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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallel_vs._convergent_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Parallel vs. convergent evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallel_vs._convergent_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_molecular_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_molecular_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>At molecular level</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-At_molecular_level-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle At molecular level subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-At_molecular_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proteins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proteins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Proteins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proteins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protease_active_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protease_active_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Protease active sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protease_active_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cone_snail_and_fish_insulin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cone_snail_and_fish_insulin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Cone snail and fish insulin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cone_snail_and_fish_insulin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferrous_iron_uptake_via_protein_transporters_in_land_plants_and_chlorophytes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferrous_iron_uptake_via_protein_transporters_in_land_plants_and_chlorophytes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Ferrous iron uptake via protein transporters in land plants and chlorophytes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferrous_iron_uptake_via_protein_transporters_in_land_plants_and_chlorophytes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Na+,K+-ATPase_and_Insect_resistance_to_cardiotonic_steroids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Na+,K+-ATPase_and_Insect_resistance_to_cardiotonic_steroids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Na<sup>+</sup>,K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase and Insect resistance to cardiotonic steroids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Na+,K+-ATPase_and_Insect_resistance_to_cardiotonic_steroids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nucleic_acids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nucleic_acids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nucleic acids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nucleic_acids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_animal_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_animal_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In animal morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_animal_morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In animal morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_animal_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bodyplans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodyplans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bodyplans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bodyplans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Echolocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Echolocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Echolocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Echolocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_fishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_fishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Electric fishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_fishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insect_mouthparts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insect_mouthparts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Insect mouthparts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insect_mouthparts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposable_thumbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposable_thumbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Opposable thumbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposable_thumbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Primates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In plants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_plants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In plants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_annual_life-cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_annual_life-cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The annual life-cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_annual_life-cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_fixation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_fixation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Carbon fixation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_fixation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fruits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Fruits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carnivory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carnivory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Carnivory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carnivory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_inference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_inference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Methods of inference</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods_of_inference-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods of inference subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_inference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pattern-based_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pattern-based_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pattern-based measures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pattern-based_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process-based_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process-based_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Process-based measures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process-based_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Convergent evolution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvergente_evolusie" title="Konvergente evolusie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Konvergente evolusie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="تطور تقاربي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تطور تقاربي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converchencia_evolutiva" title="Converchencia evolutiva – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Converchencia evolutiva" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Канвергентная эвалюцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канвергентная эвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Конвергенция (биология) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конвергенция (биология)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvergentna_evolucija" title="Konvergentna evolucija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Konvergentna evolucija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converg%C3%A8ncia_evolutiva" title="Convergència evolutiva – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Convergència evolutiva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolusyong_pagtagbo" title="Ebolusyong pagtagbo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ebolusyong pagtagbo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvergence_(evoluce)" title="Konvergence (evoluce) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konvergence (evoluce)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvergent_udvikling" title="Konvergent udvikling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konvergent udvikling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvergenztheorie_(Evolution)" title="Konvergenztheorie (Evolution) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konvergenztheorie (Evolution)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvergents_(bioloogia)" title="Konvergents (bioloogia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Konvergents (bioloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n_convergente" title="Evolución convergente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Evolución convergente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konver%C4%9Da_evoluo" title="Konverĝa evoluo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konverĝa evoluo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboluzio_konbergente" title="Eboluzio konbergente – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eboluzio konbergente" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="فرگشت هم‌گرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرگشت هم‌گرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_%C3%A9volutive" title="Convergence évolutive – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Convergence évolutive" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konverginte_evol%C3%BAsje" title="Konverginte evolúsje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Konverginte evolúsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89abhl%C3%B3id_inr%C3%A9imneach" title="Éabhlóid inréimneach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éabhlóid inréimneach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n_converxente" title="Evolución converxente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Evolución converxente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A0%B4_%EC%A7%84%ED%99%94" title="수렴 진화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수렴 진화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կոնվերգենցիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոնվերգենցիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="अभिसारी क्रमविकास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अभिसारी क्रमविकास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvergentna_evolucija" title="Konvergentna evolucija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konvergentna evolucija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi_konvergen" title="Evolusi konvergen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Evolusi konvergen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samleitin_%C3%BEr%C3%B3un" title="Samleitin þróun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samleitin þróun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergenza_evolutiva" title="Convergenza evolutiva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Convergenza evolutiva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA" title="אבולוציה מתכנסת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבולוציה מתכנסת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конвергентті эволюция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Конвергентті эволюция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolisyon_konv%C3%A8jan" title="Evolisyon konvèjan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Evolisyon konvèjan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konver%C4%A3ent%C4%81_evol%C5%ABcija" title="Konverģentā evolūcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Konverģentā evolūcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvergentin%C4%97_evoliucija" title="Konvergentinė evoliucija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konvergentinė evoliucija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergente_evolutie" title="Convergente evolutie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Convergente evolutie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvergens_evol%C3%BAci%C3%B3" title="Konvergens evolúció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konvergens evolúció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Конвергентна еволуција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Конвергентна