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id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div class="cdx-message mw-fr-message-box cdx-message--inline cdx-message--notice mw-fr-mobile-message-inline"><div class="cdx-message__content">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=2001">reviewed</a> on 1 December 2024.</div></div></div></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1255975824">.mw-parser-output .events-by-month{margin:0.5em 0;border:1px solid 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.mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2001</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/January_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2001">January</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/February_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="February 2001">February</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/March_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2001">March</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/April_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="April 2001">April</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/May_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2001">May</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/June_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="June 2001">June</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/July_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="July 2001">July</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/August_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2001">August</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/September_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="September 2001">September</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/October_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2001">October</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/November_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="November 2001">November</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/December_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="December 2001">December</a></dd></dl> </div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the year 2001. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/2001_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="2001 (disambiguation)">2001 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> 2001 (<a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MMI</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Monday" title="Common year starting on Monday">common year starting on Monday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, the 2001st year of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> (CE) and <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> (AD) designations, the 1st year of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium" title="3rd millennium">3rd millennium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">21st century</a>, and the 2nd year of the <a href="/wiki/2000s" title="2000s">2000s</a> decade. <table class="infobox" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a>: </th> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium" title="3rd millennium">3rd millennium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">21st century</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd century">22nd century</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s" title="1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s" title="2000s">2000s</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s" title="2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s" title="2020s">2020s</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1999">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 2001">2001</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 2004">2004</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> The year's most prominent event was the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> against the United States by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Casualties of the September 11 attacks">killed 2,977 people</a> and instigated the global <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>. The United States led a <a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">multi-national coalition</a> in an <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">invasion of Afghanistan</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> government was unable to extradite Al-Qaeda leader <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> within 24 hours. Other international conflicts in 2001 were the <a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">standoff</a> between India and Pakistan as well as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a> between Israel and Palestine. Internal conflicts began <a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">in Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/2001_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Central African Republic coup d'état attempt">in the Central African Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RFDG_Insurgency" title="RFDG Insurgency">in Guinea</a>. Political challenges or violent conflicts caused changes in leadership in Argentina, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, Nepal, and the Philippines. 2001 was the second hottest year on record at the time, which was amplified by the end of a years-long <a href="/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Niña">La Niña</a>. The Atlantic and Pacific tropical storm seasons were both more active than usual. The deadly <a href="/wiki/Bhuj_Earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhuj Earthquake">Bhuj Earthquake</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> on January 26, while the strongest earthquake in 36 years <a href="/wiki/2001_southern_Peru_earthquake" title="2001 southern Peru earthquake">took place in Peru</a> on June 23. A potential health crisis occurred when <a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_foot-and-mouth_outbreak" title="2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak">a major outbreak</a> of <a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease" title="Foot-and-mouth disease">foot-and-mouth disease</a> spread among British livestock, bringing about the deaths of millions of animals. Four <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominid</a> species were described or proposed, and several major archaeological finds took place, including a set of <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> citizens near the <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_three-toed_sloth" title="Pygmy three-toed sloth">pygmy three-toed sloth</a> was also first <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described</a> in 2001. The year had the fewest successful orbital spaceflights since 1963, with eight crewed missions. Successes in space exploration included the landing of <a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a> on an asteroid and the arrival of <a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a> on Mars. Politics and religion in the final months of 2001 focused intently on the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a> after the September 11 attacks. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> was active in 2001, as <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> went on several goodwill trips to meet with non-Catholic religious groups and investigations of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">sexual abuse cases</a> among the church's priests began. Former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="President of Serbia and Montenegro">Yugoslav president</a> <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> was arrested and became the first head of state to be charged with <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> by an international body. The <a href="/wiki/27th_G8_summit" title="27th G8 summit">27th G8 summit</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> and was met by 200,000 protestors, where <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Carlo_Giuliani" title="Death of Carlo Giuliani">one was killed</a>. 2001 took place during a <a href="/wiki/Early_2000s_recession" title="Early 2000s recession">minor recession</a> among developed and developing nations, with only middle income nations avoiding an economic downturn. The recession saw economic crises take place <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%932002_Argentine_great_depression" title="1998–2002 Argentine great depression">in Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/2001_Turkish_economic_crisis" title="2001 Turkish economic crisis">in Turkey</a>. American energy company <a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a> and the European airlines <a href="/wiki/Sabena" title="Sabena">Sabena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swissair" title="Swissair">Swissair</a> all ended operations in 2001. Popular culture in 2001 saw the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings</a> film franchises, the development of the <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> for music, and the release of <a href="/wiki/Sixth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Sixth generation of video game consoles">three major video game systems</a>. The year also saw the release of <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>, as well as the launch of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Demographics">1 Demographics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Conflicts">2 Conflicts</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Internal_conflicts">2.1 Internal conflicts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#International_conflicts">2.2 International conflicts</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#September_11_attacks_and_invasion_of_Afghanistan">2.2.1 September 11 attacks and invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Culture">3 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Architecture">3.1 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Art">3.2 Art</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Media">3.3 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Sports">3.4 Sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Economy">4 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Environment_and_weather">5 Environment and weather</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Health">6 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Politics_and_law">7 Politics and law</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Domestic_politics">7.1 Domestic politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#International_politics">7.2 International politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Law">7.3 Law</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Religion">8 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Science">9 Science</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Technology_and_transportation">9.1 Technology and transportation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Events">10 Events</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#January">10.1 January</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#February">10.2 February</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#March">10.3 March</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#April">10.4 April</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#May">10.5 May</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#June">10.6 June</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#July">10.7 July</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#August">10.8 August</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#September">10.9 September</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#October">10.10 October</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#November">10.11 November</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#December">10.12 December</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Nobel_Prizes">11 Nobel Prizes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Notes">12 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#References">13 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Further_reading">14 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a> on January 1, 2001, was estimated to be 6.190 billion people and increased to 6.272 billion people by January 1, 2002.<a href="#cite_note-UN_Pop_Prospects-2022-1">[1]</a> An estimated 133.9 million births and 52.1 million deaths took place in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-UN_Pop_Prospects-2022-1">[1]</a> The average global <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> was 66.8 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2000.<a href="#cite_note-UN_Pop_Prospects-2022-1">[1]</a> The rate of <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">child mortality</a> was 7.32%, a decrease of 0.26<a href="/wiki/Percentage_point" title="Percentage point">pp</a> from 2000.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> 28.25% of people were living in <a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">extreme poverty</a>, a decrease of 0.88pp from 2000.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> There were approximately 12 million global refugees in 2001. 500,000 were settled over the course of the year, but about the same number of people were displaced in other locations, causing the number of refugees to remain largely unchanged. The largest sources of refugees were from Afghanistan and Macedonia. The number of <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a> decreased from 21.8 million to 19.8 million in 2001, with the most affected areas being Afghanistan, Colombia, and Liberia.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Conflicts">Conflicts</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conflicts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_2001" title="Category:Conflicts in 2001">Conflicts in 2001</a></div> There were 34 active armed conflicts in 28 countries in 2001, the total numbers remaining unchanged from 2000. The majority of these conflicts took place in Africa and Asia: 14 occurred in Africa and 13 occurred in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> 15 were classified as "major armed conflicts"<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 21 Four new armed conflicts emerged in 2001: the <a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">insurgency in Macedonia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2001_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Central African Republic coup d'état attempt">attempted coup in the Central African Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">United States invasion of Afghanistan</a>, and the entry of Sierra Leone's <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_United_Front" title="Revolutionary United Front">Revolutionary United Front</a> into the <a href="/wiki/RFDG_Insurgency" title="RFDG Insurgency">RFDG Insurgency</a> in Guinea.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a> was the only conflict that ended in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 21 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_conflicts">Internal conflicts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Internal conflicts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:285px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:283px;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Visit_of_Laurent_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila,_President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo,_to_the_EC_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Visit_of_Laurent_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila%2C_President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_to_the_EC_%28cropped2%29.jpg/179px-Visit_of_Laurent_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila%2C_President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_to_the_EC_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="693"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 179px;height: 270px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Visit_of_Laurent_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila%2C_President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_to_the_EC_%28cropped2%29.jpg/179px-Visit_of_Laurent_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila%2C_President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_to_the_EC_%28cropped2%29.jpg" data-width="179" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Visit_of_Laurent_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila%2C_President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_to_the_EC_%28cropped2%29.jpg/269px-Visit_of_Laurent_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila%2C_President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_to_the_EC_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Visit_of_Laurent_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila%2C_President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_to_the_EC_%28cropped2%29.jpg/358px-Visit_of_Laurent_D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila%2C_President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo%2C_to_the_EC_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Buyoya_and_Ange-F%C3%A9lix_Patass%C3%A9_collage.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pierre_Buyoya_and_Ange-F%C3%A9lix_Patass%C3%A9_collage.png/100px-Pierre_Buyoya_and_Ange-F%C3%A9lix_Patass%C3%A9_collage.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="893"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 267px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pierre_Buyoya_and_Ange-F%C3%A9lix_Patass%C3%A9_collage.png/100px-Pierre_Buyoya_and_Ange-F%C3%A9lix_Patass%C3%A9_collage.png" data-width="100" data-height="267" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pierre_Buyoya_and_Ange-F%C3%A9lix_Patass%C3%A9_collage.png/150px-Pierre_Buyoya_and_Ange-F%C3%A9lix_Patass%C3%A9_collage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pierre_Buyoya_and_Ange-F%C3%A9lix_Patass%C3%A9_collage.png/200px-Pierre_Buyoya_and_Ange-F%C3%A9lix_Patass%C3%A9_collage.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">DRC President <a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a> (left) was assassinated on January 16. Burundi President <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Buyoya" title="Pierre Buyoya">Pierre Buyoya</a> (top) and CAR President <a href="/wiki/Ange-F%C3%A9lix_Patass%C3%A9" title="Ange-Félix Patassé">Ange-Félix Patassé</a> both faced coup attempts.</div></div></div>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> continued with the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila">assassination</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a> on January 16.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 29 The 1999 ceasefire was mostly respected by the government and the various rebel groups, and United Nations ceasefire monitors established a presence throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 30 The <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">Burundian Civil War</a> all saw continued fighting between governments and rebels in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 24–29 The latter began the peace process through a provisional government on November 1.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 27 The <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> between the ruling <a href="/wiki/National_Islamic_Front" title="National Islamic Front">National Islamic Front</a> and various other groups escalated in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 37 This included a sub-conflict, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Peters" title="War of the Peters">War of the Peters</a>, which continued into 2001 until a ceasefire was negotiated in August.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-8">[7]</a> Two failed coup attempts took place in 2001: a group of junior officers sought to overthrow President <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Buyoya" title="Pierre Buyoya">Pierre Buyoya</a> in Burundi while he was out of the country on April 18,<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[8]</a>: 218 and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Kolingba" title="André Kolingba">André Kolingba</a>, a former president of the Central African Republic, led a military coup against his successor <a href="/wiki/Ange-F%C3%A9lix_Patass%C3%A9" title="Ange-Félix Patassé">Ange-Félix Patassé</a> on May 28, causing several days of violence.<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[8]</a>: 249 Several conflicts continued in Indonesia, though the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh" title="Insurgency in Aceh">insurgency in Aceh</a> between the Indonesian government and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a> was the only one to see widespread violence in 2001, as the war significantly escalated after the end of a ceasefire and breakdown of peace talks.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 46–47 The <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a> saw two ceasefires between the Philippine government and the <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a>, separated by a brief surge of heavy fighting after the assassination of a member of parliament. A ceasefire was also established with the nation's other insurgent group, the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Moro Islamic Liberation Front">Moro Islamic Liberation Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 49 In Myanmar, the <a href="/wiki/Karen_conflict" title="Karen conflict">Karen conflict</a> continued, and the <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Myanmar#Shan_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Myanmar">insurgency of the Shan State</a> resumed hostilities after a temporary peace in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Tamil Tigers</a> declared a ceasefire and requested peace talks during the <a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_III" title="Eelam War III">Eelam War III</a> in Sri Lanka,<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 50 but hostilities resumed on April 25, and the Tamil Tigers launched several suicide attacks in July, including the <a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike_Airport_attack" title="Bandaranaike Airport attack">Bandaranaike Airport attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 51 The <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a> also saw increased hostilities in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JuniAracinovo2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/JuniAracinovo2001.jpg/220px-JuniAracinovo2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="416"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/JuniAracinovo2001.jpg/220px-JuniAracinovo2001.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/JuniAracinovo2001.jpg/330px-JuniAracinovo2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/JuniAracinovo2001.jpg/440px-JuniAracinovo2001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Macedonian soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ara%C4%8Dinovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Aračinovo">Battle of Aračinovo</a></figcaption></figure> The only major conflict in Europe was the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a> between the Russian government and the separatist <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a>. Russian forces controlled the republic's population centers, but Chechen forces continued to use <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 53 Macedonia saw a smaller scale conflict between the Macedonian government and the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Macedonia)" title="National Liberation Army (Macedonia)">National Liberation Army</a> (NLA), which sought reform for the status of Albanian people in Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-Marusic-2021-10">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Operation_Essential_Harvest" title="Operation Essential Harvest">deployment of NATO peacekeeping forces</a> to Macedonia was authorized on August 21.<a href="#cite_note-NATO-2001-11">[10]</a> Yugoslavia similarly saw <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">an insurgency</a> by Albanian rebels, but the conflict did not escalate.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 53 The only major conflict in South America was the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a> between the Colombian government and various far-left and far-right groups.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 58 The <a href="/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia" title="United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia">United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia</a> expanded into Ecuador in 2001 and carried out attacks on Ecuadorian citizens.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 60 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_conflicts">International conflicts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International conflicts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff</a> was the only conflict between two national governments in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> The territorial dispute over the region of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> consisted primarily of small scale attacks by militant groups until two attacks on Indian legislature buildings: one <a href="/wiki/2001_Jammu_and_Kashmir_legislative_assembly_car_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing">in October</a> and one <a href="/wiki/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack" title="2001 Indian Parliament attack">in December</a>. The latter provoked a major escalation of troop deployments with preparations for a major war.