.html">"Feasting on C-SPAN; Diet of Public Affairs TV Puts Political Junkies Inside Beltway"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-781215.html">the original</a> on November 5, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Feasting+on+C-SPAN%3B+Diet+of+Public+Affairs+TV+Puts+Political+Junkies+Inside+Beltway&rft.date=1996-05-09&rft.aulast=Harden&rft.aufirst=Blaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-781215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JohnEggerton-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JohnEggerton_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JohnEggerton_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEggerton2013" class="citation news cs1">Eggerton, John (March 19, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/492404-Exclusive_C_SPAN_Study_Finds_Almost_Quarter_of_Cable_Satellite_Subs_Watch_Weekly.php">"Exclusive: C-SPAN Study Finds Almost Quarter of Cable/Satellite Subs Watch Weekly Audience is up 4% since last Hart Research survey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable" title="Broadcasting & Cable">Broadcasting & Cable</a>. Retrieved March 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting+%26+Cable&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+C-SPAN+Study+Finds+Almost+Quarter+of+Cable%2FSatellite+Subs+Watch+Weekly+Audience+is+up+4%25+since+last+Hart+Research+survey&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft.aulast=Eggerton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcastingcable.com%2Farticle%2F492404-Exclusive_C_SPAN_Study_Finds_Almost_Quarter_of_Cable_Satellite_Subs_Watch_Weekly.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen2010" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Andrew (October 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005183859/http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/10/08/c-spans-supreme-court-broadcasts-do-you-have-the-right-to-burn/">"C-SPAN's Supreme Court Broadcasts: Do You Have the Right to Burn the Flag?"</a>. politicsdaily.com. <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/10/08/c-spans-supreme-court-broadcasts-do-you-have-the-right-to-burn/">the original</a> on October 5, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=politicsdaily.com&rft.atitle=C-SPAN%27s+Supreme+Court+Broadcasts%3A+Do+You+Have+the+Right+to+Burn+the+Flag%3F&rft.date=2010-10-08&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politicsdaily.com%2F2010%2F10%2F08%2Fc-spans-supreme-court-broadcasts-do-you-have-the-right-to-burn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1">"BBC Parliament Goes Live on Digital Satellite" (Press release). M2 Presswire. November 25, 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Parliament+Goes+Live+on+Digital+Satellite&rft.pub=M2+Presswire&rft.date=1998-11-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020024547/http://www.c-spanvideo.org/organization/40947">"Australian Parliament"</a>. c-span.org. C-SPAN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/organization/40947">the original</a> on October 20, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=Australian+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-spanvideo.org%2Forganization%2F40947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kubasik-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Kubasik_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKubasik1994" class="citation news cs1">Kubasik, Ben (April 26, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aGJWAAAAIBAJ&pg=4005,4621611">"Networks planning coverage of Nixon funeral"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Spokesman-Review" title="The Spokesman-Review">The Spokesman-Review</a>. Spokane, Washington. Retrieved June 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Networks+planning+coverage+of+Nixon+funeral&rft.date=1994-04-26&rft.aulast=Kubasik&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DaGJWAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4005%2C4621611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turegano-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Turegano_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuregano2004" class="citation news cs1">Turegano, Preston (June 14, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4CMN-XKJ0-TWDC-M3BB&csi=11811&oc=00240&perma=true">"Television did its job as window on America's farewell to Reagan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune" title="The San Diego Union-Tribune">The San Diego Union-Tribune</a>. p. D-6. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=Television+did+its+job+as+window+on+America%27s+farewell+to+Reagan&rft.pages=D-6&rft.date=2004-06-14&rft.aulast=Turegano&rft.aufirst=Preston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4CMN-XKJ0-TWDC-M3BB%26csi%3D11811%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shannon-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Shannon_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShannon2007" class="citation news cs1">Shannon, Kelley (July 14, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801134924/https://www.iowastatedaily.com/news/article_71f2ae93-5c8b-5cc4-b0d6-2894e1383a98.html">"Lady Bird Johnson, former first lady, remembered at Texas funeral attended by 1,800"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iowastatedaily.com/news/article_71f2ae93-5c8b-5cc4-b0d6-2894e1383a98.html">the original</a> on August 1, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lady+Bird+Johnson%2C+former+first+lady%2C+remembered+at+Texas+funeral+attended+by+1%2C800&rft.date=2007-07-14&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=Kelley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iowastatedaily.com%2Fnews%2Farticle_71f2ae93-5c8b-5cc4-b0d6-2894e1383a98.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTimpane2008" class="citation news cs1">Timpane, John (September 2, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130920061355/http://articles.philly.com/2008-09-02/news/25248177_1_c-span-coverage-convention-planners">"Coverage of Gustav tops politics on Day 1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.philly.com/2008-09-02/news/25248177_1_c-span-coverage-convention-planners">the original</a> on September 20, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Coverage+of+Gustav+tops+politics+on+Day+1&rft.date=2008-09-02&rft.aulast=Timpane&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.philly.com%2F2008-09-02%2Fnews%2F25248177_1_c-span-coverage-convention-planners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112105321/http://www.connect2canada.com/event/electionNight_2008/">"Election night 2008"</a>. Connect2Canada.com. Connect2Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.connect2canada.com/event/electionNight_2008/">the original</a> on January 12, 2012. Retrieved December 7, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Connect2Canada.com&rft.atitle=Election+night+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.connect2canada.com%2Fevent%2FelectionNight_2008%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Trudea">Former Prime Minister Trudeau Funeral</a>. C-SPAN. October 3, 2000. Retrieved October 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+Prime+Minister+Trudeau+Funeral&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft.date=2000-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-spanvideo.org%2Fprogram%2FTrudea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131017060612/http://c-spanvideo.org/program/Northeaste">Northeastern Electricity Failures</a>. C-SPAN. August 14, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c-spanvideo.org/program/Northeaste">the original</a> on October 17, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northeastern+Electricity+Failures&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft.date=2003-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc-spanvideo.org%2Fprogram%2FNortheaste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031235723/http://c-spanvideo.org/program/Outage">Northeast Power Outages, Day 1</a>. C-SPAN. September 3, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c-spanvideo.org/program/Outage">the original</a> on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northeast+Power+Outages%2C+Day+1&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft.date=2003-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc-spanvideo.org%2Fprogram%2FOutage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al_Jazeera-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Qadha">"Moammar Qadhafi Address"</a>. c-spanvideo.org. C-SPAN. March 2, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-spanvideo.org&rft.atitle=Moammar+Qadhafi+Address&rft.date=2011-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-spanvideo.org%2Fprogram%2FQadha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlBawaba-62"><a href="#cite_ref-AlBawaba_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albawaba.com/news/e-vision-launches-c-span-channel-its-cable-network">"E-Vision launches C-Span channel on its cable network"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Bawaba" title="Al Bawaba">Al Bawaba</a>. Amman, Jordan. June 11, 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Bawaba&rft.atitle=E-Vision+launches+C-Span+channel+on+its+cable+network&rft.date=2009-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albawaba.com%2Fnews%2Fe-vision-launches-c-span-channel-its-cable-network&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090801105915/http://www.adl.org/learn/extremism_in_america_updates/individuals/david_irving/irving_update_20050413.htm">"C-SPAN's David Irving contretemps"</a>. adl.org. <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>. April 13, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adl.org/learn/extremism_in_america_updates/individuals/david_irving/irving_update_20050413.htm">the original</a> on August 1, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=adl.org&rft.atitle=C-SPAN%27s+David+Irving+contretemps&rft.date=2005-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Flearn%2Fextremism_in_america_updates%2Findividuals%2Fdavid_irving%2Firving_update_20050413.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen05-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen05_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen2005" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Richard (March 15, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A35346-2005Mar14.html">"C-SPAN's Balance of the Absurd"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved June 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=C-SPAN%27s+Balance+of+the+Absurd&rft.date=2005-03-15&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA35346-2005Mar14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Lipst">"Lipstadt/Irving Libel Trial"</a>. c-spanvideo.org. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-spanvideo.org&rft.atitle=Lipstadt%2FIrving+Libel+Trial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-spanvideo.org%2Fprogram%2FLipst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-faq-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faq_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-faq_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/about/faq/">"FAQs"</a>. C-SPAN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822185926/https://www.c-span.org/about/faq/">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C-SPAN&rft.atitle=FAQs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fabout%2Ffaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irvine-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Irvine_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReed_Irvine1998" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reed_Irvine" title="Reed Irvine">Reed Irvine</a> (May 10, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3SP2-BXX0-00C0-G48F&csi=155832&oc=00240&perma=true">"Accuracy in media; Left-Winger's "Truth' Exposed As Make-Believe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Free_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga Free Press">Chattanooga Free Press</a>. p. A11. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chattanooga+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Accuracy+in+media%3B+Left-Winger%27s+%22Truth%27+Exposed+As+Make-Believe&rft.pages=A11&rft.date=1998-05-10&rft.au=Reed+Irvine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D3SP2-BXX0-00C0-G48F%26csi%3D155832%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McArdle-68"><a href="#cite_ref-McArdle_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcArdle2004" class="citation news cs1">McArdle, John (December 6, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rollcall.com/issues/50_56/ath/7559-1.html">"New Show, Familiar Format For C-SPAN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a>. Washington, D.C. Retrieved September 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roll+Call&rft.atitle=New+Show%2C+Familiar+Format+For+C-SPAN&rft.date=2004-12-06&rft.aulast=McArdle&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollcall.com%2Fissues%2F50_56%2Fath%2F7559-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boston-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Boston_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/editorials/articles/2004/08/19/booknotes_afterword/">"'Booknotes' Afterword"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. August 19, 2004. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=%27Booknotes%27+Afterword&rft.date=2004-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Feditorial_opinion%2Feditorials%2Farticles%2F2004%2F08%2F19%2Fbooknotes_afterword%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heltzel-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heltzel_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heltzel_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllen_Emry_Heltzel1997" class="citation news cs1">Ellen Emry Heltzel (August 17, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4JN6-91T0-TX1M-R2X2&csi=235910&oc=00240&perma=true">"Books on TV, and a Host Who Listens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Oregonian" title="The Oregonian">The Oregonian</a>. Portland, Oregon. p. F07. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oregonian&rft.atitle=Books+on+TV%2C+and+a+Host+Who+Listens&rft.pages=F07&rft.date=1997-08-17&rft.au=Ellen+Emry+Heltzel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4JN6-91T0-TX1M-R2X2%26csi%3D235910%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2004/08/12/tem_0812booknotes.html">"C-SPAN's 'Booknotes' nearing end"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Enquirer" title="The Cincinnati Enquirer">The Cincinnati Enquirer</a>. August 12, 2004. Retrieved April 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cincinnati+Enquirer&rft.atitle=C-SPAN%27s+%27Booknotes%27+nearing+end&rft.date=2004-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enquirer.com%2Feditions%2F2004%2F08%2F12%2Ftem_0812booknotes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herald-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Herald_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4GY3-4YN0-0190-K33T&csi=247810&oc=00240&perma=true">"Editorial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun Herald">The Sun Herald</a>. Biloxi, Mississippi. September 14, 2003. p. C12. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun+Herald&rft.atitle=Editorial&rft.pages=C12&rft.date=2003-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4GY3-4YN0-0190-K33T%26csi%3D247810%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milliot-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milliot_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milliot_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilliot2005" class="citation news cs1">Milliot, Jim (January 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20050110/33417-booktv-eyes-more-original-programming.html">"BookTV Eyes More Original Programming"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a>. Retrieved May 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=BookTV+Eyes+More+Original+Programming&rft.date=2005-01-10&rft.aulast=Milliot&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2Fpw%2Fprint%2F20050110%2F33417-booktv-eyes-more-original-programming.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estepa-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Estepa_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEstepa2010" class="citation news cs1">Estepa, Jessica (July 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rollcall.com/issues/56_6/-48335-1.html">"C-SPAN2's 'Book TV' Wins Honor For Its Work"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a>. Washington, D.C. Retrieved February 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roll+Call&rft.atitle=C-SPAN2%27s+%27Book+TV%27+Wins+Honor+For+Its+Work&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.aulast=Estepa&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollcall.com%2Fissues%2F56_6%2F-48335-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2011" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Jenny (January 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/geekdad/2011/01/turn-to-c-span-for-american-history/">"Turn to C-SPAN for American History"</a>. wired.com. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired (website)">Wired</a>. Retrieved January 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wired.com&rft.atitle=Turn+to+C-SPAN+for+American+History&rft.date=2011-01-07&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fgeekdad%2F2011%2F01%2Fturn-to-c-span-for-american-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeprin2011" class="citation web cs1">Weprin, Alex (January 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054530/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/c-span-launching-history-programming-block_b47006">"C-SPAN Launching History Programming Block"</a>. mediabistro.com. <a href="/wiki/WebMediaBrands" class="mw-redirect" title="WebMediaBrands">WebMediaBrands</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/c-span-launching-history-programming-block_b47006">the original</a> on August 8, 2014. Retrieved May 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mediabistro.com&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Launching+History+Programming+Block&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft.aulast=Weprin&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediabistro.com%2Ftvnewser%2Fc-span-launching-history-programming-block_b47006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerald_D._Swick2011" class="citation web cs1">Gerald D. Swick (January 18, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/american-history-tv-new-from-c-span.htm">"American History TV – New from C-SPAN"</a>. historynet.com. Weider History Group. Retrieved November 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historynet.com&rft.atitle=American+History+TV+%E2%80%93+New+from+C-SPAN&rft.date=2011-01-18&rft.au=Gerald+D.+Swick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Famerican-history-tv-new-from-c-span.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-States-78"><a href="#cite_ref-States_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327013907/http://archive.news.ku.edu/2009/november/20/cspan.shtml">"C-SPAN3 to Air Dole Institute Interviews with Bob Dole, Walter Mondale"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Kansas">The University of Kansas</a>. November 20, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.news.ku.edu/2009/november/20/cspan.shtml">the original</a> on March 27, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C-SPAN3+to+Air+Dole+Institute+Interviews+with+Bob+Dole%2C+Walter+Mondale&rft.pub=The+University+of+Kansas&rft.date=2009-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.news.ku.edu%2F2009%2Fnovember%2F20%2Fcspan.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rust-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Rust_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRust1998" class="citation news cs1">Rust, Michael (February 9, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201222155846/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia">"Americans Speak Up on Talk TV"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Insight_on_the_News" title="Insight on the News">Insight on the News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1G1-20204516/americans-speak-up-on-talk-tv">the original</a> on December 22, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insight+on+the+News&rft.atitle=Americans+Speak+Up+on+Talk+TV&rft.date=1998-02-09&rft.aulast=Rust&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F1G1-20204516%2Famericans-speak-up-on-talk-tv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prial-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Prial_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrank_J._Prial2004" class="citation news cs1">Frank J. Prial (December 4, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/04/arts/television/04lamb.html">"After Many Million Pages, 'Booknotes' Ends Its Run"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved May 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=After+Many+Million+Pages%2C+%27Booknotes%27+Ends+Its+Run&rft.date=2004-12-04&rft.au=Frank+J.+Prial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F12%2F04%2Farts%2Ftelevision%2F04lamb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/series/?presidents">"American Presidents: Life Portraits"</a>. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portraits&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fseries%2F%3Fpresidents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/american-presidents-life-portraits">59th Annual Peabody Awards</a>, May 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819231444/http://legacy.c-span.org/C-SPAN25/contestwinners.asp">"C-SPAN's 24-Hour Call-In Marathon"</a>. c-span.org. C-SPAN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.c-span.org/C-SPAN25/contestwinners.asp">the original</a> on August 19, 2011. Retrieved June 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=C-SPAN%27s+24-Hour+Call-In+Marathon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.c-span.org%2FC-SPAN25%2Fcontestwinners.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Babington-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Babington_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBabington2007" class="citation news cs1">Babington, Charles (March 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808122035/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-5829372.html">"Radio Deal Could Face Technical Difficulties; XM, Sirius Systems Already Strained"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-5829372.html">the original</a> on August 8, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Radio+Deal+Could+Face+Technical+Difficulties%3B+XM%2C+Sirius+Systems+Already+Strained&rft.date=2007-03-19&rft.aulast=Babington&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-5829372.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-C-SPANRadio-85"><a href="#cite_ref-C-SPANRadio_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120104200941/http://www.c-span.org/C-SPAN-Radio/How-to-Listen-to-C-SPAN-Radio/">"How to Listen to C-SPAN Radio"</a>. c-span.org. C-SPAN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/C-SPAN-Radio/How-to-Listen-to-C-SPAN-Radio/">the original</a> on January 4, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=How+to+Listen+to+C-SPAN+Radio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2FC-SPAN-Radio%2FHow-to-Listen-to-C-SPAN-Radio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Relax-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Relax_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925044710/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/the-most-popular-iphone-news-applications-1927640.html">"The most popular iPhone news applications"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. March 23, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/the-most-popular-iphone-news-applications-1927640.html">the original</a> on September 25, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+most+popular+iPhone+news+applications&rft.date=2010-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fgadgets-and-tech%2Fthe-most-popular-iphone-news-applications-1927640.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaltenbach-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaltenbach_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaltenbach_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaltenbach1998" class="citation news cs1">Kaltenbach, Chris (February 22, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/1998/02/22/new-station-features-processes-of-government-radio-wcsp-fm-901-serves-up-large-doses-of-public-policy-as-its-happening-but-more-selectively-than-c-span/">"New station features processes of government; Radio: WCSP-FM (90.1) serves up large doses of public policy as it's happening, but more selectively than C-SPAN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220759/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-02-22/features/1998053072_1_c-span-spence-public-policy">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=New+station+features+processes+of+government%3B+Radio%3A+WCSP-FM+%2890.1%29+serves+up+large+doses+of+public+policy+as+it%27s+happening%2C+but+more+selectively+than+C-SPAN.&rft.date=1998-02-22&rft.aulast=Kaltenbach&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2F1998%2F02%2F22%2Fnew-station-features-processes-of-government-radio-wcsp-fm-901-serves-up-large-doses-of-public-policy-as-its-happening-but-more-selectively-than-c-span%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201222124353/http://www.c-spanvideo.org/about">"About C-SPAN Video Library"</a>. c-span.org. C-SPAN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/about">the original</a> on December 22, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=About+C-SPAN+Video+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-spanvideo.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2010" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, Mike (September 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725030353/http://www.multichannel.com/article/457243-ACC_Awards_Golden_Beacon_To_C_SPAN_s_Video_Library.php">"ACC Awards Golden Beacon To C-SPAN's Video Library"</a>. multichannel.com. <a href="/wiki/NewBay_Media" title="NewBay Media">NewBay Media</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multichannel.com/article/457243-ACC_Awards_Golden_Beacon_To_C_SPAN_s_Video_Library.php">the original</a> on July 25, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=multichannel.com&rft.atitle=ACC+Awards+Golden+Beacon+To+C-SPAN%27s+Video+Library&rft.date=2010-09-16&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multichannel.com%2Farticle%2F457243-ACC_Awards_Golden_Beacon_To_C_SPAN_s_Video_Library.