еволуција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolusi_keseirasan" title="Evolusi keseirasan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Evolusi keseirasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergente_evolutie" title="Convergente evolutie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Convergente evolutie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8E%E6%96%82%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="収斂進化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="収斂進化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvergent_evolusjon" title="Konvergent evolusjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konvergent evolusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvergent_evolusjon" title="Konvergent evolusjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Konvergent evolusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%DA%96%D8%AF%DB%90_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="د نږدې والي تکامل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د نږدې والي تکامل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konwergencja_(biologia)" title="Konwergencja (biologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konwergencja (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converg%C3%AAncia_evolutiva" title="Convergência evolutiva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Convergência evolutiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolu%C8%9Bie_convergent%C4%83" title="Evoluție convergentă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evoluție convergentă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конвергентная эволюция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конвергентная эволюция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvergenz_(Biologie)" title="Konvergenz (Biologie) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Konvergenz (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Convergent evolution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Конвергентна еволуција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конвергентна еволуција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvergentna_evolucija" title="Konvergentna evolucija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konvergentna evolucija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvergenttinen_evoluutio" title="Konvergenttinen evoluutio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konvergenttinen evoluutio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvergent_evolution" title="Konvergent evolution – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konvergent evolution" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolusyong_komberhente" title="Ebolusyong komberhente – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ebolusyong komberhente" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="วิวัฒนาการเบนเข้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิวัฒนาการเบนเข้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yak%C4%B1nsak_evrim" title="Yakınsak evrim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yakınsak evrim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Конвергентна еволюція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конвергентна еволюція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFn_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%99i_t%E1%BB%A5" title="Tiến hóa hội tụ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiến hóa hội tụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergente_evolutie" title="Convergente evolutie – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Convergente evolutie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%A8%E5%90%8C%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="趨同進化 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="趨同進化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8B%E5%90%8C%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="趋同演化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="趋同演化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q200312#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/270px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/360px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1319" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_evolution" title="Outline of evolution">Outline</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of evolutionary biology">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Processes and outcomes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)" title="Cooperation (evolution)">Co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextinction" title="Coextinction">Coextinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_(evolutionary_biology)" title="Contingency (evolutionary biology)">Contingency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">History of evolutionary theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">Before Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">Origin of Species</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">Before synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evo-devo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_research_in_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Current research in evolutionary biology">Current research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_speciation" title="History of speciation">History of speciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_paleontology" title="Timeline of paleontology">timeline</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Fields and applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_evolution" title="Applications of evolution">Applications of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Biosocial criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">Evolutionary computation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Evolutionary linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_physiology" title="Evolutionary physiology">Evolutionary physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_evolution" title="Experimental evolution">Experimental evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_experiments_of_speciation" title="Laboratory experiments of speciation">Speciation experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_biogeography" class="mw-redirect" title="Island biogeography">Island biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">Universal Darwinism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Social implications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_as_fact_and_theory" title="Evolution as fact and theory">Evolution as fact and theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory" title="Social effects of evolutionary theory">Social effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Creation–evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objections_to_evolution" title="Objections to evolution">Objections to evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_of_support_for_evolution" title="Level of support for evolution">Level of support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature-nurture controversy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/16px-Tree_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/24px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tree_of_life.svg/32px-Tree_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="760" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_biology" title="Category:Evolutionary biology">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_biology" title="Template:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_biology" title="Template talk:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Convergent evolution</b> is the independent <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time. Convergent evolution creates <b>analogous structures</b> that have similar form or function but were not present in the <a href="/wiki/Last_common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Last common ancestor">last common ancestor</a> of those groups. The <a href="/wiki/Cladistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladistic">cladistic</a> term for the same phenomenon is <a href="/wiki/Cladogram#Homoplasies" title="Cladogram">homoplasy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Recurrent_evolution" title="Recurrent evolution">recurrent evolution</a> of flight is a classic example, as flying <a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pterosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterosaurs">pterosaurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> have independently evolved the useful capacity of flight. Functionally similar features that have arisen through convergent evolution are <i>analogous</i>, whereas <i><a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a></i> structures or traits have a common origin but can have dissimilar functions. Bird, bat, and pterosaur <a href="/wiki/Wings" class="mw-redirect" title="Wings">wings</a> are analogous structures, but their forelimbs are homologous, sharing an ancestral state despite serving different functions. </p><p>The opposite of convergence is <a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">divergent evolution</a>, where related species evolve different traits. Convergent evolution is similar to <a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">parallel evolution</a>, which occurs when two independent species evolve in the same direction and thus independently acquire similar characteristics; for instance, <a href="/wiki/Flying_frog" title="Flying frog">gliding frogs</a> have evolved in parallel from multiple types of <a href="/wiki/Tree_frog" title="Tree frog">tree frog</a>. </p><p>Many instances of convergent evolution are known in <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, including the repeated development of <a href="/wiki/C4_photosynthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="C4 photosynthesis">C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">seed dispersal</a> by fleshy <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a> adapted to be eaten by animals, and <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" title="Carnivorous plant">carnivory</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Analogous_%26_Homologous_Structures.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Analogous_%26_Homologous_Structures.svg/330px-Analogous_%26_Homologous_Structures.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Analogous_%26_Homologous_Structures.svg/495px-Analogous_%26_Homologous_Structures.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Analogous_%26_Homologous_Structures.svg/660px-Analogous_%26_Homologous_Structures.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">Homology</a> and analogy in mammals and insects: on the horizontal axis, the structures are homologous in morphology, but different in function due to differences in habitat. On the vertical axis, the structures are analogous in function due to similar lifestyles but anatomically different with different <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_examples_of_convergent_evolution" title="List of examples of convergent evolution">List of examples of convergent evolution</a></div> <p>In morphology, analogous traits arise when different species live in similar ways and/or a similar environment, and so face the same environmental factors. When occupying similar <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niches</a> (that is, a distinctive way of life) similar problems can lead to similar solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reece_et_al_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reece_et_al-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BerkeleyHomologyAnalogy_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerkeleyHomologyAnalogy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British anatomist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> was the first to identify the fundamental difference between analogies and <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In biochemistry, physical and chemical constraints on <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyme mechanism">mechanisms</a> have caused some <a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">active site</a> arrangements such as the <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_triad" title="Catalytic triad">catalytic triad</a> to evolve independently in separate <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_superfamilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyme superfamilies">enzyme superfamilies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Buller&Townsend_2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buller&Townsend_2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1989 book <i><a href="/wiki/Wonderful_Life_(book)" title="Wonderful Life (book)">Wonderful Life</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> argued that if one could "rewind the tape of life [and] the same conditions were encountered again, evolution could take a very different course."