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 46 The <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a> continued from the previous year between Israel and Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 55 The conflict escalated into an undeclared war in which Palestinian militants targeted Israeli civilians with weapons and suicide bombers with the Israeli military responding with fighter jets and missile strikes against Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 279 Every ceasefire ended within a day of its establishment.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 56 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="September_11_attacks_and_invasion_of_Afghanistan">September 11 attacks and invasion of Afghanistan</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: September 11 attacks and invasion of Afghanistan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">United States invasion of Afghanistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_(WTC_2)_-_B6019~11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg/220px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2665" data-file-height="1830"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg/220px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg/330px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg/440px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> were a defining event of the year 2001.</figcaption></figure> The September 11 attacks were carried out by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> when 19 terrorists hijacked four commercial airplanes and crashed two of them into the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a>, one into <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>, and one near <a href="/wiki/Stonycreek_Township,_Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania">Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania</a>. 2,977 people were killed;<a href="#cite_note-Nadeem-2021-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_OCT-2021-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-2013-15">[14]</a> the attacks and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Global_war_on_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Global war on terror">global war on terror</a> are widely recognized as events that defined 2001.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 1 <a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 8 This was internationally recognized as an armed attack against the United States under the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">UN charter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> invoked <a href="/wiki/Article_5_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty">Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty</a> for the first time in its history.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 491 The <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">Afghan Civil War</a> between the de jure <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a> government and the de facto <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> government continued from previous years.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 39 When the Taliban refused to extradite Al-Qaeda leader <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>, the United States led a <a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">multi-national coalition</a> in an invasion of Afghanistan on 7 October.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 41 The American-led coalition and the Northern Alliance captured Afghan cities until the Taliban <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kandahar" title="Fall of Kandahar">surrendered</a> to the Northern Alliance in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> on December 6.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 42 The American-led coalition <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora" title="Battle of Tora Bora">attacked</a> the Al-Qaeda headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Tora_Bora" title="Tora Bora">Tora Bora</a> in December, but Al-Qaeda's leadership had gone into hiding. An interim government of Afghanistan led by <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> was formed on December 22.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 42–43 </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2001_in_architecture" title="2001 in architecture">2001 in architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg/170px-The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="3875"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 259px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg/170px-The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg" data-width="170" data-height="259" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg/255px-The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg/340px-The_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_SB.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower of Pisa</a> reopened in 2001.</figcaption></figure> New buildings constructed or opened in 2001 include the <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina" title="Bibliotheca Alexandrina">Bibliotheca Alexandrina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 163 the <a href="/wiki/Sendai_Mediatheque" title="Sendai Mediatheque">Sendai Mediatheque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a>, the <a href="/wiki/DG_Bank_building" class="mw-redirect" title="DG Bank building">DG Bank building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Place" title="Aurora Place">Aurora Place</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 164 Museums that opened in 2001 include the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_Berlin" title="Jewish Museum Berlin">Jewish Museum Berlin</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Libeskind" title="Daniel Libeskind">Daniel Libeskind</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia" title="National Museum of Australia">National Museum of Australia</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Raggatt" title="Howard Raggatt">Howard Raggatt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Changi_Chapel_and_Museum" title="Changi Chapel and Museum">Changi Chapel and Museum</a> in Singapore, the <a href="/wiki/Neue_Galerie_New_York" title="Neue Galerie New York">Neue Galerie New York</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_Museum" title="Apartheid Museum">Apartheid Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 233 Prominent renovations made in 2001 include the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Great_Court" title="Queen Elizabeth II Great Court">Queen Elizabeth II Great Court</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 163 and the entrance wing of the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Art_Museum" title="Milwaukee Art Museum">Milwaukee Art Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 164 Preservation efforts were also completed on the <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower of Pisa</a>, and it reopened to the public on December 15 after 12 years of reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-auto21-17">[16]</a> Damaged and destroyed buildings included the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> buildings which were destroyed in the September 11 attacks,<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 527 and the Biblioteca Gallardo in El Salvador, which was destroyed in an earthquake.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 232 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Art" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2001_in_art" title="2001 in art">2001 in art</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/49th_Venice_Biennale" title="49th Venice Biennale">49th Venice Biennale</a> shifted from traditional paintings and sculptures, giving an increased focus to film and architectural sculpture.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 525 <a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 167 <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a> works of art sold well, with the highest earning being <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Richter" title="Gerhard Richter">Gerhard Richter</a>'s painting of candles, which sold for US$5.4 million.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 525 A decline in the fashion industry was exacerbated by the September 11 attacks; styles with military or otherwise violent iconography were phased out.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 219–220 Improvements in <a href="/wiki/Inkjet_printing" title="Inkjet printing">inkjet printing</a> made high resolution photography more practical. Japanese photographer <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Sugimoto" title="Hiroshi Sugimoto">Hiroshi Sugimoto</a> exhibited his photographs of wax statues of historical figures to provoke questions about the nature of artistic depiction.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 171 Several iconic works of <a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">photojournalism</a> were produced during the September 11 attacks, including <a href="/wiki/The_Falling_Man" title="The Falling Man">The Falling Man</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_at_Ground_Zero" title="Raising the Flag at Ground Zero">Raising the Flag at Ground Zero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Koenig" title="Fritz Koenig">Fritz Koenig</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Sphere" title="The Sphere">Sphere</a> was the only artwork to be recovered from the site, and the sculpture continued to be displayed in its damaged form as a memorial.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> The most popular exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York City was artwork depicting <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Kennedy">Jacqueline Kennedy</a>'s time as <a href="/wiki/First_lady_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="First lady of the United States">first lady of the United States</a>, followed an exhibition of works by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Delft_School_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delft School (painting)">Delft School</a>. Both exhibitions were seen by over 500,000 visitors.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 525 New art galleries and museums opened in Tokyo,<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Vienna<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> and New York.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2001_in_film" title="2001 in film">2001 in film</a>, <a href="/wiki/2001_in_music" title="2001 in music">2001 in music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2001_in_video_games" title="2001 in video games">2001 in video games</a></div> The highest-grossing films in 2001 were <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)">Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring">The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monsters,_Inc." title="Monsters, Inc.">Monsters, Inc.</a> The highest-grossing non-English-language film was <a href="/wiki/Studio_Ghibli" title="Studio Ghibli">Studio Ghibli</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Spirited_Away" title="Spirited Away">Spirited Away</a> (Japanese), the 15th highest-grossing film of the year.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The inaugural entries in the Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings film franchises brought <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> into mainstream culture, popularizing <a href="/wiki/Young_adult_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Young adult fiction">young adult novels</a> and catering to <a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">fandom</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:GameCube-Console-Set.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GameCube-Console-Set.png/157px-GameCube-Console-Set.png" decoding="async" width="157" height="88" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3760" data-file-height="2110"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 157px;height: 88px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GameCube-Console-Set.png/157px-GameCube-Console-Set.png" data-alt="" data-width="157" data-height="88" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GameCube-Console-Set.png/236px-GameCube-Console-Set.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GameCube-Console-Set.png/314px-GameCube-Console-Set.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg/127px-Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="88" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 127px;height: 88px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg/127px-Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="127" data-height="88" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg/191px-Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg/254px-Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:225px;max-width:225px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Xbox-Console-wDuke-L.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Xbox-Console-wDuke-L.jpg/223px-Xbox-Console-wDuke-L.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="97" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5820" data-file-height="2520"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 223px;height: 97px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Xbox-Console-wDuke-L.jpg/223px-Xbox-Console-wDuke-L.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="223" data-height="97" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Xbox-Console-wDuke-L.jpg/335px-Xbox-Console-wDuke-L.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Xbox-Console-wDuke-L.jpg/446px-Xbox-Console-wDuke-L.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:63px;max-width:63px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipod_1G.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ipod_1G.png/61px-Ipod_1G.png" decoding="async" width="61" height="97" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="320"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 61px;height: 97px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ipod_1G.png/61px-Ipod_1G.png" data-alt="" data-width="61" data-height="97" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ipod_1G.png/92px-Ipod_1G.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ipod_1G.png/122px-Ipod_1G.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">2001 saw the release of the <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a> by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/IPod_Classic" title="IPod Classic">iPod</a> by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>.</div></div></div></div> In music, 3.2 billion units were sold with a value of US$33.7 billion. <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a> rose to prominence, with approximately 600 titles available in these formats.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Portable music grew in popularity after <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> released the <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> media library on January 9<a href="#cite_note-Apple_Newsroom-27">[26]</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/IPod_Classic" title="IPod Classic">iPod</a> music player device on October 23.<a href="#cite_note-Apple-2001-28">[27]</a> The music sharing program <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> ended its services after it was accused of facilitating <a href="/wiki/Music_piracy" title="Music piracy">music piracy</a>, but it was replaced by other programs such as <a href="/wiki/FastTrack" title="FastTrack">FastTrack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 177 Worldwide, the best-selling albums were <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_Theory" title="Hybrid Theory">Hybrid Theory</a> (2000) by <a href="/wiki/Linkin_Park" title="Linkin Park">Linkin Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/No_Angel" title="No Angel">No Angel</a> (1999) by <a href="/wiki/Dido_(singer)" title="Dido (singer)">Dido</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Survivor_(Destiny%27s_Child_album)" title="Survivor (Destiny's Child album)">Survivor</a> (2001) by <a href="/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child" title="Destiny's Child">Destiny's Child</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ifpi-29">[28]</a> The best-selling non-English album was <a href="/wiki/Cieli_di_Toscana" title="Cieli di Toscana">Cieli di Toscana</a> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> Tuscan Skies; 2001) by Italian <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli" title="Andrea Bocelli">Andrea Bocelli</a>, which topped the charts in the Netherlands and Sweden<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> and was the 23rd best-selling album globally.<a href="#cite_note-ifpi-29">[28]</a> Three major video game systems were released in 2001: the <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a> by Microsoft. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> ended its involvement in the market after the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 181 The year 2001 is considered important in the video game industry, partly because of the release of many games recognized as classics.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Many video games released in 2001 defined or redefined their respective genres, including <a href="/wiki/Hack_and_slash" title="Hack and slash">hack and slash</a> game <a href="/wiki/Devil_May_Cry" title="Devil May Cry">Devil May Cry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooter</a> game <a href="/wiki/Halo:_Combat_Evolved" title="Halo: Combat Evolved">Halo: Combat Evolved</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">open world</a> <a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">action-adventure</a> game <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_III" title="Grand Theft Auto III">Grand Theft Auto III</a>, which is regarded as an industry-defining work.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2001_in_sports" title="2001 in sports">2001 in sports</a></div> Many sports events were postponed in the final months of 2001 after the September 11 attacks, particularly in the United States. Other sports were postponed in the United Kingdom and Ireland because of foot-and-mouth disease. Throughout the year, <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, Utah, prepared for the <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002 Winter Olympics</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> was announced as the host of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 316 Qualifications for the <a href="/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2002 FIFA World Cup">2002 FIFA World Cup</a> were the main football events in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 534 The world record for largest victory in an international football match was set by <a href="/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team" title="Australia men's national soccer team">Australia</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Tonga_0%E2%80%9322_Australia" title="Tonga 0–22 Australia">0–22 victory</a> against <a href="/wiki/Tonga_national_football_team" title="Tonga national football team">Tonga</a> on April 9. Australia set this record again with a <a href="/wiki/Australia_31%E2%80%930_American_Samoa" title="Australia 31–0 American Samoa">31–0 victory</a> against <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_national_football_team" title="American Samoa national football team">American Samoa</a> on April 11. The unbalanced nature of these matches prompted changes to the <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> qualification process.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-40">[39]</a> In Europe, the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA Women's Cup">UEFA Women's Cup</a> began its first season, establishing a continent-wide women's league for association football under the <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> American tennis players <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Capriati" title="Jennifer Capriati">Jennifer Capriati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venus_Williams" title="Venus Williams">Venus Williams</a> shared the four Grand Slam tournaments,<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 316 whilst France won the <a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a> for the 9th time.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> driver <a href="/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt" title="Dale Earnhardt">Dale Earnhardt</a>, described as the greatest driver in the sport's history, died in a <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Dale_Earnhardt" title="Death of Dale Earnhardt">crash</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2001_Daytona_500" title="2001 Daytona 500">2001 Daytona 500</a> on February 18.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 316 <a href="#cite_note-Caldwell-2001-43">[42]</a> In April, golf player <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Woods" title="Tiger Woods">Tiger Woods</a> became the only player to achieve a "<a href="/wiki/Tiger_Slam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiger Slam">Tiger Slam</a>" after winning the <a href="/wiki/2001_Masters_Tournament" title="2001 Masters Tournament">2001 Masters Tournament</a>, in which he consecutively won all four championship golf titles outside of a single calendar year.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Lennox_Lewis_vs._Hasim_Rahman" title="Lennox Lewis vs. Hasim Rahman">Thunder in Africa</a>" boxing match ended in a major <a href="/wiki/Upset_(competition)" title="Upset (competition)">upset</a> after <a href="/wiki/Hasim_Rahman" title="Hasim Rahman">Hasim Rahman</a> defeated champion <a href="/wiki/Lennox_Lewis" title="Lennox Lewis">Lennox Lewis</a> on April 22. Lewis would go on to win a rematch on November 11.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 536 <a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[44]</a> In cricket, Australia's record-setting streak of sixteen Test victories in a row was broken by India.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 537 </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:2001_in_economic_history" title="Category:2001 in economic history">Category:2001 in economic history</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2001_world_oil_market_chronology" title="2001 world oil market chronology">2001 world oil market chronology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Economic effects of the September 11 attacks">Economic effects of the September 11 attacks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obelisco_20Dic01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obelisco_20Dic01.jpg/170px-Obelisco_20Dic01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="769"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 261px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obelisco_20Dic01.jpg/170px-Obelisco_20Dic01.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="261" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obelisco_20Dic01.jpg/255px-Obelisco_20Dic01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Obelisco_20Dic01.jpg/340px-Obelisco_20Dic01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Social unrest occurred during the <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%932002_Argentine_great_depression" title="1998–2002 Argentine great depression">Argentine great depression</a>.</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Early_2000s_recession" title="Early 2000s recession">minor economic decline</a> took place among many developed economies in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-:7-46">[45]</a> It was amplified by the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot-com crash">dot-com crash</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_company" title="Dot-com company">dot-com companies</a> went out of business every day for much of the year due to an overvaluation of the tech industry.<a href="#cite_note-:7-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-47">[46]</a> Further economic disruption occurred in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.<a href="#cite_note-:7-46">[45]</a> These factors gave the first major demonstration of globalization causing mutual downturn across nations rather than the more typical mutual growth.<a href="#cite_note-:6-48">[47]</a>: 7 Global growth in 2001 was the lowest in a decade, though middle income countries such as those in Eastern Europe were able to sustain growth despite the global downturn.<a href="#cite_note-:6-48">[47]</a>: 30 Unemployment and <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflation</a> became concerns across developed nations.<a href="#cite_note-:6-48">[47]</a>: 3 The year also marked a decline in <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> by about 1.5%, which contrasted with the 11% increase in 2000. This was the first negative change in international trade since 1982. IT industries and the dot-com crash are attributed for the decline in trade.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Economic crises took place <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%932002_Argentine_great_depression" title="1998–2002 Argentine great depression">in Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/2001_Turkish_economic_crisis" title="2001 Turkish economic crisis">in Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-48">[47]</a>: 16 The recession in Argentina negatively affected the economy throughout Latin America,<a href="#cite_note-:6-48">[47]</a>: 37 and the years-long economic crisis reached its peak in December, causing widespread social unrest and the resignation of the President of Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 16 <a href="#cite_note-:9-50">[49]</a> America Online (<a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>), a U.S. online service provider, was at the apex of its popularity and purchased the media conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Time_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Warner">Time Warner</a>. The deal was announced on January 10, in the largest merger in history at that time. AOL would rapidly shrink thereafter, partly due to the decline of <a href="/wiki/Dial-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up">dial-up</a> and rise of <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a>, and the deal would fall apart before the end of the decade, which would be regarded as one of the world's greatest business failures.