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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Town_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Town_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 New Town development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Town_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Local government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Westminster_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westminster_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Westminster representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westminster_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Topography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Population growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_and_chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_and_chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Manufacturing and chemicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_and_chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Logistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Landmarks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theatre_and_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre_and_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Theatre and cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre_and_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Community facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sports </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sports subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Rugby </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Other sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notable people </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable people subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Arts and entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business,_industry_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business,_industry_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Business, industry and science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business,_industry_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military,_politics_and_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military,_politics_and_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Military, politics and law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military,_politics_and_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Runcorn</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="رانكورن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رانكورن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="رانکورن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رانکورن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="رانکورن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رانکورن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankorna" title="Rankorna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rankorna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="رونكورن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رونكورن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Ранкорн (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ранкорн (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Ранкорн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ранкорн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Runcorn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Ранкорн – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ранкорн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E7%A7%91%E6%81%A9" title="朗科恩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="朗科恩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Runcorn&params=53.3417_N_2.7313_W_type:city_region:GB-HAL">53°20′30″N 2°43′53″W / 53.3417°N 2.7313°W / 53.3417; -2.7313</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Runcorn (disambiguation)">Runcorn (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Town in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1165525471">.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-label{width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place-other-names{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place td,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}</style><table class="infobox ib-uk-place vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org nowrap">Runcorn</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Town</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Jubilee_Bridge,_Runcorn_at_night_(geograph_4431283).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Silver_Jubilee_Bridge%2C_Runcorn_at_night_%28geograph_4431283%29.jpg/280px-Silver_Jubilee_Bridge%2C_Runcorn_at_night_%28geograph_4431283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Silver_Jubilee_Bridge%2C_Runcorn_at_night_%28geograph_4431283%29.jpg/420px-Silver_Jubilee_Bridge%2C_Runcorn_at_night_%28geograph_4431283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Silver_Jubilee_Bridge%2C_Runcorn_at_night_%28geograph_4431283%29.jpg/560px-Silver_Jubilee_Bridge%2C_Runcorn_at_night_%28geograph_4431283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2857" data-file-height="1577" /></a><div>Runcorn's <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_Bridge" title="Silver Jubilee Bridge">Silver Jubilee Bridge</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Runcorn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Runcorn.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Runcorn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Runcorn.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Runcorn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Runcorn.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Runcorn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="434" /></a><div>Coat of arms</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheshire_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Runcorn is located in Cheshire"><img alt="Runcorn is located in Cheshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cheshire_UK_location_map.svg/240px-Cheshire_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cheshire_UK_location_map.svg/360px-Cheshire_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cheshire_UK_location_map.svg/480px-Cheshire_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1098" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.268%;left:34.892%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Runcorn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Runcorn</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">62,100 (<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2021_Census-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Runcornian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">OS grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bing.com/maps/?mkt=en-gb&v=2&cp=53.341654~-2.731402&lvl=16&sp=Point.53.341654_-2.731402_Runcorn&sty=s&style=s">SJ 5140 8300</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">• <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></th><td class="infobox-data">167 mi (269 km)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Points_of_the_compass" title="Points of the compass">SE</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Unitary authority</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Halton" title="Borough of Halton">Halton</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Post_town" title="Post town">Post town</a></th><td class="infobox-data">RUNCORN</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode district</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/WA_postcode_area" title="WA postcode area">WA7</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01928</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Police</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Constabulary" title="Cheshire Constabulary">Cheshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">Fire</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Cheshire Fire and Rescue Service">Cheshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom">Ambulance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_West_Ambulance_Service" title="North West Ambulance Service">North West</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runcorn_and_Helsby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Runcorn and Helsby (UK Parliament constituency)">Runcorn and Helsby</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>List of places</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_locations" title="List of United Kingdom locations">UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">England</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Cheshire" title="List of places in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></dd></dl></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Runcorn&params=53.3417_N_2.7313_W_type:city_region:GB-HAL">53°20′30″N 2°43′53″W / 53.3417°N 2.7313°W / 53.3417; -2.7313</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Runcorn is an industrial town and <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Docks" title="Runcorn Docks">cargo port</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Halton" title="Borough of Halton">Borough of Halton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, England. Its population in 2021 was 62,100.<a href="#cite_note-2021_Census-1">[1]</a> Runcorn is on the southern bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a>, where the estuary narrows to form the <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Runcorn Gap">Runcorn Gap</a>. It lies on the southern shore of the River Mersey 15 miles (24 km) upstream from the port of Liverpool.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Runcorn was founded by <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd of Mercia</a> in 915 AD as a fortification to guard against Viking invasion at a narrowing of the River Mersey.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Under Norman rule, Runcorn fell under the <a href="/wiki/Halton_(barony)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halton (barony)">Barony of Halton</a> and an Augustinian abbey was established here in 1115.<a href="#cite_note-Greene_1989_1–9-5">[5]</a> It remained a small, isolated settlement until the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> when the extension of the <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a> to Runcorn in 1776 established it as a <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Runcorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Runcorn">port</a> which would link <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> with inland <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and Staffordshire.<a href="#cite_note-Starkey_1983_19–24-6">[6]</a> The docks enabled the growth of industry, initially shipwrights and sandstone quarries. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it was a spa and health resort but this ended with the growth of polluting industries, especially soap and chemical works.