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCillizza2010" class="citation news cs1">Cillizza, Chris (March 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/14/AR2010031402796.html">"Early races for Congress may give forecast for November; C-SPAN presents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved September 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Early+races+for+Congress+may+give+forecast+for+November%3B+C-SPAN+presents&rft.date=2010-03-15&rft.aulast=Cillizza&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F03%2F14%2FAR2010031402796.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaasch2010" class="citation web cs1">Raasch, Chuck (March 25, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711072211/http://gns.gannettonline.com/article/20100325/COLUMNISTS01/3250301">"Changing the way we view history"</a>. gannettonline.com. <a href="/wiki/Gannett_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gannett Company">Gannett News Service Multimedia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gns.gannettonline.com/article/20100325/COLUMNISTS01/3250301">the original</a> on July 11, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gannettonline.com&rft.atitle=Changing+the+way+we+view+history&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft.aulast=Raasch&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgns.gannettonline.com%2Farticle%2F20100325%2FCOLUMNISTS01%2F3250301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartel2010" class="citation web cs1">Martel, Frances (March 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediaite.com/online/c-span-online-archives-will-redefine-social-studies-education-in-america/">"C-SPAN Online Archives Will Redefine Social Studies Education in America"</a>. mediaite.com. <a href="/wiki/Mediaite" title="Mediaite">Mediaite</a>. Retrieved September 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mediaite.com&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Online+Archives+Will+Redefine+Social+Studies+Education+in+America&rft.date=2010-03-16&rft.aulast=Martel&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediaite.com%2Fonline%2Fc-span-online-archives-will-redefine-social-studies-education-in-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Williams2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Williams" title="Brian Williams">Brian Williams</a> (September 24, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129090138/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/21134540/">"C-SPAN Digital Archives"</a>. NBC News. <a href="/wiki/NBCNews.com" title="NBCNews.com">NBCNews.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/21134540">the original</a> on January 29, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Digital+Archives&rft.date=2010-09-24&rft.au=Brian+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F21134540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoward_Kurtz2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Kurtz" title="Howard Kurtz">Howard Kurtz</a> (September 23, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112215347/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/howard-kurtz/2010/09/c-spans_blasts_from_the_past.html">"C-SPAN's blasts from the past"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/howard-kurtz/2010/09/c-spans_blasts_from_the_past.html">the original</a> on January 12, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=C-SPAN%27s+blasts+from+the+past&rft.date=2010-09-23&rft.au=Howard+Kurtz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2Fhoward-kurtz%2F2010%2F09%2Fc-spans_blasts_from_the_past.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/c-span-video-library">70th Annual Peabody Awards</a>, May 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605053154/http://metavid.ucsc.edu/wiki/index.php/Democratizing_the_Archive%3A_An_Open_Interface_for_Mediation">"Democratizing the Archive: An Open Interface for Mediation"</a>. Metavid. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metavid.ucsc.edu/wiki/index.php/Democratizing_the_Archive:_An_Open_Interface_for_Mediation#Motivations_for_Metavid_and_its_Contested_Legality">the original</a> on June 5, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democratizing+the+Archive%3A+An+Open+Interface+for+Mediation&rft.pub=Metavid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetavid.ucsc.edu%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FDemocratizing_the_Archive%3A_An_Open_Interface_for_Mediation%23Motivations_for_Metavid_and_its_Contested_Legality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APColbert06-97"><a href="#cite_ref-APColbert06_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2006/05/70849">"C-SPAN Asks Sites to Pull Colbert"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. May 8, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Asks+Sites+to+Pull+Colbert&rft.date=2006-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Ftechbiz%2Fmedia%2Fnews%2F2006%2F05%2F70849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXeni_Jardin2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xeni_Jardin" title="Xeni Jardin">Xeni Jardin</a> (May 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709004329/http://www.boingboing.net/2006/05/04/why_was_colbert_pres.html">"Why was Colbert press corps video removed from YouTube?"</a>. boingboing.net. <a href="/wiki/Boing_Boing" title="Boing Boing">Boing Boing</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boingboing.net/2006/05/04/why_was_colbert_pres.html">the original</a> on July 9, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=boingboing.net&rft.atitle=Why+was+Colbert+press+corps+video+removed+from+YouTube%3F&rft.date=2006-05-04&rft.au=Xeni+Jardin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boingboing.net%2F2006%2F05%2F04%2Fwhy_was_colbert_pres.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen2006" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Noam (May 8, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/08/technology/08colbert.html">"A Comedian's Riff on Bush Prompts an E-Spat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved July 5, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Comedian%27s+Riff+on+Bush+Prompts+an+E-Spat&rft.date=2006-05-08&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F08%2Ftechnology%2F08colbert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunt07-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Hunt07_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHunt2007" class="citation news cs1">Hunt, Kaise (March 7, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-03-07-1965288649_x.htm">"C-SPAN alters copyright over Pelosi flap"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Retrieved June 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+alters+copyright+over+Pelosi+flap&rft.date=2007-03-07&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Kaise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2F2007-03-07-1965288649_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710020305/http://legacy.c-span.org/about/press/release.asp?code=video">"C-SPAN Takes Lead in Making Video of Congressional Hearings, White House and Other Federal Events More Widely Available to Online Community"</a>. c-span.org. C-SPAN. March 7, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.c-span.org/about/press/release.asp?code=video">the original</a> on July 10, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Takes+Lead+in+Making+Video+of+Congressional+Hearings%2C+White+House+and+Other+Federal+Events+More+Widely+Available+to+Online+Community&rft.date=2007-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.c-span.org%2Fabout%2Fpress%2Frelease.asp%3Fcode%3Dvideo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/about/copyrightsAndLicensing/">"Copyright Policy for Educators"</a>. c-span.org. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 22, 2011. <q>The video coverage of the floor proceedings of the U.S. House of Representatives and of the U.S. Senate is public domain material and is not subject to this license, and as such, may also be used for educational purposes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=Copyright+Policy+for+Educators&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fabout%2FcopyrightsAndLicensing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810070530/http://nms.com/pressroom/entry/c-span-engages-new-media-strategies-for-innovative-online-convention-covera/">"C-SPAN Engages New Media Strategies for Innovative Online Convention Coverage"</a>. nms.com. <a href="/wiki/New_Media_Strategies" title="New Media Strategies">New Media Strategies</a>. August 12, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nms.com/pressroom/entry/c-span-engages-new-media-strategies-for-innovative-online-convention-covera/">the original</a> on August 10, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nms.com&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Engages+New+Media+Strategies+for+Innovative+Online+Convention+Coverage&rft.date=2008-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnms.com%2Fpressroom%2Fentry%2Fc-span-engages-new-media-strategies-for-innovative-online-convention-covera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNusca2008" class="citation web cs1">Nusca, Andrew (September 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/exclusive-c-span-launches-gadget-fueled-debate-hub-as-social-political-destination/">"EXCLUSIVE: C-SPAN Launches Gadget-Fueled 'Debate Hub' as Social, Political Destination"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ZDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a>. Retrieved December 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=EXCLUSIVE%3A+C-SPAN+Launches+Gadget-Fueled+%27Debate+Hub%27+as+Social%2C+Political+Destination&rft.date=2008-09-25&rft.aulast=Nusca&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fexclusive-c-span-launches-gadget-fueled-debate-hub-as-social-political-destination%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzpatrick13-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzpatrick13_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2012" class="citation news cs1">Fitzpatrick, Alex (August 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2012/08/23/cspan-convention-hub/">"C-SPAN's Online Hub Provides Raw Convention Coverage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a>. Retrieved June 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mashable&rft.atitle=C-SPAN%27s+Online+Hub+Provides+Raw+Convention+Coverage&rft.date=2012-08-23&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2012%2F08%2F23%2Fcspan-convention-hub%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221043614/http://www.c-span.org/About/Solving-Video-Problems/">"Solving Video Problems"</a>. c-span.org. C-SPAN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/About/Solving-Video-Problems/">the original</a> on December 21, 2010. Retrieved December 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=Solving+Video+Problems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2FAbout%2FSolving-Video-Problems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGanucheau2014" class="citation news cs1">Ganucheau, Adam (July 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2014/07/29/cspan-live-streaming-subsctription/13315733/">"C-SPAN to require TV subscription for some programs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Retrieved August 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+to+require+TV+subscription+for+some+programs&rft.date=2014-07-29&rft.aulast=Ganucheau&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2014%2F07%2F29%2Fcspan-live-streaming-subsctription%2F13315733%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHattem2014" class="citation news cs1">Hattem, Julian (July 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/technology/213714-c-span-limiting-access-to-its-online-channels/">"C-SPAN limiting access to its online channels"</a>. Retrieved August 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+limiting+access+to+its+online+channels&rft.date=2014-07-29&rft.aulast=Hattem&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fpolicy%2Ftechnology%2F213714-c-span-limiting-access-to-its-online-channels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEggerton2020" class="citation news cs1">Eggerton, John (October 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nexttv.com/features/c-span-reworks-its-monetization-model/">"C-SPAN reworks its monetization model"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Multichannel_News" title="Multichannel News">Multichannel News</a>. Retrieved December 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Multichannel+News&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+reworks+its+monetization+model&rft.date=2020-10-19&rft.aulast=Eggerton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nexttv.com%2Ffeatures%2Fc-span-reworks-its-monetization-model%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-corp-110"><a