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class=ubermenu-search><form role=search class=ubermenu-searchform action=https://www.nuclear-power.com/><label for=ubermenu-search-field><span class=ubermenu-sr-only>Search</span></label> <input placeholder=Search... name=s class="ubermenu-search-input ubermenu-search-input-autofocus" id=ubermenu-search-field autocomplete=on> <button class=ubermenu-search-submit> <i class="fas fa-search" title=Search aria-hidden=true></i><span class=ubermenu-sr-only>Search</span></button></form></div></div></ul></ul></nav><div id=page class="site grid-container container hfeed grid-parent"><div id=content class=site-content><div id=primary class="content-area grid-parent mobile-grid-100 push-30 grid-70 tablet-push-30 tablet-grid-70"><main id=main class=site-main><article id=post-11483 class="post-11483 page type-page status-publish" itemtype=https://schema.org/CreativeWork itemscope><div class=inside-article><header class=entry-header><h1 class=entry-title itemprop=headline>Neutron Energy</h1></header><div class=entry-content itemprop=text><p>Free neutrons can be classified according to their kinetic energy. This energy is usually given in electron volts (eV). The term temperature can also describe this energy representing thermal equilibrium between a neutron and a medium with a certain temperature.<h2>Classification of free neutrons according to kinetic energies</h2><ul><li><strong>Cold Neutrons</strong> (0 eV; 0.025 eV). Neutrons in thermal equilibrium with very cold surroundings such as liquid deuterium. This spectrum is used for neutron scattering experiments.<li><strong>Thermal Neutrons</strong>. Neutrons in thermal equilibrium with a surrounding medium. Most probable energy at 20°C (68°F) for Maxwellian distribution is <strong>0.025 eV</strong> (~2 km/s). This part of the neutron’s energy spectrum constitutes the most important spectrum <strong>in thermal reactors</strong>.<li><strong>Epithermal Neutrons</strong> (0.025 eV; 0.4 eV). Neutrons of kinetic energy are greater than thermal. Some reactor designs operate with an epithermal neutron spectrum. This design allows reaching a higher fuel breeding ratio than in thermal reactors.<li><figure id=attachment_11488 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-11488 style=width:290px class="wp-caption alignright"><a href=http://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Cadmium_cut_off.png><img loading=lazy class="ezlazyload size-medium wp-image-11488" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%22300%22%20height=%22136%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Cadmium cut-off energy" width=300 height=136 data-ezsrcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Cadmium_cut_off-300x136.png 300w,https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Cadmium_cut_off.png 888w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" ezimgfmt="rs rscb53 src ng ngcb52 srcset" data-ezsrc=https://www.nuclear-power.com/ezoimgfmt/nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Cadmium_cut_off-300x136.png></a><figcaption id=caption-attachment-11488 class=wp-caption-text>Neutrons of kinetic energy below the cadmium cut-off energy (~0.5 eV) are strongly absorbed by 113-Cd.<br>Source: JANIS (Java-based nuclear information software) www.oecd-nea.org/janis/</figcaption></figure><p><strong>Cadmium Neutrons</strong> (0.4 eV; 0.5 eV). Neutrons of kinetic energy below the <strong>cadmium cut-off</strong> energy. One cadmium isotope, <sup>113</sup>Cd, absorbs neutrons strongly only if they are below ~0.5 eV (<a title="Cadmium 113 edge" href=http://nuclear-power.com/glossary/cadmium/cadmium-113-edge/>cadmium cut-off energy</a>).<li><strong>Epicadmium Neutrons</strong> (0.5 eV; 1 eV). Neutrons of kinetic energy above the cadmium cut-off energy. These neutrons are not absorbed by cadmium.<li><strong>Slow Neutrons</strong> (1 eV; 10 eV).<li><strong>Resonance Neutrons</strong> (10 eV; 300 eV). <strong>The resonance neutrons</strong> are called resonance for their special behavior. At resonance energies, the <a title="Neutron cross-section" href=http://nuclear-power.com/neutron-cross-section/ target=_blank rel=noopener>cross-sections</a> can reach peaks more than 100x higher than the base value of the cross-section. At these energies, the neutron capture significantly exceeds the probability of <a title="Nuclear Fission" href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/fission/ target=_blank rel=noopener>fission</a>. Therefore it is very important (for thermal reactors) to quickly overcome this range of energy and operate the reactor with thermal neutrons increasing the probability of fission.<li><strong>Intermediate Neutrons</strong> (300 eV; 1 MeV).<li><strong>Fast Neutrons</strong> (1 MeV; 20 MeV). Neutrons of kinetic energy greater than 1 MeV (~15 000 km/s) are usually named fission neutrons. These neutrons are produced by nuclear processes such as nuclear fission or (ɑ,n) <a title="Nuclear Reactions" href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/nuclear-reactions/ target=_blank rel=noopener>reactions</a>. The fission neutrons have mean energy (for <a title="Uranium 235" href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-fuel/uranium/uranium-235/><sup>235</sup>U fission</a>) of 2 MeV. Inside a <a title="Nuclear Reactor" href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power-plant/nuclear-reactor/ target=_blank rel=noopener>nuclear reactor, </a>the fast neutrons are slowed down to thermal energies via a process called <a title="Neutron moderator" href=http://nuclear-power.com/neutron-moderator/ target=_blank rel=noopener>neutron moderation</a>.