<a href="#cite_note-Starkey_1990_133–137-7">[7]</a> In 1964, Runcorn was designated a <a href="/wiki/New_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="New towns in the United Kingdom">new town</a> and expanded eastward, swallowing neighbouring settlements and more than doubling its population.<a href="#cite_note-New_Town_Masterplan-8">[8]</a> Three bridges span the River Mersey and the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a> at Runcorn: the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_Bridge" title="Silver Jubilee Bridge">Silver Jubilee Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Gateway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersey Gateway">Mersey Gateway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Railway_Bridge" title="Runcorn Railway Bridge">Runcorn Railway Bridge</a>. Its location between Liverpool and Manchester and its links to the rail, motorway and canal networks have made it a centre for manufacturing, logistics, and wholesale and retail.<a href="#cite_note-2011_Census_Halton_key_statistics_profile-9">[9]</a> The town's motto is Navem Mercibus Implere (Latin for "fill the ship with goods"), a classical quotation from <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> The earliest written reference to the town is in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>, where it is spelled "Rumcofan", literally meaning "a wide cove or bay". This word is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> words "rúm" ("wide" or "broad") and "cofa" ("cave" or "cove"). Other historical spellings of Runcorn include "Rumcoven", "Ronchestorn", "Runckhorne", and "Runcorne".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Little is known about the early history of the settlement but isolated findings of objects from the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Ages</a> have been made and there is evidence of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> presence in the area.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The first recorded event in its history is the building by <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a> of a fortification at Runcorn to protect the northern frontier of her kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Vikings</a> in 915. The fort was built on Castle Rock overlooking the River Mersey at Runcorn Gap.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Baron_of_Haulton_02755.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Arms_of_Baron_of_Haulton_02755.jpg/220px-Arms_of_Baron_of_Haulton_02755.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Arms_of_Baron_of_Haulton_02755.jpg/330px-Arms_of_Baron_of_Haulton_02755.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Arms_of_Baron_of_Haulton_02755.jpg/440px-Arms_of_Baron_of_Haulton_02755.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>Arms of the Baron of Halton</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest">Norman conquest</a>, Runcorn was not mentioned in the 1086 <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday</a> survey, although surrounding settlements were. <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William the Conqueror</a> granted the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chester" title="Earl of Chester">earldom of Chester</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hugh_d%27Avranches,_1st_Earl_of_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester">Hugh d'Avranches</a> who granted the barony of Halton to Nigel. It is likely that Nigel erected a <a href="/wiki/Motte_and_bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Motte and bailey">motte and bailey</a> castle on Halton Hill in the 1070s.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In 1115, Nigel's son, William Fitznigel, founded an <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Priory" title="Priory">Priory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Runcorn Priory">Runcorn</a>. In 1134, the priory was moved to Norton, about 3.5 mi (6 km) away. In 1391, the priory was raised to the higher status of <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greene_1989_1–9-5">[5]</a> In 1536, the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">monastery was dissolved</a>, and around nine years later, the buildings and some of the monastic lands were sold to Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brooke_(Norton)" title="Richard Brooke (Norton)">Richard Brooke</a> who converted the habitable part of the abbey into a house.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In 1565, <a href="/wiki/Rocksavage" title="Rocksavage">Rocksavage</a>, an Elizabethan Hall, was constructed for Sir John Savage in Clifton, now part of Runcorn.<a href="#cite_note-ioe-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_Civil_War">English Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: English Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halton_Castle_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Halton_Castle_engraving.jpg/220px-Halton_Castle_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Halton_Castle_engraving.jpg/330px-Halton_Castle_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Halton_Castle_engraving.jpg/440px-Halton_Castle_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="1549" /></a><figcaption>An engraving of the slighted Halton Castle in the 18th century</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halton_Castle" title="Halton Castle">Halton Castle</a> was held for the <a href="/wiki/Cavaliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavaliers">Royalists</a> by John Savage, 2nd <a href="/wiki/Earl_Rivers" title="Earl Rivers">Earl Rivers</a>, the Steward of Halton. It fell twice to Parliamentarian <a href="/wiki/Roundheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundheads">Roundheads</a>. The first siege was led by <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Brereton,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Brereton, 1st Baronet">Sir William Brereton</a> in 1643; the second was during the following year. Following this, a "Council of War" was held in Warrington in 1646 at which it was decided that the castle should be <a href="/wiki/Slighting" title="Slighting">slighted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 1656, Runcorn was described as being "nothing but a fair parish church, a parsonage and a few scattered tenements".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> And so it remained for over a century, an isolated and poor hamlet. The only through traffic used the ferry which crossed from Runcorn to the north bank of the River Mersey. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Industrialisation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Mark_Anthony_-_Runcorn_Gap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Henry_Mark_Anthony_-_Runcorn_Gap.jpg/220px-Henry_Mark_Anthony_-_Runcorn_Gap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Henry_Mark_Anthony_-_Runcorn_Gap.jpg/330px-Henry_Mark_Anthony_-_Runcorn_Gap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Henry_Mark_Anthony_-_Runcorn_Gap.jpg/440px-Henry_Mark_Anthony_-_Runcorn_Gap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="2028" /></a><figcaption>Painting entitled Runcorn Gap by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mark_Anthony" title="Henry Mark Anthony">Henry Mark Anthony</a> depicting the Bridgewater Docks and Runcorn Railway Bridge under construction</figcaption></figure> During the 18th century, water transport had been improved in the area by the <a href="/wiki/Mersey_and_Irwell_Navigation" title="Mersey and Irwell Navigation">Mersey and Irwell Navigation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trent_and_Mersey_Canal" title="Trent and Mersey Canal">Trent and Mersey Canal</a>. This gave Runcorn waterway connections with most of the interior of England through the canal system and with the sea along the River Mersey, thus forming the basis for the development of the Port of Runcorn.<a href="#cite_note-Starkey_1983_19–24-6">[6]</a> Later came the <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_to_Latchford_Canal" title="Runcorn to Latchford Canal">Runcorn to Latchford Canal</a> linking with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation, and the Weston Canal which gave better access to the <a href="/wiki/River_Weaver" title="River Weaver">Weaver Navigation</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Industries began to develop within and around the town, in particular shipbuilding, engineering, chemical manufacturing, tanning, and <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> quarrying. Towards the end of the 18th century and in the early years of the 19th century, the town was a health resort.<a href="#cite_note-Starkey_1990_133–137-7">[7]</a> The growth of industry did not diminish Runcorn's late 18th and early 19th century reputation as a health resort and the "Montpelier of England".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In 1822 the town's first Saltwater Baths opened followed by new visitor accommodation in Belvedere Terrace in 1831.<a href="#cite_note-1834_visitor's_guide-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_(drawing).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/St_Paul%27s_%28drawing%29.jpg/220px-St_Paul%27s_%28drawing%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/St_Paul%27s_%28drawing%29.jpg/330px-St_Paul%27s_%28drawing%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/St_Paul%27s_%28drawing%29.jpg/440px-St_Paul%27s_%28drawing%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1659" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>St Paul's Methodist Chapel, since demolished</figcaption></figure> In the middle of the century, the growing wealth of the town and its industrialists saw the construction of several new landmarks, including <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Town_Hall" title="Runcorn Town Hall">Halton Grange</a>, St Paul's Methodist Chapel and <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Runcorn" title="All Saints' Church, Runcorn">All Saints' Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vardy-23">[23]</a> For hundreds of years, the only means of crossing the River Mersey at this point had been by the Runcorn ferry. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Telford" title="Thomas Telford">Thomas Telford</a> proposed a 1,000 ft (300 m) single span suspension bridge as early as 1817, but it was not until 1868 that the first bridge, <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Railway_Bridge" title="Runcorn Railway Bridge">Runcorn Railway Bridge</a>, was opened across the Mersey at Runcorn. This gave the town direct rail links with <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and the rest of the country.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Runcorn was becoming an industrialised and highly polluted town. During the later 19th century the town became increasingly dominated by the chemical and tanning industries. In the 1880s a pipeline was opened between <a href="/wiki/Northwich" title="Northwich">Northwich</a> and Weston Point, supplying brine to the salt works and in 1896 the Castner Kellner chemical works was established.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 1894 the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a> was opened throughout its length.