href="#cite_ref-corp_110-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corp.dcra.dc.gov/BizEntity.aspx/ViewEntityData?entityId=2759034">National Cable Satellite Corporation</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]". District of Columbia Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs. Accessed on January 22, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-990-2013-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-990-2013_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-990-2013_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-990-2013_111-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-990-2013_111-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-990-2013_111-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-990-2013_111-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-990-2013_111-6">g</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments//2014/840/751/2014-840751854-0b0fbefa-9.pdf">Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax</a>". National Cable Satellite Corporation. <a href="/wiki/Guidestar" class="mw-redirect" title="Guidestar">Guidestar</a>. March 31, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-C-SPAN's_Mission-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C-SPAN's_Mission_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C-SPAN's_Mission_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124201338/http://www.c-span.org/About/The-Company/Company-and-Mission/">"Company & Mission Statement"</a>. c-span.org. C-SPAN. January 22, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/About/The-Company/Company-and-Mission/">the original</a> on January 24, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=Company+%26+Mission+Statement&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2FAbout%2FThe-Company%2FCompany-and-Mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AboutBoard-113"><a href="#cite_ref-AboutBoard_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717181318/http://legacy.c-span.org/about/company/index.asp?code=BOARD">"The Board"</a>. c-span.org. C-SPAN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.c-span.org/about/company/index.asp?code=BOARD">the original</a> on July 17, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=The+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.c-span.org%2Fabout%2Fcompany%2Findex.asp%3Fcode%3DBOARD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AboutCompany-114"><a href="#cite_ref-AboutCompany_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717181144/http://legacy.c-span.org/about/company/index.asp?code=MISSION">"Company/Corporate Information"</a>. c-span.org. C-SPAN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.c-span.org/about/company/index.asp?code=MISSION">the original</a> on July 17, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=Company%2FCorporate+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.c-span.org%2Fabout%2Fcompany%2Findex.asp%3Fcode%3DMISSION&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Touhey12-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Touhey12_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTouhey2012" class="citation news cs1">Touhey, Emmanuel (April 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/capital-living/cover-stories/111102-c-span-founder-brian-lamb-starts-new-chapter-in-his-life/">"C-SPAN founder Brian Lamb starts new chapter in his life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. Retrieved June 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+founder+Brian+Lamb+starts+new+chapter+in+his+life&rft.date=2012-04-10&rft.aulast=Touhey&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fcapital-living%2Fcover-stories%2F111102-c-span-founder-brian-lamb-starts-new-chapter-in-his-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrianStelter-116"><a href="#cite_ref-BrianStelter_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStelter2012" class="citation news cs1">Stelter, Brian (March 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/19/business/media/c-span-founder-brian-lamb-to-step-down-as-ceo.html">"C-Span Founder to Step Down as Chief Executive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved February 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=C-Span+Founder+to+Step+Down+as+Chief+Executive&rft.date=2012-03-18&rft.aulast=Stelter&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F03%2F19%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fc-span-founder-brian-lamb-to-step-down-as-ceo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Barr2024" class="citation news cs1">Jeremy Barr (May 14, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/media/2024/05/14/sam-feist-cspan-ceo-cnn/">"Sam Feist, longtime CNN executive, will become CEO of CSPAN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sam+Feist%2C+longtime+CNN+executive%2C+will+become+CEO+of+CSPAN&rft.date=2024-05-14&rft.au=Jeremy+Barr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fstyle%2Fmedia%2F2024%2F05%2F14%2Fsam-feist-cspan-ceo-cnn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bedard-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Bedard_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBedard2010" class="citation web cs1">Bedard, Paul (June 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politics.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2010/06/22/brian-lamb-c-span-now-reaches-100-million-homes.html">"Brian Lamb: C-SPAN Now Reaches 100 Million Homes"</a>. usnews.com. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. Retrieved November 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usnews.com&rft.atitle=Brian+Lamb%3A+C-SPAN+Now+Reaches+100+Million+Homes&rft.date=2010-06-22&rft.aulast=Bedard&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitics.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs%2Fwashington-whispers%2F2010%2F06%2F22%2Fbrian-lamb-c-span-now-reaches-100-million-homes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Tricia (March 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rollcall.com/issues/54_104/-33228-1.html">"C-SPAN Marks 30 Years of Riveting Television"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a>. Washington, D.C. Retrieved February 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roll+Call&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Marks+30+Years+of+Riveting+Television&rft.date=2009-03-18&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Tricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollcall.com%2Fissues%2F54_104%2F-33228-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-C-SPAN-120"><a href="#cite_ref-C-SPAN_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819230432/http://legacy.c-span.org/30Years/media-release.aspx#30years">"Marking 30 years. Covering Washington like no other"</a>. c-span.org. C-SPAN. March 19, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.c-span.org/30Years/media-release.aspx#30years">the original</a> on August 19, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=Marking+30+years.+Covering+Washington+like+no+other.&rft.date=2009-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.c-span.org%2F30Years%2Fmedia-release.aspx%2330years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSPAN-121"><a href="#cite_ref-CSPAN_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101128122005/http://www.c-span.org/PDF/C-SPANHouseAccessibilityPollPressRelease.pdf">"American Voters Suggest How to Make Congress More Accessible"</a> (PDF). c-span.org. C-SPAN. November 17, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/PDF/C-SPANHouseAccessibilityPollPressRelease.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 28, 2010. Retrieved November 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c-span.org&rft.atitle=American+Voters+Suggest+How+to+Make+Congress+More+Accessible&rft.date=2010-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2FPDF%2FC-SPANHouseAccessibilityPollPressRelease.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JenniferHarper-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JenniferHarper_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JenniferHarper_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper2013" class="citation news cs1">Harper, Jennifer (March 19, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/blog/watercooler/2013/mar/19/c-span-emerging-hipster-network-its-audience-trend/">"C-SPAN the emerging hipster network: its audience 'trends young'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>. Retrieved March 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+the+emerging+hipster+network%3A+its+audience+%27trends+young%27&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fblog%2Fwatercooler%2F2013%2Fmar%2F19%2Fc-span-emerging-hipster-network-its-audience-trend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osnos-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osnos_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osnos_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsnos2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Osnos" title="Peter Osnos">Osnos, Peter</a> (March 31, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328014904/http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-03-31/washingtons-longest-running-reality-show">"Washington's longest-running reality show"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-03-31/washingtons-longest-running-reality-show/">the original</a> on March 28, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Washington%27s+longest-running+reality+show&rft.date=2009-03-31&rft.aulast=Osnos&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fblogs-and-stories%2F2009-03-31%2Fwashingtons-longest-running-reality-show%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenthal87-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal87_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1987" class="citation news cs1">Rosenthal, Andrew (October 22, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/22/us/c-span-s-spotlight-brings-quiet-corners-of-campaigning-into-view.html">"C-SPAN's Spotlight Brings Quiet Corners of Campaigning into View"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved June 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=C-SPAN%27s+Spotlight+Brings+Quiet+Corners+of+Campaigning+into+View&rft.date=1987-10-22&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F10%2F22%2Fus%2Fc-span-s-spotlight-brings-quiet-corners-of-campaigning-into-view.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zurawik-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Zurawik_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZurawik2010" class="citation web cs1">Zurawik, David (April 27, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/zontv/2010/04/senate_hearings_goldman_sachs.html">"Goldman Sachs hearings: C-SPAN delivers again"</a>. Z on TV. baltimoresun.com. <a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a>. Retrieved December 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=baltimoresun.com&rft.atitle=Goldman+Sachs+hearings%3A+C-SPAN+delivers+again&rft.date=2010-04-27&rft.aulast=Zurawik&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweblogs.baltimoresun.com%2Fentertainment%2Fzontv%2F2010%2F04%2Fsenate_hearings_goldman_sachs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heffernan-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heffernan_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heffernan_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeffernan2010" class="citation web cs1">Heffernan, Tim (February 25, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esquire.com/blogs/endorsement/healthcare-summit-live-cspan-022510#ixzz17XTwfw43">"C-SPAN: Where Health Care (and Everything Else) Gets Debated Daily"</a>. The Daily Endorsement. esquire.com. <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearst Corporation">Hearst Communications</a>. Retrieved December 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=esquire.com&rft.atitle=C-SPAN%3A+Where+Health+Care+%28and+Everything+Else%29+Gets+Debated+Daily&rft.date=2010-02-25&rft.aulast=Heffernan&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquire.com%2Fblogs%2Fendorsement%2Fhealthcare-summit-live-cspan-022510%23ixzz17XTwfw43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720131511/http://qanda.org/Transcript/?ProgramID=1054">"Randi Rhodes"</a>. qanda.org. C-SPAN. December 18, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qanda.org/Transcript/?ProgramID=1054">the original</a> on July 20, 2011. Retrieved December 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qanda.org&rft.atitle=Randi+Rhodes&rft.date=2005-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqanda.org%2FTranscript%2F%3FProgramID%3D1054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corn-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Corn_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Corn2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Corn" title="David Corn">David Corn</a> (March 11, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/blog/156075/happy-birthday-c-span">"Happy Birthday, C-SPAN!"