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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">French colonization of Texas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تكساس الفرنسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكساس الفرنسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%C4%B1n_Fransa_t%C9%99r%C9%99find%C9%99n_kolonizasiyas%C4%B1" title="Texasın Fransa tərəfindən kolonizasiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Texasın Fransa tərəfindən kolonizasiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Френска колонизация на Тексас – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Френска колонизация на Тексас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francouzsk%C3%A1_kolonizace_Texasu" title="Francouzská kolonizace Texasu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francouzská kolonizace Texasu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizaci%C3%B3n_francesa_de_Texas" title="Colonización francesa de Texas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colonización francesa de Texas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_Teksaso" title="Franca Teksaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franca Teksaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_fran%C3%A7aise_du_Texas" title="Colonisation française du Texas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonisation française du Texas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisasi_Texas_oleh_Prancis" title="Kolonisasi Texas oleh Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolonisasi Texas oleh Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_francese" title="Texas francese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Texas francese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Texas" title="Frans Texas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frans Texas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E9%A0%98%E3%83%86%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B5%E3%82%B9" title="フランス領テキサス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス領テキサス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Французская колонизация Техаса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Французская колонизация Техаса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%B1%AC%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF" title="法屬德克薩斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法屬德克薩斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French colony near present-day Inez, Texas (1685–1689)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaSallesExpeditiontoLouisiana.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of a group of ships on the left, sailing into a sunset on the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/LaSallesExpeditiontoLouisiana.JPG/300px-LaSallesExpeditiontoLouisiana.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/LaSallesExpeditiontoLouisiana.JPG/450px-LaSallesExpeditiontoLouisiana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/LaSallesExpeditiontoLouisiana.JPG/600px-LaSallesExpeditiontoLouisiana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption><i>La Salle's Expedition to Louisiana in 1684</i>, painted in 1844 by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Gudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Gudin">Theodore Gudin</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_(ship)" title="La Belle (ship)">La Belle</a></i> is on the left, <i>Le Joly</i> is in the middle, and <i>L'Aimable</i> is grounded in the distance, right.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Texas" title="Category:History of Texas">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">History of <span class="fn org label">Texas</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_flag_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Texas_flag_map.svg/74px-Texas_flag_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Texas_flag_map.svg/111px-Texas_flag_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Texas_flag_map.svg/148px-Texas_flag_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Timeline</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas#Precontact_Indigenous_history" title="History of Texas">Pre-Columbian Texas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas#Early_Spanish_exploration" title="History of Texas">Early Spanish explorations</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1519–1543</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">French Texas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1684–1689</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1690–1821</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1821–1836</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1836–1845</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas_(1845%E2%80%931860)" title="History of Texas (1845–1860)">Statehood</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1845–1860</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Civil War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1861–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas_(1865%E2%80%931899)" title="History of Texas (1865–1899)">Reconstruction</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1899</td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Texas" title="List of years in Texas">Years in Texas</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/16px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/24px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Texas_sidebar" title="Template:History of Texas sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Texas_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of Texas sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Texas_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Texas sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>French colonization of Texas</b> started in 1685 when <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">Robert Cavelier de La Salle</a> intended to found the colony at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, but inaccurate maps and navigational errors caused his ships to anchor instead 400 miles (640 km) to the west, off the coast of Texas. The colony survived until 1688. The present-day town of <a href="/wiki/Inez,_Texas" title="Inez, Texas">Inez</a> is near the fort's site. The colony faced numerous difficulties during its brief existence, including <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> raids, epidemics, and harsh conditions. From that base, La Salle led several expeditions to find the Mississippi River. These did not succeed, but La Salle did explore much of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> and parts of East Texas. </p><p>During one of his absences in 1686, the colony's last ship was wrecked, leaving the colonists unable to obtain resources from the French colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. As conditions deteriorated, La Salle realized the colony could survive only with help from the French settlements in <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a> to the north, along the Mississippi and <a href="/wiki/Illinois_River" title="Illinois River">Illinois rivers</a>. La Salle's last expedition ended along the <a href="/wiki/Brazos_River" title="Brazos River">Brazos River</a> in early 1687, when he and five of his men were murdered during a <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a>. Although a handful of men, led by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Joutel" title="Henri Joutel">Henri Joutel</a>, reached Illinois Country, help never made it to the fort. Most of the remaining members of the colony were killed during a <a href="/wiki/Karankawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Karankawa">Karankawa</a> raid in late 1688, though four children survived after being adopted as captives. Although the colony lasted only three years, it established France's claim to possession of the region that is now Texas. The United States later claimed, unsuccessfully, this region as part of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> because of the early French colony. </p><p>Spain learned of La Salle's mission in 1686. Concerned that the French colony could threaten Spain's control over the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a> and the uncolonized southeastern region of North America, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish monarchy">Spanish monarchy</a> funded multiple expeditions to locate and eliminate the settlement. The unsuccessful expeditions helped Spain to better understand the geography of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a> region. When the Spaniards finally discovered the remains of the French colony at the fort in 1689, they buried the cannons and burned the buildings. Years later, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Spanish</a> authorities built a <i><a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">presidio</a></i> at the same location. When the <i>presidio</i> was abandoned, the site of the French settlement was lost to history. The fort was rediscovered by historians and excavated in 1996, and the area is now an archaeological site. In 1995, researchers located the ship <i><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_(ship)" title="La Belle (ship)">La Belle</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Matagorda_Bay" title="Matagorda Bay">Matagorda Bay</a>, with several sections of the <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hull</a> remaining virtually intact. They constructed a <a href="/wiki/Cofferdam" title="Cofferdam">cofferdam</a>, the first to be used in North America to excavate the ship as if in dry conditions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_Salle_expeditions">La Salle expeditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_Texas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: La Salle expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/La_Salle_expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="La Salle expeditions">La Salle expeditions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_expedition">First expedition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_Texas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Bernou_Carte_de_lAmerique_septentrionale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Claude_Bernou_Carte_de_lAmerique_septentrionale.jpg/220px-Claude_Bernou_Carte_de_lAmerique_septentrionale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Claude_Bernou_Carte_de_lAmerique_septentrionale.jpg/330px-Claude_Bernou_Carte_de_lAmerique_septentrionale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Claude_Bernou_Carte_de_lAmerique_septentrionale.jpg/440px-Claude_Bernou_Carte_de_lAmerique_septentrionale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3841" data-file-height="3641" /></a><figcaption>This 1681 map shows cartographer Claude Bernou's perception of North America before La Salle traversed the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> is listed as