<sup id="cite_ref-wonderfullife_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wonderfullife-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Conway_Morris" title="Simon Conway Morris">Simon Conway Morris</a> disputes this conclusion, arguing that convergence is a dominant force in evolution, and given that the same environmental and physical constraints are at work, life will inevitably evolve toward an "optimum" body plan, and at some point, evolution is bound to stumble upon intelligence, a trait presently identified with at least <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corvids" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvids">corvids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cetaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetaceans">cetaceans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCM2005_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCM2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinctions">Distinctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cladistics">Cladistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cladistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></div> <p>In cladistics, a homoplasy is a trait shared by two or more <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a> for any reason other than that they share a common ancestry. Taxa which do share ancestry are part of the same <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>; cladistics seeks to arrange them according to their degree of relatedness to describe their <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a>. Homoplastic traits caused by convergence are therefore, from the point of view of cladistics, confounding factors which could lead to an incorrect analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lomolino_et_al_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lomolino_et_al-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-West-Eberhard_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West-Eberhard-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atavism">Atavism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Atavism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atavism" title="Atavism">Atavism</a></div> <p>In some cases, it is difficult to tell whether a trait has been lost and then re-evolved convergently, or whether a gene has simply been switched off and then re-enabled later. Such a re-emerged trait is called an <a href="/wiki/Atavism" title="Atavism">atavism</a>. From a mathematical standpoint, an unused gene (<a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">selectively neutral</a>) has a steadily decreasing <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> of retaining potential functionality over time. The time scale of this process varies greatly in different phylogenies; in mammals and birds, there is a reasonable probability of remaining in the genome in a potentially functional state for around 6 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parallel_vs._convergent_evolution">Parallel vs. convergent evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Parallel vs. convergent evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolutionary_trends.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Evolutionary_trends.svg/330px-Evolutionary_trends.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Evolutionary_trends.svg/495px-Evolutionary_trends.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Evolutionary_trends.svg/660px-Evolutionary_trends.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="121" /></a><figcaption>Evolution at an <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> position. In each case, the left-hand species changes from having alanine (A) at a specific position in a protein in a hypothetical ancestor, and now has serine (S) there. The right-hand species may undergo <a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">divergent</a>, parallel, or convergent evolution at this amino acid position relative to the first species.</figcaption></figure> <p>When two species are similar in a particular character, evolution is defined as parallel if the ancestors were also similar, and convergent if they were not.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scientists have argued that there is a continuum between parallel and convergent evolution,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others maintain that despite some overlap, there are still important distinctions between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the ancestral forms are unspecified or unknown, or the range of traits considered is not clearly specified, the distinction between parallel and convergent evolution becomes more subjective. For instance, the striking example of similar placental and marsupial forms is described by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Watchmaker" title="The Blind Watchmaker">The Blind Watchmaker</a></i> as a case of convergent evolution, because mammals on each continent had a long evolutionary history prior to the extinction of the dinosaurs under which to accumulate relevant differences.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="At_molecular_level">At molecular level</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: At molecular level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triad_convergence_ser_cys.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Triad_convergence_ser_cys.svg/330px-Triad_convergence_ser_cys.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Triad_convergence_ser_cys.svg/495px-Triad_convergence_ser_cys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Triad_convergence_ser_cys.svg/660px-Triad_convergence_ser_cys.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Evolutionary convergence of <a href="/wiki/Serine_protease" title="Serine protease">serine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cysteine_protease" title="Cysteine protease">cysteine protease</a> towards the same catalytic triads organisation of acid-base-nucleophile in different <a href="/wiki/Protein_superfamily" title="Protein superfamily">protease superfamilies</a>. Shown are the triads of <a href="/wiki/Subtilisin" title="Subtilisin">subtilisin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prolyl_oligopeptidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolyl oligopeptidase">prolyl oligopeptidase</a>, <a href="/wiki/TEV_protease" title="TEV protease">TEV protease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Papain" title="Papain">papain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proteins">Proteins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protease_active_sites">Protease active sites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Protease active sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_triad" title="Catalytic triad">Catalytic triad</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Enzymology" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymology">enzymology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Proteases" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteases">proteases</a> provides some of the clearest examples of convergent evolution. These examples reflect the intrinsic chemical constraints on enzymes, leading evolution to converge on equivalent solutions independently and repeatedly.<sup id="cite_ref-Buller&Townsend_2013_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buller&Townsend_2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serine and cysteine proteases use different amino acid functional groups (alcohol or thiol) as a <a href="/wiki/Nucleophile" title="Nucleophile">nucleophile</a>. In order to activate that nucleophile, they orient an acidic and a basic residue in a <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_triad" title="Catalytic triad">catalytic triad</a>. The chemical and physical constraints on <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis" title="Enzyme catalysis">enzyme catalysis</a> have caused identical triad arrangements to evolve independently more than 20 times in different <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_superfamilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyme superfamilies">enzyme superfamilies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Buller&Townsend_2013_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buller&Townsend_2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Threonine_protease" title="Threonine protease">Threonine proteases</a> use the amino acid threonine as their catalytic <a href="/wiki/Nucleophile" title="Nucleophile">nucleophile</a>. Unlike cysteine and serine, threonine is a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary alcohol">secondary alcohol</a> (i.e. has a methyl group). The methyl group of threonine greatly restricts the possible orientations of triad and substrate, as the methyl clashes with either the enzyme backbone or the histidine base. Consequently, most threonine proteases use an N-terminal threonine in order to avoid such <a href="/wiki/Steric_clash" class="mw-redirect" title="Steric clash">steric clashes</a>. Several evolutionarily independent <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_superfamilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyme superfamilies">enzyme superfamilies</a> with different <a href="/wiki/Protein_fold" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein fold">protein folds</a> use the N-terminal residue as a nucleophile. This commonality of <a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">active site</a> but difference of protein fold indicates that the active site evolved convergently in those families.