</a>. Capital Games. thenation.com. <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>. Retrieved December 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thenation.com&rft.atitle=Happy+Birthday%2C+C-SPAN%21&rft.date=2004-03-11&rft.au=David+Corn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Fblog%2F156075%2Fhappy-birthday-c-span&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRash2009" class="citation news cs1">Rash, John (March 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/opinion/41533482.html??elr=KArksLckD8EQDUoaEyqyP4O:DW3ckUiD3aPc:_Yyc:aUUsZ">"It's a fittingly quiet birthday for C-SPAN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis Star Tribune">Minneapolis Star Tribune</a>. Retrieved February 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minneapolis+Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=It%27s+a+fittingly+quiet+birthday+for+C-SPAN&rft.date=2009-03-20&rft.aulast=Rash&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fopinion%2F41533482.html%3F%3Felr%3DKArksLckD8EQDUoaEyqyP4O%3ADW3ckUiD3aPc%3A_Yyc%3AaUUsZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Reid_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFT.R._Reid2004" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/T.R._Reid" class="mw-redirect" title="T.R. Reid">T.R. Reid</a> (March 18, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=875&dat=20040321&id=i249AAAAIBAJ&pg=2777,5936560">"C-SPAN Gauged 25 Years After Start"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. p. A21. Retrieved December 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Gauged+25+Years+After+Start&rft.pages=A21&rft.date=2004-03-18&rft.au=T.R.+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D875%26dat%3D20040321%26id%3Di249AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2777%2C5936560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontecinoMark_Weisbrot2007" class="citation web cs1">Montecino, Juan; Mark Weisbrot (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/1207_cspan.pdf">"Tilting Rightward: C-SPAN's Coverage of Think Tanks"</a> (PDF). cepr.net. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research" title="Center for Economic and Policy Research">Center for Economic and Policy Research</a>. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cepr.net&rft.atitle=Tilting+Rightward%3A+C-SPAN%27s+Coverage+of+Think+Tanks&rft.date=2007-12&rft.aulast=Montecino&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft.au=Mark+Weisbrot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepr.net%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2F1207_cspan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fair05-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Fair05_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair.org/take-action/action-alerts/c-span-slanting-right/">"C-SPAN Slanting Right"</a>. fair.org. <a href="/wiki/Fairness_and_Accuracy_in_Reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting">Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting</a>. December 19, 2005. Retrieved June 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fair.org&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Slanting+Right&rft.date=2005-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffair.org%2Ftake-action%2Faction-alerts%2Fc-span-slanting-right%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper07-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Harper07_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper2007" class="citation news cs1">Harper, Jennifer (December 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4RD4-12M0-TWCW-40BD&csi=8176&oc=00240&perma=true">"Tanks numbers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>. Retrieved June 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Tanks+numbers&rft.date=2007-12-20&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4RD4-12M0-TWCW-40BD%26csi%3D8176%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlosse-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Schlosse_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchlosse1995" class="citation news cs1">Schlosse, Jim (March 9, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3SD5-VXD0-0094-942S&csi=144567&oc=00240&perma=true">"C-SPAN Carries Political Lessons Across Highways"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News_%26_Record" title="News & Record">News & Record</a>. Guilford County, North Carolina. p. B1. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+%26+Record&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Carries+Political+Lessons+Across+Highways&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=1995-03-09&rft.aulast=Schlosse&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D3SD5-VXD0-0094-942S%26csi%3D144567%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130610000414/http://www.c-span.org/pdf/BusLCV_060810.pdf">"C – SPAN Launches New C – SPAN Digital Bus and C – SPAN Local Content Vehicle"</a> (PDF). C-SPAN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/pdf/BusLCV_060810.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 10, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C+%E2%80%93+SPAN+Launches+New+C+%E2%80%93+SPAN+Digital+Bus+and+C+%E2%80%93+SPAN+Local+Content+Vehicle&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fpdf%2FBusLCV_060810.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shayon-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Shayon_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShayon2010" class="citation web cs1">Shayon, Sheila (June 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130920034257/http://www.brandchannel.com/home/post/2010/06/22/Foursquare-CSPAN-Digital-Bus.aspx">"Foursquare Checks into Politics With C-SPAN"</a>. Brandchannel.com. Brandchannel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brandchannel.com/home/post/2010/06/22/Foursquare-CSPAN-Digital-Bus.aspx">the original</a> on September 20, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brandchannel.com&rft.atitle=Foursquare+Checks+into+Politics+With+C-SPAN&rft.date=2010-06-22&rft.aulast=Shayon&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandchannel.com%2Fhome%2Fpost%2F2010%2F06%2F22%2FFoursquare-CSPAN-Digital-Bus.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker2013" class="citation news cs1">Tucker, Joanne (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessfleet.com/article/story/2013/07/how-c-span-manages-a-cross-country-fleet.aspx?prestitial=1">"How C-SPAN Manages A Cross-Country Fleet"</a>. Business Fleet. Retrieved October 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Fleet&rft.atitle=How+C-SPAN+Manages+A+Cross-Country+Fleet&rft.date=2013-07&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessfleet.com%2Farticle%2Fstory%2F2013%2F07%2Fhow-c-span-manages-a-cross-country-fleet.aspx%3Fprestitial%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothstein13-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Rothstein13_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothstein2013" class="citation web cs1">Rothstein, Betsy (March 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140329080251/http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowldc/c-span-second-fleet-local-content-vehicles_b98692">"C-SPAN Rolls Out Second Fleet of Tricked Out Vehicles"</a>. mediabistro.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediabistro.com/fishbowldc/c-span-second-fleet-local-content-vehicles_b98692">the original</a> on March 29, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mediabistro.com&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Rolls+Out+Second+Fleet+of+Tricked+Out+Vehicles&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft.aulast=Rothstein&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediabistro.com%2Ffishbowldc%2Fc-span-second-fleet-local-content-vehicles_b98692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GavelBook-139"><a href="#cite_ref-GavelBook_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFC-SPAN1999" class="citation book cs1">C-SPAN (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZAiAAAACAAJ">Gavel to Gavel: A C-SPAN Guide to Congress</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6111-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-6111-X"><bdi>0-8018-6111-X</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gavel+to+Gavel%3A+A+C-SPAN+Guide+to+Congress&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8018-6111-X&rft.au=C-SPAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZAiAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambC-SPAN_staff2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lamb" title="Brian Lamb">Lamb, Brian</a>; C-SPAN staff (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vq3Yul3zspcC">Who's Buried in Grant's Tomb?</a>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-869-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-869-7"><bdi>978-1-58648-869-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Buried+in+Grant%27s+Tomb%3F&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-869-7&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=C-SPAN+staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvq3Yul3zspcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambSwain2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lamb" title="Brian Lamb">Lamb, Brian</a>; Swain, Susan, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esP8jd0x9icC">Abraham Lincoln: Great American Historians on Our Sixteenth President</a>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-774-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-774-4"><bdi>978-1-58648-774-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+Great+American+Historians+on+Our+Sixteenth+President&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-774-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DesP8jd0x9icC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambSwainFarkas2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lamb" title="Brian Lamb">Lamb, Brian</a>; Swain, Susan; Farkas, Mark, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9zoiQTCCaVUC">The Supreme Court: A C-SPAN Book, Featuring the Justices in their Own Words</a>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-835-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-835-2"><bdi>978-1-58648-835-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court%3A+A+C-SPAN+Book%2C+Featuring+the+Justices+in+their+Own+Words&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-835-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9zoiQTCCaVUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biffle-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Biffle_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBiffle2004" class="citation news cs1">Biffle, Tony (December 5, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4H1T-JKP0-0190-K3XX&csi=247810&oc=00240&perma=true">"The Last Author of One Last Book For One Final Hour"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun Herald">The Sun Herald</a>. Biloxi, Mississippi. p. B11. Retrieved May 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun+Herald&rft.atitle=The+Last+Author+of+One+Last+Book+For+One+Final+Hour&rft.pages=B11&rft.date=2004-12-05&rft.aulast=Biffle&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.nexis.com%2Fnew%2Fdocview%2FgetDocForCuiReq%3Flni%3D4H1T-JKP0-0190-K3XX%26csi%3D247810%26oc%3D00240%26perma%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LambBooknotes2005-144"><a href="#cite_ref-LambBooknotes2005_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamb2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lamb" title="Brian Lamb">Lamb, Brian</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/booknotesonameri00lamb">Booknotes: On American Character</a>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-342-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-342-0"><bdi>1-58648-342-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 16, 2013. <q>Booknotes: On AMerican Character.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Booknotes%3A+On+American+Character&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58648-342-0&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbooknotesonameri00lamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LambBooknotes2001-145"><a href="#cite_ref-LambBooknotes2001_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamb2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lamb" title="Brian Lamb">Lamb, Brian</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/booknotesstories00lamb">Booknotes: Stories from American History</a>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-083-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-083-9"><bdi>1-58648-083-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 16, 2013. <q>Booknotes: Stories from American History.