<a href="#cite_note-:13-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-52">[51]</a> Major businesses that ended operations in 2001 included the American energy company <a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a> and the national airlines of Belgium and Switzerland (<a href="/wiki/Sabena" title="Sabena">Sabena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swissair" title="Swissair">Swissair</a>, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 189 The <a href="/wiki/Enron_scandal" title="Enron scandal">Enron scandal</a> took place in October 2001 when, Enron was found to be committing fraud, bringing about the criminal conviction of several executives and causing the company to undergo the largest bankruptcy at that point in U.S. history.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a> declined in 2001, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>, which saw significant growth.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 178 </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Environment_and_weather">Environment and weather</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Environment and weather" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2001_in_the_environment" title="2001 in the environment">2001 in the environment</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_2001" title="List of earthquakes in 2001">List of earthquakes in 2001</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_in_2001" title="Tropical cyclones in 2001">Tropical cyclones in 2001</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElSalvadorslide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ElSalvadorslide.jpg/170px-ElSalvadorslide.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="1992"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 230px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ElSalvadorslide.jpg/170px-ElSalvadorslide.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ElSalvadorslide.jpg/255px-ElSalvadorslide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ElSalvadorslide.jpg/340px-ElSalvadorslide.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>One of the landslides caused by the <a href="/wiki/January_2001_El_Salvador_earthquake" title="January 2001 El Salvador earthquake">January 2001 earthquake in El Salvador</a></figcaption></figure>2001 was the second hottest year on record at the time, exceeded only by <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> released its <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Third Assessment Report">Third Assessment Report</a> on July 12.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 213 It warned that climate change in the 21st century could cause decreases in <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">crop yields</a> and an increase in temperature-related ailments and deaths.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Droughts occurred in Australia, Central America, Kenya, and the Middle East, the latter continuing from years prior. Hungary, Russia and Southeast Asia experienced significant rains, causing flooding. <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> underwent a severe winter.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Niña">La Niña</a>, which had been ongoing since 1998, ended in the east Atlantic by April 2001.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 186 The <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> was weakened in March when President George W. Bush determined that the United States would relinquish its commitments to the agreement, but an effort to maintain the agreement in Europe was led by Germany.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 486–487 There was an environmental scare in Europe during an investigation into depleted uranium from the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, but it was shown to pose no threat.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 485 The <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants" title="Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants">Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants</a>, which restricted several organic pollutants, was signed on May 22 and 23.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 491 There were four earthquakes in 2001 that caused significant casualties. El Salvador was struck by two of them: <a href="/wiki/January_2001_El_Salvador_earthquake" title="January 2001 El Salvador earthquake">a 7.6-magnitude earthquake</a> on January 13 and <a href="/wiki/February_2001_El_Salvador_earthquake" title="February 2001 El Salvador earthquake">a 6.6-magnitude earthquake</a> on February 13, which resulted in the deaths of at least 944 and 315 people respectively.<a href="#cite_note-proteccioncivil-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-USAID-2001-57">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/2001_Gujarat_earthquake" title="2001 Gujarat earthquake">The Bhuj earthquake</a>, a 7.7-magnitude earthquake in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, India, on January 26 killed between 13,805 and 20,023 people, and destroyed nearly 340,000 buildings.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/2001_southern_Peru_earthquake" title="2001 southern Peru earthquake">An 8.4-magnitude earthquake</a>, then the strongest that had occurred globally since <a href="/wiki/1965_Rat_Islands_earthquake" title="1965 Rat Islands earthquake">1965</a>, killed at least 77 people in Peru on June 23.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-60">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/2001_Kunlun_earthquake" title="2001 Kunlun earthquake">A 7.8-magnitude earthquake</a> struck China with an <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenter</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kokoxili" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokoxili">Kokoxili</a>, close to the border between <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, on November 14, but it occurred in a sparsely populated mountainous region and there were no casualties.<a href="#cite_note-VanderWoerd_etal_2005-61">[60]</a> Sicily saw the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a>, beginning on July 17 and continuing into the next month.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 185 The <a href="/wiki/2001_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="2001 Atlantic hurricane season">2001 Atlantic hurricane season</a> was slightly more active than normal, including 15 tropical storms and hurricanes. The deadliest storms were <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Allison" title="Tropical Storm Allison">Tropical Storm Allison</a> in June, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Iris" title="Hurricane Iris">Hurricane Iris</a> in October, and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Michelle" title="Hurricane Michelle">Hurricane Michelle</a> in November. All three of these storms had their names <a href="/wiki/List_of_retired_Atlantic_hurricane_names" title="List of retired Atlantic hurricane names">retired</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>. Tropical Storm Allison was the deadliest tropical storm to hit the United States without reaching hurricane strength.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2001_Pacific_typhoon_season" title="2001 Pacific typhoon season">2001 Pacific typhoon season</a> was slightly larger than average, including 28 tropical storms, 20 typhoons, and 11 intense typhoons. The most powerful storms were <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Podul_(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoon Podul (2001)">Typhoon Podul</a> in October and <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Faxai_(2001)" title="Typhoon Faxai (2001)">Typhoon Faxai</a> in December.<a href="#cite_note-TSR2001Summ-63">[62]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Health" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:2001_in_health" title="Category:2001 in health">Category:2001 in health</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foot-and-mouth_disease.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Foot-and-mouth_disease.jpg/220px-Foot-and-mouth_disease.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Foot-and-mouth_disease.jpg/220px-Foot-and-mouth_disease.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Foot-and-mouth_disease.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cattle being burned to prevent spread of <a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease" title="Foot-and-mouth disease">foot-and-mouth disease</a>: millions of cattle died during the <a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_foot-and-mouth_outbreak" title="2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak">2001 outbreak</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) began a five-year program to reduce <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">road injury fatalities</a> following a warning of the problem's severity by the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a> the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The WHO's Commission on Macroeconomics and Health released a report in 2001 detailing how spending by developed nations could protect health in developing nations.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> New drugs developed in 2001 include <a href="/wiki/Imatinib" title="Imatinib">imatinib</a> to treat cancer, and <a href="/wiki/Nateglinide" title="Nateglinide">nateglinide</a> to treat diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 224 2001 saw the first self-contained <a href="/wiki/Artificial_heart" title="Artificial heart">artificial heart</a> implanted in a patient.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 25 Outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> occurred in Chad, India, Pakistan, Tanzania, South Africa, and throughout Western Africa; outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> took place in Brazil, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Peru; and outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_disease" title="Meningococcal disease">meningococcal disease</a> occurred in the <a href="/wiki/African_meningitis_belt" title="African meningitis belt">African meningitis belt</a> as well as Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Ethiopia. Other major disease outbreaks included <a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Congo_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever">Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever</a> in Kosovo and Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> in India and South Korea, <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_disease" title="Legionnaires' disease">Legionnaires' disease</a> in Spain and Norway, <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">dengue fever</a> in Venezuela, and <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> in Zambia.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 223 Spain's outbreak of Legionnaires' disease was the largest ever recorded, with 449 confirmed cases and more than 800 suspected ones.<a href="#cite_note-auto17-66">[65]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Ebola" title="Ebola">ebola</a> outbreak continued from 2000 in Uganda until the final case was diagnosed on January 16.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-67">[66]</a> Another outbreak occurred in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo in October, which continued until July 2002.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-68">[67]</a> An <a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_foot-and-mouth_outbreak" title="2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak">outbreak</a> of <a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease" title="Foot-and-mouth disease">foot-and-mouth disease</a> occurred among livestock in the United Kingdom in 2001, resulting in millions of farm animals being slaughtered to prevent spread.<a href="#cite_note-Knight-Jones-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 153–155 Approximately 400,000 people in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> were exposed to <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a> and other harmful particles such as asbestos and metals as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_arising_from_the_September_11_attacks" title="Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, and many would go on to suffer chronic illness as a result of exposure.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> A series of <a href="/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks" title="2001 anthrax attacks">anthrax attacks</a> against American government and media figures in October further spurred precautions against bioterrorism.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 222 </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Politics_and_law">Politics and law</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Politics and law" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2001_in_politics" title="2001 in politics">2001 in politics</a></div><a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> recognized 63% of national governments as electoral democracies by the end of 2001, with the Gambia and Mauritania being recognized as democracies following peaceful transfers of power. Peru also saw a significant expansion of civil rights after emerging from the authoritarian rule of <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a>. Argentina, Liberia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Zimbabwe underwent significant <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a> in 2001, with Liberia and Zimbabwe recognized as authoritarian governments by the end of the year. 64.65% of the world's population lived in countries that generally respected human rights, while 35.35% lived in countries that denied political rights and civil liberties.<a href="#cite_note-Karatnycky-2002-71">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a> became the predominant global political concern amidst the September 11 attacks and the War on Terror. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a> was identified as a major threat to democracy and human rights, both in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> through the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> and in the rest of the world through terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-Karatnycky-2002-71">[70]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:2001#undue" title="Talk:2001">discuss</a>] <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">Racial discrimination</a>, the ability to prosecute human rights violators, the number of refugees, and the problems of economic disadvantage were among the global human rights concerns that were given the most attention in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 312 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_politics">Domestic politics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Domestic politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_la_R%C3%BAa_deja_Casa_Rosada_(21_dic_2001).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/De_la_R%C3%BAa_deja_Casa_Rosada_%2821_dic_2001%29.jpg/220px-De_la_R%C3%BAa_deja_Casa_Rosada_%2821_dic_2001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="636"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/De_la_R%C3%BAa_deja_Casa_Rosada_%2821_dic_2001%29.jpg/220px-De_la_R%C3%BAa_deja_Casa_Rosada_%2821_dic_2001%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/De_la_R%C3%BAa_deja_Casa_Rosada_%2821_dic_2001%29.jpg/330px-De_la_R%C3%BAa_deja_Casa_Rosada_%2821_dic_2001%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/De_la_R%C3%BAa_deja_Casa_Rosada_%2821_dic_2001%29.jpg/440px-De_la_R%C3%BAa_deja_Casa_Rosada_%2821_dic_2001%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Former Argentine president <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_la_R%C3%BAa" title="Fernando de la Rúa">Fernando de la Rúa</a> leaving the <a href="/wiki/Casa_Rosada" title="Casa Rosada">Casa Rosada</a> after resigning on December 21</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State of Afghanistan</a> was the <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> government of Afghanistan in 2001, but for several years it had operated as a <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">government in exile</a> while the Taliban-led <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> held <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> control over most of the country.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The Islamic State of Afghanistan was restored to power following the invasion of Afghanistan with the appointment of president Hamid Karzai on December 22.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 43 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a> became president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo following <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila">the assassination</a> of his father, President. <a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[72]</a>: 77 President <a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Wahid" title="Abdurrahman Wahid">Abdurrahman Wahid</a> of Indonesia was removed from office after thousands of protesters stormed the parliament building, and he was replaced by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Megawati_Sukarnoputri" title="Megawati Sukarnoputri">Megawati Sukarnoputri</a>, daughter of former president <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-the_Guardian-2001a-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[72]</a>: 77 The <a href="/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution" title="Second EDSA Revolution">Second EDSA Revolution</a> took place in the Philippines in January when President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> resigned amid an <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Joseph_Estrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment of Joseph Estrada">impeachment</a>, and he was succeeded by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[72]</a>: 77 The <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%932002_Argentine_great_depression" title="1998–2002 Argentine great depression">Argentine great depression</a> escalated with <a href="/wiki/December_2001_riots_in_Argentina" title="December 2001 riots in Argentina">rioting</a> in December, prompting President <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_la_R%C3%BAa" title="Fernando de la Rúa">Fernando de la Rúa</a> to resign on December 20 and the fall of the interim government soon after.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 16 <a href="#cite_note-:9-50">[49]</a> Kosovo and East Timor both held elections for the first time in 2001 as they sought independence.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 18 Other changes in leadership included the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">inauguration</a> of <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2001_Peruvian_general_election" title="2001 Peruvian general election">election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo">Alejandro Toledo</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President of Peru</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 16 the selection of <a href="/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi" title="Junichiro Koizumi">Junichiro Koizumi</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 19 and the <a href="/wiki/2001_Israeli_prime_ministerial_election" title="2001 Israeli prime ministerial election">election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister of Israel</a>. Other leaders saw reconfirmation, including the <a href="/wiki/2001_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2001 Iranian presidential election">reelection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President of Iran</a> and the victory of the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> in <a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2001 United Kingdom general election">the 2001 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[72]</a>: 77 In response to the September 11 attacks, the United States passed the controversial <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> that granted the U.S. government significant surveillance powers.<a href="#cite_note-:8-47">[46]</a> Ghana underwent its first peaceful transfer of power since 1979 when <a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">John Kufuor</a> was sworn in as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">President of Ghana</a> on January 7.<a href="#cite_note-auto19-75">[74]</a> The Netherlands became the first modern country to legalize <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> on April 1.<a href="#cite_note-William_Binchy-20072-76">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/King_of_Nepal" title="King of Nepal">royal family of Nepal</a> was <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">killed</a> on June 1 by Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Dipendra_of_Nepal" title="Dipendra of Nepal">Dipendra</a>, who became king upon his father's death. Dipendra fell into a coma after shooting himself, and he died days later. He in turn was succeeded by his uncle <a href="/wiki/Gyanendra_of_Nepal" title="Gyanendra of Nepal">Gyanendra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[72]</a>: 72–73 The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Comoros" title="Constitution of the Comoros">Constitution of the Comoros</a> was <a href="/wiki/2001_Comorian_constitutional_referendum" title="2001 Comorian constitutional referendum">amended</a> on December 24, creating a federal government with a rotating presidency and granting increased autonomy to the three island administrations.<a href="#cite_note-auto15-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_politics">International politics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: International politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genova-G8_2001-Incidenti_a_Corso_Torino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Genova-G8_2001-Incidenti_a_Corso_Torino.jpg/220px-Genova-G8_2001-Incidenti_a_Corso_Torino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Genova-G8_2001-Incidenti_a_Corso_Torino.jpg/220px-Genova-G8_2001-Incidenti_a_Corso_Torino.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Genova-G8_2001-Incidenti_a_Corso_Torino.jpg/330px-Genova-G8_2001-Incidenti_a_Corso_Torino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Genova-G8_2001-Incidenti_a_Corso_Torino.jpg/440px-Genova-G8_2001-Incidenti_a_Corso_Torino.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Anti-globalization activists burning a military vehicle outside of the <a href="/wiki/27th_G8_summit" title="27th G8 summit">27th G8 summit</a></figcaption></figure> Two major regional organizations were announced in 2001. The <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> was established on May 26 as a pan-African forum to promote unity between African countries, including cooperation in economic and security issues, and would replace the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Adeniyi-2016-78">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a> was announced on June 15 to facilitate political and economic cooperation between Asian countries.<a href="#cite_note-SCO-2017-79">[78]</a> Three countries joined the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) in 2001: Lithuania on May 31,<a href="#cite_note-Lithuania-2021-80">[79]</a> Moldova on July 26,<a href="#cite_note-auto23-81">[80]</a> and China on December 11.<a href="#cite_note-:15-82">[81]</a> The WTO began the <a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a> in November to negotiate lower trade barriers between countries and integrate developing nations into the global economy.<a href="#cite_note-:6-48">[47]</a>: 18 The <a href="/wiki/World_Conference_against_Racism_2001" title="World Conference against Racism 2001">World Conference against Racism 2001</a> began on August 31, in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa, under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-83">[82]</a> Israel and the United States withdrew from the conference on September 3 over objections to a draft resolution document equating <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> with racism and singling out the Jewish state for war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-:16-84">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_Convention" title="Aarhus Convention">Aarhus Convention</a> took effect on October 30, establishing the right to environmental information and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> for European and Central Asian countries.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-85">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/27th_G8_summit" title="27th G8 summit">27th G8 summit</a> was marred by anti-globalization protests in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Italy. Massive demonstrations, drawing an estimated 200,000 people, were held against the meeting. One demonstrator, <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Carlo_Giuliani" title="Death of Carlo Giuliani">Carlo Giuliani</a>, was killed by a policeman, and several others were injured.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[72]</a>: 76 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The September 11 attacks demonstrated a need for international law to address terrorism and other non-state actors, and a push by UN Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> in November saw progress in multiple international treaties.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 491 The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Cybercrime" title="Convention on Cybercrime">Convention on Cybercrime</a>, the first international treaty to address <a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">cybercrime</a>, was signed on November 23.