<sup id="cite_ref-Buller&Townsend_2013_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buller&Townsend_2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cone_snail_and_fish_insulin">Cone snail and fish insulin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cone snail and fish insulin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Conus_geographus" title="Conus geographus">Conus geographus</a></i> produces a distinct form of <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> that is more similar to fish insulin protein sequences than to insulin from more closely related molluscs, suggesting convergent evolution,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though with the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ferrous_iron_uptake_via_protein_transporters_in_land_plants_and_chlorophytes">Ferrous iron uptake via protein transporters in land plants and chlorophytes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ferrous iron uptake via protein transporters in land plants and chlorophytes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Distant homologues of the metal ion transporters <a href="/wiki/Zinc_transporter_protein" title="Zinc transporter protein">ZIP</a> in <a href="/wiki/Land_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Land plants">land plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorophytes">chlorophytes</a> have converged in structure, likely to take up Fe<sup>2+</sup> efficiently. The IRT1 proteins from <i><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> have extremely different amino acid sequences from <i><a href="/wiki/Chlamydomonas" title="Chlamydomonas">Chlamydomonas</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s IRT1, but their three-dimensional structures are similar, suggesting convergent evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Na+,K+-ATPase_and_Insect_resistance_to_cardiotonic_steroids"><span id="Na.2B.2CK.2B-ATPase_and_Insect_resistance_to_cardiotonic_steroids"></span>Na<sup>+</sup>,K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase and Insect resistance to cardiotonic steroids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Na+,K+-ATPase and Insect resistance to cardiotonic steroids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many examples of convergent evolution exist in insects in terms of developing resistance at a molecular level to toxins. One well-characterized example is the evolution of resistance to cardiotonic steroids (CTSs) via amino acid substitutions at well-defined positions of the α-subunit of <a href="/wiki/Na%2B/K%2B-ATPase" class="mw-redirect" title="Na+/K+-ATPase">Na<sup>+</sup>,K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase</a> (ATPalpha). Variation in ATPalpha has been surveyed in various CTS-adapted species spanning six insect orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhen_et_al_2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhen_et_al_2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yang_et_al_2019_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang_et_al_2019-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among 21 CTS-adapted species, 58 (76%) of 76 amino acid substitutions at sites implicated in CTS resistance occur in parallel in at least two lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang_et_al_2019_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang_et_al_2019-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 30 of these substitutions (40%) occur at just two sites in the protein (positions 111 and 122). CTS-adapted species have also recurrently evolved <a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalization" title="Neofunctionalization">neo-functionalized</a> duplications of ATPalpha, with convergent tissue-specific expression patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhen_et_al_2012_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhen_et_al_2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yang_et_al_2019_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang_et_al_2019-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nucleic_acids">Nucleic acids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nucleic acids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Convergence occurs at the level of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> sequences produced by <a href="/wiki/Translation_(biology)" title="Translation (biology)">translating</a> <a href="/wiki/Structural_gene" title="Structural gene">structural genes</a> into <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>. Studies have found convergence in amino acid sequences in echolocating bats and the dolphin;<sup id="cite_ref-LiuQi2014_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuQi2014-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among marine mammals;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between giant and red pandas;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and between the thylacine and canids.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convergence has also been detected in a type of <a href="/wiki/Non-coding_DNA" title="Non-coding DNA">non-coding DNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cis-regulatory_element" title="Cis-regulatory element">cis-regulatory elements</a>, such as in their rates of evolution; this could indicate either <a href="/wiki/Positive_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive selection">positive selection</a> or relaxed <a href="/wiki/Negative_selection_(natural_selection)" title="Negative selection (natural selection)">purifying selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_animal_morphology">In animal morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In animal morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ichthyosaur_vs_dolphin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ichthyosaur_vs_dolphin.svg/330px-Ichthyosaur_vs_dolphin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ichthyosaur_vs_dolphin.svg/495px-Ichthyosaur_vs_dolphin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ichthyosaur_vs_dolphin.svg/660px-Ichthyosaur_vs_dolphin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dolphins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolphins">Dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaur">ichthyosaurs</a> converged on many adaptations for fast swimming.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bodyplans">Bodyplans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bodyplans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swimming animals including <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herrings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine mammals">marine mammals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dolphins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolphins">dolphins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaur">ichthyosaurs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mesozoic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesozoic era">of the Mesozoic</a>) all converged on the same streamlined shape.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar shape and swimming adaptations are even present in molluscs, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Phylliroe" title="Phylliroe">Phylliroe</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fusiform bodyshape (a tube tapered at both ends) adopted by many aquatic animals is an adaptation to enable them to <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">travel at high speed</a> in a high <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> environment.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar body shapes are found in the <a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">earless seals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eared_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Eared seals">eared seals</a>: they still have four legs, but these are strongly modified for swimming.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The marsupial fauna of Australia and the placental mammals of the Old World have several strikingly similar forms, developed in two clades, isolated from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-SCM2005_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCM2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body, and especially the skull shape, of the <a href="/wiki/Thylacine" title="Thylacine">thylacine</a> (Tasmanian tiger or Tasmanian wolf) converged with those of <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> such as the red fox, <i><a href="/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulpes vulpes">Vulpes vulpes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Convergence of <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Placental_mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental mammal">placental</a> mammals</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 291.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 289.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_vulpes_skeleton.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Red fox skeleton"><img alt="Red fox skeleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Vulpes_vulpes_skeleton.JPG/434px-Vulpes_vulpes_skeleton.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Vulpes_vulpes_skeleton.JPG/652px-Vulpes_vulpes_skeleton.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Vulpes_vulpes_skeleton.JPG/868px-Vulpes_vulpes_skeleton.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4351" data-file-height="2558" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox</a> skeleton</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beutelwolf_fg01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skulls of thylacine (left), timber wolf (right)"><img alt="Skulls of thylacine (left), timber wolf (right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Beutelwolf_fg01.jpg/187px-Beutelwolf_fg01.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Beutelwolf_fg01.jpg/281px-Beutelwolf_fg01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Beutelwolf_fg01.jpg/375px-Beutelwolf_fg01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1088" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skulls of <a href="/wiki/Thylacine" title="Thylacine">thylacine</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis lupus">timber wolf</a> (right)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 326px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 324px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beutelwolfskelett_brehm_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Thylacine skeleton"><img alt="Thylacine skeleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Beutelwolfskelett_brehm_%28cropped%29.png/486px-Beutelwolfskelett_brehm_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="324" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Beutelwolfskelett_brehm_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="297" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thylacine" title="Thylacine">Thylacine</a> skeleton</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Echolocation">Echolocation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Echolocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a sensory adaptation, <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocation</a> has evolved separately in <a href="/wiki/Cetaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetaceans">cetaceans</a> (dolphins and whales) and bats, but from the same genetic mutations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_fishes">Electric fishes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Electric fishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gymnotiformes" title="Gymnotiformes">Gymnotiformes</a> of South America and the <a href="/wiki/Mormyridae" title="Mormyridae">Mormyridae</a> of Africa independently evolved <a href="/wiki/Electroreception_and_electrogenesis" title="Electroreception and electrogenesis">passive electroreception</a> (around 119 and 110 million years ago, respectively). Around 20 million years after acquiring that ability, both groups evolved active <a href="/wiki/Electric_fish" title="Electric fish">electrogenesis</a>, producing weak electric fields to help them detect prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Lavoué_Miya_2012_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lavoué_Miya_2012-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Convergence of <a href="/wiki/Weakly_electric_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Weakly electric fish">weakly electric fishes</a></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephantfish_spike_waveform.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gymnotiform electrolocation waveform"><img alt="Gymnotiform electrolocation waveform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Elephantfish_spike_waveform.svg/120px-Elephantfish_spike_waveform.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Elephantfish_spike_waveform.svg/180px-Elephantfish_spike_waveform.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Elephantfish_spike_waveform.svg/240px-Elephantfish_spike_waveform.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="517" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gymnotiform electrolocation waveform</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sternarchorhynchus_oxyrhynchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A gymnotiform electric fish of South America"><img alt="A gymnotiform electric fish of South America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sternarchorhynchus_oxyrhynchus.jpg/120px-Sternarchorhynchus_oxyrhynchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sternarchorhynchus_oxyrhynchus.jpg/180px-Sternarchorhynchus_oxyrhynchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sternarchorhynchus_oxyrhynchus.jpg/240px-Sternarchorhynchus_oxyrhynchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Gymnotiformes" title="Gymnotiformes">gymnotiform</a> electric fish of South America</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnathonemus_petersii.