Rio Bravo, and the map shows a lack of knowledge of the geography of Texas, and Gulf Coast, with the lower Mississippi and its mouth <i><a href="/wiki/Terra_incognita" title="Terra incognita">terra incognita</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late 17th century, much of North America had been claimed by European countries. Spain had claimed <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a> as well as modern-day Mexico and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">much of the southwestern part of the continent</a>. The northern and central Atlantic coast was becoming England's <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> comprised much of what is now eastern Canada as well as the central <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>. The French feared that their colonies were vulnerable to a potential attack from its neighboring colonies. In 1681, French nobleman <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">Robert Cavelier de La Salle</a> launched an expedition down the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> from New France, at first believing he would find a path to the Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, La Salle found a route to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Hernando_De_Soto_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernando De Soto (explorer)">Hernando De Soto</a> had explored and claimed this area for Spain 140 years before,<sup id="cite_ref-weber148_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber148-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on April 9, 1682, La Salle claimed the Mississippi River valley for French king <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, naming the territory Louisiana in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman72_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman72-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unless France established a base at the mouth of the Mississippi, Spain would have an opportunity to control the entire Gulf of Mexico and potentially pose a threat to New France's southern borders.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La Salle believed the Mississippi River bordered eastern New Spain. In 1684, he proposed establishing a colony at its mouth to the French Crown. The colony could provide a base for promoting Christianity among the native peoples as well as a convenient location for attacking the Spanish province of <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya,_New_Spain" title="Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain">Nueva Vizcaya</a> and gaining control of its lucrative silver mines.<sup id="cite_ref-weber148_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber148-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-calloway250_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calloway250-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that a small number of Frenchmen could successfully invade <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> by allying themselves with some of the more than 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> who were angry over Spanish enslavement.<sup id="cite_ref-weber148_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber148-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Spain <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Reunions" title="War of the Reunions">declared war</a> on France in October 1683, King Louis agreed to support La Salle's plan.<sup id="cite_ref-weber148_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber148-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was to return to North America and confirm "the Indians' allegiance to the crown, leading them to the true faith, and maintaining intertribal peace".<sup id="cite_ref-calloway250_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calloway250-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_expedition">Second expedition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_Texas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La Salle originally planned to sail to New France, journey overland to the south and Illinois Country, and then travel down the Mississippi River to its mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-bruseth76_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruseth76-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To spite Spain, Louis XIV insisted that La Salle sail through the Gulf of Mexico, which Spain considered its exclusive property.<sup id="cite_ref-bruseth19_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruseth19-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although La Salle had requested only one ship, on July 24, 1684, he left <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="La Rochelle, France">La Rochelle, France</a> with four: the 36-gun <a href="/wiki/Man-of-war" title="Man-of-war">man of war</a> <i>Le Joly</i>, the 300-ton storeship <i>L'Aimable</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">barque</a> <i><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_(ship)" title="La Belle (ship)">La Belle</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ketch" title="Ketch">ketch</a> <i>St. François</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle13_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weber149_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber149-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Louis XIV had provided both <i>Le Joly</i> and <i>La Belle</i>, La Salle desired more cargo space and leased <i>L'Aimable</i> and <i>St. François</i> from French merchants. Louis also provided 100 soldiers and full crews for the ships, as well as funds to hire skilled workers to join the expedition. La Salle was forced to purchase trade goods himself for expected encounters with Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-bruseth20_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruseth20-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ships carried a total of nearly 300 people, including soldiers, artisans and craftsmen, six Catholic missionaries, eight merchants, and over a dozen women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle13_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weddle16_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after their departure, France and Spain ceased hostilities, and Louis was no longer interested in sending La Salle further assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-weber149_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber149-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Details of the voyage were kept secret so that Spain would not learn about it. La Salle's naval commander, the Sieur de Beaujeu, resented La Salle's keeping their destination until the party was well underway. The discord between the two intensified when they reached <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, and quarreled over where to anchor. Beaujeu sailed to another part of the island, allowing Spanish <a href="/wiki/Privateers" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateers">privateers</a> to capture the <i>St. François</i>, which had been fully loaded with supplies, provisions, and tools for the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman75_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman75-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 58-day voyage, two people died of illness and one woman gave birth to a child.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle16_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The voyage to Saint-Domingue had lasted longer than expected, and provisions ran low, especially after the loss of the <i>St. François</i>. La Salle had little money with which to replenish supplies, and finally two of the merchants aboard the expedition sold some of their trade goods to the islanders, and lent their profits to La Salle. To fill the gaps left after several men deserted, La Salle recruited a few islanders to join the expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle17_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle17-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late November 1684, when La Salle had fully recovered from a severe illness, the three remaining ships continued their search for the Mississippi River delta.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman75_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman75-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before they left Santo Domingo, local sailors warned that strong Gulf currents flowed east and would tug the ships toward the Florida straits unless they corrected for it.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman76_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman76-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 18, the ships reached the Gulf of Mexico and entered waters that Spain claimed as its territory.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle19_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle19-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of the members of the expedition had ever been in the Gulf of Mexico or knew how to navigate it.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle20_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle20-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to a combination of inaccurate maps, La Salle's previous miscalculation of the latitude of the mouth of the Mississippi River, and overcorrection for the currents, the expedition failed to find the Mississippi.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman76_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman76-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, they landed at <a href="/wiki/Matagorda_Bay" title="Matagorda Bay">Matagorda Bay</a> in early 1685, 400 miles (640 km) west of the Mississippi.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman76_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman76-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_settlement">First settlement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_Texas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/150px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/225px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/300px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Royal Standard of France was commonly used as the State flag of France prior to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On February 20, the colonists set foot on land for the first time in three months since leaving Saint-Domingue. They set up a temporary camp near the site of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Matagorda_Island_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Matagorda Island Lighthouse">Matagorda Island Lighthouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle23_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle23-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chronicler of the expedition, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Joutel" title="Henri Joutel">Henri Joutel</a>, described his first view of Texas: "The country did not seem very favorable to me. It was flat and sandy but did nevertheless produce grass. There were several salt pools. We hardly saw any wild fowl except some cranes and Canadian (sic) geese which were not expecting us."