<a href="#cite_note-Weber-2003-86">[85]</a> Diplomatic disputes in 2001 included a <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">diplomatic incident</a> when an American <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">spy plane</a> and a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Fighter_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter plane">fighter plane</a> collided over the South China Sea,<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[72]</a>: 70–71 and a dispute between Japan and North Korea when the North Korean leader's son, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-nam" title="Kim Jong-nam">Kim Jong-nam</a>, attempted to sneak into <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Disneyland" title="Tokyo Disneyland">Tokyo Disneyland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[72]</a>: 76 <a href="/wiki/Achievement_test" title="Achievement test">Achievement tests</a> and stricter penalties against delinquent students became controversial educational practices in several countries.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 206 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Law" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Milosevic_in_Hague_(cropped_4_to_3_ratio).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Milosevic_in_Hague_%28cropped_4_to_3_ratio%29.jpg/117px-Milosevic_in_Hague_%28cropped_4_to_3_ratio%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="393"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 117px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Milosevic_in_Hague_%28cropped_4_to_3_ratio%29.jpg/117px-Milosevic_in_Hague_%28cropped_4_to_3_ratio%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="117" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Milosevic_in_Hague_%28cropped_4_to_3_ratio%29.jpg/176px-Milosevic_in_Hague_%28cropped_4_to_3_ratio%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Milosevic_in_Hague_%28cropped_4_to_3_ratio%29.jpg/234px-Milosevic_in_Hague_%28cropped_4_to_3_ratio%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Radislav_Krstic2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Radislav_Krstic2013.jpg/117px-Radislav_Krstic2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="2835"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 117px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Radislav_Krstic2013.jpg/117px-Radislav_Krstic2013.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="117" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Radislav_Krstic2013.jpg/176px-Radislav_Krstic2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Radislav_Krstic2013.jpg/234px-Radislav_Krstic2013.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Former Serbian President <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> and general <a href="/wiki/Radislav_Krsti%C4%87" title="Radislav Krstić">Radislav Krstić</a> both faced prosecution in 2001 by the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a>.</div></div></div></div> Belgium set precedent when the government prosecuted crimes of the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>, invoking a 1993 law that gave Belgian courts jurisdiction over <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> violations that take place anywhere in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 226 In another first for international law, the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> determined that <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">wartime sexual violence</a> was a war crime.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 374 President <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> of Serbia (1997–2000) was arrested on April 1 for his role in the <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a> and other crimes against humanity committed during the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>. He was the first head of state to see trial for war crimes in this manner.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 230 The tribunal also prosecuted general <a href="/wiki/Radislav_Krsti%C4%87" title="Radislav Krstić">Radislav Krstić</a>, bringing its first conviction for genocide.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 18 The <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> heard two new cases in 2001: Liechtenstein challenged Germany's claim that Lichtenstein property had been seized from Germany during World War II, and Nicaragua brought a challenge against Colombia regarding maritime borders. It delivered judgement in a 1991 case of a territorial dispute between Bahrain and Qatar, and it ruled in a German challenge against the United States that the court's own provisional orders are binding.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 492 </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:2001_in_religion" title="Category:2001 in religion">Category:2001 in religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Giant_standing_Buddhas_of_Bamiyan_still_cast_shadows_(Image_2_of_8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Giant_standing_Buddhas_of_Bamiyan_still_cast_shadows_%28Image_2_of_8%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Giant_standing_Buddhas_of_Bamiyan_still_cast_shadows_%28Image_2_of_8%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1793"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Giant_standing_Buddhas_of_Bamiyan_still_cast_shadows_%28Image_2_of_8%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Giant_standing_Buddhas_of_Bamiyan_still_cast_shadows_%28Image_2_of_8%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Giant_standing_Buddhas_of_Bamiyan_still_cast_shadows_%28Image_2_of_8%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Giant_standing_Buddhas_of_Bamiyan_still_cast_shadows_%28Image_2_of_8%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Giant_standing_Buddhas_of_Bamiyan_still_cast_shadows_%28Image_2_of_8%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Giant_standing_Buddhas_of_Bamiyan_still_cast_shadows_%28Image_2_of_8%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Two women walk past the cavity where the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a> used to stand before being destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>.</figcaption></figure> The religiously motivated September 11 attacks came to dominate global discourse about religion in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 300 Following the attacks, both <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">religious intolerance</a> came to the fore, with an increase in <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>, particularly in the United States and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> The imposition of religious law became a major subject of debate, particularly in Afghanistan, where the perpetrators of the attacks were protected by the fundamentalist Taliban, as well as Nigeria, where conflict between Christians and Muslims escalated amid the implementation of Islamic law.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 300 Prior to the attacks, the Taliban had incited a different religious controversy by destroying the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a> despite the international community's pleas.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[72]</a>: 76 Another religious conflict took place in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, Sudan, when Christians were forcibly expelled from the Anglican cathedral during Easter services.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 470 <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> made trips throughout 2001 to preach for good relations with other religions: he became the first pope to visit a mosque in Syria to build relations with Muslims, and he visited Greece to build relations with Orthodox Christians. Relations between Catholicism and Judaism were strained following a dispute over the release of Holocaust records held by the Vatican.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 300–301 The Pope named 37 cardinals on January 21, bringing the total number to 128.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 469 The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> also began investigations of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">sexual abuse cases</a> among its priests in 2001, with 3,000 cases being considered over the following decade.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> The subject of women's ordination was also a subject of debate within the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 470 The duodecennial Hindu pilgrimage and festival <a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> was held for 42 days in January and February 2001.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 308 A 50-square-mile (130 km2) <a href="/wiki/Tent_city" title="Tent city">tent city</a> was created within <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a> to support the festival.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 471 The <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque" title="Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque">Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque</a> in Oman was completed in May. At the time, its chandelier was the largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a> became a social phenomenon in 2001 after a <a href="/wiki/Jedi_census_phenomenon" title="Jedi census phenomenon">movement to self-report</a> as Jedi caused it to become the fourth largest religion in the United Kingdom and the second largest religion in New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Science">Science</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Science" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2001_in_science" title="2001 in science">2001 in science</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perezoso_La_Mochila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Perezoso_La_Mochila.jpg/220px-Perezoso_La_Mochila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Perezoso_La_Mochila.jpg/220px-Perezoso_La_Mochila.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Perezoso_La_Mochila.jpg/330px-Perezoso_La_Mochila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Perezoso_La_Mochila.jpg/440px-Perezoso_La_Mochila.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_three-toed_sloth" title="Pygmy three-toed sloth">pygmy three-toed sloth</a> was first described in 2001.</figcaption></figure> Several anthropological and archaeological developments were made in 2001, including the extraction of <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> from prehistoric skeletons<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 158 and the discovery of an <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">arrowhead</a> lodged in the shoulder of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a>, a 5,300-year-old mummy, after a <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> was performed on him.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[72]</a>: 128 Newly described hominids included <a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a>, while two additional hominids, <a href="/wiki/Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a>, were proposed.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 158–159 January saw the extraction of DNA from a 60,000-year-old skeleton, the oldest human DNA to be studied to that point.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 480 In October, the discovery of a prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Sarcosuchus" title="Sarcosuchus">Sarcosuchus</a> skeleton was announced after digging began the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[72]</a>: 125 Archaeological discoveries include <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andros" title="Andros">Andros</a>, 40,000-year-old tools in <a href="/wiki/Mamontovaya_Kurya" title="Mamontovaya Kurya">Mamontovaya Kurya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> citizens in a pit adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a>, a walled city at <a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a>, and a 2,900-year-old <a href="/wiki/Sweat_lodge" title="Sweat lodge">sweat lodge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuello" title="Cuello">Cuello</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 160–162 Two different groups, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celera_Genomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Celera Genomics">Celera Genomics</a>, published the first maps of the human genome on February 15 and 16, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Human_cloning" title="Human cloning">Human cloning</a> was a controversial subject in 2001, and opponents called for bans on human cloning internationally.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 477–478 : 215 Other developments in genetics included a completed sequencing of the <a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">oryza sativa</a> genome and an experiment saw the successful creation of tomatoes <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">genetically modified</a> to survive in saltwater.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 237 The <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_three-toed_sloth" title="Pygmy three-toed sloth">pygmy three-toed sloth</a> was among the animals first <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Birds discovered include the <a href="/wiki/Mishana_tyrannulet" title="Mishana tyrannulet">Mishana tyrannulet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chapada_flycatcher" title="Chapada flycatcher">Chapada flycatcher</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_petrel" title="Vanuatu petrel">Vanuatu petrel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chestnut-eared_laughingthrush" title="Chestnut-eared laughingthrush">chestnut-eared laughingthrush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 215 The <a href="/wiki/Ruizia_parviflora" title="Ruizia parviflora">Ruizia parviflora</a> tree was rediscovered on Mauritius when it was thought extinct since 1863.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 238 Conversely, the 1993 discovery of <a href="/wiki/Pseudonovibos_spiralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudonovibos spiralis">pseudonovibos spiralis</a> was determined in February 2001 to be unfounded.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a> The discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Lost_City_Hydrothermal_Field" title="Lost City Hydrothermal Field">Lost City Hydrothermal Field</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantis_Massif" title="Atlantis Massif">Atlantis Massif</a> was formally announced in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 183 The phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation" title="Neutrino oscillation">neutrino oscillation</a> was confirmed in 2001, while the 1999 discovery of <a href="/wiki/Element_118" class="mw-redirect" title="Element 118">element 118</a> was retracted.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 263 The <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Arctic" title="University of the Arctic">University of the Arctic</a> was founded in 2001 as a joint project between several northern countries.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 210 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology_and_transportation">Technology and transportation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Technology and transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2001_in_spaceflight" title="2001 in spaceflight">2001 in spaceflight</a>, <a href="/wiki/2001_in_aviation" title="2001 in aviation">2001 in aviation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2001_in_rail_transport" title="2001 in rail transport">2001 in rail transport</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg/220px-ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1226"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg/220px-ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg/330px-ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg/440px-ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Crew of <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-32" title="Soyuz TM-32">Soyuz TM-32</a>: (L-R) <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Tito" title="Dennis Tito">Dennis Tito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talgat_Musabayev" title="Talgat Musabayev">Talgat Musabayev</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Baturin" title="Yuri Baturin">Yuri Baturin</a></figcaption></figure>The computer industry saw major decline during the recession in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 175 Apple Computer Inc. released the <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Mac</a> computers on March 24,<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 176 <a href="#cite_note-:17-94">[93]</a> and it discontinued the <a href="/wiki/Power_Mac_G4_Cube" title="Power Mac G4 Cube">Power Mac G4 Cube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 176 <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> wireless technology first became available on October 1 when it was <a href="/wiki/3G_adoption" title="3G adoption">adopted</a> by Japanese telecommunications company <a href="/wiki/NTT_Docomo" title="NTT Docomo">NTT Docomo</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Mobile_Multimedia_Access" title="Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access">Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access</a> service.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 182 Microsoft released the <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> operating system to retail on October 25.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 175 <a href="#cite_note-auto8-95">[94]</a> The most powerful <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a> as of 2001 was designed by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> in the United States. Several <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> scares took place in 2001, including the <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimda" title="Nimda">Nimda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sircam" title="Sircam">Sircam</a> worms.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 180 There were only 57 successful orbital spaceflights in 2001, the fewest since 1963. Eight of these launches were crewed missions. Two failed spaceflights also took place.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a> made the first successful landing of a spacecraft on an asteroid on February 12, and the <a href="/wiki/Destiny_(ISS_module)" title="Destiny (ISS module)">Destiny module</a> was connected to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> the same month.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 474–475 The Russian <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> space station was <a href="/wiki/Deorbit_of_Mir" title="Deorbit of Mir">deorbited</a> and destroyed on March 23, landing in the Pacific Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[72]</a>: 126 The <a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a> orbiter was launched on April 7 and arrived at Mars on October 24.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_Mars-2001-97">[96]</a> American entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Tito" title="Dennis Tito">Dennis Tito</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">space tourist</a> on April 28 aboard the Russian <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-32" title="Soyuz TM-32">Soyuz TM-32</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-2001-98">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">28978 Ixion</a> was discovered on May 22.<a href="#cite_note-Minor_Planet_Center-99">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a> probe was launched on August 8 to collect <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> samples.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-Genesis-2004-100">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a> carried out a flyby of <a href="/wiki/19P/Borrelly" title="19P/Borrelly">Comet Borrelly</a> on September 22,<a href="#cite_note-NASA-DS1-2001-101">[100]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> carried out a flyby of <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> on October 15.<a href="#cite_note-JPL-2001-102">[101]</a> An atmosphere was discovered on an <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> for the first time on November 27.<a href="#cite_note-Hubble-2001-103">[102]</a> Air travel in the United States and worldwide was heavily affected by the September 11 attacks. Commercial flights in the United States were grounded for three days,<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> and air travel then became subject to significantly increased security measures.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport" title="Incheon International Airport">Incheon International Airport</a> opened in <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a> on March 22, and the <a href="/wiki/TGV_Mediterranee" class="mw-redirect" title="TGV Mediterranee">TGV Mediterranee</a> railway opened in France.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 166 The <a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Kursk_(K-141)" title="Russian submarine Kursk (K-141)">K-141 Kursk</a> nuclear submarine was lifted from the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Kursk_submarine_disaster" title="Kursk submarine disaster">Kursk submarine disaster</a> of the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[72]</a>: 74–75 The <a href="/wiki/Segway" title="Segway">Segway</a>, a self-balancing <a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">personal transporter</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Dean_Kamen" title="Dean Kamen">Dean Kamen</a>, was unveiled on December 3 after months of public speculation and media hype,<a href="#cite_note-speculation-106">[105]</a> on the <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a> morning program <a href="/wiki/Good_Morning_America" title="Good Morning America">Good Morning America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-107">[106]</a> The reveal that it was a self-balancing transporter was seen as a disappointment.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 477 </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Events" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January">January</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: January" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – Greece becomes the 12th country to join the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-2001c-108">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">January 7</a> – Ghana undergoes its first peaceful transfer of power since 1979 when <a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">John Kufuor</a> is sworn in as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ghana" title="President of Ghana">President of Ghana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto19-75">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_9" title="January 9">January 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> launches <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a>, a software program that acts as a <a href="/wiki/Media_player_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media player (software)">media player</a> and media library.<a href="#cite_note-Apple_Newsroom-27">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_10" title="January 10">January 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Warner">Time Warner</a> announce what was at the time the world's largest business merger.<a href="#cite_note-:13-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-52">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_13" title="January 13">January 13</a> – A <a href="/wiki/January_2001_El_Salvador_earthquake" title="January 2001 El Salvador earthquake">7.6-magnitude earthquake</a> hits El Salvador, killing at least 944 people and causing massive landslides, which leaves thousands of those affected homeless.<a href="#cite_note-proteccioncivil-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-USAID-2001-57">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_16" title="January 16">January 16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a>: The President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is shot in his office during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> and rushed to <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a> in Zimbabwe for medical treatment; his death will be announced two days later. He is succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 29 </li> <li>The final documented case of the 2000–2001 Uganda <a href="/wiki/Ebola" title="Ebola">ebola</a> outbreak is diagnosed.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-67">[66]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">governor of Texas</a>, is <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">sworn in</a> as the 43rd president of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a></li> <li>Impeachment proceedings against Philippine President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> end prematurely as he is peacefully overthrown in the <a href="/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution" title="Second EDSA Revolution">Second EDSA Revolution</a>. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> succeeds him as president.<a href="#cite_note-Paddock-2001-110">[109]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_21" title="January 21">January 21</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taba_Summit" title="Taba Summit">Taba Summit</a>: Talks between Israel and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> begin in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> names 37 cardinals in one day for a total of 128.