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Booknotes%3A+Stories+from+American+History&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-58648-083-9&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbooknotesstories00lamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFC-SPAN1998" class="citation book cs1">C-SPAN (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelingtocquev0000unse">Traveling Tocqueville's America: A Tour Book</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5966-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5966-2"><bdi>0-8018-5966-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traveling+Tocqueville%27s+America%3A+A+Tour+Book&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8018-5966-2&rft.au=C-SPAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravelingtocquev0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes_2015-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_2015_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2015" class="citation web cs1">Holmes, Jack (December 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/videos/a40594/cspan-caller-shit-in-your-mouth-dave-brat/">"C-SPAN Caller Asks If He Can Sh*t in Congressman's Mouth"</a>. Esquire. Retrieved November 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Esquire&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Caller+Asks+If+He+Can+Sh%2At+in+Congressman%27s+Mouth&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquire.com%2Fnews-politics%2Fvideos%2Fa40594%2Fcspan-caller-shit-in-your-mouth-dave-brat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Salt_Lake_Tribune_2018-148"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Salt_Lake_Tribune_2018_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2018/04/25/as-c-spans-bus-hits-salt-lake-city-here-are-the-top-10-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-public-affairs-network/">"As C-SPAN's bus hits Salt Lake City, here are the top 10 things you didn't know about the public affairs network"</a>. The Salt Lake Tribune. April 25, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=As+C-SPAN%27s+bus+hits+Salt+Lake+City%2C+here+are+the+top+10+things+you+didn%27t+know+about+the+public+affairs+network&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F04%2F25%2Fas-c-spans-bus-hits-salt-lake-city-here-are-the-top-10-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-public-affairs-network%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirby_2020-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_2020_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirby2020" class="citation web cs1">Kirby, Jen (February 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2020/2/12/21076183/c-span-callers-history-washington-journal">"Why C-SPAN's quirky call-in show has endured for 40 years"</a>. Vox. Retrieved November 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Why+C-SPAN%27s+quirky+call-in+show+has+endured+for+40+years&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Jen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2020%2F2%2F12%2F21076183%2Fc-span-callers-history-washington-journal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HuffPost_2012-150"><a href="#cite_ref-HuffPost_2012_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mitt-romney-penis-c-span-questions-prank-callers_n_1202524">"C-SPAN Prank Callers Ask Lewd Questions About Mitt Romney"</a>. HuffPost. January 12, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=C-SPAN+Prank+Callers+Ask+Lewd+Questions+About+Mitt+Romney&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fmitt-romney-penis-c-span-questions-prank-callers_n_1202524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tsq1P-U7wD8">"Ultimate C-SPAN Prank Call Compilation"</a>. YouTube. January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Ultimate+C-SPAN+Prank+Call+Compilation&rft.date=2021-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DTsq1P-U7wD8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?c3584039/user-clip-howard-stern-call-3">"User Clip: Howard Stern Prank Call #3 | C-SPAN.org"</a>. www.c-span.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.c-span.org&rft.atitle=User+Clip%3A+Howard+Stern+Prank+Call+%233+%26%23124%3B+C-SPAN.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3Fc3584039%2Fuser-clip-howard-stern-call-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thewrap.com/c-span-flooded-with-racist-phone-calls-on-50th-anniversary-of-mlk-death/">"C-SPAN Flooded with Racist Phone Calls on 50th Anniversary of MLK Death (Video)"</a>. April 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C-SPAN+Flooded+with+Racist+Phone+Calls+on+50th+Anniversary+of+MLK+Death+%28Video%29&rft.date=2018-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewrap.com%2Fc-span-flooded-with-racist-phone-calls-on-50th-anniversary-of-mlk-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwarz_2015-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz_2015_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz2015" class="citation news cs1">Schwarz, Hunter (March 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/03/18/the-fresh-prince-of-bel-air-called-into-c-span-today-and-it-was-terrific/">"The 'Fresh Prince of Bel-Air' called into C-SPAN. And it was terrific"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved November 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+%27Fresh+Prince+of+Bel-Air%27+called+into+C-SPAN.+And+it+was+terrific.&rft.date=2015-03-19&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Hunter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2015%2F03%2F18%2Fthe-fresh-prince-of-bel-air-called-into-c-span-today-and-it-was-terrific%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gold_1970-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Gold_1970_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGold2014" class="citation web cs1">Gold, Hadas (November 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2014/11/caller-drops-n-word-on-c-span-198362">"Caller drops N-word on C-SPAN"</a>. POLITICO. Retrieved November 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Caller+drops+N-word+on+C-SPAN&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Hadas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fblogs%2Fmedia%2F2014%2F11%2Fcaller-drops-n-word-on-c-span-198362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borchers_2016-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Borchers_2016_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorchers2016" class="citation news cs1">Borchers, Callum (August 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/08/29/a-brief-history-of-obscenities-on-c-span-in-honor-of-the-new-3-second-delay/">"A brief history of obscenities on C-SPAN, in honor of the new 3-second delay"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved November 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+obscenities+on+C-SPAN%2C+in+honor+of+the+new+3-second+delay&rft.date=2016-08-29&rft.aulast=Borchers&rft.aufirst=Callum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2016%2F08%2F29%2Fa-brief-history-of-obscenities-on-c-span-in-honor-of-the-new-3-second-delay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC-SPAN" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> C-SPAN at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:C-SPAN" class="extiw" title="c:Category:C-SPAN">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1022311" class="extiw" title="d:Q1022311">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/40px-Blank_television_set.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/60px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/120px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="92" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Television" title="Portal:Television">Television portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/60px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1022311#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/about/pressCenter/">Recent media coverage</a> at C-SPAN</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scrc.gmu.edu/finding_aids/cspan.html">C-SPAN records repository</a> at <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="C-SPAN71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C-SPAN_navbox" title="Template:C-SPAN navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C-SPAN_navbox" title="Template talk:C-SPAN navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C-SPAN_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C-SPAN navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="C-SPAN71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C-SPAN</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Regular programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/After_Words" title="After Words">After Words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_TV" title="Book TV">Book TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Depth" title="In Depth">In Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%26A_(U.S._talk_show)" class="mw-redirect" title="Q&A (U.S. talk show)">Q&A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_to_the_White_House" title="Road to the White House">Road to the White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Journal" title="Washington Journal">Washington Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Questions" title="Prime Minister's Questions">Prime Minister's Questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">After Words interviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_After_Words_interviews_first_aired_in_2005" title="List of After Words interviews first aired in 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_After_Words_interviews_first_aired_in_2006" title="List of After Words interviews first aired in 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_After_Words_interviews_first_aired_in_2007" title="List of After Words interviews first aired in 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_After_Words_interviews_first_aired_in_2008" title="List of After Words interviews first aired in 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_After_Words_interviews_first_aired_in_2009" title="List of After Words interviews first aired in 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_After_Words_interviews_first_aired_in_2010" title="List of After Words interviews first aired in 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_After_Words_interviews_first_aired_in_2011" title="List of After Words interviews first aired in 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_After_Words_interviews_first_aired_in_2012" title="List of After Words interviews first aired in 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_After_Words_interviews_first_aired_in_2013" title="List of After Words interviews first aired in 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_After_Words_interviews_first_aired_in_2014" title="List of After Words interviews first aired in 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_After_Words_interviews_first_aired_in_2015" title="List of After Words interviews first aired in 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_After_Words_interviews_first_aired_in_2016" title="List of After Words interviews first aired in 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_After_Words_interviews_first_aired_in_2017" title="List of After Words interviews first aired in 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_After_Words_interviews_first_aired_in_2018" title="List of After Words interviews first aired in 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_After_Words_interviews_first_aired_in_2019" title="List of After Words interviews first aired in 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_After_Words_interviews_first_aired_in_2020" title="List of After Words interviews first aired in 2020">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Q&A interviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C-SPAN_Q%26A_interviews_first_aired_in_2004_and_2005" title="List of C-SPAN Q&A interviews first aired in 2004 and 2005">2004-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C-SPAN_Q%26A_interviews_first_aired_in_2006" title="List of C-SPAN Q&A interviews first aired in 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C-SPAN_Q%26A_interviews_first_aired_in_2007" title="List of C-SPAN Q&A interviews first aired in 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C-SPAN_Q%26A_interviews_first_aired_in_2008" title="List of C-SPAN Q&A interviews first aired in 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C-SPAN_Q%26A_interviews_first_aired_in_2009" title="List of C-SPAN Q&A interviews first aired in 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C-SPAN_Q%26A_interviews_first_aired_in_2010" title="List of C-SPAN Q&A interviews first aired in 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C-SPAN_Q%26A_interviews_first_aired_in_2011" title="List of C-SPAN Q&A interviews first aired in 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C-SPAN_Q%26A_interviews_first_aired_in_2012" title="List of C-SPAN Q&A interviews first aired in 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C-SPAN_Q%26A_interviews_first_aired_in_2013" title="List of C-SPAN Q&A interviews first aired in 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C-SPAN_Q%26A_interviews_first_aired_in_2014" title="List of C-SPAN Q&A interviews first aired in 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C-SPAN_Q%26A_interviews_first_aired_in_2015" title="List of C-SPAN Q&A interviews first aired in 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C-SPAN_Q%26A_interviews_first_aired_in_2016" title="List of C-SPAN Q&A interviews first aired in 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C-SPAN_Q%26A_interviews_first_aired_in_2017" title="List of C-SPAN Q&A interviews first aired in 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C-SPAN_Q%26A_interviews_first_aired_in_2018" title="List