<sup id="cite_ref-bruseth23_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruseth23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Against Beaujeu's advice, La Salle ordered <i>La Belle</i> and the <i>Aimable</i> "to negotiate the narrow and shallow pass" to bring the supplies closer to the campsite.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle24_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle24-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To lighten <i>L'Aimable'</i>s load, its eight cannons and a small portion of its cargo were removed. After <i>La Belle</i> successfully negotiated the pass, La Salle sent her pilot to <i>L'Aimable</i> to assist with the navigation, but <i>L'Aimable's</i> captain refused the help.<sup id="cite_ref-bruseth23_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruseth23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <i>Aimable</i> set sail, a band of <a href="/wiki/Karankawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Karankawa">Karankawa</a> approached and carried off some of the settlers. La Salle led a small group of soldiers to rescue them, leaving no one to direct the <i>Aimable.</i> When he returned, he found the <i>Aimable</i> grounded on a sandbar.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle23_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle23-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon hearing that the captain had ordered the ship to sail forward after it had struck a sandbar, La Salle became convinced that the captain had deliberately grounded the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-bruseth26_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruseth26-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"><div style="position:relative;width:200px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Texas_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Texas with mark showing location of Fort Saint Louis"><img alt="Map of Texas with mark showing location of Fort Saint Louis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/USA_Texas_location_map.svg/200px-USA_Texas_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/USA_Texas_location_map.svg/300px-USA_Texas_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/USA_Texas_location_map.svg/400px-USA_Texas_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1484" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.133%;left:74.569%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="French colonization of Texas"><img alt="Map of Texas with mark showing location of Fort Saint Louis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Texas_location_map.svg" title="File:USA Texas location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Approximate location of Fort Saint Louis, near <a href="/wiki/Matagorda_Bay" title="Matagorda Bay">Matagorda Bay</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf Coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></div></div></div> <p>For several days the men attempted to salvage the tools and provisions that had been loaded on the <i>Aimable</i>, but a bad storm prevented them from recovering more than food, cannons, powder, and a small amount of the merchandise. The ship sank on March 7.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle24_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle24-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French watched the Karankawa loot the wreckage. As French soldiers approached the Native American village to retrieve their supplies, the villagers hid. On discovering the deserted village, the soldiers not only reclaimed the looted merchandise but also took animal pelts and two canoes. The angry Karankawa attacked, killing two Frenchmen and injuring others.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle24_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle24-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beaujeu, having fulfilled his mission in escorting the colonists across the ocean, returned to France aboard the <i>Joly</i> in mid-March 1685.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman77_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman77-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the colonists chose to return to France with him,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving approximately 180.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle27_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle27-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Beaujeu delivered a message from La Salle requesting additional supplies, French authorities, having made peace with Spain, never responded.<sup id="cite_ref-weber149_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber149-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bruseth27_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruseth27-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining colonists suffered from <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venereal_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Venereal diseases">venereal diseases</a>, and people died daily.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman77_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman77-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who were fit helped build crude dwellings and a temporary fort on Matagorda Island.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle27_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle27-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fort">Fort</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_Texas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 24, La Salle took 52 men in five canoes to find a less exposed settlement site. They found Garcitas Creek that had fresh water and fish, with good soil along its banks. They named it Rivière aux Boeufs for the nearby <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">buffalo</a> herds. The fort was constructed on a bluff overlooking the creek, 1.5 <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)#France" title="League (unit)">leagues</a> from its mouth. Two men died, one of a rattlesnake bite and another from drowning while trying to fish.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle27_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle27-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At night, the Karankawa would sometimes surround the camp and howl, but the soldiers could scare them away with a few gunshots.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle28_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle28-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort has sometimes been referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint-Louis_(Texas)" title="Fort Saint-Louis (Texas)">Fort St. Louis</a>" but that name was not used during the life of the settlement and appears to be a later invention.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Saint_Louis_by_Alonso_DeLeon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Fort_Saint_Louis_by_Alonso_DeLeon.JPG/220px-Fort_Saint_Louis_by_Alonso_DeLeon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Fort_Saint_Louis_by_Alonso_DeLeon.JPG/330px-Fort_Saint_Louis_by_Alonso_DeLeon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Fort_Saint_Louis_by_Alonso_DeLeon.JPG/440px-Fort_Saint_Louis_by_Alonso_DeLeon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Map of the French fort drawn by a member of the Spanish expedition that discovered the French colony in 1689. It marks the river, the colony's structures, and location of cannons.</figcaption></figure> <p>In early June, La Salle summoned the rest of the colonists from the temporary campsite to the new settlement site. Seventy people began the 50-mile (80 km) overland trek on June 12. All of the supplies had to be hauled from the <i>Belle</i>, a physically draining task that was finally completed by the middle of July. The last load was accompanied by the 30 men who had remained behind to guard the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle28_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle28-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although trees grew near the site, they were not suitable for building, and timber had to be transported to the building site from several miles inland. Some timbers were salvaged from the <i>Aimable</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bruseth27_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruseth27-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of July, over half of the settlers had died, most from a combination of scant rations and overwork.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle28_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle28-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remaining settlers built a large two-story structure at the center of the settlement. The ground floor was divided into three rooms: one for La Salle, one for the priests, and one for the officers of the expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-bruseth27_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruseth27-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper story consisted of a single room used to store supplies. Surrounding the fort were several smaller structures to provide shelter for the other members of the expedition. The eight cannons, each weighing 700 to 1,200 pounds (320 to 540 kg), had been salvaged from <i>L'Aimable</i> and were positioned around the colony for protection.<sup id="cite_ref-bruseth28_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruseth28-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difficulties">Difficulties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_Texas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Difficulties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For several months after the permanent camp was built, the colonists took short trips to explore their surroundings. At the end of October 1685, La Salle decided to undertake a longer expedition and reloaded the <i>Belle</i> with many of the remaining supplies. He took 50 men, plus the <i>Belle's</i> crew of 27 sailors, leaving behind 34 men, women, and children. Most of the men traveled with La Salle in canoes, while the <i>Belle</i> followed further off the coast. After three days of travel, they learned of hostile Native Americans in the area. Twenty of the Frenchmen attacked the Native American village, where they found Spanish artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle29_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle29-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the men died on this expedition from eating <a href="/wiki/Opuntia" title="Opuntia">prickly pear</a>. The Karankawa killed a small group of the men who had camped on shore, including the captain of the <i>Belle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle30_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle30-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From January until March 1686, La Salle and most of his men searched overland for the Mississippi River, traveling towards the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>, possibly as far west as modern-day <a href="/wiki/Langtry,_Texas" title="Langtry, Texas">Langtry, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle30_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle30-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chipman83_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman83-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men questioned the local Native American tribes, asking for information on the locations of the Spaniards and the Spanish mines, offering gifts, and telling stories that portrayed the Spaniards as cruel and the French as benevolent.