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mormyrid electric fish of Africa"><img alt="A mormyrid electric fish of Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gnathonemus_petersii.jpg/120px-Gnathonemus_petersii.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gnathonemus_petersii.jpg/180px-Gnathonemus_petersii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gnathonemus_petersii.jpg/240px-Gnathonemus_petersii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Mormyridae" title="Mormyridae">mormyrid</a> electric fish of Africa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephantfish_spike_waveform.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mormyrid electrolocation waveform"><img alt="Mormyrid electrolocation waveform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Elephantfish_spike_waveform.svg/120px-Elephantfish_spike_waveform.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Elephantfish_spike_waveform.svg/180px-Elephantfish_spike_waveform.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Elephantfish_spike_waveform.svg/240px-Elephantfish_spike_waveform.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="517" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mormyrid electrolocation waveform</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eyes">Eyes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Eyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eye_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye evolution">Eye evolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_eye.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Evolution_eye.svg/220px-Evolution_eye.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Evolution_eye.svg/330px-Evolution_eye.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Evolution_eye.svg/440px-Evolution_eye.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>The camera eyes of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a> (right) developed independently and are wired differently; for instance, <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerve</a> <sup>(3)</sup> fibres <sup>(2)</sup> reach the vertebrate <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> <sup>(1)</sup> from the front, creating a <a href="/wiki/Blind_spot_(vision)" title="Blind spot (vision)">blind spot</a> <sup>(4)</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the best-known examples of convergent evolution is the camera eye of <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_eye" title="Cephalopod eye">cephalopods</a> (such as squid and octopus), <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> (including mammals) and <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">cnidaria</a> (such as jellyfish).<sup id="cite_ref-Kozmik2008_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozmik2008-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their last common ancestor had at most a simple photoreceptive spot, but a range of processes led to the <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">progressive refinement of camera eyes</a>—with one sharp difference: the cephalopod eye is "wired" in the opposite direction, with blood and nerve vessels entering from the back of the retina, rather than the front as in vertebrates. As a result, vertebrates have a <a href="/wiki/Blind_spot_(vision)" title="Blind spot (vision)">blind spot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCM2005_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCM2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight">Flight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Flying_and_gliding_animals#Evolution_and_ecology_of_aerial_locomotion" title="Flying and gliding animals">Flying and gliding animals § Evolution and ecology of aerial locomotion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Homology.jpg/170px-Homology.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Homology.jpg/255px-Homology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Homology.jpg/340px-Homology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1717" /></a><figcaption>Vertebrate wings are partly <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> (from forelimbs), but analogous as organs of flight in (1) <a href="/wiki/Pterosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterosaurs">pterosaurs</a>, (2) <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>, (3) <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a>, evolved separately.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">Birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> have <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> limbs because they are both ultimately derived from terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>, but their flight mechanisms are only analogous, so their wings are examples of functional convergence. The two groups have independently evolved their own means of powered flight. Their wings differ substantially in construction. The bat wing is a membrane stretched across four extremely elongated fingers and the legs. The airfoil of the bird wing is made of <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a>, strongly attached to the forearm (the ulna) and the highly fused bones of the wrist and hand (the <a href="/wiki/Carpometacarpus" title="Carpometacarpus">carpometacarpus</a>), with only tiny remnants of two fingers remaining, each anchoring a single feather. So, while the wings of bats and birds are functionally convergent, they are not anatomically convergent.<sup id="cite_ref-BerkeleyHomologyAnalogy_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerkeleyHomologyAnalogy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds and bats also share a high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Cerebroside" title="Cerebroside">cerebrosides</a> in the skin of their wings. This improves skin flexibility, a trait useful for flying animals; other mammals have a far lower concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extinct <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a> independently evolved wings from their fore- and hindlimbs, while <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> have <a href="/wiki/Insect_wing" title="Insect wing">wings</a> that evolved separately from different organs.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flying_squirrel" title="Flying squirrel">Flying squirrels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_glider" title="Sugar glider">sugar gliders</a> are much alike in their body plans, with gliding wings stretched between their limbs, but flying squirrels are placental mammals while sugar gliders are marsupials, widely separated within the mammal lineage from the placentals.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hummingbird_hawk-moth" title="Hummingbird hawk-moth">Hummingbird hawk-moths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a> have evolved similar flight and feeding patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-herrera_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herrera-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insect_mouthparts">Insect mouthparts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Insect mouthparts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insect mouthparts show many examples of convergent evolution. The mouthparts of different insect groups consist of a set of <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> organs, specialised for the dietary intake of that insect group. Convergent evolution of many groups of insects led from original biting-chewing mouthparts to different, more specialised, derived function types. These include, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a> of flower-visiting insects such as <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flower_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Flower beetle">flower beetles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Krenn-2005_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krenn-2005-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krenn-2011_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krenn-2011-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krenn-2012-1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krenn-2012-1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the biting-sucking mouthparts of blood-sucking insects such as <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">fleas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposable_thumbs">Opposable thumbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Opposable thumbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Opposable_thumb" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposable thumb">Opposable thumbs</a> allowing the grasping of objects are most often associated with <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</a>, like humans and other apes, monkeys, and lemurs. Opposable thumbs also evolved in <a href="/wiki/Giant_pandas" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant pandas">giant pandas</a>, but these are completely different in structure, having six fingers including the thumb, which develops from a wrist bone entirely separately from other fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primates">Primates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Primates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color#Genetics_of_skin_color_variation" title="Human skin color">Human skin color § Genetics of skin color variation</a></div> <table style="border-collapse: collapse" class="floatleft" width="222px"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0;margin:0"><div class=""> <div style="width: 74px; height: 65px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 73px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Veronika_Lonck%C3%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Veronika Loncká.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Veronika_Lonck%C3%A1.jpg/73px-Veronika_Lonck%C3%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Veronika_Lonck%C3%A1.jpg/110px-Veronika_Lonck%C3%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Veronika_Lonck%C3%A1.jpg/146px-Veronika_Lonck%C3%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td style="padding:0;margin:0"><div class=""> <div style="width: 74px; height: 65px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -10px; left: -0px; width: 84px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angela_Bassett_by_Gage_Skidmoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Angela Bassett by Gage Skidmoe.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Angela_Bassett_by_Gage_Skidmoe.jpg/84px-Angela_Bassett_by_Gage_Skidmoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Angela_Bassett_by_Gage_Skidmoe.jpg/126px-Angela_Bassett_by_Gage_Skidmoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Angela_Bassett_by_Gage_Skidmoe.jpg/168px-Angela_Bassett_by_Gage_Skidmoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2360" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td style="padding:0;margin:0"><div class=""> <div style="width: 74px; height: 65px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -17px; left: -17px; width: 104px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(%EB%AF%B8%EC%93%B0%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84)_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%91%EA%B8%B0%EC%98%81%EC%83%81_%EC%97%84%EC%A0%95%ED%99%94_3m3s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="(미쓰와이프) 제작기영상 엄정화 3m3s.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%28%EB%AF%B8%EC%93%B0%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84%29_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%91%EA%B8%B0%EC%98%81%EC%83%81_%EC%97%84%EC%A0%95%ED%99%94_3m3s.jpg/104px-%28%EB%AF%B8%EC%93%B0%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84%29_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%91%EA%B8%B0%EC%98%81%EC%83%81_%EC%97%84%EC%A0%95%ED%99%94_3m3s.