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> This allowed ocean-going ships to travel inland as far as <a href="/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a>, some of them calling at the port of Runcorn. The rise in population between 1881 and 1891 and the drop by 1901 is explained by the number of people involved in constructing the ship canal. In 1905, the <a href="/wiki/Widnes%E2%80%93Runcorn_Transporter_Bridge" title="Widnes–Runcorn Transporter Bridge">Widnes–Runcorn Transporter Bridge</a> opened, giving a direct link for vehicular traffic for the first time between the two towns.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> This would not be replaced until 1961 with the construction of Runcorn Road Bridge (since renamed the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_Bridge" title="Silver Jubilee Bridge">Silver Jubilee Bridge</a>) which allowed a more efficient means of road traffic across Runcorn Gap. During the first half of the 20th century, the industry of the town continued to be dominated by chemicals and tanning. This growth was largely due to government fixed-priced cost contracts for tanned hides. In 1926, four chemical companies merged to form <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries" title="Imperial Chemical Industries">Imperial Chemical Industries</a> (ICI). During the second half of the 20th century, the tanneries closed (the last to close was the Highfield Tannery in the late 1960s) and the chemical industry declined. At the same time, light industry developed together with warehouses and distribution centres.<a href="#cite_note-ep-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_24_pillbox_in_Runcorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Type_24_pillbox_in_Runcorn.jpg/220px-Type_24_pillbox_in_Runcorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Type_24_pillbox_in_Runcorn.jpg/330px-Type_24_pillbox_in_Runcorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Type_24_pillbox_in_Runcorn.jpg/440px-Type_24_pillbox_in_Runcorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A Second World War pillbox fortification near the Rocksavage works.</figcaption></figure> In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries" title="Imperial Chemical Industries">ICI</a> began to build a new factory for <a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">mustard gas</a> production at their Randle plant on <a href="/wiki/Wigg_Island" title="Wigg Island">Wigg Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The ICI chemical plants at Runcorn featured in the Gestapo <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_(list)" title="The Black Book (list)">Black Book</a> as a company of special interest but although the works at Weston Point were discussed at <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> briefings in 1940, the town was never deliberately targeted and was subject only to very limited bombing.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Town_development">New Town development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New Town development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southgate_Estate,_Runcorn,_August_1989,_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Southgate_Estate%2C_Runcorn%2C_August_1989%2C_2.jpg/220px-Southgate_Estate%2C_Runcorn%2C_August_1989%2C_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Southgate_Estate%2C_Runcorn%2C_August_1989%2C_2.jpg/330px-Southgate_Estate%2C_Runcorn%2C_August_1989%2C_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Southgate_Estate%2C_Runcorn%2C_August_1989%2C_2.jpg/440px-Southgate_Estate%2C_Runcorn%2C_August_1989%2C_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1729" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>The ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Southgate_Estate" title="Southgate Estate">Southgate Estate</a> in Runcorn New Town</figcaption></figure> In September 1963, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_and_Local_Government" title="Ministry of Housing and Local Government">Ministry of Housing and Local Government</a> published a draft of the Runcorn New Town (Designation) Order which would allocate 7,750 acres (3,140 ha) in and around Runcorn for development of a new town under the <a href="/wiki/New_Towns_Act_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="New Towns Act 1946">New Towns Act 1946</a>. The ministry cited the urgent need for more housing to reduce overcrowding in Liverpool and to increase the rate of <a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Slum clearance in the United Kingdom">slum clearance</a> there. Runcorn was chosen because of its strong road, rail and canal connections, ample water supply, convenient location on the Mersey Estuary for the disposal of effluent, established industry and the availability of land for more.<a href="#cite_note-RUDI_5._draft_designation_order_1963-31">[31]</a> Following objections to the draft order, a <a href="/wiki/Public_inquiry" title="Public inquiry">public Local Inquiry</a> was held at Runcorn from 10 to 12 December 1963. The subsequent report accepted the location in principle and the proposed population of 90,000. It did, however, recommend that 500 acres (200 ha) around the village of <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Weaver" title="Sutton Weaver">Sutton Weaver</a> to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Chester_to_Manchester_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester to Manchester Line">Chester–Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crewe%E2%80%93Liverpool_line" title="Crewe–Liverpool line">Crewe–Liverpool</a> railway lines be excluded from the designated area, partly to preserve its highly productive agricultural land. The minister, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Keith Joseph</a>, accepted the report's recommendations and the designation order was made on 10 April 1964.<a href="#cite_note-RUDI_5.3_Minister's_letter-32">[32]</a> The new town masterplan of 1967 more than doubled the population as it encompassed neighbouring settlements and created new housing estates to the south and east.<a href="#cite_note-New_Town_Masterplan-8">[8]</a> The key features of the new town were its unique housing and estate designs, segregated pedestrian pathways, <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Busway" title="Runcorn Busway">Busway</a>, extensive landscaped green space, separate industrial areas and new town centre.<a href="#cite_note-50th_anniversary_of_RNT-33">[33]</a> The new town centre was designated at the geographical heart of the expanded town with <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Shopping_City" title="Runcorn Shopping City">Shopping City</a>, an American style enclosed mall, as its focus.<a href="#cite_note-Tale_of_Two_Centres-34">[34]</a> This was a source of conflict between <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ling" title="Arthur Ling">Arthur Ling</a>, the new town Master Planner, and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Roche" title="Fred Roche">Fred Roche</a>, Chief Architect. Whereas Ling envisaged a centre reminiscent of a citadel or acropolis at the base of Halton Castle, Roche preferred to expand the existing town centre, partly to placate the Urban District Council and existing traders.<a href="#cite_note-David_Gosling_interview-35">[35]</a> The new Halton site was favoured and Shopping City opened in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-Tale_of_Two_Centres-34">[34]</a> However, the Urban District Council secured a commitment from the Development Corporation to continue a programme of regeneration which the council had already begun.<a href="#cite_note-RUDI_7.6_Town_centre-36">[36]</a> In 1971, the Development Corporation published Master Plan Amendment No.1 which focused on the urban renewal of the Old Town centre, now designated a smaller 'district centre'. The plan sought to increase public open space, reduce shopping provision, rationalise roads and renew housing stock. It also included plans to widen the Runcorn-Widnes Bridge from two to four lanes and create a new system of junctions between the bridge and the expressway.<a href="#cite_note-Masterplan_Amendment_No.1-37">[37]</a> The masterplan was amended for the second and final time in 1975. Amendment No.2 extended the expressway further to the east and redesignated land at Sandymoor intended for industrial use to residential.<a href="#cite_note-Masterplan_Amendment_No.2-38">[38]</a> The Runcorn Development Corporation merged with Warrington Development Corporation on 1 April 1981 and was wound up on 30 September 1989.<a href="#cite_note-TCPA_factsheet-39">[39]</a> Much of the architecture of the new town was innovative, especially the <a href="/wiki/Southgate_Estate" title="Southgate Estate">Southgate development</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/James_Stirling_(architect)" title="James Stirling (architect)">Sir James Stirling</a> and built between 1970 and 1977. Stirling's housing development was beset with problems and it was demolished in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Southgate-41">[41]</a> In 2002, the Castlefields Partnership (made up of <a href="/wiki/English_Partnerships" title="English Partnerships">English Partnerships</a> and Halton Borough Council) was created to comprehensively redevelop the Castlefields estate, including the demolition of over 700 deck access flats.<a href="#cite_note-House_of_Commons_Report_2008-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Local government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runcorn_Town_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Runcorn_Town_Hall.jpg/220px-Runcorn_Town_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Runcorn_Town_Hall.jpg/330px-Runcorn_Town_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Runcorn_Town_Hall.jpg/440px-Runcorn_Town_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Town_Hall" title="Runcorn Town Hall">Runcorn Town Hall</a>, formerly Halton Grange</figcaption></figure> Runcorn is <a href="/wiki/Unparished_area" title="Unparished area">unparished</a> with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Sandymoor" title="Sandymoor">Sandymoor</a>, and a large part of the Whitehouse Industrial Estate which falls under <a href="/wiki/Preston_Brook" title="Preston Brook">Preston Brook</a> Parish Council. The local authority is <a href="/wiki/Halton_Borough_Council" title="Halton Borough Council">Halton Borough Council</a> for which the town is divided into nine <a href="/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wards and electoral divisions of the United Kingdom">electoral wards</a>, each electing three councillors.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday</a> survey, Runcorn was in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred (country subdivision)">hundred</a> of Tunendune,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> but later, and until the early 19th century, Runcorn was part of the Bucklow hundred.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Under the Runcorn Improvement Act 1852, a board of <a href="/wiki/Improvement_commissioners" title="Improvement commissioners">Improvement Commissioners</a> was established to administer the civil government of the town.