<sup id="cite_ref-weber149_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber149-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the group returned, they were unable to find the <i>Belle</i> where they had left her and were forced to walk back to the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle30_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle30-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chipman83_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman83-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following month they traveled east, hoping to locate the Mississippi and return to Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman83_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman83-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During their travels, the group encountered the <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a>, who gave the Frenchmen a map depicting their territory, that of their neighbors, and the location of the Mississippi River.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle34_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle34-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caddo often made friendship pacts with neighboring peoples and extended their policy of peaceful negotiation to the French.<sup id="cite_ref-calloway252_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calloway252-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While visiting the Caddo, the French met <a href="/wiki/Jumano" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumano">Jumano</a> traders, who reported on the activities of the Spaniards in New Mexico. These traders later informed Spanish officials of the Frenchmen they had seen.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavelier_de_la_salle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of René-Robert Cavelier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cavelier_de_la_salle.jpg/220px-Cavelier_de_la_salle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cavelier_de_la_salle.jpg/330px-Cavelier_de_la_salle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Cavelier_de_la_salle.jpg/440px-Cavelier_de_la_salle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</a>, was killed in Texas while trying to reach <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Four of the men deserted when they reached the <a href="/wiki/Neches_River" title="Neches River">Neches River</a>. La Salle and one of his nephews became very ill, forcing the group to halt for two months. While the men recovered, the group ran low on food and gunpowder.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle34_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle34-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, the eight surviving members of the expedition<sup id="cite_ref-weddle34_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle34-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> returned to Fort Saint Louis, having never left East Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman84_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman84-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While La Salle was gone, six of those who had remained on the <i>Belle</i> finally arrived at Fort Saint Louis. According to them, the new captain of the <i>Belle</i> was always drunk. Many of the sailors did not know how to sail, and they grounded the boat on Matagorda Peninsula. The survivors took a canoe to the fort, leaving the ship behind.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle31_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle31-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destruction of their last ship left the settlers stranded on the Texas coast, with no hope of gaining assistance from the French colonies in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman77_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman77-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By early January 1687, fewer than 45 of the original 180 people remained in the colony, which was beset by internal strife.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman84_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman84-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weddle35_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle35-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La Salle believed that their only hope of survival lay in trekking overland to request assistance from <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-weddle31_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle31-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some time that month he led a final expedition to try to reach the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman84_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman84-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fewer than 20 people remained at Fort Saint Louis, primarily women, children, and those deemed unfit, as well as seven soldiers and three missionaries with whom La Salle was unhappy.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle35_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle35-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seventeen men were included on the expedition, including La Salle, his brother, and two of his nephews. While camping near present-day <a href="/wiki/Navasota,_Texas" title="Navasota, Texas">Navasota</a> on March 18, several of the men quarreled over the division of buffalo meat. That night, an expedition member killed one of La Salle's nephews and two other men in their sleep. The following day La Salle was killed while approaching the camp to investigate his nephew's disappearance.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman84_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman84-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infighting led to the deaths of two other expedition members within a short time.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle38_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle38-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the surviving members, including <a href="/wiki/Jean_L%27Archeveque" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean L'Archeveque">Jean L'Archeveque</a>, joined the Caddo. The remaining six men, led by Henri Joutel, made their way to Illinois Country. During their journey through Illinois to Canada, the men did not tell anyone that La Salle was dead. They reached France in the summer of 1688 and informed King Louis of La Salle's death and the horrible conditions in the colony. Louis did not send aid.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_response">Spanish response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_Texas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spanish response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanish pirate and <i><a href="/wiki/Guarda_costa" title="Guarda costa">guarda costa</a></i> privateer <a href="/wiki/Juan_Corso" title="Juan Corso">Juan Corso</a> had independently heard rumors of the colony as early as the Spring of 1685; he set out to eliminate the settlement but his ship was caught in rough seas and poor weather and was lost with all hands.<sup id="cite_ref-Marley-Pirates_of_the_Americas_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marley-Pirates_of_the_Americas-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards La Salle's mission had remained nearly secret until 1686 when former expedition member Denis Thomas, who had deserted in <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, was arrested for piracy. Trying to have his punishment reduced, Thomas informed his Spanish jailers of La Salle's plan to found a colony and eventually conquer Spanish silver mines. Despite his confession, Thomas was hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-bruseth8_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruseth8-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish government felt the French colony would be a threat to their mines and shipping routes, and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos II">Carlos II</a>'s council of war thought that "Spain needed swift action 'to remove this thorn which has been thrust into the heart of America. The greater the delay the greater the difficulty of attainment.'"<sup id="cite_ref-weber149_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber149-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spaniards had no idea where to find La Salle, and in 1686 they sent a sea expedition and two land expeditions to try to locate his colony. Although the expeditions were unable to find La Salle, they did narrow the search to the area between the Rio Grande and the Mississippi.<sup id="cite_ref-weber151_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber151-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four Spanish expeditions the following year failed to find La Salle, but helped Spain to better understand the geography of the Gulf Coast region.<sup id="cite_ref-weber151_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber151-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matagorda_Bay_Texas_1689.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Matagorda_Bay_Texas_1689.JPG/220px-Matagorda_Bay_Texas_1689.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Matagorda_Bay_Texas_1689.JPG/330px-Matagorda_Bay_Texas_1689.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Matagorda_Bay_Texas_1689.JPG/440px-Matagorda_Bay_Texas_1689.JPG 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlos_de_Sig%C3%BCenza_y_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora">Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora</a> created this map of Matagorda Bay (known to the Spaniards as San Bernardo Bay) based on sketches from <a href="/wiki/Alonso_De_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Alonso De León">Alonso De León's</a> 1689 expedition. Fort Saint Louis is marked as "F", and <i>La Belle</i> is identified as "Navío Quebrado", or "broken ship".