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%28%EB%AF%B8%EC%93%B0%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84%29_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%91%EA%B8%B0%EC%98%81%EC%83%81_%EC%97%84%EC%A0%95%ED%99%94_3m3s.jpg/156px-%28%EB%AF%B8%EC%93%B0%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84%29_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%91%EA%B8%B0%EC%98%81%EC%83%81_%EC%97%84%EC%A0%95%ED%99%94_3m3s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%28%EB%AF%B8%EC%93%B0%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84%29_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%91%EA%B8%B0%EC%98%81%EC%83%81_%EC%97%84%EC%A0%95%ED%99%94_3m3s.jpg/208px-%28%EB%AF%B8%EC%93%B0%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84%29_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%91%EA%B8%B0%EC%98%81%EC%83%81_%EC%97%84%EC%A0%95%ED%99%94_3m3s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="810" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Convergent_evolution_human_skin_color_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Convergent_evolution_human_skin_color_map.svg/222px-Convergent_evolution_human_skin_color_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Convergent_evolution_human_skin_color_map.svg/333px-Convergent_evolution_human_skin_color_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Convergent_evolution_human_skin_color_map.svg/444px-Convergent_evolution_human_skin_color_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="343" /></a></span> <span style="font-size:90%;">Despite the similar lightening of <a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">skin colour</a> after moving <a href="/wiki/Out_of_Africa_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of Africa hypothesis">out of Africa</a>, different genes were involved in European (left) and East Asian (right) lineages.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Convergent evolution in humans includes blue eye colour and light skin colour.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_2010_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards_2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When humans migrated <a href="/wiki/Out_of_Africa_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of Africa hypothesis">out of Africa</a>, they moved to more northern latitudes with less intense sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_2010_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards_2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was beneficial to them to reduce their <a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">skin pigmentation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_2010_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards_2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears certain that there was some lightening of skin colour <i>before</i> European and East Asian lineages diverged, as there are some skin-lightening genetic differences that are common to both groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_2010_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards_2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after the lineages diverged and became genetically isolated, the skin of both groups lightened more, and that additional lightening was due to <i>different</i> genetic changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards_2010_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards_2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border-collapse: collapse" class="floatright" width="220px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Humans </th> <th colspan="2">Lemurs </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;margin:0"><div class=""> <div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -25px; left: -25px; width: 100px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_blue_eye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A_blue_eye.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/A_blue_eye.jpg/100px-A_blue_eye.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/A_blue_eye.jpg/150px-A_blue_eye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/A_blue_eye.jpg/200px-A_blue_eye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1506" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td style="padding:0;margin:0"><div class=""> <div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -8px; left: -53px; width: 130px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye_See_You_(2346693372).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Eye_See_You_(2346693372).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eye_See_You_%282346693372%29.jpg/130px-Eye_See_You_%282346693372%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eye_See_You_%282346693372%29.jpg/195px-Eye_See_You_%282346693372%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eye_See_You_%282346693372%29.jpg/260px-Eye_See_You_%282346693372%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td style="padding:0;margin:0"><div class=""> <div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -130px; left: -150px; width: 400px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eulemur_mongoz_(male_-_face).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Eulemur_mongoz_(male_-_face).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Eulemur_mongoz_%28male_-_face%29.jpg/400px-Eulemur_mongoz_%28male_-_face%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Eulemur_mongoz_%28male_-_face%29.jpg/600px-Eulemur_mongoz_%28male_-_face%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Eulemur_mongoz_%28male_-_face%29.jpg/800px-Eulemur_mongoz_%28male_-_face%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td style="padding:0;margin:0"><div class=""> <div style="width: 50px; height: 50px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -100px; left: -133px; width: 400px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue-eyed_black_lemur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Blue-eyed_black_lemur.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Blue-eyed_black_lemur.jpg/400px-Blue-eyed_black_lemur.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Blue-eyed_black_lemur.jpg/600px-Blue-eyed_black_lemur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Blue-eyed_black_lemur.jpg/800px-Blue-eyed_black_lemur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4034" data-file-height="2643" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="padding:0;margin:0"><span style="font-size:90%;">Despite the similarity of appearance, the genetic basis of blue eyes is different in humans and <a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemurs</a>.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Lemurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemurs">Lemurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a> are both primates. Ancestral primates had brown eyes, as most primates do today. The genetic basis of blue eyes in humans has been studied in detail and much is known about it. It is not the case that one <a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">gene locus</a> is responsible, say with brown dominant to blue <a href="/wiki/Eye_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye colour">eye colour</a>. However, a single locus is responsible for about 80% of the variation. In lemurs, the differences between blue and brown eyes are not completely known, but the same gene locus is not involved.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_plants">In plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chelidonium_majus_seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chelidonium_majus_seeds.jpg/220px-Chelidonium_majus_seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chelidonium_majus_seeds.jpg/330px-Chelidonium_majus_seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chelidonium_majus_seeds.jpg/440px-Chelidonium_majus_seeds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Myrmecochory" title="Myrmecochory">myrmecochory</a>, seeds such as those of <i><a href="/wiki/Chelidonium_majus" title="Chelidonium majus">Chelidonium majus</a></i> have a hard coating and an attached oil body, an <a href="/wiki/Elaiosome" title="Elaiosome">elaiosome</a>, for dispersal by ants.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_annual_life-cycle">The annual life-cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The annual life-cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While most plant species are <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a>, about 6% follow an <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a> life cycle, living for only one growing season.<sup id="cite_ref-Poppenwimer_2023_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poppenwimer_2023-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual life cycle independently emerged in over 120 plant families of angiosperms.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence of annual species increases under hot-dry summer conditions in the four species-rich families of annuals (<a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>), indicating that the annual life cycle is adaptive.<sup id="cite_ref-Poppenwimer_2023_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poppenwimer_2023-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_fixation">Carbon fixation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Carbon fixation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/C4_photosynthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="C4 photosynthesis">C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis</a>, one of the three major carbon-fixing biochemical processes, has <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants#Evolution_of_photosynthetic_pathways" title="Evolutionary history of plants">arisen independently up to 40 times</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-williamsjohnston_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamsjohnston-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Osborne2006_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osborne2006-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 7,600 plant species of <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a> use C<sub>4</sub> carbon fixation, with many <a href="/wiki/Monocot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocot">monocots</a> including 46% of grasses such as <a href="/wiki/Zea_mays" class="mw-redirect" title="Zea mays">maize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dicot" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicot">dicots</a> including several species in the <a href="/wiki/Chenopodiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenopodiaceae">Chenopodiaceae</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruits">Fruits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fruits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruits</a> with a wide variety of structural origins have converged to become edible. <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">Apples</a> are <a href="/wiki/Pome" title="Pome">pomes</a> with five <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpels</a>; their accessory tissues form the apple's core, surrounded by structures from outside the botanical fruit, the <a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">receptacle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">hypanthium</a>. Other edible fruits include other plant tissues;<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fleshy part of a <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a> is the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Pericarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericarp">pericarp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This implies convergent evolution under selective pressure, in this case the competition for <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">seed dispersal</a> by animals through consumption of fleshy fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-evolution_seed_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evolution_seed-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seed dispersal by ants (<a href="/wiki/Myrmecochory" title="Myrmecochory">myrmecochory</a>) has evolved independently more than 100 times, and is present in more than 11,000 plant species. It is one of the most dramatic examples of convergent evolution in biology.