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 469 </li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – The <a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">2001 insurgency in Macedonia</a> begins when a police station is shelled by the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Macedonia)" title="National Liberation Army (Macedonia)">National Liberation Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tearce" title="Tearce">Tearce</a>, near the border with Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-Marusic-2021-10">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_23" title="January 23">January 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_self-immolation_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square self-immolation incident">A self-immolation incident</a> takes place in <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China. Five members of the <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> are alleged to have set themselves on fire, but details surrounding the incident are disputed by Falun Gong sources.<a href="#cite_note-auto18-112">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">January 26</a> – A 7.7 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>Mw</a> <a href="/wiki/2001_Gujarat_earthquake" title="2001 Gujarat earthquake">Gujarat earthquake</a> shakes <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">Western India</a> with a maximum <a href="/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercalli intensity scale">Mercalli intensity</a> of X (Extreme), leaving thousands of people dead and more than 166,000 others injured.<a href="#cite_note-ASC-2001-113">[112]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_29" title="January 29">January 29</a> – Corruption scandals surrounding Indonesian President <a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Wahid" title="Abdurrahman Wahid">Abdurrahman Wahid</a> prompt thousands of protesters to storm the Indonesian <a href="/wiki/MPR/DPR/DPD_building" title="MPR/DPR/DPD building">parliament building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-the_Guardian-2001a-74">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_31" title="January 31">January 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/2001_Japan_Airlines_mid-air_incident" title="2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident">2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident</a>: Japan Airlines Flight 907 and Flight 958 almost collided with each other in <a href="/wiki/Yaizu" title="Yaizu">Yaizu</a>, Shizuoka, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Flight 907 safely landed at Narita Airport and Flight 958 continued to Naha Airport. 100 people were injured.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="February">February</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: February" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/2001_Israeli_prime_ministerial_election" title="2001 Israeli prime ministerial election">2001 Israeli prime ministerial election</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> party is elected <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister of Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eros_-_PIA02923_(color).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg/170px-Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="838"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg/170px-Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg/255px-Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg/340px-Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a> as seen from the NEAR spacecraft</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a> spacecraft touches down in the "saddle" region of <a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">near-Earth object</a>, becoming the first spacecraft to land on an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 474–475 </li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a> publishes the first draft of its <a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">human genome</a> sequence.<a href="#cite_note-Wade-2001-116">[115]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_13" title="February 13">February 13</a> – A <a href="/wiki/February_2001_El_Salvador_earthquake" title="February 2001 El Salvador earthquake">6.6-magnitude earthquake</a> hits El Salvador, killing at least 315 people.<a href="#cite_note-USAID-2001-57">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_16" title="February 16">February 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_crisis" title="Iraq disarmament crisis">Iraq disarmament crisis</a>: British and U.S. forces <a href="/wiki/February_2001_airstrike_in_Iraq" title="February 2001 airstrike in Iraq">carry out bombing raids</a> to disable Iraq's air defense network.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> driver <a href="/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt" title="Dale Earnhardt">Dale Earnhardt</a> is <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Dale_Earnhardt" title="Death of Dale Earnhardt">killed in a crash</a> during a race.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 316 <a href="#cite_note-Caldwell-2001-43">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">February 19</a> – The <a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_foot-and-mouth_outbreak" title="2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak">2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak</a> begins.<a href="#cite_note-Morris-2002-118">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> – The <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY) sentences three Bosnian Serb soldiers to prison for <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">wartime sexual violence</a>, recognizing it as a <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a> for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">February 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sampit_conflict" title="Sampit conflict">Sampit conflict</a>: Mass ethnic violence begins in <a href="/wiki/Sampit" title="Sampit">Sampit</a>, Indonesia, killing hundreds of people.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March">March</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: March" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">March 2</a> – Despite pleas from the international community to spare them, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Taliban government</a> of Afghanistan begins destroying the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a>, having declared that they are <a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Idolatry in Islam">idols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFP-2001-122">[121]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a> – The Hintze Ribeiro Bridge <a href="/wiki/Hintze_Ribeiro_Bridge_collapse" title="Hintze Ribeiro Bridge collapse">collapses</a> in northern Portugal, killing 59 people.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tetovo" title="Battle of Tetovo">Battle of Tetovo</a>: Violence erupts between Albanian rebels and Macedonian soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Tetovo" title="Tetovo">Tetovo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Conflict in Tetovo will continue for months during the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-auto-125">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Shijiazhuang bombings">Shijiazhuang bombings</a>: 108 people are killed in a series of bombings in <a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a>, China.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a> is <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described</a> as an early <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">hominid</a> after the discovery of remains in Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-Leakey-2001-127">[126]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport" title="Incheon International Airport">Incheon International Airport</a> opens in <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a>, South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 166 </li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Deorbit_of_Mir" title="Deorbit of Mir">deorbit of Russian space station Mir</a> is processed, with debris falling into the South Pacific Ocean after the station <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">enters the atmosphere</a> and is destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[72]</a>: 126 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – Apple Inc. released the <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Mac</a> computers.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 176 <a href="#cite_note-:17-94">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling" title="World Championship Wrestling">World Championship Wrestling</a> goes out of business and is purchased by its chief competitor, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wrestling_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wrestling Federation">World Wrestling Federation</a>, bringing an end to the <a href="/wiki/Monday_Night_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Monday Night Wars">Monday Night Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_28" title="March 28">March 28</a> – The United States declares its intention to end involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April">April</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: April" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weddinginholland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Weddinginholland.jpg/220px-Weddinginholland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="1196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Weddinginholland.jpg/220px-Weddinginholland.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Weddinginholland.jpg/330px-Weddinginholland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Weddinginholland.jpg/440px-Weddinginholland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Two men marrying in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> on April 1, the first day in which the possibility to marry was opened to same-sex couples</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_1" title="April 1">April 1</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands">Act on the Opening up of Marriage</a> goes into effect in the Netherlands, which becomes the first modern country to legalize <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-William_Binchy-20072-76">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">Hainan Island incident</a>: A Chinese fighter jet collides with a U.S. <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_EP-3" title="Lockheed EP-3">EP-3E</a> surveillance aircraft, which is forced to make an emergency landing in <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, China. The U.S. crew is detained for 10 days and the <a href="/wiki/Shenyang_J-8" title="Shenyang J-8">F-8</a> Chinese pilot, Wang Wei, goes missing and is presumed dead.<a href="#cite_note-Air_Forces_Monthly-2001-130">[129]</a></li> <li>Former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="President of Serbia and Montenegro">President of Serbia and Montenegro</a> <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> surrenders to police special forces to be tried on charges of <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 230 </li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_7" title="April 7">April 7</a> – The <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> orbiter <a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a> launches on a <a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> rocket.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_Mars-2001-97">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team" title="Australia men's national soccer team">Australia</a>'s football team wins against <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_national_football_team" title="American Samoa national football team">American Samoa</a> in a record <a href="/wiki/Australia_31%E2%80%930_American_Samoa" title="Australia 31–0 American Samoa">31–0 victory</a>, just two days after setting the record with a <a href="/wiki/Tonga_0%E2%80%9322_Australia" title="Tonga 0–22 Australia">0–22 victory</a> against <a href="/wiki/Tonga_national_football_team" title="Tonga national football team">Tonga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-40">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling" title="Extreme Championship Wrestling">Extreme Championship Wrestling</a> files for bankruptcy and ceases operations, is eventually bought by its competitor, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wrestling_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wrestling Federation">World Wrestling Federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B4ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_M%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Nông Đức Mạnh">Nông Đức Mạnh</a> is chosen as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a></li> <li>Israel occupies an area in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, killing two people. Israeli forces withdraw the same day after the United States denounces the attack.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2001a-133">[132]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_18" title="April 18">April 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/2001_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Burundian coup d'état attempt">2001 Burundian coup d'état attempt</a>: A group of junior officers make a failed attempt to overthrow President <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Buyoya" title="Pierre Buyoya">Pierre Buyoya</a> of Burundi.<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[8]</a>: 218 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">April 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hasim_Rahman" title="Hasim Rahman">Hasim Rahman</a> wins an upset victory against champion <a href="/wiki/Lennox_Lewis" title="Lennox Lewis">Lennox Lewis</a> in the "<a href="/wiki/Lennox_Lewis_vs._Hasim_Rahman" title="Lennox Lewis vs. Hasim Rahman">Thunder in Africa</a>" boxing match.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 536 <a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – A ceasefire is broken during the <a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_III" title="Eelam War III">Eelam War III</a> in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 51 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi" title="Junichiro Koizumi">Junichiro Koizumi</a> becomes the 86th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Ukraine">Parliament of Ukraine</a> votes to dismiss Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Viktor Yushchenko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">April 28</a> <ul><li>The Russian spacecraft <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-32" title="Soyuz TM-32">Soyuz TM-32</a> lifts off from the <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> in Kazakhstan, carrying the first <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">space tourist</a>, American entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Tito" title="Dennis Tito">Dennis Tito</a>, and two Russian cosmonauts.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-2001-98">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vejce_ambush" title="Vejce ambush">Vejce ambush</a>: Eight Macedonian soldiers are killed in an ambush by the NLA near <a href="/wiki/Vejce" title="Vejce">Vejce</a>, a village in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar_Mountains" title="Šar Mountains">Šar Mountains</a>, Macedonia. It represents the heaviest death toll for the government forces in a single incident during the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May">May</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: May" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_7" title="May 7">May 7</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina, an attempt is made to reconstruct the historic 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Ferhat_Pasha_Mosque_(Banja_Luka)" title="Ferhat Pasha Mosque (Banja Luka)">Ferhadija Mosque</a>. <a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalists</a> respond with riots and mass violence against <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian Muslims">Bosnian Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a> – The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Freedoms" title="House of Freedoms">House of Freedoms</a> coalition led by <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> wins the <a href="/wiki/2001_Italian_general_election" title="2001 Italian general election">Italian general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/2001_HaSharon_Mall_suicide_bombing" title="2001 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing">2001 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing</a>: A Hamas suicide bomber kills six people in <a href="/wiki/Netanya" title="Netanya">Netanya</a>, Israel. The Israeli government responds with the first use of airstrikes against Palestine since 1967.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-2001a-139">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_21" title="May 21">May 21</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Kon%C4%8Dulj_Agreement" title="Končulj Agreement">Končulj Agreement</a> results in the disarmament of the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_Pre%C5%A1evo,_Medve%C4%91a_and_Bujanovac" title="Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac">Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto14-140">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_22" title="May 22">May 22</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">28978 Ixion</a>, a large <a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">trans-Neptunian object</a> and a <a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">possible</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a>, is discovered during the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Ecliptic_Survey" title="Deep Ecliptic Survey">Deep Ecliptic Survey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Minor_Planet_Center-99">[98]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants" title="Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants">Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants</a> is adopted by 127 countries to limit pollution internationally.<a href="#cite_note-:10-16">[15]</a>: 491 <a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-2001-141">[140]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a> – Sherpa <a href="/wiki/Temba_Tsheri" title="Temba Tsheri">Temba Tsheri</a>, 15, becomes the youngest person to reach the summit of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a> – The <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> is formed to replace the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a>. It will begin operation the following year.<a href="#cite_note-Adeniyi-2016-78">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/2001_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Central African Republic coup d'état attempt">2001 Central African Republic coup d'état attempt</a>: Central African forces led by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Kolingba" title="André Kolingba">André Kolingba</a> carry out a failed attempt to overthrow the government of the Central African Republic. Dozens are killed in the ensuing violence.<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[8]</a>: 249 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_31" title="May 31">May 31</a> <ul><li>Lithuania joins the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lithuania-2021-80">[79]</a></li> <li>Research into <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a> confirms that it is identified with mutation of the <a href="/wiki/NOD2" title="NOD2">NOD2</a> gene.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June">June</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: June" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> <ul><li>Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Dipendra_of_Nepal" title="Dipendra of Nepal">Dipendra of Nepal</a> kills his father, the king, his mother and other members of the royal family with an assault rifle and then shoots himself in the <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal massacre</a>. Dipendra is recognized as King of Nepal while in a coma.<a href="#cite_note-:4-73">[72]</a>: 72–73 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium_discotheque_massacre" title="Dolphinarium discotheque massacre">Dolphinarium discotheque massacre</a>: A Hamas suicide bomber kills 21 people, mostly teenagers, in the Dolphinarium disco in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, Israel.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4" title="June 4">June 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gyanendra_of_Nepal" title="Gyanendra of Nepal">Gyanendra</a> ascends the throne of Nepal on the death of his nephew, Dipendra.<a href="#cite_note-massacre-145">[144]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allison_Flood_Houston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Allison_Flood_Houston.jpg/220px-Allison_Flood_Houston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="323"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Allison_Flood_Houston.jpg/220px-Allison_Flood_Houston.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Allison_Flood_Houston.jpg/330px-Allison_Flood_Houston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Allison_Flood_Houston.jpg/440px-Allison_Flood_Houston.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bayou" title="Buffalo Bayou">Buffalo Bayou</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Oak_Bayou" title="White Oak Bayou">White Oak Bayou</a> at Main Street after Tropical Storm Allison hit Houston, Texas, U.S.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Allison" title="Tropical Storm Allison">Tropical Storm Allison</a> hits the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, severely flooding <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> and killing 23 people.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_7" title="June 7">June 7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2001 United Kingdom general election">2001 United Kingdom general election</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> win a second landslide victory.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a></li> <li>Former Argentinian president <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a> is arrested on suspicion of illegal arms sales.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2001i-148">[147]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_12" title="June 12">June 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ara%C4%8Dinovo_crisis" title="Aračinovo crisis">Aračinovo crisis</a>: Albanian rebels violate a 24-hour cease fire with Macedonian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2001c-149">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – Declaration to establish the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a> is signed.<a href="#cite_note-SCO-2017-79">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a> <ul><li>Syria withdraws thousands of forces from a decades-long military presence in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a></li> <li>Germany enacts a program to compensate <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> that were subject to slave labor.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> – The world's <a href="/wiki/Longest_trains" title="Longest trains">longest train</a> is run by BHP Iron Ore between Newman and Port Hedland in Western Australia (a distance of 275 km or 171 mi); the train consists of 682 loaded iron ore wagons and 8 <a href="/wiki/GE_AC6000CW" title="GE AC6000CW">GE AC6000CW</a> locomotives, giving a gross weight of almost 100,000 tonnes and moves 82,262 tonnes of ore; the train is 7.353 km (4.569 mi) long.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">June 23</a> – An 8.4 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">Mw</a> <a href="/wiki/2001_southern_Peru_earthquake" title="2001 southern Peru earthquake">southern Peru earthquake</a> shakes coastal Peru with a maximum <a href="/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercalli intensity scale">Mercalli intensity</a> of VIII (Severe). A destructive tsunami follows, leaving at least 77 people dead, and 2,687 others injured.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keefer-2004-153">[152]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alkhan-Kala_operation" title="Alkhan-Kala operation">Alkhan-Kala operation</a>: Russian forces carry out a <a href="/wiki/Zachistka" title="Zachistka">zachistka</a> operation in Alkhan-Kala, <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>, Chechnya, during the <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2001)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2001)">Second Chechen War</a>. Chechen warlord <a href="/wiki/Arbi_Barayev" title="Arbi Barayev">Arbi Barayev</a> is killed.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-2001b-154">[153]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July">July</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: July" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>July – The largest ever recorded outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_disease" title="Legionnaires' disease">Legionnaires' disease</a> occurs in <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, Spain. 449 cases are confirmed, with more than 800 suspected ones.<a href="#cite_note-auto17-66">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> – The world's first self-contained <a href="/wiki/Artificial_heart" title="Artificial heart">artificial heart</a> is implanted in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tools" title="Robert Tools">Robert Tools</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Jet-2001-155">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_4" title="July 4">July 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok_Air_Flight_352" title="Vladivostok Air Flight 352">Vladivostok Air Flight 352</a> crashes on approach while landing at <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Irkutsk Airport">Irkutsk Airport</a>, Russia, killing all 145 people aboard.