</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1688, the Spaniards sent three more expeditions, two by sea and one by land. The land expedition, led by <a href="/wiki/Alonso_De_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Alonso De León">Alonso De León</a>, discovered <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gery" title="Jean Gery">Jean Gery</a>, who had deserted the French colony and was living in Southern Texas with the <a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan" title="Coahuiltecan">Coahuiltecans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using Gery as a translator and guide, De León finally found the French fort in late April 1689.<sup id="cite_ref-weber152_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber152-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort and the five crude houses surrounding it were in ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman83_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman83-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several months before, the Karankawa had attacked the settlement. They destroyed the structures and left the bodies of three people, including a woman who had been shot in the back.<sup id="cite_ref-weber152_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber152-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Spanish priest who had accompanied De León conducted funeral services for the three victims.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman83_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman83-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chronicler of the Spanish expedition, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Bautista_de_Chapa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Bautista de Chapa (page does not exist)">Juan Bautista de Chapa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Chapa" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Bautista de Chapa">es</a>]</span>, wrote that the devastation was God's punishment for opposing the pope, as Pope <a href="/wiki/Alexander_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a> had granted the Indies exclusively to the Spaniards.<sup id="cite_ref-weber152_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber152-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-calloway255_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calloway255-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of the fort were destroyed by the Spaniards, who also buried the French cannons left behind.<sup id="cite_ref-harvp|Weber|1992|p=153_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvp|Weber|1992|p=153-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spaniards later built a fort on the same location.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1689, Spanish authorities received a plea, written in French. <a href="/wiki/Jumano" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumano">Jumano</a> scouts had received these papers from the Caddo, who asked that they be delivered to the Spaniards. The papers included a parchment painting of a ship, as well as a written message from <a href="/wiki/Jean_L%27Archev%C3%AAque" title="Jean L'Archevêque">Jean L'Archevêque</a>. The message read: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I do not know what sort of people you are. We are French[;] we are among the savages[;] we would like much to be Among the Christians such as we are[.] ... we are solely grieved to be among beasts like these who believe neither in God nor in anything. Gentlemen, if you are willing to take us away, you have only to send a message. ... We will deliver ourselves up to you.<sup id="cite_ref-calloway255_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calloway255-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>De León later rescued L'Archeveque and his companion Jacques Grollet. On interrogation, the men maintained that over 100 of the French settlers had died of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, and the others had been killed by Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-calloway255_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calloway255-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only people known to have survived the final attack were the Talon children, who had been adopted by the Karankawa.<sup id="cite_ref-calloway256_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calloway256-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the children, the settlement had been attacked around Christmas of 1688, and all the remaining settlers had been killed.<sup id="cite_ref-calloway255_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calloway255-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_Texas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Independence_(Goliad)_1836.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Fort_Independence_%28Goliad%29_1836.jpg/220px-Fort_Independence_%28Goliad%29_1836.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Fort_Independence_%28Goliad%29_1836.jpg/330px-Fort_Independence_%28Goliad%29_1836.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Fort_Independence_%28Goliad%29_1836.jpg/440px-Fort_Independence_%28Goliad%29_1836.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>This map of the Presidio La Bahia was drawn in 1836.</figcaption></figure> <p>Only 15 or 16 people survived the colony. Six returned to France, while nine others were captured by the Spaniards, including the four children who had been spared by the <a href="/wiki/Karankawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Karankawa">Karankawa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman84_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman84-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The children were initially brought to the viceroy of New Spain, the Conde de Galve, who treated them as servants. Two of the boys, Pierre and Jean-Baptiste, later returned to France.<sup id="cite_ref-calloway256_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calloway256-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the remaining Spanish captives, three became Spanish citizens and settled in New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman84_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman84-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the French colony had been utterly destroyed, Spain feared that another French attempt was inevitable. For the first time, the Spanish crown authorized small outposts in eastern Texas and at <a href="/wiki/Pensacola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensacola">Pensacola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harvp|Weber|1992|p=153_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvp|Weber|1992|p=153-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1722, the Spaniards built a fort, <a href="/wiki/Presidio_La_Bahia" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidio La Bahia">Presidio La Bahia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mission_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Esp%C3%ADritu_Santo_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga" title="Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga">Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga</a> on the site of Fort Saint Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France did not abandon its claims to Texas until November 3, 1762, when it ceded all of its territory west of the Mississippi River to Spain in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a>, following <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="France in the Seven Years' War">its defeat</a> by <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Great Britain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. It ceded New France to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1803, three years after Spain had <a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">returned Louisiana</a> to France, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">sold the territory</a> to the United States. The original agreement between Spain and France had not explicitly specified the borders of Louisiana, and the descriptions in the documents were ambiguous and contradictory.<sup id="cite_ref-weber291_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber291-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States insisted that its purchase included all of the territory France had claimed, including all of Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-weber291_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber291-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dispute was not resolved until the <a href="/wiki/Adams-On%C3%ADs_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adams-Onís Treaty">Adams-Onís Treaty</a> of 1819, in which Spain ceded <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> to the United States in return for the United States' relinquishing its claim on Texas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The official boundary of Texas was set at the <a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas-Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine River (Texas-Louisiana)">Sabine River</a> (the current boundary between Texas and Louisiana), and following the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a> rivers to the 42nd parallel (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>'s current northern border).<sup id="cite_ref-weber299_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber299-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Excavation">Excavation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_Texas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Excavation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/La_Belle_(ship)" title="La Belle (ship)">La Belle (ship)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaBelle_Blueprint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/LaBelle_Blueprint.jpg/220px-LaBelle_Blueprint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/LaBelle_Blueprint.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption>Modern day blueprint of La Belle</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1908, historian <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Eugene_Bolton" title="Herbert Eugene Bolton">Herbert Eugene Bolton</a> identified an area along Garcitas Creek, near Matagorda Bay, as the location of Fort St. Louis. Other historians, before and after Bolton, argued that the fort was located on <a href="/wiki/Lavaca_River" title="Lavaca River">Lavaca River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Texas" title="Jackson County, Texas">Jackson County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-turner1997_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turner1997-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five decades later, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a> funded a partial excavation of Bolton's site, a part of the Keeran ranch.