<li><strong>Relativistic Neutrons</strong> (20 MeV; ->)</ul><figure id=attachment_11487 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-11487 style=width:290px class="wp-caption alignright"><a href=http://nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/neutron_spectrum_reactor.jpg><img loading=lazy class="ezlazyload size-medium wp-image-11487" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width=%22300%22%20height=%22200%22%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Neutron energies in thermal reactor" width=300 height=200 data-ezsrcset="https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/neutron_spectrum_reactor-300x200.jpg 300w,https://www.nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/neutron_spectrum_reactor.jpg 962w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" ezimgfmt="rs rscb53 src ng ngcb52 srcset" data-ezsrc=https://www.nuclear-power.com/ezoimgfmt/nuclear-power.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/neutron_spectrum_reactor-300x200.jpg></a><figcaption id=caption-attachment-11487 class=wp-caption-text>Distribution of kinetic energies of neutrons in the thermal reactor. The fission neutrons (fast-flux) are immediately slowed down to the thermal energies via a process called neutron moderation.<br>Source: serc.carleton.edu</figcaption></figure><p><a title="Reactor Physics" href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/ target=_blank rel=noopener>The reactor physics</a> does not need this fine division of neutron energies. The neutrons can be roughly (for purposes of reactor physics) divided into three energy ranges:<ul><li><strong>Thermal neutrons</strong> (0.025 eV – 1 eV).<li><strong>Resonance neutrons</strong> (1 eV – 1 keV).<li><strong>Fast neutrons</strong> (1 keV – 10 MeV).</ul><p>Even most reactor computing codes use only two neutron energy groups:<ul><li><strong>Slow neutrons group</strong> (0.025 eV – 1 keV).<li><strong>Fast neutrons group</strong> (1 keV – 10 MeV).</ul><div class="su-divider su-divider-style-default" style="margin:15px 0;border-width:2px;border-color:#999"></div><div class="lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights"><div class=inside-grid-column><h2>See previous:</h2><p>Properties of the Neutron<a href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/neutron/properties-neutron/ class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style=color:#606060;background-color:#fff;border-color:#ccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px target=_self><span style="color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#fff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0 0 0 #000;-moz-text-shadow:0 0 0 #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0 0 0 #000000"><i class="sui sui-link" style=font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d></i></span></a></div></div><div class="lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights"><div class=inside-grid-column><h2>See above:</h2><p>Neutron<a href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/neutron/ class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style=color:#606060;background-color:#fff;border-color:#ccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px target=_self><span style="color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#fff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0 0 0 #000;-moz-text-shadow:0 0 0 #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0 0 0 #000000"><i class="sui sui-link" style=font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d></i></span></a></div></div><div class="lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-33 lgc-tablet-grid-33 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights"><div class=inside-grid-column><h2>See next:</h2><p>Interactions of Neutrons with Matter<a href=http://nuclear-power.com/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/atomic-nuclear-physics/fundamental-particles/neutron/interactions-neutrons-matter/ class="su-button su-button-style-flat" style=color:#606060;background-color:#fff;border-color:#ccc;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px target=_self><span style="color:#606060;padding:7px 20px;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;border-color:#fff;border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;-webkit-border-radius:10px;text-shadow:0 0 0 #000;-moz-text-shadow:0 0 0 #000000;-webkit-text-shadow:0 0 0 #000000"><i class="sui sui-link" style=font-size:16px;color:#5d5d5d></i></span></a></div></div></div><span id=ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-180 class=ezoic-adpicker-ad></span><span data-ez-ph-id=180></span></div></article></main><span id=ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-183 class=ezoic-adpicker-ad></span><span data-ez-ph-id=183></span></div><div id=left-sidebar class="widget-area sidebar is-left-sidebar grid-30 tablet-grid-30 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent pull-70 tablet-pull-70" itemtype=https://schema.org/WPSideBar itemscope><div class=inside-left-sidebar><span id=ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-174 class=ezoic-adpicker-ad></span><span data-ez-ph-id=174></span><aside id=search-5 class="widget inner-padding widget_search"><form class=search-form action=https://www.nuclear-power.com/><label><span 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