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1894" title="Local Government Act 1894">Local Government Act 1894</a>, the administration of the town and the surrounding areas was divided into <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Urban_District" title="Runcorn Urban District">Runcorn Urban District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Rural_District" title="Runcorn Rural District">Runcorn Rural District</a>. Initially the urban district consisted of only the built-up area of Runcorn itself. By 1937, this area had been extended to include the communities of <a href="/wiki/Weston,_Halton" class="mw-redirect" title="Weston, Halton">Weston</a> and Weston Point to the south. In 1964, Runcorn was designated as a <a href="/wiki/New_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="New towns in the United Kingdom">New Town</a> and greatly expanded so that by 1971 it had grown to incorporate the village of Halton.<a href="#cite_note-Phillips_2002_11-47">[47]</a> Runcorn Urban District was abolished in 1974 under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a> when it merged with the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Borough_of_Widnes" title="Municipal Borough of Widnes">Municipal Borough of Widnes</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Rural_District" title="Runcorn Rural District">Runcorn Rural District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whiston_Rural_District" title="Whiston Rural District">Whiston Rural District</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Halton" title="Borough of Halton">Borough of Halton</a> under Halton Borough Council and <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_County_Council" title="Cheshire County Council">Cheshire County Council</a>. In 1998, Halton Borough Council became a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a> within the ceremonial county of Cheshire.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In April 2014, Halton Borough Council joined five other local authorities in <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_City_Region" title="Liverpool City Region">Liverpool City Region</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Westminster_representation">Westminster representation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Westminster representation">edit</a>]</div> Runcorn is in the <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_and_Helsby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Runcorn and Helsby (UK Parliament constituency)">Runcorn and Helsby constituency</a> for representation in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>. The seat has been held by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Amesbury" title="Mike Amesbury">Mike Amesbury</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> since its creation for the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> From 1997 to 2024, Runcorn was split between the two constituencies of <a href="/wiki/Weaver_Vale_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Weaver Vale (UK Parliament constituency)">Weaver Vale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Halton (UK Parliament constituency)">Halton</a>. Prior to their abolition, those seats were held by Mike Amesbury and <a href="/wiki/Derek_Twigg" title="Derek Twigg">Derek Twigg</a> respectively, both of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> While Halton was a <a href="/wiki/Safe_seat" title="Safe seat">safe</a> Labour seat since its creation in 1983, Weaver Vale was a <a href="/wiki/Marginal_seat" title="Marginal seat">marginal seat</a> and switched between the Labour and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> parties several times since its creation in 1997. Before the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>, Runcorn was in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies" title="United Kingdom constituencies">constituency</a> of Cheshire which was represented by two <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Following the Reform Act, the town was placed in the <a href="/wiki/North_Cheshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Cheshire (UK Parliament constituency)">North Cheshire</a> constituency and from 1868 in the <a href="/wiki/Mid_Cheshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Mid Cheshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Mid Cheshire</a> constituency. From 1885 to 1950 the town was in the constituency of <a href="/wiki/Northwich_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Northwich (UK Parliament constituency)">Northwich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Runcorn (UK Parliament constituency)">constituency of Runcorn</a> was created by a 1948 <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Vosper,_Baron_Runcorn" title="Dennis Vosper, Baron Runcorn">Dennis Vosper</a> was the first to be elected to the seat in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 1964, he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Carlisle" title="Mark Carlisle">Mark Carlisle</a> who held the seat until the constituency of Runcorn was abolished in 1983 and split between the constituencies of Halton and <a href="/wiki/Warrington_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Warrington South (UK Parliament constituency)">Warrington South</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Topography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runcorn_bridges_aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Runcorn_bridges_aerial.jpg/220px-Runcorn_bridges_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Runcorn_bridges_aerial.jpg/330px-Runcorn_bridges_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Runcorn_bridges_aerial.jpg/440px-Runcorn_bridges_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1648" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the Runcorn Gap</figcaption></figure> Runcorn is situated on a spur projecting into the River Mersey, which flows to the north and then to the west of the town. On the north bank of the river is another spur forming the West Bank area of Widnes; together these form Runcorn Gap, a narrowing of the River Mersey. The town is bounded to the southwest by the <a href="/wiki/Weaver_Navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Weaver Navigation">Weaver Navigation</a>; to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Chester_to_Manchester_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester to Manchester Line">Chester–Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crewe%E2%80%93Liverpool_line" title="Crewe–Liverpool line">Crewe–Liverpool</a> railway lines; and to the east by the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a> until the village of <a href="/wiki/Moore,_Cheshire" title="Moore, Cheshire">Moore</a>. A series of valleys is formed by high points at Runcorn Hill (75m <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_datum" title="Ordnance datum">AOD</a>), Halton Castle (75m AOD), Windmill Hill (70m AOD) and Keckwick Hill (75m AOD).<a href="#cite_note-Halton_Landscape_Character_Assessment_2008-55">[55]</a> Runcorn Gap is crossed by three bridges: Runcorn Railway Bridge (which carries the Liverpool branch of the West Coast Main Line), the Silver Jubilee Bridge and the Mersey Gateway which carries the <a href="/wiki/A533_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A533 road">A533</a>. A system of dual carriageways called 'expressways' form a figure of 8 around the town.<a href="#cite_note-nt-56">[56]</a> The Central Expressway runs through the centre of the town in a north–south direction and is the main through-road. It connects to the <a href="/wiki/M56_motorway" title="M56 motorway">M56 motorway</a> which cuts into the south of the town. To the west of the Central Expressway lies the Old Town of Runcorn, Higher Runcorn, <a href="/wiki/Weston,_Runcorn" title="Weston, Runcorn">Weston</a>, Weston Point and Clifton (formerly Rocksavage), and the new town estates of Halton Brook and Halton Lodge. To the east are the formerly separate villages of <a href="/wiki/Halton,_Runcorn" title="Halton, Runcorn">Halton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norton,_Runcorn" title="Norton, Runcorn">Norton</a>, and the new town estates of Castlefields, Palacefields, Windmill Hill, Murdishaw, Brookvale, Hallwood Park, <a href="/wiki/Beechwood,_Runcorn" title="Beechwood, Runcorn">Beechwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandymoor" title="Sandymoor">Sandymoor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The density of housing is generally high, but there are open green areas, in particular <a href="/wiki/Heath_(habitat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heath (habitat)">heathland</a> on Runcorn Hill and the extensive Town Park created as part of the new town. Housing is typically situated within the expressways and industry outside.<a href="#cite_note-New_Town_Masterplan-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runcorn_Hill_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Runcorn_Hill_3.jpg/220px-Runcorn_Hill_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Runcorn_Hill_3.jpg/330px-Runcorn_Hill_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Runcorn_Hill_3.jpg/440px-Runcorn_Hill_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Runcorn Hill, showing cutting through sandstone</figcaption></figure> The Runcorn area drains into the River Mersey to the north and the River Weaver to the south. The <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> geology of the River Mersey and the northern and western fringes of Runcorn is <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Sandstone_Group" title="Sherwood Sandstone Group">Sherwood Sandstone</a> and pebbly sandstone. To the south there is a transition to siltstone, sandstone and predominantly <a href="/wiki/Mercia_Mudstone_Group" title="Mercia Mudstone Group">Mercia Mudstone</a>. The primary sedimentary rock is <a href="/wiki/New_Red_Sandstone" title="New Red Sandstone">New Red Sandstone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Halton_Landscape_Character_Assessment_2008-55">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Superficial_deposits" title="Superficial deposits">superficial geology</a> is varied with pockets of sand and <a href="/wiki/Diamicton" title="Diamicton">diamicton</a> along the lower-lying land adjacent to the Mersey and through Runcorn. Sand and gravel becomes common on the southern fringes of the town and elsewhere there are small pockets of clay, silt, sand and gravel.<a href="#cite_note-Halton_Landscape_Character_Assessment_2008-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> There are two <a href="/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Site of Special Scientific Interest">Sites of Special Scientific Interest</a> within the town: <a href="/wiki/Floodbrook_Clough" title="Floodbrook Clough">Floodbrook Clough</a> and the Mersey Estuary.<a href="#cite_note-Halton_Landscape_Character_Assessment_2008-55">[55]</a> Floodbrook Clough in Beechwood is an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_woodland" title="Ancient woodland">Ancient Semi-Natural Woodland</a> and one of the best examples in Cheshire of clough woodland on <a href="/wiki/Keuper_marl" title="Keuper marl">keuper marl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> There are five <a href="/wiki/Local_nature_reserve" title="Local nature reserve">Local Nature Reserves</a> designated under the <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_and_Access_to_the_Countryside_Act_1949" title="National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949">National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949</a>: Runcorn Hill, Dorchester Park, Oxmoor Woods, Wigg Island and Murdishaw Valley.