of C-SPAN Q&A interviews first aired in 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C-SPAN_Q%26A_interviews_first_aired_in_2019" title="List of C-SPAN Q&A interviews first aired in 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_C-SPAN_Q%26A_interviews_first_aired_in_2020" title="List of C-SPAN Q&A interviews first aired in 2020">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Washington Journal programs by month</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_Journal_programs_aired_in_January_1995" title="List of Washington Journal programs aired in January 1995">Jan 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_Journal_programs_aired_in_February_1995" title="List of Washington Journal programs aired in February 1995">Feb 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_Journal_programs_aired_in_March_1995" title="List of Washington Journal programs aired in March 1995">Mar 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_Journal_programs_aired_in_April_1995" title="List of Washington Journal programs aired in April 1995">Apr 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_Journal_programs_aired_in_May_1995" title="List of Washington Journal programs aired in May 1995">May 1995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Past programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Writers:_A_Journey_Through_History" title="American Writers: A Journey Through History">American Writers: A Journey Through History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booknotes" title="Booknotes">Booknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Contenders" title="The Contenders">The Contenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Ladies:_Influence_%26_Image" title="First Ladies: Influence & Image">First Ladies: Influence & Image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmark_Cases:_Historic_Supreme_Court_Decisions" title="Landmark Cases: Historic Supreme Court Decisions">Landmark Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_Debates_(1994_reenactments)" title="The Lincoln–Douglas Debates (1994 reenactments)">The Lincoln–Douglas Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Tour:_Exploring_Democracy_in_America" title="The Alexis de Tocqueville Tour: Exploring Democracy in America">Tocqueville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews" title="List of Booknotes interviews">Booknotes interviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_1989" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_1990" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_1991" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 1991">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_1992" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 1992">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_1993" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_1994" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 1994">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_1995" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 1995">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_1996" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 1996">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_1997" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_1998" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_1999" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 1999">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_2000" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_2001" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_2002" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_2003" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Booknotes_interviews_first_aired_in_2004" title="List of Booknotes interviews first aired in 2004">2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN_Video_Library" title="C-SPAN Video Library">C-SPAN Video Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StudentCam" title="StudentCam">StudentCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCSP-FM" title="WCSP-FM">WCSP-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN_Bus_program" title="C-SPAN Bus program">C-SPAN Bus program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_X._Browning" title="Robert X. Browning">Robert X. Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Evans" title="John D. Evans">John D. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lamb" title="Brian Lamb">Brian Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Scully" title="Steve Scully">Steve Scully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Swain" title="Susan Swain">Susan Swain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:C-SPAN" title="Category:C-SPAN">C-SPAN articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parliamentary_and_public_affairs_broadcasters136" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parliamentary_broadcasters" title="Template:Parliamentary broadcasters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parliamentary_broadcasters" title="Template talk:Parliamentary broadcasters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parliamentary_broadcasters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parliamentary broadcasters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parliamentary_and_public_affairs_broadcasters136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Legislature_broadcaster" title="Legislature broadcaster">Parliamentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">public affairs</a> broadcasters</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IGOs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EuroparlTV" title="EuroparlTV">EuroparlTV</a> (European Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_by_Satellite" title="Europe by Satellite">Europe by Satellite</a> (European Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Web_TV" title="UN Web TV">UN Web TV</a> (United Nations)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="AM Network">AM Network</a> (New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asamblea_Nacional_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Asamblea Nacional Televisión">ANTV</a> (Venezuela)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARtv_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="ARtv (Portugal)">ARtv</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Parliament" title="BBC Parliament">BBC Parliament</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_dei_Deputati_(TV_channel)" title="Camera dei Deputati (TV channel)">Camera dei Deputati</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_del_Congreso" title="Canal del Congreso">Canal del Congreso</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Parlamento" title="Canal Parlamento">Canal Parlamento</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio_(Barbados)" title="CBC Radio (Barbados)">CBC Radio</a> (Barbados)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_TV" title="Chamber TV">Chamber TV</a> (Luxembourg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDtv" title="CDtv">CDtv</a> (Chile)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cha%C3%AEne_parlementaire" title="La Chaîne parlementaire">La Chaîne parlementaire</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_TV" title="Congress TV">Congress TV</a> (The Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPAC_(TV_channel)" title="CPAC (TV channel)">CPAC</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C-SPAN</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houses_of_the_Oireachtas_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of the Oireachtas Channel">Houses of the Oireachtas Channel</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Mubasher" title="Al Jazeera Mubasher">Al Jazeera Mubasher</a> (Middle East)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knesset_Channel" title="Knesset Channel">Knesset Channel</a> (Israel)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliamentary_Channel_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parliamentary Channel 1 (page does not exist)">Parliamentary Channel 1</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E9%A0%BB%E9%81%931%E5%8F%B0" class="extiw" title="zh:國會頻道1台">zh</a>] & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliamentary_Channel_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parliamentary Channel 2 (page does not exist)">Parliamentary Channel 2</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E9%A0%BB%E9%81%932%E5%8F%B0" class="extiw" title="zh:國會頻道2台">zh</a>] (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliamentary_Channel_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parliamentary Channel 1 (page does not exist)">Parliamentary Channel 1</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTV_%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%EB%B0%A9%EC%86%A1" class="extiw" title="ko:KTV 국민방송">ko</a>] (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliamentary_Channel_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parliamentary Channel 1 (page does not exist)">Parliamentary Channel 1</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%ED%9A%8C%EB%B0%A9%EC%86%A1" class="extiw" title="ko:국회방송">ko</a>] (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPO_Politiek_en_Nieuws" title="NPO Politiek en Nieuws">NPO Politiek en Nieuws</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTV_News" title="PTV News">PTV News</a> (Pakistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_TV_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament TV (New Zealand)">Parliament TV</a> (New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(German_TV_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix (German TV station)">Phoenix</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_FM_(Barbados)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quality FM (Barbados)">Q 100.7 FM</a> (Barbados)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rada_TV" title="Rada TV">Rada TV</a> (Ukraine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Radicale" title="Radio Radicale">Radio Radicale</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_GR_Parlamento" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai GR Parlamento">Rai GR Parlamento</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTM_Parlimen" class="mw-redirect" title="RTM Parlimen">RTM Parlimen</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTS_2_(Serbian_TV_channel)" title="RTS 2 (Serbian TV channel)">RTS 2</a> (Serbia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTSH" title="RTSH">RTSH</a> Kuvend (Albania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangsad_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangsad Television">Sangsad Television</a> (Bangladesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansad_TV" title="Sansad TV">Sansad TV</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senato_Italiano_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senato Italiano (TV channel)">Senato Italiano</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_News_Extra" title="Sky News Extra">Sky News Extra</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBMM_TV" title="TBMM TV">TBMM TV</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Televisi%C3%B3n_Legislativa_Salvadore%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Televisión Legislativa Salvadoreña (page does not exist)">Televisión Legislativa</a> (El Salvador)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Parliament_Television" title="Thai Parliament Television">TPTV</a> (Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_C%C3%A2mara" title="TV Câmara">TV Câmara</a> & <a href="/wiki/TV_Senado" title="TV Senado">TV Senado</a> (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVP_Parlament" title="TVP Parlament">TVP Parlament</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TVR_Parlemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TVR Parlemen (page does not exist)">TVR Parlemen</a> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVR_Parlemen" class="extiw" title="id:TVR Parlemen">id</a>] (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnam_National_Assembly_Television&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vietnam National Assembly Television (page does not exist)">Vietnam National Assembly Television</a> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AAnh_Truy%E1%BB%81n_h%C3%ACnh_Qu%E1%BB%91c_h%E1%BB%99i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam" class="extiw" title="vi:Kênh Truyền hình Quốc hội Việt Nam">vi</a>] (Vietnam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vouli_Tileorasi" title="Vouli Tileorasi">Vouli Tileorasi</a> (Greece)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Television_news_in_the_United_States229" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Television_news_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Television news in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Television_news_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Television news in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Television_news_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Television news in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Television_news_in_the_United_States229" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Television_news_in_the_United_States" title="Television