<a href="#cite_note-ASN-156">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">July 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/2001_Bradford_riots" title="2001 Bradford riots">2001 Bradford riots</a>: Ethnic violence is provoked in <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, England, by the far-right <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front</a> and far-left <a href="/wiki/Anti-Nazi_League" title="Anti-Nazi League">Anti-Nazi League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> releases its <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Third Assessment Report">Third Assessment Report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 213 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_13" title="July 13">July 13</a> – The <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> chooses Beijing to host the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agra_Summit" title="Agra Summit">Agra Summit</a>: India and Pakistan begin talks to improve relations. The summit ends inconclusively on July 16.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a> – China and Russia sign the <a href="/wiki/2001_Sino-Russian_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship">2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_22_July_2001-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vladimir_Putin_22_July_2001-1.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_22_July_2001-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vladimir_Putin_22_July_2001-1.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_22_July_2001-1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vladimir_Putin_22_July_2001-1.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_22_July_2001-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vladimir_Putin_22_July_2001-1.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_22_July_2001-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Photo session of the G8 leaders in Genoa, 2001: (L-R) <a href="/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi" title="Junichiro Koizumi">Junichiro Koizumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chretien" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Chretien">Jean Chretien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schroeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerhard Schroeder">Gerhard Schroeder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Guy Verhofstadt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">July 20</a>–<a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">22</a> – The <a href="/wiki/27th_G8_summit" title="27th G8 summit">27th G8 summit</a> takes place in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Italy. Massive demonstrations, drawing an estimated 200,000 people, are held against the meeting by members of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization movement</a>. One demonstrator, <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Carlo_Giuliani" title="Death of Carlo Giuliani">Carlo Giuliani</a>, is killed by a policeman, and several others are injured.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_23" title="July 23">July 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Megawati_Sukarnoputri" title="Megawati Sukarnoputri">Megawati Sukarnoputri</a> is <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Megawati_Sukarnoputri" title="Inauguration of Megawati Sukarnoputri">inaugurated</a> as the first female president of Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_24" title="July 24">July 24</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike_Airport_attack" title="Bandaranaike Airport attack">Bandaranaike Airport attack</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Tigers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Tigers">Tamil Tigers</a> bomb the <a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike_International_Airport" title="Bandaranaike International Airport">Bandaranaike International Airport</a> in Sri Lanka during the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jane's_Intelligence_Review-163">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha</a>, deposed as the last <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar of Bulgaria">Tsar of Bulgaria</a> when a child, is sworn in as the democratically elected 48th <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Bulgaria">Prime Minister of Bulgaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_26" title="July 26">July 26</a> – Moldova joins the World Trade Organization.<a href="#cite_note-auto23-81">[80]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_28" title="July 28">July 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo">Alejandro Toledo</a> becomes the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President of Peru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="August">August</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: August" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>August – A ceasefire is negotiated to end the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Peters" title="War of the Peters">War of the Peters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-8">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – The ICTY convicts Bosnian Serb general <a href="/wiki/Radislav_Krsti%C4%87" title="Radislav Krstić">Radislav Krstić</a> on the charge of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> for his role in the <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genesis_Collector_Array.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Genesis_Collector_Array.jpg/220px-Genesis_Collector_Array.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="890"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Genesis_Collector_Array.jpg/220px-Genesis_Collector_Array.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Genesis_Collector_Array.jpg/330px-Genesis_Collector_Array.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Genesis_Collector_Array.jpg/440px-Genesis_Collector_Array.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Genesis collector array in the clean lab at <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a>. The hexagons consist of a variety of ultra-pure, semiconductor-grade wafers, including <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> on sapphire, <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>-like carbon films,<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> and other materials.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a> probe is launched from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_17" title="Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17">Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-Genesis-2004-100">[99]</a></li> <li>Albanian rebels <a href="/wiki/Karpalak_ambush" title="Karpalak ambush">ambush</a> a convoy of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_North_Macedonia" title="Army of North Macedonia">Army of the Republic of Macedonia</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tetovo" title="Tetovo">Tetovo</a>, North Macedonia, killing 10 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Marusic&Bosilkovski-169">[168]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_9" title="August 9">August 9</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Sbarro" title="Sbarro">Sbarro</a> restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> is <a href="/wiki/Sbarro_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing">bombed</a> by a Palestinian Hamas terrorist, killing 15 civilians and injuring 130 others.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Angola_train_attack" title="2001 Angola train attack">2001 Angola train attack</a>: 252 people are killed by <a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">UNITA</a> in an attack on a train during the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-2002-171">[170]</a></li> <li>The United States and the United Kingdom bomb air force installations in Iraq in response to attacks on American and British planes.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2001h-172">[171]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_13" title="August 13">August 13</a> – Macedonian and Albanian representatives sign the <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohrid Agreement">Ohrid Agreement</a> to reduce conflicts during the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers-2001-173">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">August 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Operation_Essential_Harvest" title="Operation Essential Harvest">Operation Essential Harvest</a>: <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> sends a military forces to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a> in response to the ongoing insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-NATO-2001-11">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/2001_Marsh_Harbour_Cessna_402_crash" title="2001 Marsh Harbour Cessna 402 crash">2001 Marsh Harbour Cessna 402 crash</a>: Eight people including singer and actress <a href="/wiki/Aaliyah" title="Aaliyah">Aaliyah</a>, and several members of her entourage are killed after their overloaded aircraft crashes shortly after takeoff at Marsh Harbour Airport.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_28" title="August 28">August 28</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Targeted_killing" title="Targeted killing">targeted</a> Israeli strike kills <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Mustafa" title="Abu Ali Mustafa">Abu Ali Mustafa</a>. Palestinian militants respond by firing on Israeli civilians. Israeli forces occupy <a href="/wiki/Beit_Jala" title="Beit Jala">Beit Jala</a>, Palestine to combat the militants.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2001b-175">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">August 31</a> – The <a href="/wiki/World_Conference_against_Racism_2001" title="World Conference against Racism 2001">World Conference against Racism 2001</a> begins in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-83">[82]</a> Israel and the United States withdraw three days later, alleging <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> in the conference.<a href="#cite_note-:16-84">[83]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September">September</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: September" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/2001_Jos_riots" title="2001 Jos riots">2001 Jos riots</a>: Clashes between Christian and Muslim rioters begin in <a href="/wiki/Jos" title="Jos">Jos</a>, Nigeria. The conflict will continue until September 17, during which time hundreds of people will be killed.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> – A suicide bomber kills <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud" title="Ahmad Shah Massoud">Ahmad Shah Massoud</a>, military commander of the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg/220px-National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="265"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg/220px-National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg/330px-National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> during the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in New York City</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> – Approximately 2,977 victims are killed or fatally injured in the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> after <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11" title="American Airlines Flight 11">American Airlines Flight 11</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">United Airlines Flight 175</a> are hijacked and crash into the Twin Towers of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77" title="American Airlines Flight 77">American Airlines Flight 77</a> is hijacked and crashes into <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">United Airlines Flight 93</a> is hijacked and crashes into grassland in <a href="/wiki/Shanksville,_Pennsylvania" title="Shanksville, Pennsylvania">Shanksville, Pennsylvania</a> as a result of passengers fighting to regain control of the airplane. The Twin Towers <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center" title="Collapse of the World Trade Center">collapse</a> as a result of the burning jet fuel from the crashes.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson2003-178">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> – The <a href="/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks" title="2001 anthrax attacks">2001 anthrax attacks</a> begin in the United States, which cause five fatalities and 17 other infections.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">September 19</a> – Palestinian leader <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> forbids Palestinian soldiers from firing on Israeli forces, even in self-defence. Israel agrees to a ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2001f-180">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20" title="September 20">September 20</a> – In an <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush,_September_20,_2001_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush, September 20, 2001 speech">address</a> to a joint session of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, U.S. President George W. Bush declares a <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>, officially the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT).<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-2021-181">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">September 22</a> – American spacecraft <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a> flies within 2,200 kilometres (1,400 mi) of <a href="/wiki/19P/Borrelly" title="19P/Borrelly">Comet Borrelly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-DS1-2001-101">[100]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zug_massacre" title="Zug massacre">Zug massacre</a>: In <a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a>, Switzerland, Friedrich Leibacher shoots 18 people, killing 14 of them and then himself.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October">October</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: October" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a> militants <a href="/wiki/2001_Jammu_and_Kashmir_legislative_assembly_car_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing">attack</a> the state legislature building in <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>, Kashmir, killing 38 people.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> wireless technology first becomes available when it is <a href="/wiki/3G_adoption" title="3G adoption">adopted</a> by Japanese telecommunications company <a href="/wiki/NTT_Docomo" title="NTT Docomo">NTT Docomo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 182 </li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:131bf_-_Swissair_Airbus_A321-111;_HB-IOE@ZRH;11.05.2001_(5588353622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/131bf_-_Swissair_Airbus_A321-111%3B_HB-IOE%40ZRH%3B11.05.2001_%285588353622%29.jpg/220px-131bf_-_Swissair_Airbus_A321-111%3B_HB-IOE%40ZRH%3B11.05.2001_%285588353622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="10408" data-file-height="6917"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/131bf_-_Swissair_Airbus_A321-111%3B_HB-IOE%40ZRH%3B11.05.2001_%285588353622%29.jpg/220px-131bf_-_Swissair_Airbus_A321-111%3B_HB-IOE%40ZRH%3B11.05.2001_%285588353622%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/131bf_-_Swissair_Airbus_A321-111%3B_HB-IOE%40ZRH%3B11.05.2001_%285588353622%29.jpg/330px-131bf_-_Swissair_Airbus_A321-111%3B_HB-IOE%40ZRH%3B11.05.2001_%285588353622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/131bf_-_Swissair_Airbus_A321-111%3B_HB-IOE%40ZRH%3B11.05.2001_%285588353622%29.jpg/440px-131bf_-_Swissair_Airbus_A321-111%3B_HB-IOE%40ZRH%3B11.05.2001_%285588353622%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Swissair Airbus A321-100 (2001)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_2" title="October 2">October 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Swissair" title="Swissair">Swissair</a>, the national airline of Switzerland, seeks bankruptcy protection and grounds its entire fleet, stranding thousands of people worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Milner-2001-184">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia_Airlines_Flight_1812" title="Siberia Airlines Flight 1812">Siberia Airlines Flight 1812</a> is accidentally shot down by the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force" title="Ukrainian Air Force">Ukrainian Air Force</a> over the Black Sea en route from <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, Israel, to <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>, Russia; all 78 people on board are killed.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Kodori_crisis" title="2001 Kodori crisis">2001 Kodori crisis</a>: Fighting escalates between Georgia and the breakaway state <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_7" title="October 7">October 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">United States invasion of Afghanistan</a>: In response to the September 11 attacks, Afghanistan is invaded by a <a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">US-led coalition</a>, beginning the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 41 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Linate_Airport_runway_collision" title="2001 Linate Airport runway collision">2001 Linate Airport runway collision</a>: A twin-engine <a href="/wiki/Cessna" title="Cessna">Cessna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines" title="Scandinavian Airlines">Scandinavian Airlines</a> jetliner collide in heavy fog during takeoff from <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Italy, killing 118 people.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Iris" title="Hurricane Iris">Hurricane Iris</a> hits Belize, causing $250 million (2001 <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>) in damage.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_13" title="October 13">October 13</a> – American scientists create the first successful <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">clone</a> of a human <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cibelli-2001-189">[188]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">October 15</a> – NASA's <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> spacecraft passes within 181 kilometres (112 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s moon <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JPL-2001-102">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a> – American planes misidentify and bomb a <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> facility in Afghanistan. A similar error occurs again on October 27.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rehavam_Ze%27evi" title="Assassination of Rehavam Ze'evi">Assassination of Rehavam Ze'evi</a>: Israeli tourism minister <a href="/wiki/Rehavam_Ze%27evi" title="Rehavam Ze'evi">Rehavam Ze'evi</a> is assassinated by the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</a> <ul><li>Apple Inc. introduces the <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media player</a> and multi-purpose mobile device.<a href="#cite_note-Apple-2001-28">[27]</a> The company will sell an estimated 450 million iPod products by May 2022.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> begins disarmament, ending a decades-long conflict in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-193">[192]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a> – The 2001 Mars Odyssey arrives at Mars.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_Mars-2001-97">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">October 25</a> <ul><li>To avoid connotations with the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>, the government of Rwanda adopts <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rwanda" title="Flag of Rwanda">a new national flag</a> for the country.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a></li> <li>Microsoft releases the <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> operating system to retail.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[11]</a>: 175 <a href="#cite_note-auto8-95">[94]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">October 30</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_Convention" title="Aarhus Convention">Aarhus Convention</a> takes effect, establishing the right to environmental information and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> for European and Central Asian countries.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-85">[84]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="November">November</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: November" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>November – The World Trade Organization begins the <a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a> to negotiate lower trade barriers between countries and integrate developing nations into the global economy.<a href="#cite_note-auto24-195">[194]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – An interim government in Burundi begins the peace process for the <a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">Burundian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 27 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Michelle" title="Hurricane Michelle">Hurricane Michelle</a> hits Cuba, where the storm is the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall on the island in more than <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Fox_(1952)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Fox (1952)">49 years</a>. It is the costliest hurricane in Cuban history to this point with an estimated $2 billion in damage.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sabena" title="Sabena">Sabena</a>, the national airline of Belgium, goes bankrupt.<a href="#cite_note-Orban-2021-197">[196]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Australian_federal_election" title="2001 Australian federal election">2001 Australian federal election</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a> government, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a>, is re-elected with a slightly increased majority, defeating the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley" title="Kim Beazley">Kim Beazley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif">Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif</a>: American and Northern Alliance forces take <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a> in the first major offensive of the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-2001-199">[198]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a> – Two French journalists, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Billaud" title="Pierre Billaud">Pierre Billaud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johanne_Sutton" title="Johanne Sutton">Johanne Sutton</a>, and a German colleague, <a href="/wiki/Volker_Handloik" title="Volker Handloik">Volker Handloik</a>, are killed in Afghanistan during an attack on their convoy.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_12" title="November 12">November 12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_587" title="American Airlines Flight 587">American Airlines Flight 587</a> crashed in <a href="/wiki/Belle_Harbor,_Queens" title="Belle Harbor, Queens">Belle Harbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, New York City, shortly after <a href="/wiki/Takeoff" title="Takeoff">takeoff</a>, killing all 260 people aboard the plane as well as five people on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_uprising_in_Herat" title="2001 uprising in Herat">2001 uprising in Herat</a>: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a> forces take the city of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> from the Taliban.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2001d-202">[201]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_14" title="November 14">November 14</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2001)" title="Fall of Kabul (2001)">Fall of Kabul</a>: Northern Alliance forces take the Afghan capital <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-2001b-203">[202]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Kunlun_earthquake" title="2001 Kunlun earthquake">A 7.8-magnitude earthquake</a> strikes China with an <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenter</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kokoxili" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokoxili">Kokoxili</a>, but it occurs in a sparsely populated mountainous region and there are no casualties.<a href="#cite_note-VanderWoerd_etal_2005-61">[60]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_15" title="November 15">November 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> enters the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">gaming console</a> market with the release of the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sixth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Sixth generation of video game consoles">sixth-generation gaming console</a>, in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_18" title="November 18">November 18</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Leonids" title="Leonids">Leonids</a> meteor shower occurs in its heaviest concentration in decades as Earth passes through a debris cloud.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Cybercrime" title="Convention on Cybercrime">Convention on Cybercrime</a>, the first international treaty to address <a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">cybercrime</a>, is signed in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-Weber-2003-86">[85]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exoplanet_Comparison_HD_209458_b.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Exoplanet_Comparison_HD_209458_b.png/220px-Exoplanet_Comparison_HD_209458_b.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 102px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Exoplanet_Comparison_HD_209458_b.png/220px-Exoplanet_Comparison_HD_209458_b.png" data-width="220" data-height="102" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Exoplanet_Comparison_HD_209458_b.png/330px-Exoplanet_Comparison_HD_209458_b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Exoplanet_Comparison_HD_209458_b.png/440px-Exoplanet_Comparison_HD_209458_b.