<sup id="cite_ref-myrmecochory_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myrmecochory-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carnivory">Carnivory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Carnivory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chitinase4TC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Chitinase4TC.jpg/330px-Chitinase4TC.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Chitinase4TC.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Molecular convergence in <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" title="Carnivorous plant">carnivorous plants</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" title="Carnivorous plant">Carnivory</a> has evolved multiple times independently in plants in widely separated groups. In three species studied, <i><a href="/wiki/Cephalotus" title="Cephalotus">Cephalotus follicularis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nepenthes_alata" title="Nepenthes alata">Nepenthes alata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sarracenia_purpurea" title="Sarracenia purpurea">Sarracenia purpurea</a></i>, there has been convergence at the molecular level. Carnivorous plants secrete <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a> into the digestive fluid they produce. By studying <a href="/wiki/Purple_acid_phosphatases" title="Purple acid phosphatases">phosphatase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycoside_hydrolase_family_19" title="Glycoside hydrolase family 19">glycoside hydrolase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucanase" title="Glucanase">glucanase</a>, <a href="/wiki/RNASET2" title="RNASET2">RNAse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chitinase" title="Chitinase">chitinase</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> as well as a <a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis-related_protein" title="Pathogenesis-related protein">pathogenesis-related protein</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Thaumatin" title="Thaumatin">thaumatin</a>-related protein, the authors found many convergent <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> substitutions. These changes were not at the enzymes' catalytic sites, but rather on the exposed surfaces of the proteins, where they might interact with other components of the cell or the digestive fluid. The authors also found that <a href="/wiki/Homologous_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Homologous gene">homologous genes</a> in the non-carnivorous plant <i><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i> tend to have their expression increased when the plant is stressed, leading the authors to suggest that stress-responsive proteins have often been co-opted<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the repeated evolution of carnivory.<sup id="cite_ref-Fukushima2017_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukushima2017-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_inference">Methods of inference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Methods of inference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phenotypic-landscape-inference-reveals-multiple-evolutionary-paths-toC4-photosynthesis-elife00961fs002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phenotypic-landscape-inference-reveals-multiple-evolutionary-paths-toC4-photosynthesis-elife00961fs002.jpg/330px-Phenotypic-landscape-inference-reveals-multiple-evolutionary-paths-toC4-photosynthesis-elife00961fs002.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="436" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phenotypic-landscape-inference-reveals-multiple-evolutionary-paths-toC4-photosynthesis-elife00961fs002.jpg/495px-Phenotypic-landscape-inference-reveals-multiple-evolutionary-paths-toC4-photosynthesis-elife00961fs002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phenotypic-landscape-inference-reveals-multiple-evolutionary-paths-toC4-photosynthesis-elife00961fs002.jpg/660px-Phenotypic-landscape-inference-reveals-multiple-evolutionary-paths-toC4-photosynthesis-elife00961fs002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">Angiosperm</a> phylogeny of orders based on classification by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The figure shows the number of inferred independent origins of C<sub>3</sub>-C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis and <a href="/wiki/C4_photosynthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="C4 photosynthesis">C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis</a> in parentheses.</figcaption></figure> <p>Phylogenetic reconstruction and <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_reconstruction" title="Ancestral reconstruction">ancestral state reconstruction</a> proceed by assuming that evolution has occurred without convergence. Convergent patterns may, however, appear at higher levels in a phylogenetic reconstruction, and are sometimes explicitly sought by investigators. The methods applied to infer convergent evolution depend on whether pattern-based or process-based convergence is expected. Pattern-based convergence is the broader term, for when two or more lineages independently evolve patterns of similar traits. Process-based convergence is when the convergence is due to similar forces of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stayton2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stayton2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pattern-based_measures">Pattern-based measures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pattern-based measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earlier methods for measuring convergence incorporate ratios of phenotypic and <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> distance by simulating evolution with a <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a> model of trait evolution along a phylogeny.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent methods also quantify the strength of convergence.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One drawback to keep in mind is that these methods can confuse long-term stasis with convergence due to phenotypic similarities. Stasis occurs when there is little evolutionary change among taxa.<sup id="cite_ref-Stayton2_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stayton2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distance-based measures assess the degree of similarity between lineages over time. Frequency-based measures assess the number of lineages that have evolved in a particular trait space.<sup id="cite_ref-Stayton2_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stayton2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Process-based_measures">Process-based measures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Process-based measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methods to infer process-based convergence fit models of selection to a phylogeny and continuous trait data to determine whether the same selective forces have acted upon lineages. This uses the <a href="/wiki/Ornstein%E2%80%93Uhlenbeck_process" title="Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process">Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process</a> to test different scenarios of selection. Other methods rely on an <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="A priori knowledge">a priori</a></i> specification of where shifts in selection have occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incomplete_lineage_sorting" title="Incomplete lineage sorting">Incomplete lineage sorting</a> – Characteristic of phylogenetic analysis: the presence of multiple alleles in ancestral populations might lead to the impression that convergent evolution has occurred.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinisation" title="Carcinisation">Carcinisation</a> – Evolution of crustaceans into crab-like forms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">Morphology (biology)</a> – Study of external forms and structures of organisms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iterative evolution">Iterative evolution</a> – The repeated evolution of a specific trait or body plan from the same ancestral lineage at different points in time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_taxon" title="Elvis taxon">Elvis taxon</a> – Misidentification of later taxon superficially resembling earlier extinct taxon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeding_back" title="Breeding back">Breeding back</a> – A form of selective breeding to recreate the traits of an extinct species, but the genome will differ from the original species.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogenesis" title="Orthogenesis">Orthogenesis</a> (contrastable with convergent evolution; involves teleology)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_(evolutionary_biology)" title="Contingency (evolutionary biology)">Contingency (evolutionary biology)</a> – effect of evolutionary history on outcomes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">evolutionary developmental biology</a> has identified <a href="/wiki/Deep_homology" title="Deep homology">deep homology</a> between insect and mammal body plans, to the surprise of many biologists.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, all organisms share a common ancestor more or less recently, so the question of how far back to look in evolutionary time and how similar the ancestors need to be for one to consider parallel evolution to have taken place is not entirely resolved within evolutionary biology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The prior existence of suitable structures has been called <a href="/wiki/Pre-adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-adaptation">pre-adaptation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">exaptation</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKirk2007" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, John Thomas Osmond (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kTr5BTxMpFYC&pg=PA79"><i>Science & Certainty</i></a>. Csiro Publishing. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09391-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09391-1"><bdi>978-0-643-09391-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215051246/https://books.google.com/books?id=kTr5BTxMpFYC&pg=PA79">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2017</span>. <q>evolutionary convergence, which, quoting .. Simon Conway Morris .. is the 'recurring tendency of biological organization to arrive at the same "solution" to a particular "need". .. the 'Tasmanian tiger' .. looked and behaved like a wolf and occupied a similar ecological niche, but was in fact a marsupial not a placental mammal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+%26+Certainty&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Csiro+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-643-09391-1&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=John+Thomas+Osmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkTr5BTxMpFYC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvergent+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reece_et_al-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reece_et_al_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeceMeyers,_N.Urry,_L.Cain,_M.2011" class="citation book cs1">Reece, J.; Meyers, N.; Urry, L.; Cain, M.; Wasserman, S.; Minorsky, P.; Jackson, R.; Cooke, B. (5 September 2011). <i>Cambell Biology, 9th Edition</i>. Pearson. p. 586. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4425-3176-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4425-3176-5"><bdi>978-1-4425-3176-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambell+Biology%2C+9th+Edition&rft.pages=586&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2011-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4425-3176-5&rft.aulast=Reece&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Meyers%2C+N.