news in the United States">Television news in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_over-the-air_television_networks" title="List of United States over-the-air television networks">Broadcast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Network</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noticias_Univision" title="Noticias Univision">Noticias Univision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noticias_Telemundo" title="Noticias Telemundo">Noticias Telemundo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN News Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_TV" title="Court TV">Court TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic news</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNN_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="CNN en Español">CNN en Español</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_TV" title="Free Speech TV">Free Speech TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsNation" title="NewsNation">NewsNation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_America%27s_Voice" title="Real America's Voice">Real America's Voice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International news</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_World_News" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC World News">BBC World News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGTN_America" title="CGTN America">CGTN America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN_International" title="CNN International">CNN International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News International">Fox News International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I24_News_(American_TV_channel)" title="I24 News (American TV channel)">i24NEWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHK_World-Japan" title="NHK World-Japan">NHK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Business_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Business channels">Business</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Television" title="Bloomberg Television">Bloomberg TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheddar_(TV_channel)" title="Cheddar (TV channel)">Cheddar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNBC_World" title="CNBC World">CNBC World</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C-SPAN</a> <ul><li>C-SPAN2</li> <li>C-SPAN3</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AccuWeather_Network" title="AccuWeather Network">AccuWeather Network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AccuWeather_Network" title="AccuWeather Network">AccuWeather NOW</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Weather" title="Fox Weather">Fox Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Channel" title="The Weather Channel">The Weather Channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Now" title="Local Now">Local Now</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeatherNation_TV" title="WeatherNation TV">WeatherNation TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service" title="Over-the-top media service">Streaming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>National <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_Live" title="ABC News Live">ABC News Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_News_24/7" title="CBS News 24/7">CBS News 24/7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveNow_from_Fox" title="LiveNow from Fox">LiveNow from Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Television#Local_News_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray Television">Local News Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC_News#Units" title="NBC News">NBC News Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noticias_Univision" title="Noticias Univision">Noticias Univision 24/7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noticias_Telemundo" title="Noticias Telemundo">Telemundo Al Dia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Specialty <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AJ%2B" title="AJ+">AJ+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">BlazeTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Nation" title="Fox Nation">Fox Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuters_TV" title="Reuters TV">Reuters TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outsourcing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AerisWeather" class="mw-redirect" title="AerisWeather">AerisWeather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_Hub" title="News Hub">News Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Services_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather Services International">Weather Services International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeatherVision" title="WeatherVision">WeatherVision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ABC channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_Now" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC News Now">ABC News Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_News_Channel" title="Satellite News Channel">Satellite News</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_America" title="Al Jazeera America">Al Jazeera America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_News_Channel" title="All News Channel">All News Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_News_Channel" title="Black News Channel">Black News Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">BlazeTV</a></li> <li>CNN channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNN%2B" title="CNN+">CNN+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNNfn" title="CNNfn">CNNfn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN_Pipeline" title="CNN Pipeline">CNN Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN_Sports_Illustrated" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN Sports Illustrated">CNNSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN_Airport" title="CNN Airport">CNN Airport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_TV" title="Current TV">Current TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E!_News" title="E! News">E! News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_News_Network" title="Financial News Network">FNN</a>-<a href="/wiki/SCORE_(television)" class="mw-redirect" title="SCORE (television)">SCORE</a></li> <li>Fox channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noticias_MundoFox" title="Noticias MundoFox">Noticias MundoFox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_TV" title="Fusion TV">Fusion TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_Hub" title="News Hub">Independent News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_TV" title="Link TV">Link TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AccuWeather#The_Local_AccuWeather_Channel" title="AccuWeather">The Local AccuWeather Channel</a></li> <li>NBC channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Talking" title="America's Talking">America's Talking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC_Weather_Plus" title="NBC Weather Plus">NBC Weather Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_(MSNBC)" title="Shift (MSNBC)">Shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsNet" title="NewsNet">NewsNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsworld_International" title="Newsworld International">Newsworld International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT_America" title="RT America">RT America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TouchVision" title="TouchVision">TouchVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPI_Newstime" title="UPI Newstime">UPI Newstime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univision_Noticias" title="Univision Noticias">Univision Noticias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Cast" title="The Weather Cast">The Weather Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Channel_(Latin_America)" title="The Weather Channel (Latin America)">The Weather Channel Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherscan" title="Weatherscan">Weatherscan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1022311#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata853" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1022311#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata853" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1022311#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000010059509X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/149583464">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/517313-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88042020">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007604694705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1186700X?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&oldid=1281884008">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&oldid=1281884008</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:C-SPAN" title="Category:C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1979_establishments_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Category:1979 establishments in Washington, D.C.">1979 establishments in Washington, D.C.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial-free_television_networks_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Commercial-free television networks in the United States">Commercial-free television networks in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English-language_television_stations_in_the_United_States" title="Category:English-language television stations in the United States">English-language television stations in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legislature_broadcasters_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Legislature broadcasters in the United States">Legislature broadcasters in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_companies_based_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Category:Mass media companies based in Washington, D.C.">Mass media companies based in Washington, D.C.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-profit_organizations_based_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Category:Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.">Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peabody_Award_winners" title="Category:Peabody Award winners">Peabody Award winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_channels_and_stations_established_in_1979" title="Category:Television channels and stations established in 1979">Television channels and stations established in 1979</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:YouTube_channels_launched_in_2005" title="Category:YouTube channels launched in 2005">YouTube channels launched in 2005</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2018">Articles with dead external links from December 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2023">Use mdy dates from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_television_channel" title="Category:Articles using infobox television channel">Articles using infobox television channel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2021">Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2012" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_January_2013" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2013">Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_March_2009" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2009">Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 March 2025, at 01:35 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C-SPAN&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >C-SPAN</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 29 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-545c4fcd97-qnxln","wgBackendResponseTime":214,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.315","walltime":"1.485","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13480,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":379730,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9803,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":582907,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1253.630 1 -total"," 54.67% 685.373 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.76% 260.220 71 Template:Cite_news"," 17.05% 213.738 63 Template:Cite_web"," 13.53% 169.640 3 Template:Infobox"," 10.09% 126.437 1 Template:Infobox_television_channel"," 8.09% 101.423 7 Template:Navbox"," 6.32% 79.240 11 Template:Cite_book"," 5.39% 67.594 1 Template:C-SPAN_navbox"," 5.17% 64.763 2 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.787","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9167519,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f6c89f4bf-bpbrn","timestamp":"20250401161414","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"C-SPAN","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C-SPAN","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1022311","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1022311","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-30T05:52:09Z","dateModified":"2025-03-23T01:35:03Z","headline":"American television channel"}</script> </body> </html>