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Size comparison of HD 209458 b with <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> (left)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">November 27</a> – A hydrogen atmosphere is discovered on the <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar planet</a> <a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b" title="HD 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a>, nicknamed Osiris, by the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>. It is the first atmosphere detected on an extrasolar planet.<a href="#cite_note-Hubble-2001-103">[102]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December">December</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: December" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>December – <a href="/wiki/Dasht-i-Leili_massacre" title="Dasht-i-Leili massacre">Dasht-i-Leili massacre</a>: Hundreds of Taliban prisoners are killed by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Dostum" title="Abdul Rashid Dostum">Abdul Rashid Dostum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">December 1</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Intervention_and_State_Sovereignty" title="International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty">International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty</a> produces a report on <a href="/wiki/Responsibility_to_protect" title="Responsibility to protect">responsibility to protect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a></li> <li>A series of <a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings#2001_(11_killed)" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">bombings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zion_Square" title="Zion Square">Zion Square</a> are carried out by Hamas. Ten people are killed and hundreds more are injured.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2" title="December 2">December 2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a> files for <a href="/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code" title="Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code">Chapter 11 bankruptcy</a> protection five days after <a href="/wiki/Dynegy" title="Dynegy">Dynegy</a> cancels a US$8.4 billion buyout bid (to this point, the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history).<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa_bus_16_suicide_bombing" title="Haifa bus 16 suicide bombing">Haifa bus 16 suicide bombing</a>: A Hamas militant carries out a suicide bombing in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, Israel, killing 15 people.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">December 3</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Segway" title="Segway">Segway</a>, a self-balancing <a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">personal transporter</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Dean_Kamen" title="Dean Kamen">Dean Kamen</a>, is unveiled after months of public speculation and media hype<a href="#cite_note-speculation-106">[105]</a> on the <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a> morning program <a href="/wiki/Good_Morning_America" title="Good Morning America">Good Morning America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-107">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_5" title="December 5">December 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/2001_Sayyd_Alma_Kalay_airstrike" title="2001 Sayyd Alma Kalay airstrike">2001 Sayyd Alma Kalay airstrike</a>: An American airstrike mistakenly targets a friendly position, killing 11 people in a <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a> incident.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_6" title="December 6">December 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kandahar" title="Fall of Kandahar">Fall of Kandahar</a>: The Taliban surrenders in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, its final stronghold.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 42 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_8" title="December 8">December 8</a> – An ebola outbreak is confirmed in Gabon.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-68">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">December 11</a> – China joins the World Trade Organization.<a href="#cite_note-:15-82">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_13" title="December 13">December 13</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack" title="2001 Indian Parliament attack">2001 Indian Parliament attack</a>: Nine people and five terrorists are killed in a terrorist attack in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Embassy_of_India-2001-212">[211]</a></li> <li>U.S. President George W. Bush announces the American withdrawal from the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_of_Perlis" title="Sirajuddin of Perlis">Sirajuddin of Perlis</a> becomes the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarch">constitutional monarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_15" title="December 15">December 15</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower of Pisa</a> is reopened to the public after 12 years of reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-auto21-17">[16]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora" title="Battle of Tora Bora">Battle of Tora Bora</a>: American forces take <a href="/wiki/Tora_Bora" title="Tora Bora">Tora Bora</a>, a cave complex and the headquarters of Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden escapes during the battle and goes into hiding.<a href="#cite_note-Kerry-2009-215">[214]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_19" title="December 19">December 19</a> – A record-high <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">barometric pressure</a> of 1085.6 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">hPa</a> (32.06 <a href="/wiki/Inch_of_mercury" title="Inch of mercury">inHg</a>) is recorded at <a href="/wiki/Tosontsengel,_Zavkhan" title="Tosontsengel, Zavkhan">Tosontsengel, Zavkhan</a>, Mongolia.<a href="#cite_note-ASU1-216">[215]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_21" title="December 21">December 21</a> – President <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_la_R%C3%BAa" title="Fernando de la Rúa">Fernando de la Rúa</a> of Argentina resigns in response to the <a href="/wiki/December_2001_riots_in_Argentina" title="December 2001 riots in Argentina">riots</a> against Argentina's <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%932002_Argentine_great_depression" title="1998–2002 Argentine great depression">economic crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Krauss-2001-217">[216]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North-Korea_spy-vessel_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/North-Korea_spy-vessel_2.jpg/220px-North-Korea_spy-vessel_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/North-Korea_spy-vessel_2.jpg/220px-North-Korea_spy-vessel_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/North-Korea_spy-vessel_2.jpg/330px-North-Korea_spy-vessel_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/North-Korea_spy-vessel_2.jpg/440px-North-Korea_spy-vessel_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/ZPU" title="ZPU">ZPU</a>-2 anti-aircraft gun that was mounted on the North Korean vessel sunk in the Battle of Amami-Ōshima</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_22" title="December 22">December 22</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amami-%C5%8Cshima" title="Battle of Amami-Ōshima">Battle of Amami-Ōshima</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Japan_Coast_Guard" title="Japan Coast Guard">Japan Coast Guard</a> ship and an armed North Korean vessel engage in conflict near the Japanese island of <a href="/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima" title="Amami Ōshima">Amami Ōshima</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a>. The encounter ends in the sinking of the North Korean vessel that is later determined to have been a <a href="/wiki/Spy_ship" title="Spy ship">spy craft</a> by the Japanese authorities.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhanuddin_Rabbani" title="Burhanuddin Rabbani">Burhanuddin Rabbani</a>, political leader of the Northern Alliance, hands over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by President <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[6]</a>: 43 <a href="#cite_note-Gall-2002-220">[219]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Comoros" title="Constitution of the Comoros">Constitution of the Comoros</a> is <a href="/wiki/2001_Comorian_constitutional_referendum" title="2001 Comorian constitutional referendum">amended</a>, creating a federal government with a rotating presidency and granting increased autonomy to the three island administrations.<a href="#cite_note-auto15-77">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a> <ul><li>China is granted permanent <a href="/wiki/Most_favoured_nation" title="Most favoured nation">normal trade</a> status with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Vamei" title="Tropical Storm Vamei">Tropical Storm Vamei</a> forms within 1.5 degrees of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>. No other tropical cyclone in recorded history has come as close to the equator.<a href="#cite_note-nps-222">[221]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Nobel_Prizes">Nobel Prizes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Nobel Prizes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/120px-Nobel_medal.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1013"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/120px-Nobel_medal.png" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/180px-Nobel_medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/240px-Nobel_medal.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Eric Allin Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Wolfgang Ketterle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Carl Wieman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">William Standish Knowles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryōji Noyori</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Medicine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> – <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George Akerlof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">Michael Spence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> SIPRI defines a major armed conflict as "the use of armed force between two or more organized armed groups, resulting in the battle-related deaths of at least 1000 people in any single calendar year and in which the incompatibility concerns control of government, territory or communal identity". </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UN_Pop_Prospects-2022-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Pop_Prospects-2022_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Pop_Prospects-2022_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Pop_Prospects-2022_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Journal of Peace Research. 39 (5): 615–637. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343302039005007">10.1177/0022343302039005007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3433">0022-3433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109206821">109206821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=Armed+Conflict+1946-2001%3A+A+New+Dataset&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=615-637&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A109206821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-3433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022343302039005007&rft.aulast=Gleditsch&rft.aufirst=Nils+Petter&rft.au=Wallensteen%2C+Peter&rft.au=Eriksson%2C+Mikael&rft.au=Sollenberg%2C+Margareta&rft.au=Strand%2C+H%C3%A5vard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0022343302039005007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-28">ac</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeybolt2002" class="citation book cs1">Seybolt, Taylor B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2002/01">"Major armed conflicts"</a>. SIPRI Yearbook 2002: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>. pp. 21–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199251766" title="Special:BookSources/9780199251766"><bdi>9780199251766</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906013004/https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2002/01">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2023. 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Human Rights Watch. p. 77. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002193114/https://books.google.com/books?id=3WQkACoP3FkC">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Sudan%2C+Oil%2C+and+Human+Rights&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Rone&rft.aufirst=Jemera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3WQkACoP3FkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinWrightCarter2022" class="citation book cs1">Chin, John J.; Wright, Joseph; Carter, David B. 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Retrieved December 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inverse&rft.atitle=21+years+ago%2C+Capcom+changed+action+games+forever&rft.date=2022-10-17&rft.aulast=Madsen&rft.aufirst=Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inverse.com%2Fgaming%2Fdevil-may-cry-21st-anniversary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigueiredo2022" class="citation web cs1">Figueiredo, Erick Duarte (October 2, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.superjumpmagazine.com/devil-may-cry-ninja-gaiden-the-two-extremes-of-the-hack-and-slash-genre/">"Devil May Cry and Ninja Gaiden: The Two Extremes of the Hack-and-Slash Genre"</a>. Superjump. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221210042857/https://www.superjumpmagazine.com/devil-may-cry-ninja-gaiden-the-two-extremes-of-the-hack-and-slash-genre/">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Superjump&rft.atitle=Devil+May+Cry+and+Ninja+Gaiden%3A+The+Two+Extremes+of+the+Hack-and-Slash+Genre&rft.date=2022-10-02&rft.aulast=Figueiredo&rft.aufirst=Erick+Duarte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.superjumpmagazine.com%2Fdevil-may-cry-ninja-gaiden-the-two-extremes-of-the-hack-and-slash-genre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnley2021" class="citation web cs1">Carnley, Zackery Van (April 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gamerant.com/halo-influence-shooters-multiplayer-story-character/">"How Halo Has Defined the Shooter Genre"</a>. Game Rant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221210042856/https://gamerant.com/halo-influence-shooters-multiplayer-story-character/">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Game+Rant&rft.atitle=How+Halo+Has+Defined+the+Shooter+Genre&rft.date=2021-04-19&rft.aulast=Carnley&rft.aufirst=Zackery+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgamerant.com%2Fhalo-influence-shooters-multiplayer-story-character%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlant" class="citation web cs1">Plant, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2012/11/06/feature_how_halo_became_the_foundation_for_a_decades_games/">"In the loop: how Halo defined a new decade of first-person shooters"</a>. The Register. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221210042856/https://www.theregister.com/2012/11/06/feature_how_halo_became_the_foundation_for_a_decades_games/">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=In+the+loop%3A+how+Halo+defined+a+new+decade+of+first-person+shooters&rft.aulast=Plant&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2012%2F11%2F06%2Ffeature_how_halo_became_the_foundation_for_a_decades_games%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2021" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Andy (October 27, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegamer.com/grand-theft-auto-3-changed-games-forever/">"Grand Theft Auto 3 Changed Video Games Forever"</a>. TheGamer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203045650/https://www.thegamer.com/grand-theft-auto-3-changed-games-forever/">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2022. 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The Ringer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203045646/https://www.theringer.com/2021/10/22/22737333/grand-theft-auto-gta-rockstar-open-world-assassins-creed">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2022. Retrieved December 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ringer&rft.atitle=After+%27Grand+Theft+Auto+III%2C%27+Open-World+Games+Were+Never+%28and+Always%29+the+Same&rft.date=2021-10-22&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theringer.com%2F2021%2F10%2F22%2F22737333%2Fgrand-theft-auto-gta-rockstar-open-world-assassins-creed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/how-a-31-0-farce-changed-australia-s-fifa-world-cup-fortunes/story-39iqd32nSWMt146Sdg7vRO.html">"How a 31-0 'farce' changed Australia's FIFA World Cup fortunes"</a>. Hindustan Times. June 9, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201184542/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/how-a-31-0-farce-changed-australia-s-fifa-world-cup-fortunes/story-39iqd32nSWMt146Sdg7vRO.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=How+a+31-0+%27farce%27+changed+Australia%27s+FIFA+World+Cup+fortunes&rft.date=2018-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Ffootball%2Fhow-a-31-0-farce-changed-australia-s-fifa-world-cup-fortunes%2Fstory-39iqd32nSWMt146Sdg7vRO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/apr/12/newsstory.sport3">"Samoans lose 31-0 - or was it 32-0?"</a>. The Guardian. April 12, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411104243/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/apr/12/newsstory.sport3">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Samoans+lose+31-0+-+or+was+it+32-0%3F&rft.date=2001-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2001%2Fapr%2F12%2Fnewsstory.sport3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/womens-champions-league-switching-to-group-format.754837">"Women's Champions League switching to group format"</a>. Times of Malta. December 4, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324040408/https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/womens-champions-league-switching-to-group-format.754837">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Malta&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Champions+League+switching+to+group+format&rft.date=2019-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2Fwomens-champions-league-switching-to-group-format.754837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBud_Collins2010" class="citation book cs1">Bud Collins (2010). The Bud Collins History of Tennis (2nd ed.). 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221120191343/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/19/sports/auto-racing-dale-earnhardt-49-racing-star.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=AUTO+RACING%3B+Dale+Earnhardt%2C+49%2C+Racing+Star&rft.date=2001-02-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F02%2F19%2Fsports%2Fauto-racing-dale-earnhardt-49-racing-star.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiMeglio2021" class="citation web cs1">DiMeglio, Steve (April 5, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2021/04/05/tiger-woods-masters-2001-tiger-slam-major-championships/">"'Greatest golf ever played': Witnesses to Tiger Woods' streak of four major wins look back on an improbable run"</a>. Golfweek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201184545/https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2021/04/05/tiger-woods-masters-2001-tiger-slam-major-championships/">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2022. 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Retrieved December 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bleacher+Report&rft.atitle=Thunder+in+Africa%3A+Recalling+Hasim+Rahman%27s+Shock+Win+Over+Lennox+Lewis&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft.aulast=Lancaster&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbleacherreport.com%2Farticles%2F2438671-thunder-in-africa-recalling-hasim-rahmans-shock-win-over-lennox-lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddleston2020" class="citation web cs1">Huddleston, Tom (April 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/09/what-happened-in-every-us-recession-since-the-great-depression.html">"How many recessions you've actually lived through and what happened in every one"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221210180825/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/09/what-happened-in-every-us-recession-since-the-great-depression.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=How+many+recessions+you%27ve+actually+lived+through+and+what+happened+in+every+one&rft.date=2020-04-09&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F04%2F09%2Fwhat-happened-in-every-us-recession-since-the-great-depression.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonFrancisco2009" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Bobbie; Francisco, San (December 14, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2009/dec/14/technology-decade-2001">"Ten years of technology: 2001"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006204734/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2009/dec/14/technology-decade-2001">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ten+years+of+technology%3A+2001&rft.date=2009-12-14&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Bobbie&rft.au=Francisco%2C+San&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2Fblog%2F2009%2Fdec%2F14%2Ftechnology-decade-2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_48-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_48-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2002/">World Economic Situation and Prospects 2002</a>. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-1-109141-1" title="Special:BookSources/92-1-109141-1"><bdi>92-1-109141-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128003013/https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2002/">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Situation+and+Prospects+2002&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=92-1-109141-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fdpad%2Fpublication%2Fworld-economic-situation-and-prospects-2002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2002_e/its2002_e.pdf">International trade statistics 2002</a> (PDF) (Report). 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Retrieved December 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Steve+Case+to+AT%26T%3A+Learn+from+my+AOL-Time+Warner+failures&rft.date=2018-06-13&rft.aulast=Lovelace&rft.aufirst=Berkeley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F06%2F13%2Fsteve-case-to-att-learn-from-my-aol-time-warner-failures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArango2010" class="citation news cs1">Arango, Tim (January 11, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/11/business/media/11merger.html">"How the AOL-Time Warner Merger Went So Wrong"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124024239/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/11/business/media/11merger.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2010. 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Retrieved November 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Galileo+Millennium+Mission+Status&rft.date=2001-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fgalileo-millennium-mission-status-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubble-2001-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hubble-2001_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hubble-2001_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2001/news-2001-38">"Hubble Makes First Direct Measurements of Atmosphere on World Around another Star"</a>. HubbleSite.org. Retrieved November 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HubbleSite.org&rft.atitle=Hubble+Makes+First+Direct+Measurements+of+Atmosphere+on+World+Around+another+Star&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fcontents%2Fnews-releases%2F2001%2Fnews-2001-38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkMcGibanyMyers2009" class="citation book cs1">Clark, David E.; McGibany, James M.; Myers, Adam (August 31, 2009). "The Effects of 9/11 on the Airline Travel Industry". In Morgan, Matthew J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZbCAAAAQBAJ">The Impact of 9/11 on Business and Economics: The Business of Terror</a>. Springer. pp. 75–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10006-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10006-0"><bdi>978-0-230-10006-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929025204/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZbCAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+9%2F11+on+the+Airline+Travel+Industry&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+9%2F11+on+Business+and+Economics%3A+The+Business+of+Terror&rft.pages=75-76&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009-08-31&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10006-0&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft.au=McGibany%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Myers%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ZbCAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2021" class="citation web cs1">Martinez, Marta Rodriguez (September 10, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2021/09/10/how-have-the-9-11-attacks-changed-life-for-europeans">"How have the 9/11 attacks changed life for Europeans?"</a>. euronews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325053817/https://www.euronews.com/2021/09/10/how-have-the-9-11-attacks-changed-life-for-europeans">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euronews&rft.atitle=How+have+the+9%2F11+attacks+changed+life+for+Europeans%3F&rft.date=2021-09-10&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Marta+Rodriguez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2021%2F09%2F10%2Fhow-have-the-9-11-attacks-changed-life-for-europeans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-speculation-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-speculation_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-speculation_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702125349/http://www.cc.com/events/month-of-zen/live.html">"January 26, 2000"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Show" title="The Daily Show">The Daily Show</a>. July 26, 2000. 