<a href="#cite_note-Halton_Landscape_Character_Assessment_2008-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_growth">Population growth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Population growth">edit</a>]</div> Early census statistics for the town include only the areas known now as the Old Town and Higher Runcorn. In 1936, Runcorn Urban District grew to incorporate the neighbouring village of Weston.<a href="#cite_note-Phillips_2002_11-47">[47]</a> The present statistical boundaries of Runcorn were defined in the Runcorn New Town (Designation) Order 1964 which greatly expanded the town to the east. The population of Runcorn in 1664 has been estimated as 305.<a href="#cite_note-Cheshire_Historic_Towns_Survey-59">[59]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Population growth of Runcorn since 1801<a href="#cite_note-Cheshire_Historic_Towns_Survey-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vision_of_Britain-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-2011_Census-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021_Census-1">[1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Population </th> <th scope="col">Change as % </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1801 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">1,379 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">— </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1811 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">2,060 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+49.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1821 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">3,103 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+50.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1831 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">5,035 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+62.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1841 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">6,951 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+38.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1851 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">8,688 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+25.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1861 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">10,063 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+15.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1871 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">12,066 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+19.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1881 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">15,126 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+25.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1891 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">20,020 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+32.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1901 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">16,491 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−17.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1911 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">17,353 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+5.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1921 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">18,476 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+6.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1931 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">18,127 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1939 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">21,718 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+19.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1951 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">23,931 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+10.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1961 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">26,035 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+8.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1971 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">35,999 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+38.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1981 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">64,196 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+78.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1991 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">64,952 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2001 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">60,320 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−7.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2011 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">61,789 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2021 </th> <td style="text-align:right;">62,100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">+0.5% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runcorn_All_Saints_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Runcorn_All_Saints_1.jpg/150px-Runcorn_All_Saints_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Runcorn_All_Saints_1.jpg/225px-Runcorn_All_Saints_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Runcorn_All_Saints_1.jpg/300px-Runcorn_All_Saints_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Church,_Runcorn" class="mw-redirect" title="All Saints Church, Runcorn">All Saints' Parish Church</a></figcaption></figure> In the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a>, 52.5% said they were <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>, down from 70.1% in 2011. 41.5% stated that they had "no religion" and 4.6% made no religious claims. Those stating their religions as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> or other amounted to 1.3%.<a href="#cite_note-2021_Census-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2011_Census-61">[61]</a> The town's <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> churches are part of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Chester" title="Diocese of Chester">Diocese of Chester</a> and the Deanery of Frodsham.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The parish church is <a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Church,_Runcorn" class="mw-redirect" title="All Saints Church, Runcorn">All Saints Church</a>, and there are 10 other Anglican churches in the town.<a href="#cite_note-church-63">[63]</a> Five <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> churches can be found in Runcorn and are administered by the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Shrewsbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Shrewsbury">Diocese of Shrewsbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> There are two <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist</a> chapels and several shared churches. Wicksten Drive Christian Centre is shared between Anglicans and Methodists. Hallwood Ecumenical Parish in <a href="/wiki/Beechwood,_Runcorn" title="Beechwood, Runcorn">Beechwood</a> and Palace Fields consists of 2 churches, both recognised by the Church of England, the Methodist Church and the <a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church" title="United Reformed Church">United Reformed Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-church-63">[63]</a> There is also a <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> church, two independent <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> churches, a <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> chapel, a <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualism (religious movement)">spiritualist</a> church, and a <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hall" title="Kingdom Hall">Kingdom Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-church-63">[63]</a> In 2013, the former Waterloo Hotel was converted into a Buddhist temple by <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Singh" title="Wat Phra Singh">Wat Phra Singh</a>. As of May 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are five resident monks.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> In the 2021 census, of Runcorn's 62,100 residents, 96.6% identified as White. Mixed/multiple ethnic groups made up 1.5%; Asian/Asian British/Asian Welsh 1.0%; Black/Black British/Black Welsh/Caribbean/African 0.4%; and Other ethnic group 0.6%. 97.4% had English as a first language.<a href="#cite_note-2021_Census-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">GVA</a> for the Runcorn Built-up Area Sub-division was £2.86 billion.<a href="#cite_note-GVA-66">[66]</a> Runcorn has a higher proportion of people working in manufacturing, logistics, and wholesale and retail than the average for England.<a href="#cite_note-2011_Census-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-2011_Census_Halton_key_statistics_profile-9">[9]</a> Chemical manufacturing has been the town's dominant sector since the 19th century, but the local economy has increasingly diversified into other advanced manufacturing sectors, such as aerospace and automotive, as well as services and logistics.<a href="#cite_note-HBC_Business_Directory_2015-67">[67]</a> The main industrial areas of the town are Astmoor, Manor Park, Whitehouse, the Heath and Weston Point. Sci-Tech Daresbury is to the southeast of the town. The main retail and leisure area is <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Shopping_City" title="Runcorn Shopping City">Shopping City</a> in the centre of the town with a smaller district centre at the old town. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Employment by industry in 2011<a href="#cite_note-2011_Census-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-2011_Census_Halton_key_statistics_profile-9">[9]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:left;"> <th>Industry </th> <th>Runcorn (Resident Jobs) </th> <th>Runcorn (%) </th> <th>Halton (%) </th> <th>England (%) </th> <th>Runcorn – England Difference </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">C Manufacturing </td> <td>3,829 </td> <td>13.7 </td> <td>12.5 </td> <td>8.8 </td> <td>4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">H Transport and storage </td> <td>2,087 </td> <td>7.4 </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motor cycles </td> <td>5,069 </td> <td>18.1 </td> <td>18.7 </td> <td>15.9 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">N Administrative and support service activities </td> <td>1,579 </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>4.9 </td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">E Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities </td> <td>334 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">J Information and communication </td> <td>1,247 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">O Public administration and defence; compulsory social security </td> <td>1,721 </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td>6.5 </td> <td>5.9 </td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">D Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply </td> <td>194 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Q Human health and social work activities </td> <td>3,460 </td> <td>12.3 </td> <td>12.0 </td> <td>12.4 </td> <td>−0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">B Mining and quarrying </td> <td>40 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>−0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">L Real estate activities </td> <td>314 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>−0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">I Accommodation and food service activities </td> <td>1,388 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>4.6 </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td>−0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">A Agriculture, forestry and fishing </td> <td>44 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>−0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">F Construction </td> <td>1,881 </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td>7.4 </td> <td>7.7 </td> <td>−1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">R, S, T, U Other </td> <td>988 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>−1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">M Professional, scientific and technical activities </td> <td>1,305 </td> <td>4.7 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>6.7 </td> <td>−2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">K Financial and insurance activities </td> <td>555 </td> <td>2.0 </td> <td>2.4 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>−2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">P Education </td> <td>1,993 </td> <td>7.1 </td> <td>7.7 </td> <td>9.9 </td> <td>−2.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing_and_chemicals">Manufacturing and chemicals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Manufacturing and chemicals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chemical_Works_Weston_Point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chemical_Works_Weston_Point.jpg/220px-Chemical_Works_Weston_Point.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chemical_Works_Weston_Point.jpg/330px-Chemical_Works_Weston_Point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chemical_Works_Weston_Point.jpg/440px-Chemical_Works_Weston_Point.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Chemical works at Weston Point, Runcorn</figcaption></figure> The town's chemical industry was dominated for many years by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries" title="Imperial Chemical Industries">ICI</a>'s Chlor Chemical division. But since 2001, Inovyn (a wholly owned subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Ineos" title="Ineos">Ineos</a>) has operated the extensive chemical works in the west of the town, employing 750 people in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Inovyn-69">[69]</a> In Runcorn, Invoyn manufactures chlorine, caustic soda and chlorinated derivatives. It also produces salt, made from <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a> transported by <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipeline</a> from the saltfields of central Cheshire, and sulphuric acid. Several other chemical manufacturers also have a presence at the site, including Koura (formerly <a href="/wiki/Orbia" title="Orbia">Mexichem</a> Fluor), Industrial Chemicals, Packed Chlorine Limited, VYNOVA and Runcorn MCP Ltd (a joint venture between INOVYN and VYNOVA). The site is considered to be of strategic national importance to the UK.<a href="#cite_note-Inovyn-69">[69]</a> The site includes two independently owned power stations; the 810 MW natural gas fired <a href="/wiki/Rocksavage_Power_Station" title="Rocksavage Power Station">Rocksavage Power Station</a> and the Runcorn Energy Recovery Facility operated by Viridor which also supplies heat to the Inovyn facility.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> ICI's other former site in Runcorn comprising offices and laboratories is now the Heath Business and Technical Park, which provides office, laboratory, conference, and leisure facilities.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Other large employers include advanced manufacturing firms Sigmatex (manufacturer of carbon fibre), <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9roux-Devtek" title="Héroux-Devtek">Héroux-Devtek</a> (manufacturer of aircraft landing gear), <a href="/wiki/PPG_Industries" title="PPG Industries">Whitford</a> (manufacturer of speciality coatings), <a href="/wiki/Teva_Pharmaceuticals" title="Teva Pharmaceuticals">Teva</a> (manufacturer of pharmaceuticals) and <a href="/wiki/Fresenius_(company)" title="Fresenius (company)">Fresenius Kabi</a> (manufacturer of medical and pharmaceutical products).<a href="#cite_note-HBC_Economic_Assessment_2018-73">[73]</a> Drinks manufacturer, <a href="/wiki/Diageo" title="Diageo">Diageo</a>, has maintained a packaging plant at Runcorn since 1970 which packages <a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pimm%27s" title="Pimm's">Pimm's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny_(beer)" title="Kilkenny (beer)">Kilkenny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smirnoff" title="Smirnoff">Smirnoff</a> Ice for distribution in Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-HBC_Business_Directory_2015-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sci-Tech_Daresbury" title="Sci-Tech Daresbury">Sci-Tech Daresbury</a> is a National Science and Innovation Campus to the south east of Runcorn. The campus offers lab space, offices and workshops to rent. It is home to the largest supercomputer in Europe and the Virtual Engineering Centre which works with <a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Bentley</a> motor cars, <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover" title="Jaguar Land Rover">Jaguar Land Rover</a>. The site also houses <a href="/wiki/Daresbury_Laboratory" title="Daresbury Laboratory">Daresbury Laboratory</a> which employs over 300 staff specialising in accelerator science, bio-medicine, physics, chemistry, materials, engineering and computational science.<a href="#cite_note-Runcorn-Widnes.com-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logistics">Logistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Logistics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RuncornTanker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RuncornTanker.jpg/220px-RuncornTanker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RuncornTanker.jpg/330px-RuncornTanker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RuncornTanker.jpg/440px-RuncornTanker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Tanker at Runcorn Docks</figcaption></figure> Runcorn's position between Liverpool and Manchester airports and its links to the rail, motorway and canal networks have made it a centre for logistics.<a href="#cite_note-ep-28">[28]</a> There are two ports in the west of the town on the Manchester Ship Canal. <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Docks" title="Runcorn Docks">Runcorn Docks</a> is owned by the Manchester Ship Canal Company, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Peel_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Peel Group">Peel Ports Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Weston_Point_Docks" title="Weston Point Docks">Weston Point Docks</a> is operated by FLX Logistics.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> There are several large logistics depots across Runcorn, including Eddie Stobart Group's road haulage site and driver training school in Manor Park, the Downton haulage depot at the Whitehouse Industrial Estate, and an NHS Supply Chain Depot in Astmoor Industrial Estate.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services">Services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Services">edit</a>]</div> There has been a shift in employment from manufacturing to service industries. In 1991, 34% worked in the manufacturing sector and 61% were in the service sector. By 2004, 17% were in manufacturing jobs and 78% were in service jobs.<a href="#cite_note-hstats-79">[79]</a> This trend in the local region is demonstrated in this chart which shows the regional "gross value added" of Halton and Warrington at current basic prices, with figures in millions of pounds.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Regional Gross Value Added<a href="#endnote_gva_d">d</a></th> <th>Agriculture<a href="#endnote_gva_a">a</a></th> <th>Industry<a href="#endnote_gva_b">b</a></th> <th>Services<a href="#endnote_gva_c">c</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>3,636</td> <td>14</td> <td>1,361</td> <td>2,261 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>4,768</td> <td>10</td> <td>1,433</td> <td>3,324 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>5,774</td> <td>18</td> <td>1,399</td> <td>4,356 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol type="a"> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_gva_a">^</a> includes hunting and forestry</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_gva_b">^</a> includes energy and construction</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_gva_c">^</a> includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_gva_d">^</a> Components may not sum to totals due to rounding</li> </ol> Runcorn has two shopping centres. The original shopping area was in the older part of the town on High Street, Regent Street and Church Street.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> This centre continues to exist, but with the coming of the new town, has declined. In the centre of the new town, <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Shopping_City" title="Runcorn Shopping City">Runcorn Shopping City</a> is an enclosed <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping mall</a> with two attached bus stations.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Adjacent to it is Trident Retail Park containing shopping outlets and a cinema and nearby is a large <a href="/wiki/Asda" title="Asda">Asda</a> <a href="/wiki/Superstore" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstore">superstore</a> that opened in 1989. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runcorn_Bridges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runcorn_Bridges.jpg/220px-Runcorn_Bridges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runcorn_Bridges.jpg/330px-Runcorn_Bridges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runcorn_Bridges.jpg/440px-Runcorn_Bridges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Runcorn Railway Bridge (left) and the Silver Jubilee Bridge (right)</figcaption></figure> The Runcorn New Town Masterplan created three distinct types of road: busways, expressways and local roads.<a href="#cite_note-New_Town_Masterplan-8">[8]</a> In addition, there is a network of dedicated <a href="/wiki/Segregated_cycle_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregated cycle facilities">cycleways</a> in the town.