<sup id="cite_ref-turner1997_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turner1997-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bruseth32_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruseth32-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although several thousand items were recovered, archaeologists could not accurately distinguish between French and Spanish artifacts of the 17th century, and no report on the findings was ever issued. In the 1970s, the artifacts were reexamined by Kathleen Gilmore, an archaeologist at <a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University" title="Southern Methodist University">Southern Methodist University</a>. She determined that while most of the artifacts were Spanish, some definitively matched artifacts recovered from French and French-Canadian excavations of the same time period.<sup id="cite_ref-bruseth32_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruseth32-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1996, Keeran ranch workers exploring with metal detectors located eight cast-iron cannons buried near Garcitas Creek. After excavating the cannons, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Historical_Commission" title="Texas Historical Commission">Texas Historical Commission</a> (THC) confirmed they were from Fort Saint Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-turner1997_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turner1997-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000 a THC excavation discovered the locations of three of the buildings that had housed the French colony<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the three graves dug by the Spaniards.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For decades, the THC had also been searching for the wreckage of <i>La Belle</i>. In 1995, the shipwreck was discovered in Matagorda Bay. Researchers excavated a 792-pound (359 kg) cast-bronze cannon from the waters, as well as musket balls, bronze straight pins, and trade beads.<sup id="cite_ref-keith144_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keith144-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large sections of the wooden hull were intact, protected from the damaging effects of warm salt water by layers of muddy sediment which "essentially creat[ed] an oxygen-free time capsule".<sup id="cite_ref-turnerjuly14_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turnerjuly14-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>La Belle</i> was the oldest French shipwreck discovered in the Western Hemisphere to that date. To enable the archaeologists to recover as many of the artifacts as possible, a <a href="/wiki/Cofferdam" title="Cofferdam">cofferdam</a> was constructed around the ship. The cofferdam held back the waters of the bay, allowing archaeologists to conduct the excavation as if it were on land. This was the first attempt in North America to excavate a shipwreck in dry conditions. Previous shipwreck excavations using cofferdams were completed in Europe, but never on a ship as large as the <i>Belle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bruseth48_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruseth48-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Underwater_and_Marine_Agency" title="National Underwater and Marine Agency">National Underwater and Marine Agency</a> searched for <i>L'Aimable</i> from 1997 until 1999. Although they found a promising location, the ship was buried under more than 25 feet (7.6 m) of sand and could not be reached.<sup id="cite_ref-bruseth45_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruseth45-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_Texas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/64px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Republic_of_Texas_relations" title="France–Republic of Texas relations">France–Republic of Texas relations</a>, 1839–1845</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_Texas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBannon1997" class="citation cs2">Bannon, John Francis (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W5HrCZHhs9IC"><i>The Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 1513–1821</i></a>, Albuquerque: <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico_Press" title="University of New Mexico Press">University of New Mexico Press</a>, p. 94, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0309-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0309-7"><bdi>978-0-8263-0309-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Borderlands+Frontier%2C+1513%E2%80%931821&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-0309-7&rft.aulast=Bannon&rft.aufirst=John+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW5HrCZHhs9IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+colonization+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber148-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber148_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber148_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber148_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber148_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Weber" title="David J. Weber">Weber, David J.</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUCmD15yEAYC"><i>The Spanish Frontier in North America</i></a>, Yale Western Americana Series, New Haven Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, p. 148, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05198-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05198-8"><bdi>978-0-300-05198-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Frontier+in+North+America&rft.place=New+Haven+Connecticut&rft.series=Yale+Western+Americana+Series&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05198-8&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUCmD15yEAYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+colonization+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman72-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman72_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChipman2010" class="citation cs2">Chipman, Donald E. (2010) [1992], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzAB5n6p5UQC"><i>Spanish Texas, 1519–1821</i></a> (revised ed.), Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>, p. 72, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77659-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77659-3"><bdi>978-0-292-77659-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+Texas%2C+1519%E2%80%931821&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=72&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77659-3&rft.aulast=Chipman&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzAB5n6p5UQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+colonization+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChipman2010">Chipman (2010)</a>, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calloway250-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-calloway250_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calloway250_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalloway2003" class="citation cs2">Calloway, Colin G. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ABdjVIgnAoC"><i>One Vast Winter Count: The Native American West Before Lewis and Clark</i></a>, History of the American West, Lincoln: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>, p. 250, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1530-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1530-6"><bdi>978-0-8032-1530-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Vast+Winter+Count%3A+The+Native+American+West+Before+Lewis+and+Clark&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.series=History+of+the+American+West&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1530-6&rft.aulast=Calloway&rft.aufirst=Colin+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ABdjVIgnAoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+colonization+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bruseth76-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bruseth76_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrusethTurner2005" class="citation cs2">Bruseth, James E.; Turner, Toni S. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mhsna6ALFjgC"><i>From a Watery Grave: The Discovery and Excavation of La Salle's Shipwreck, La Belle</i></a>, College Station: <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>, p. 76, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-431-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-431-1"><bdi>978-1-58544-431-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+a+Watery+Grave%3A+The+Discovery+and+Excavation+of+La+Salle%27s+Shipwreck%2C+La+Belle&rft.place=College+Station&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-431-1&rft.aulast=Bruseth&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Turner%2C+Toni+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMhsna6ALFjgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+colonization+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bruseth19-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bruseth19_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrusethTurner2005">Bruseth & Turner (2005)</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weddle13-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weddle13_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weddle13_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeddle1991" class="citation cs2">Weddle, Robert S. (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchthornrival0000wedd"><i>The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682–1762</i></a>, College Station: <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>, p. 13, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-480-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-480-4"><bdi>978-0-89096-480-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Thorn%3A+Rival+Explorers+in+the+Spanish+Sea%2C+1682%E2%80%931762&rft.place=College+Station&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-89096-480-4&rft.aulast=Weddle&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrenchthornrival0000wedd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+colonization+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChipman2010">Chipman (2010)</a>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber149-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber149_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber149_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber149_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber149_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber149_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeber1992">Weber (1992)</a>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bruseth20-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bruseth20_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrusethTurner2005">Bruseth & Turner (2005)</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weddle16-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weddle16_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weddle16_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeddle1991">Weddle (1991)</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman75-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman75_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman75_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChipman2010">Chipman (2010)</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weddle17-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weddle17_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeddle1991">Weddle (1991)</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman76-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman76_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman76_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman76_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChipman2010">Chipman (2010)</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weddle19-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weddle19_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeddle1991">Weddle (1991)</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weddle20-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weddle20_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeddle1991">Weddle (1991)</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weddle23-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weddle23_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weddle23_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeddle1991">Weddle (1991)</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bruseth23-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bruseth23_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bruseth23_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrusethTurner2005">Bruseth & Turner (2005)</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weddle24-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weddle24_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weddle24_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weddle24_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeddle1991">Weddle (1991)</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bruseth26-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bruseth26_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrusethTurner2005">Bruseth & Turner (2005)</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chipman77-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chipman77_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman77_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chipman77_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChipman2010">Chipman (2010)</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeddle1991">Weddle (1991)</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weddle27-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weddle27_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weddle27_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weddle27_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeddle1991">Weddle (1991)</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bruseth27-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bruseth27_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bruseth27_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bruseth27_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrusethTurner2005">Bruseth & Turner (2005)</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weddle28-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weddle28_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weddle28_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weddle28_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeddle1991">Weddle (1991)</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeddle2010" class="citation web cs1">Weddle, Robert (June 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/uel07">"La Salle's Texas Settlement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Historical_Association" title="Texas State Historical Association">Texas State Historical Association</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Carlin, Worth; de Bry, John (1997), "A bronze cannon from La Belle, 1686: its construction, conservation, and display", <i>The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology</i>, <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">144–</span>158, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997IJNAr..26..144K">1997IJNAr..26..144K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1997.tb01326.x">10.1111/j.1095-9270.1997.tb01326.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+bronze+cannon+from+La+Belle%2C+1686%3A+its+construction%2C+conservation%2C+and+display&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1997.tb01326.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997IJNAr..26..144K&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Donald+H.&rft.au=Carlin%2C+Worth&rft.au=de+Bry%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+colonization+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turnerjuly14-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turnerjuly14_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1995" class="citation cs2">Turner, Allan (July 14, 1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1997_1395062">"History surfaces in Matagorda Bay"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=History+surfaces+in+Matagorda+Bay&rft.date=1995-07-14&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2FCDA%2Farchives%2Farchive.mpl%3Fid%3D1997_1395062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+colonization+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1995" class="citation cs2">Turner, Allan (July 30, 1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1995_1288560">"History rising from the bay's murky depths: La Salle ship one of many Matagorda victims"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>, p. State section, page 1<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=History+rising+from+the+bay%27s+murky+depths%3A+La+Salle+ship+one+of+many+Matagorda+victims&rft.pages=State+section%2C+page+1&rft.date=1995-07-30&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2FCDA%2Farchives%2Farchive.mpl%3Fid%3D1995_1288560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+colonization+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bruseth48-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bruseth48_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrusethTurner2005">Bruseth & Turner (2005)</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bruseth45-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bruseth45_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrusethTurner2005">Bruseth & Turner (2005)</a>, p. 45</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_colonization_of_Texas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagarde2003" class="citation cs2">Lagarde, François, ed. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JdD6AQAAQBAJ"><i>The French in Texas: History, Migration, Culture</i></a>, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70528-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70528-9"><bdi>978-0-292-70528-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+in+Texas%3A+History%2C+Migration%2C+Culture&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70528-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJdD6AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+colonization+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyrieux2016" class="citation journal cs1">Meyrieux, Jacqueline (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/611216">"The First French Settlement in Texas"</a></span>. <i>Interdisciplinary Literary Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">28–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fintelitestud.18.1.0028">10.5325/intelitestud.18.1.0028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Literary+Studies&rft.atitle=The+First+French+Settlement+in+Texas&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fintelitestud.18.1.0028&rft.aulast=Meyrieux&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F611216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+colonization+of+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_colonial_conflicts112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_colonial_conflicts112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parris_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Parris Island, South Carolina">South Carolina (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">Florida (1562–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Gourgue" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominique de Gourgue">Florida (1568)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies#Americas" title="List of French possessions and colonies">Brazil (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">Brazil (1555–67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies#Americas" title="List of French possessions and colonies">Brazil (1590–04)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_de_Razilly" title="Isaac de Razilly">Morocco (1629)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Senegal" title="French conquest of Senegal">Senegal (1659–77)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djidjelli_expedition" title="Djidjelli expedition">Djidjelli (1664)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1682)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1682)">Algiers (1682)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1683)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1683)">Algiers (1683)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1688)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1688)">Algiers (1688)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars (1609–1701)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">Brazil (1612–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">North America (1627–29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">West Indies (1635–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carib_Expulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Carib Expulsion">Carib Expulsion (1660)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Texas (1685–89)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War (1689–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabana_Real" title="Battle of Sabana Real">Santo Domingo (1691)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1688" title="Siamese revolution of 1688">Siam (1687–90)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_Africa" title="Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: Africa">West Africa (1758–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larache_expedition" title="Larache expedition">Morocco (1765)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War (1702–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Wars" title="Chickasaw Wars">Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War (1721–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_revolt" title="Natchez revolt">Natchez revolt (1729)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War (1744–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia (1749–55)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War (1754–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">North America (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Caribbean (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">Santo Domingo (1795–1809)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="France–Myanmar relations">Burma–France relations (1729–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carnatic_War" title="First Carnatic War">India (1746–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars#Second_Carnatic_War_(1749–1754)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">India (1749–54)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Carnatic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Carnatic War">India (1756–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_assistance_to_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" title="French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh">Vietnam (1777–1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">East Indies (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indies_theatre_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars">East Indies (1793–1801)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_campaign_of_1809%E2%80%9311" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritius campaign of 1809–11">Indian Ocean (1809–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">Algeria (1830–47)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Algeria (1835–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War" title="Franco-Moroccan War">Morocco (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Bombardment of Salé">Salé (1851)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Senegal" title="French conquest of Senegal">French conquest of Senegal (1854)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia" title="French conquest of Tunisia">Tunisia (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Madagascar_expedition" title="First Madagascar expedition">Madagascar (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_Wars" title="Mandingo Wars">Ivory Coast (1883–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="First Franco-Dahomean War">First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="Second Franco-Dahomean War">Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Madagascar_expedition" title="Second Madagascar expedition">Second Madagascar expedition (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menalamba_rebellion" title="Menalamba rebellion">Menalamba rebellion (1895–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voulet%E2%80%93Chanoine_Mission" title="Voulet–Chanoine Mission">Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Campaign_1804%E2%80%9310" class="mw-redirect" title="West Indies Campaign 1804–10">West Indies (1804–10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata (1838–40)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Mexico (1838–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Intervention in Mexico (1861–67)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia & Pacific Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Moluccas (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Basilan#The_French_blockade" title="History of Basilan">Philippines (1844–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tourane_(1847)" title="Bombardment of Tourane (1847)">Tourane (1847)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Tahitian_War" title="Franco-Tahitian War">Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tourane_(1856)" title="Bombardment of Tourane (1856)">Tourane (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Vietnam" title="French conquest of Vietnam">French conquest of Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochinchina Campaign">Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnier_Expedition" title="Garnier Expedition">North Vietnam (1873–74)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonkin Campaign">Tonkin Campaign (1883–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War (1884–85)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Tonkin" title="Pacification of Tonkin">North Vietnam (1886–96)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimonoseki Campaign">Japan (1863–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_against_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign against Korea">Korea (1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Leeward_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of the Leeward Islands">Leewards War (1888–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Franco-Siamese_crisis" title="1893 Franco-Siamese crisis">Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadai_War" title="Wadai War">Wadai War (1906–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Casablanca_(1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)">Casablanca (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Morocco (1911–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War (1914–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War (1915–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt (1916–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War (1920–26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo-Wara_rebellion" title="Kongo-Wara rebellion">Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Uprising" title="Malagasy Uprising">Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_independence" title="Tunisian independence">Tunisian independence (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War (1954–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon_War" title="Cameroon War">Cameroon War (1955–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War (1957–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizerte_crisis" title="Bizerte crisis">Bizerte crisis (1961)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Man%27s_Rebellion" title="Holy Man's Rebellion">Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1916 Cochinchina uprising">Vietnam (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_uprising" title="Thái Nguyên uprising">Vietnam (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vue_Pa_Chay%27s_revolt" title="Vue Pa Chay's revolt">Vietnam (1918–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Syria (1919–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Cilicia (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Syria (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_mutiny" title="Yên Bái mutiny">Vietnam (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87-T%C4%A9nh_Soviets" title="Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets">Vietnam (1930–31)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1940 Cochinchina uprising">Vietnam (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War (1940–41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Indochina_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Second French Indochina Campaign">Indochina (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Vietnam (1945–46)">South Vietnam (1945–46)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War (1946–54)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a_cave_hostage_taking" title="Ouvéa cave hostage taking">Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Texas&#124;link=Texas_History_of_Texas238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Texas_navbox" title="Template:History of Texas navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Texas_navbox" title="Template talk:History of Texas navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Texas_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Texas navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Texas&#124;link=Texas_History_of_Texas238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas"><img alt="Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/24px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/36px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">History of Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Civil War era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas_(1865%E2%80%931899)" title="History of Texas (1865–1899)">Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">State of Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_border_disputes" title="Rio Grande border disputes">Border disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas_forests" title="History of Texas forests">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Indian_wars" title="Texas–Indian wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Texas" title="History of the Jews in Texas">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">Oil boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Texas" title="History of slavery in Texas">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Texas_Ranger_Division" title="History of the Texas Ranger Division">Texas Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vice_in_Texas" title="History of vice in Texas">Vice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_Texas" title="Category:Histories of cities in Texas">city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas#History" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austin,_Texas" title="History of Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas#History" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="History of Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dallas" title="History of Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Paso,_Texas" title="History of El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="History of Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Galveston,_Texas" title="History of Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Houston" title="History of Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas#History" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Antonio" title="History of San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Timelines_of_cities_in_Texas" title="Category:Timelines of cities in Texas">Timelines of cities in Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government agency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas">Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Congress of the Republic of Texas">Congress of the Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas">Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Historical_Commission" title="Texas Historical Commission">Texas Historical Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Texas" title="List of years in Texas">Years in Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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