&rft.au=Urry%2C+L.&rft.au=Cain%2C+M.&rft.au=Wasserman%2C+S.&rft.au=Minorsky%2C+P.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+R.&rft.au=Cooke%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvergent+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BerkeleyHomologyAnalogy-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BerkeleyHomologyAnalogy_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BerkeleyHomologyAnalogy_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_09">"Homologies and analogies"</a>. University of California Berkeley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119095845/http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_09">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homologies+and+analogies&rft.pub=University+of+California+Berkeley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevolution.berkeley.edu%2Fevolibrary%2Farticle%2Fevo_09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvergent+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThunstad2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thunstad, Erik (2009). <i>Darwins teori, evolusjon gjennom 400 år</i> (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway: Humanist forlag. p. 404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-92622-53-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-92622-53-7"><bdi>978-82-92622-53-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwins+teori%2C+evolusjon+gjennom+400+%C3%A5r&rft.place=Oslo%2C+Norway&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=Humanist+forlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-82-92622-53-7&rft.aulast=Thunstad&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvergent+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buller&Townsend_2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buller&Townsend_2013_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buller&Townsend_2013_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buller&Townsend_2013_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buller&Townsend_2013_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullerTownsend,_C._A.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Buller, A. R.; Townsend, C. A. (19 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3581919">"Intrinsic evolutionary constraints on protease structure, enzyme acylation, and the identity of the catalytic triad"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>110</b> (8): E653–61. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PNAS..110E.653B">2013PNAS..110E.653B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1221050110">10.1073/pnas.1221050110</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3581919">3581919</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23382230">23382230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Intrinsic+evolutionary+constraints+on+protease+structure%2C+enzyme+acylation%2C+and+the+identity+of+the+catalytic+triad.&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=E653-61&rft.date=2013-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3581919%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23382230&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1221050110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PNAS..110E.653B&rft.aulast=Buller&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft.au=Townsend%2C+C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3581919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvergent+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wonderfullife-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wonderfullife_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould,_S.J.1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould, S.J.</a> (1989). <a href="/wiki/Wonderful_Life_(book)" title="Wonderful Life (book)"><i>Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History</i></a>. W.W. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifessolutionine01conw/page/164">164, 167, 170 and 235</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60325-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60325-6"><bdi>978-0-521-60325-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/156902715">156902715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life%27s+solution%3A+inevitable+humans+in+a+lonely+universe&rft.pages=164%2C+167%2C+170+and+235&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F156902715&rft.isbn=978-0-521-60325-6&rft.aulast=Conway+Morris&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifessolutionine01conw%2Fpage%2F164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvergent+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiratMoultonGoriely2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chirat, R.; Moulton, D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plant+and+Animal+Evolution&rft.pub=University+of+Waikato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.waikato.ac.nz%2Fevolution%2FHomology.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvergent+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-HamoMuñoz-GarciaLarrainPinshow2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ben-Hamo, Miriam; Muñoz-Garcia, Agustí; Larrain, Paloma; Pinshow, Berry; Korine, Carmi; Williams, Joseph B. 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"The definition, recognition, and interpretation of convergent evolution, and two new measures for quantifying and assessing the significance of convergence". <i>Evolution</i>. <b>69</b> (8): 2140–2153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevo.12729">10.1111/evo.12729</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26177938">26177938</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3161530">3161530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=The+definition%2C+recognition%2C+and+interpretation+of+convergent+evolution%2C+and+two+new+measures+for+quantifying+and+assessing+the+significance+of+convergence&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2140-2153&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3161530%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26177938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fevo.12729&rft.aulast=Stayton&rft.aufirst=C.+Tristan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvergent+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStayton2008" class="citation journal cs1">Stayton, C. Tristan (2008). "Is convergence surprising? An examination of the frequency of convergence in simulated datasets". <i>Journal of Theoretical Biology</i>. <b>252</b> (1): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JThBi.252....1S">2008JThBi.252....1S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtbi.2008.01.008">10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.01.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18321532">18321532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theoretical+Biology&rft.atitle=Is+convergence+surprising%3F+An+examination+of+the+frequency+of+convergence+in+simulated+datasets&rft.volume=252&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18321532&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jtbi.2008.01.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JThBi.252....1S&rft.aulast=Stayton&rft.aufirst=C.+Tristan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvergent+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuschickIndermaurSalzburger2012" class="citation journal cs1">Muschick, Moritz; Indermaur, Adrian; Salzburger, Walter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.048">"Convergent Evolution within an Adaptive Radiation of Cichlid Fishes"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>22</b> (24): 2362–2368. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012CBio...22.2362M">2012CBio...22.2362M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.048">10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.048</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23159601">23159601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Convergent+Evolution+within+an+Adaptive+Radiation+of+Cichlid+Fishes&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=2362-2368&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23159601&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.048&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012CBio...22.2362M&rft.aulast=Muschick&rft.aufirst=Moritz&rft.au=Indermaur%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Salzburger%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2012.10.048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvergent+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArbuckleBennettSpeed2014" class="citation journal cs1">Arbuckle, Kevin; Bennett, Cheryl M.; Speed, Michael P. (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F2041-210X.12195">"A simple measure of the strength of convergent evolution"</a>. <i>Methods in Ecology and Evolution</i>. <b>5</b> (7): 685–693. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MEcEv...5..685A">2014MEcEv...5..685A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F2041-210X.12195">10.1111/2041-210X.12195</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Methods+in+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=A+simple+measure+of+the+strength+of+convergent+evolution&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=685-693&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F2041-210X.12195&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014MEcEv...5..685A&rft.aulast=Arbuckle&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Cheryl+M.&rft.au=Speed%2C+Michael+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F2041-210X.12195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvergent+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngramMahler2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ingram, Travis; Mahler, D. Luke (1 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F2041-210X.12034">"SURFACE: detecting convergent evolution from comparative data by fitting Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models with stepwise Akaike Information Criterion"</a>. <i>Methods in Ecology and Evolution</i>. <b>4</b> (5): 416–425. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MEcEv...4..416I">2013MEcEv...4..416I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F2041-210X.12034">10.1111/2041-210X.12034</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86382470">86382470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Methods+in+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=SURFACE%3A+detecting+convergent+evolution+from+comparative+data+by+fitting+Ornstein-Uhlenbeck+models+with+stepwise+Akaike+Information+Criterion&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=416-425&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86382470%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F2041-210X.12034&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013MEcEv...4..416I&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft.au=Mahler%2C+D.+Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F2041-210X.12034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvergent+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Losos, Jonathan B. (2017). <i>Improbable Destinies: Fate, Chance, and the Future of Evolution</i>. Riverhead Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0399184925" title="Special:BookSources/978-0399184925"><bdi>978-0399184925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improbable+Destinies%3A+Fate%2C+Chance%2C+and+the+Future+of+Evolution&rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0399184925&rft.aulast=Losos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvergent+evolution" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convergent_evolution&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Convergent_evolution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Convergent evolution">Convergent evolution</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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