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Busway" title="Runcorn Busway">Runcorn Busway</a> was the world's first <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> system in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-Runcorn_Busway_JSTOR-84">[84]</a> First conceived in the Runcorn New Town Masterplan in 1966, it opened for services in October 1971 and all 22 km (14 mi) were operational by 1980.<a href="#cite_note-RUDI_7.3_Transport-85">[85]</a> It is a road network for use by buses only and, unlike guided busways or bus lanes, it is a totally separate road system, not running alongside (or down the middle of) existing roads. It was designed so that most residents would be no more than five minutes walking distance, or 500 yards (460 m), from a bus stop.<a href="#cite_note-New_Town_Masterplan-8">[8]</a> The central station is at Runcorn Shopping City where buses arrive on dedicated raised busways to two enclosed stations.<a href="#cite_note-Tale_of_Two_Centres-34">[34]</a> Professor Arthur Ling, Runcorn Development Corporation's Master Planner, claimed to have invented the concept while sketching on the back of an envelope.<a href="#cite_note-Arthur_Ling-86">[86]</a> Bus services are provided by <a href="/wiki/Arriva_North_West" title="Arriva North West">Arriva North West</a>, Anthony's Travel, MP Travel, Warrington's Own Buses, Ashcroft Travel, Halton Community Transport and Stagecoach Merseyside & South Lancashire.<a href="#cite_note-HBC_Bus_Timetables-87">[87]</a> Two coach companies operate from the town; <a href="/wiki/Selwyns_Travel" title="Selwyns Travel">Selwyns Travel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> and Anthony's Travel.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The expressways form a ring road around the town in a figure of eight and are intended to keep all through traffic off the local roads.<a href="#cite_note-New_Town_Masterplan-8">[8]</a> This system links north to <a href="/wiki/Widnes" title="Widnes">Widnes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> by the A533 over the <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Gateway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersey Gateway">Mersey Gateway</a> bridge, east to <a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a> by the <a href="/wiki/A56_road" title="A56 road">A56</a>, south to <a href="/wiki/Northwich" title="Northwich">Northwich</a> and north Cheshire by the A533, and west by the A557 to the <a href="/wiki/M56_motorway" title="M56 motorway">M56</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Frodsham" title="Frodsham">Frodsham</a>. The M56 links to the <a href="/wiki/M6_motorway" title="M6 motorway">M6</a> and, to the north of Widnes, the A557 links to the <a href="/wiki/M62_motorway" title="M62 motorway">M62</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> There are two railway stations. <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_railway_station" title="Runcorn railway station">Runcorn</a>, located in the old town, is on the Liverpool branch of the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a>, and is managed by <a href="/wiki/Avanti_West_Coast" title="Avanti West Coast">Avanti West Coast</a>, which provides services between <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station" title="Liverpool Lime Street railway station">Liverpool Lime Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">London Euston</a>. <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Trains" title="West Midlands Trains">West Midlands Trains</a> run a service between Liverpool and Birmingham New Street that calls at the station. <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_East_railway_station" title="Runcorn East railway station">Runcorn East station</a>, located in the Murdishaw district of the new town, is managed by <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Wales_Rail" title="Transport for Wales Rail">Transport for Wales</a>, and provides services to <a href="/wiki/Warrington_Bank_Quay_railway_station" title="Warrington Bank Quay railway station">Warrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly railway station">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester_railway_station" title="Chester railway station">Chester</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Runcorn is 8 mi (13 km) from <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_John_Lennon_Airport" title="Liverpool John Lennon Airport">Liverpool John Lennon Airport</a> and 22 mi (35 km) from <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Landmarks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Runcorn_(urban_area)" title="Listed buildings in Runcorn (urban area)">Listed buildings in Runcorn (urban area)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_ruins_of_Halton_Castle_looking_towards_the_Mersey_Gateway_in_Runcorn,_Cheshire,_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_ruins_of_Halton_Castle_looking_towards_the_Mersey_Gateway_in_Runcorn%2C_Cheshire%2C_England.jpg/220px-The_ruins_of_Halton_Castle_looking_towards_the_Mersey_Gateway_in_Runcorn%2C_Cheshire%2C_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_ruins_of_Halton_Castle_looking_towards_the_Mersey_Gateway_in_Runcorn%2C_Cheshire%2C_England.jpg/330px-The_ruins_of_Halton_Castle_looking_towards_the_Mersey_Gateway_in_Runcorn%2C_Cheshire%2C_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_ruins_of_Halton_Castle_looking_towards_the_Mersey_Gateway_in_Runcorn%2C_Cheshire%2C_England.jpg/440px-The_ruins_of_Halton_Castle_looking_towards_the_Mersey_Gateway_in_Runcorn%2C_Cheshire%2C_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Halton Castle overlooking the Mersey Gateway Bridge</figcaption></figure> There are two Grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed buildings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled monuments">scheduled monuments</a> in Runcorn: <a href="/wiki/Halton_Castle" title="Halton Castle">Halton Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norton_Priory" title="Norton Priory">Norton Priory</a>. Halton Castle is one of two remaining Norman castles in Cheshire, built in 1071 and reconstructed in local sandstone in the 13th century. The castle was <a href="/wiki/Slighting" title="Slighting">slighted</a> following the Civil War and the gatehouse converted to a courthouse in 1737, now <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hotel,_Halton" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Hotel, Halton">The Castle</a> public house and a Grade II* listed building in its own right. Norton Priory, now a museum, is the most excavated monastic site in Europe, consisting of the ruins of an Abbey, 12th century undercroft and 18th century Walled Garden. Both Norton Priory and Halton Castle are managed by Norton Priory Museum Trust Limited.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Most Grade II* listed buildings in the town are around the base of Halton Castle, including <a href="/wiki/Seneschal%27s_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneschal's House">Seneschal's House</a> (1598), <a href="/wiki/Halton_Old_Hall" title="Halton Old Hall">Halton Old Hall</a> (1693), <a href="/wiki/Chesshyre_Library" title="Chesshyre Library">Chesshyre Library</a> (1730) and <a href="/wiki/Halton_Vicarage" title="Halton Vicarage">Halton Vicarage</a> (1739). <a href="/wiki/Hallwood,_Cheshire" title="Hallwood, Cheshire">Hallwood</a> (1710), a former mansion house, is also Grade II* listed and its former stable block is Grade II. But both have been derelict since the Tricorn public house closed in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The town's 19th century Anglican churches are also listed buildings, including the Grade II* <a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Church,_Runcorn" class="mw-redirect" title="All Saints Church, Runcorn">All Saints</a> (1849) and <a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Evangelist%27s_Church,_Weston" title="St John the Evangelist's Church, Weston">St John's</a> (1897), and the Grade II <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Runcorn" title="Holy Trinity Church, Runcorn">Holy Trinity</a> (1838), <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Weston_Point" title="Christ Church, Weston Point">Christ Church</a> (1841) and <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Halton" title="St Mary's Church, Halton">St Mary's</a> (1851). The Runcorn home of the Duke of Bridgewater, <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_House,_Runcorn" title="Bridgewater House, Runcorn">Bridgewater House</a>, is a prominent landmark and Grade II listed building on the banks of the Manchester Ship Canal where a flight of locks from his canal once stood. The home of a later industrialist, Thomas Johnson, became <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Town_Hall" title="Runcorn Town Hall">Runcorn Town Hall</a>, a Grade II listed Italianate building with similarities to <a href="/wiki/Osborne_House" title="Osborne House">Osborne House</a> on the Isle of Wight.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The landmarks largest in scale are the three bridges which span the River Mersey and the Manchester Ship Canal at Runcorn. <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Railway_Bridge" title="Runcorn Railway Bridge">Runcorn Railway Bridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_Bridge" title="Silver Jubilee Bridge">Silver Jubilee Bridge</a> are Grade II* and II listed buildings respectively while the <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Gateway_Bridge" title="Mersey Gateway Bridge">Mersey Gateway Bridge</a> was officially opened in 2018 by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex" title="Meghan, Duchess of Sussex">Duchess of Sussex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norton_Water_Tower" title="Norton Water Tower">Norton Water Tower</a> is another prominent Grade II listed landmark at 112 ft (34 m) high.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_War_Memorial" title="Runcorn War Memorial">Runcorn War Memorial</a> is Grade II listed and commemorates those who died in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World Wars</a>, as well as those killed in later conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The garden contains a statue of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alfred_Jones" title="Thomas Alfred Jones">Thomas Alfred Jones</a> who was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> in the First World War. There is a memorial in Halton Village commemorating residents who served in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Boer War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Shopping_City" title="Runcorn Shopping City">Runcorn Shopping City</a>, at the heart of the New Town, was designed by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Roche" title="Fred Roche">Fred Roche CBE</a> and at the time of its construction was the largest covered shopping centre in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-New_Town_Masterplan-8">[8]</a> It was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre_and_cinema">Theatre and cinema</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Theatre and cinema">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brindley_Arts_Centre,_Runcorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Brindley_Arts_Centre%2C_Runcorn.jpg/220px-Brindley_Arts_Centre%2C_Runcorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Brindley_Arts_Centre%2C_Runcorn.jpg/330px-Brindley_Arts_Centre%2C_Runcorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Brindley_Arts_Centre%2C_Runcorn.jpg/440px-Brindley_Arts_Centre%2C_Runcorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The Brindley Theatre in 2006</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/The_Brindley" title="The Brindley">The Brindley</a> is a theatre and arts centre which opened in 2004. It is situated in the old town and named after <a href="/wiki/James_Brindley" title="James Brindley">James Brindley</a>, engineer of the adjacent Bridgewater Canal.