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Retrieved April 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wired.com+retrospective&rft.aulast=Tweney&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fthisdayintech%2F2009%2F12%2F1203segway-unveiled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Guardian-2001c-108"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian-2001c_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/jan/01/emu.theeuro">"Greece joins euro"</a>. The Guardian. January 1, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215445/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/jan/01/emu.theeuro">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Greece+joins+euro&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2001%2Fjan%2F01%2Femu.theeuro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1127937.stm">"President Bush sworn in"</a>. January 20, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221120030329/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1127937.stm">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2022. 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Maruzen Company. 1989. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-621-03357-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-621-03357-9"><bdi>978-4-621-03357-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101227/https://books.google.com/books?id=oXrYAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221120215448/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/07/world/sharon-victory-overview-sharon-easily-ousts-barak-become-israel-s-premier-calls.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2022. 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February 16, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221120030325/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/16/iraq">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+and+British+aircraft+attack+Iraq&rft.date=2001-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2001%2Ffeb%2F16%2Firaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris-2002-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2002_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2002" class="citation news cs1">Morris, Doug (May 30, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2016461.stm">"A farmer's negligence"</a>. 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February 22, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124021406/https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/02/22/hague.trial.04/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2022. 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February 28, 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. 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March 22, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829010435/http://www.usatoday.com/news/science/archaeology/2001-03-22-afghan-buddhas.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2012. 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March 12, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928231734/http://www.beliefnet.com/story/70/story_7096_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2008. Retrieved January 6, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Destruction+of+Giant+Buddhas+Confirmed&rft.date=2001-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beliefnet.com%2Fstory%2F70%2Fstory_7096_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1202214.stm">"Portugal bridge collapse 'kills 70'"</a>. BBC News. March 5, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307171536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1202214.stm">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Portugal+bridge+collapse+%27kills+70%27&rft.date=2001-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F1202214.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1095959.html">"Macedonia: Ethnic Albanian Violence Spreads"</a>. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 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Balkan Insight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127025258/https://balkaninsight.com/2016/08/08/macedonia-marks-karpalak-massacre-anniversary-08-08-2016/">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=Macedonia+Marks+Karpalak+Ambush+Massacre+Anniversary&rft.date=2016-08-08&rft.aulast=Marusic&rft.aufirst=Sinisa+Jakov&rft.au=Bosilkovski%2C+Igor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2016%2F08%2F08%2Fmacedonia-marks-karpalak-massacre-anniversary-08-08-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitzan_S._Ben-Shaul2006" class="citation book cs1">Nitzan S. 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Human Rights Watch. 2002. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-277-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-277-7"><bdi>978-1-56432-277-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101225/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPj16Xxyi9kC&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2023. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072724/https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/08/13/rogers.macedonia.otsc/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2022. 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CNN. August 27, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072720/http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/08/27/mideast/">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2022. Retrieved November 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Israeli+troops+take+positions+in+West+Bank+town&rft.date=2001-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2001%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F08%2F27%2Fmideast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinchakpu2001" class="citation web cs1">Minchakpu, Obed (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/octoberweb-only/10-1-23.0.html">"Religious Riots in Nigeria Leave Hundreds Dead"</a>. ChristianityToday.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123230757/https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/octoberweb-only/10-1-23.0.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2022. 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September 9, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221041019/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210909-death-of-an-afghan-icon-20-years-since-the-assassination-of-ahmad-shah-massoud">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Death+of+an+Afghan+icon%3A+20+years+since+the+assassination+of+Ahmad+Shah+Massoud&rft.date=2021-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Fasia-pacific%2F20210909-death-of-an-afghan-icon-20-years-since-the-assassination-of-ahmad-shah-massoud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson2003-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2003_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale_Anderson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dale Anderson (July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=97g_zXNWidQC">The Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001</a>. 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February 15, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226203612/http://www.npr.org/2011/02/15/93170200/timeline-how-the-anthrax-terror-unfolded">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+How+The+Anthrax+Terror+Unfolded&rft.date=2011-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F02%2F15%2F93170200%2Ftimeline-how-the-anthrax-terror-unfolded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-2001f-180"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN-2001f_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/09/18/arafat.cease/index.html">"Both sides order cease-fires in Mideast"</a>. CNN. 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Retrieved November 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Both+sides+order+cease-fires+in+Mideast&rft.date=2001-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2001%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F09%2F18%2Farafat.cease%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffman-2021-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman-2021_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Hoffman2021" class="citation web cs1">Bruce Hoffman (March 18, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://institute.global/policy/war-terror-20-years-crossroads-or-cul-de-sac">"The War on Terror 20 Years on: Crossroads or Cul-De-Sac?"</a>. Tony Blair Institute for global Change. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809074921/https://institute.global/policy/war-terror-20-years-crossroads-or-cul-de-sac">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tony+Blair+Institute+for+global+Change&rft.atitle=The+War+on+Terror+20+Years+on%3A+Crossroads+or+Cul-De-Sac%3F&rft.date=2021-03-18&rft.au=Bruce+Hoffman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finstitute.global%2Fpolicy%2Fwar-terror-20-years-crossroads-or-cul-de-sac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1566321.stm">"Gunman kills 14 in Swiss assembly"</a>. BBC News. September 27, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106093902/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1566321.stm">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2007. Retrieved November 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gunman+kills+14+in+Swiss+assembly&rft.date=2001-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F1566321.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugger2001" class="citation news cs1">Dugger, Celia W. (October 4, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/04/world/world-briefing-asia-india-kashmir-mourns-38-attack-victims.html">"Kashmir Mourns 38 Attack Victims"</a>. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221120061313/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2001/oct/03/theairlineindustry.internationalnews">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2022. 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October 8, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420204439/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1586098.stm">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UN+helicopter+shot+down+in+Georgia&rft.date=2001-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F1586098.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Uj0jAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yewDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6610%2C3360451">"114 die when jet hits plane, then rams building in Milan"</a>. Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah, US). Associated Press. October 8, 2001. p. 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Retrieved November 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=114+die+when+jet+hits+plane%2C+then+rams+building+in+Milan&rft.pages=A2&rft.date=2001-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DUj0jAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DyewDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6610%252C3360451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2001/10/09/powerful-hurricane-iris-slams-belize/">"Powerful Hurricane Iris slams Belize"</a>. Tampa Bay Times. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072719/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/27/nyregion/a-nation-challenged-the-bombing-us-planes-bomb-a-red-cross-site.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2022. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218003159/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/16/international/17WIRE-ISRA.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2015. 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Retrieved November 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Rota+Bora+Revisited%3A+How+We+Failed+to+Get+bin+Laden+and+Why+It+Matters+Today&rft.date=2009-11-30&rft.aulast=Kerry&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FCPRT-111SPRT53709%2Fhtml%2FCPRT-111SPRT53709.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASU1-216"><a href="#cite_ref-ASU1_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225735/http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m">"World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters"</a>. Arizona State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m">the original</a> on October 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%3A+Highest+Sea+Level+Air+Pressure+Above+750+meters&rft.pub=Arizona+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwmo.asu.edu%2Fhighest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krauss-2001-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Krauss-2001_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauss2001" class="citation news cs1">Krauss, Clifford (December 21, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/21/world/argentine-leader-his-nation-frayed-abruptly-resigns.html">"Argentine Leader, His Nation Frayed, Abruptly Resigns"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124072723/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/21/world/argentine-leader-his-nation-frayed-abruptly-resigns.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2022. Retrieved November 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Argentine+Leader%2C+His+Nation+Frayed%2C+Abruptly+Resigns&rft.date=2001-12-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F12%2F21%2Fworld%2Fargentine-leader-his-nation-frayed-abruptly-resigns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2002_Oct_7/ai_94075498">"Japan announces sunken boat was N. Korean spy ship"</a>. BNET. October 7, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831154904/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2002_Oct_7/ai_94075498/">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BNET&rft.atitle=Japan+announces+sunken+boat+was+N.+Korean+spy+ship&rft.date=2002-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m0XPQ%2Fis_2002_Oct_7%2Fai_94075498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/asia-pacific/1727867.stm">"Japan says 'spy ship' fired rockets"</a>. BBC News. December 25, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040625144527/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/asia-pacific/1727867.stm">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2004. Retrieved January 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Japan+says+%27spy+ship%27+fired+rockets&rft.date=2001-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Flow%2Fasia-pacific%2F1727867.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gall-2002-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Gall-2002_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGall2002" class="citation news cs1">Gall, Carlotta (June 20, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/20/world/a-buoyant-karzai-is-sworn-in-as-afghanistan-s-leader.html">"A Buoyant Karzai is Sworn In as Afghanistan's Leader"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100228162323/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/20/world/a-buoyant-karzai-is-sworn-in-as-afghanistan-s-leader.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Buoyant+Karzai+is+Sworn+In+as+Afghanistan%27s+Leader&rft.date=2002-06-20&rft.aulast=Gall&rft.aufirst=Carlotta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F06%2F20%2Fworld%2Fa-buoyant-karzai-is-sworn-in-as-afghanistan-s-leader.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/12/20011227-2.html">"President Grants Permanent Trade Status to China"</a>. georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927180553/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/12/20011227-2.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov&rft.atitle=President+Grants+Permanent+Trade+Status+to+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2001%2F12%2F20011227-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nps-222"><a href="#cite_ref-nps_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.P._ChangChing-Hwang_LiuHung-Chi_Kuo2003" class="citation web cs1">C.P. Chang; Ching-Hwang Liu; Hung-Chi Kuo (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723011520/http://www.weather.nps.navy.mil/cpchang/papers/vamei/vamei.htm">"Typhoon Vamei: An Equatorial Tropical Cyclone Formation"</a>. Naval Postgraduate School Department of Meteorology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather.nps.navy.mil/cpchang/papers/vamei/vamei.htm">the original</a> on July 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Typhoon+Vamei%3A+An+Equatorial+Tropical+Cyclone+Formation&rft.pub=Naval+Postgraduate+School+Department+of+Meteorology&rft.date=2003&rft.au=C.P.+Chang&rft.au=Ching-Hwang+Liu&rft.au=Hung-Chi+Kuo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.nps.navy.mil%2Fcpchang%2Fpapers%2Fvamei%2Fvamei.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuinness2018" class="citation book cs1">McGuinness, Phillipa (2018). The Year Everything Changed: 2001. <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143782421" title="Special:BookSources/9780143782421"><bdi>9780143782421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+Everything+Changed%3A+2001&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780143782421&rft.aulast=McGuinness&rft.aufirst=Phillipa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2001" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-year-everything-changed-2001-by-phillipa-mcguinness/news-story/9511e3500526d129cfb16ff3f37a60c3">"Review: The Year Everything Changed: 2001 by Phillipa McGuinness</a> by Miriam Cosic, <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a>, June 9, 2018</li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div></section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2001&oldid=1260480618">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2001&oldid=1260480618</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=2001&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 1 December 2024, at 00:23 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="2001 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="2001 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="2001 թուական – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="2001 թուական" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="2001 сон – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="2001 сон" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0%DB%B1_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۲۰۰۱ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۲۰۰۱ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7" title="২০০১ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="২০০১" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_n%C3%AE" title="2001 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="2001 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="2001 йыл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="2001 йыл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BC%A2%E0%BC%A0%E0%BC%A0%E0%BC%A1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="༢༠༠༡ལོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="༢༠༠༡ལོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001." title="2001. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="2001." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BC%A2%E0%BC%A0%E0%BC%A0%E0%BC%A1" title="༢༠༠༡ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="༢༠༠༡" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="2001 ие – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="2001 ие" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0%DB%B1" title="۲۰۰۱ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۲۰۰۱" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D1%88%D1%83" title="2001 шу – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="2001 шу" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E5%B9%B4" title="2001年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="2001年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AB%A8%E0%AB%A6%E0%AB%A6%E0%AB%A7" title="૨૦૦૧ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="૨૦૦૧" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001-ngi%C3%A8n" title="2001-ngièn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="2001-ngièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%EB%85%84" title="2001년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="2001년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7" title="२००१ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="२००१" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001." title="2001. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="2001." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%A7" title="মারি ২০০১ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ২০০১" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="2001-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="2001-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B3%A8%E0%B3%A6%E0%B3%A6%E0%B3%A7" title="೨೦೦೧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="೨೦೦೧" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="2001 джыл – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="2001 джыл" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="2001 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="2001 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="2001-ӧд во – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="2001-ӧд во" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_(almanak_gregoryen)" title="2001 (almanak gregoryen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="2001 (almanak gregoryen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D0%B8" title="2001 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="2001 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001._gads" title="2001. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="2001. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="2001 йис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="2001 йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_m." title="2001 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="2001 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001moi" title="2001moi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="2001moi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7" title="२००१ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="२००१" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7" title="इ.स. २००१ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. २००१" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0%DB%B1" title="۲۰۰۱ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۲۰۰۱" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_ni%C3%A8ng" title="2001 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="2001 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="2001 он – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="2001 он" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%82%E1%81%80%E1%81%80%E1%81%81" title="၂၀၀၁ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၂၀၀၁" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7" title="सन् २००१ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सन् २००१" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E5%B9%B4" title="2001年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2001年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="2001 шо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="2001 шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A8%E0%AD%A6%E0%AD%A6%E0%AD%A7" title="୨୦୦୧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୨୦୦୧" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7" title="२००१ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="२००१" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%86%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86_%E1%9F%A2%E1%9F%A0%E1%9F%A0%E1%9F%A1" title="ឆ្នាំ ២០០១ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឆ្នាំ ២០០១" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joohr_2001" title="Joohr 2001 – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Joohr 2001" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="2001 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="2001 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%D8%B9" title="2001ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="2001ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A2%D9%A0%D9%A0%D9%A1" title="٢٠٠١ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="٢٠٠١" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="2001 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="2001 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2544" title="พ.ศ. 2544 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 2544" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_2001" title="Соли 2001 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 2001" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_%D0%B0%D1%80" title="2001 ар – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="2001 ар" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%D8%A1" title="2001ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="2001ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_nienz" title="2001 nienz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="2001 nienz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E3%80%87%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4" title="二〇〇一年 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="二〇〇一年" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E5%B9%B4" title="2001年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="2001年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E5%B9%B4" title="2001年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="2001年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E5%B9%B4" title="2001年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="2001年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001 – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="2001" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div 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