<a href="#cite_note-backg-99">[99]</a> It contains a <a href="/wiki/Proscenium" title="Proscenium">proscenium</a> theatre seating 420 and a multi-purpose theatre seating 108, The Studio, which doubles as a cinema. There is an exhibition space for art installations, a small café and multi-purpose rooms. The centre is owned and administered by Halton Borough Council which runs community events in the building.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 2007, it won the title of 'Best Arts Project in the UK' at the National Lottery Awards.<a href="#cite_note-backg-99">[99]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_(movie_theater)" title="Multiplex (movie theater)">multiplex cinema</a> was run by <a href="/wiki/Cineworld" title="Cineworld">Cineworld</a> at Trident Retail Park until its closure on 26th November 2023.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterloo_Hotel,_Runcorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Waterloo_Hotel%2C_Runcorn.jpg/220px-Waterloo_Hotel%2C_Runcorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Waterloo_Hotel%2C_Runcorn.jpg/330px-Waterloo_Hotel%2C_Runcorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Waterloo_Hotel%2C_Runcorn.jpg/440px-Waterloo_Hotel%2C_Runcorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>The former Waterloo Hotel, setting of The Archer in Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps, now a Buddhist temple</figcaption></figure> Runcorn is served by two weekly newspapers: the Runcorn & Widnes Weekly News, published by Trinity Mirror North West & North Wales and hosted online by the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Echo" title="Liverpool Echo">Liverpool Echo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and the Runcorn and Widnes World, published by <a href="/wiki/Newsquest" title="Newsquest">Newsquest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The town is also home to Halton Community Radio, a volunteer-run radio station which broadcasts over the Runcorn and Widnes area on the frequency 92.3FM.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> It was launched on 8 August 2008 with a five-year licence to broadcast.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The BBC situation comedy <a href="/wiki/Two_Pints_of_Lager_and_a_Packet_of_Crisps" title="Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps">Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps</a> was set in Runcorn and included external shots of the former Waterloo Hotel (known in the programme as The Archer), the Silver Jubilee Bridge and Halton Castle.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Drop_Dead_Gorgeous_(TV_series)" title="Drop Dead Gorgeous (TV series)">Drop Dead Gorgeous</a>, a drama on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Three" title="BBC Three">BBC Three</a>, was also set in Runcorn.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The first two series of the BBC police drama <a href="/wiki/Merseybeat_(TV_series)" title="Merseybeat (TV series)">Merseybeat</a> featured sequences of the town<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> and areas of Runcorn old town featured in <a href="/wiki/The_Five_(TV_series)" title="The Five (TV series)">The Five</a> TV crime drama series on Sky1. Norton Priory has been used as a location in historical dramas, sitcoms and children's programmes, including <a href="/wiki/Little_Birds_(TV_series)" title="Little Birds (TV series)">Little Birds</a>, Bone Detectives (Channel 4), <a href="/wiki/Island_at_War" title="Island at War">Island at War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casanova_(2005_TV_serial)" title="Casanova (2005 TV serial)">Casanova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Young_Dracula" title="Young Dracula">Young Dracula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The Silver Jubilee Bridge featured in the Netflix series, <a href="/wiki/Stay_Close" title="Stay Close">Stay Close</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Runcorn was a setting in the Netflix series, <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Kingdom_(TV_series)" title="The Last Kingdom (TV series)">The Last Kingdom</a>, although no scenes were filmed in the town.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> The Runcorn Ferry is a <a href="/wiki/Monologue" title="Monologue">monologue</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Marriott_Edgar" title="Marriott Edgar">Marriott Edgar</a> and popularised by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Holloway" title="Stanley Holloway">Stanley Holloway</a> celebrating the ancient river crossing which existed from the 12th century until the construction of the Transporter Bridge in 1905. It includes the lines: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Per tuppence per person per trip ... Per trip or per part of per trip.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community_facilities">Community facilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Community facilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halton_Lea_Library_at_Runcorn_Shopping_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Halton_Lea_Library_at_Runcorn_Shopping_City.jpg/220px-Halton_Lea_Library_at_Runcorn_Shopping_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Halton_Lea_Library_at_Runcorn_Shopping_City.jpg/330px-Halton_Lea_Library_at_Runcorn_Shopping_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Halton_Lea_Library_at_Runcorn_Shopping_City.jpg/440px-Halton_Lea_Library_at_Runcorn_Shopping_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Halton Lea Library</figcaption></figure> The main library is at <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Shopping_City" title="Runcorn Shopping City">Runcorn Shopping City</a> with a branch library in the old town centre.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> A Council 'one stop shop' called Halton Direct Link is based next to the main library.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halton_Miniature_Railway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_449256.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Halton_Miniature_Railway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_449256.jpg/220px-Halton_Miniature_Railway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_449256.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Halton_Miniature_Railway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_449256.jpg/330px-Halton_Miniature_Railway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_449256.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Halton_Miniature_Railway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_449256.jpg/440px-Halton_Miniature_Railway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_449256.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Halton Miniature Railway</figcaption></figure> Open areas in Runcorn form part of <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Forest" title="Mersey Forest">Mersey Forest</a>, one of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Community_Forests_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Forests in England">community forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In addition to smaller local parks and allotments, there are four large parks in Runcorn:<a href="#cite_note-Parks-116">[116]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Town_Park,_Runcorn" title="Town Park, Runcorn">Town Park</a> forms the centre of the eastern part of the New Town. It is accessible from all of the surrounding communities and links them to <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Shopping_City" title="Runcorn Shopping City">Shopping City</a>. There is a privately operated dry ski slope in the park in addition to a volunteer-run 7 1/4" gauge miniature railway, first opened in 1979, which runs through the park for almost a mile.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park,_Runcorn" title="Phoenix Park, Runcorn">Phoenix Park</a> adjoins Town Park to the north and includes a cafe, rock climbing wall, skate park and BMX track. There is a pavilion, walking routes along the <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a>, woodland walks, a lake, picnic benches and a children's playground.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Footpaths lead to Norton Priory.</li> <li>Runcorn Hill Park and Local Nature Reserve is in the centre of the western part of the town, partly on a dis-used nineteenth-century quarry. It holds a <a href="/wiki/Green_Flag_Award" title="Green Flag Award">Green Flag Award</a> and incorporates natural woodland and heathland with more formal landscaping, playing fields, a bandstand, model boating lake, sporting facilities and cafe. A <a href="/wiki/Chirotherium" title="Chirotherium">Chirotherium</a> dinosaur footprint discovered in the quarry can be viewed in the cafe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigg_Island" title="Wigg Island">Wigg Island</a> is a large park and nature reserve to the north on the banks of the Mersey and Manchester Ship Canal. The community park was opened on 19 April 2002 by the Mayor of Halton and Bill Oddie. The island is named after <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wigg" title="Charles Wigg">Charles Wigg</a>. It covers 23 hectares of a former industrial site and includes several <a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">bird watching hides</a>. It is reached via The Old Quay Bridge, a Grade II listed swing bridge built in 1894.</li></ul> There are three privately run swimming pools at Beechwood Community Centre, INARA club and Holiday Inn Runcorn. The local authority runs two leisure centres and swimming pools at Runcorn Swimming Pool and Brookvale Recreation Centre in addition to outdoor sporting facilities in its parks.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Runcorn's hospital is <a href="/wiki/Halton_General_Hospital" title="Halton General Hospital">Halton General Hospital</a>, which is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Warrington_and_Halton_Teaching_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust" title="Warrington and Halton Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust">Warrington and Halton Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust</a>. It has an Urgent Care Centre but acute medical services are provided by <a href="/wiki/Warrington_Hospital" title="Warrington Hospital">Warrington Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The Cheshire and Merseyside Treatment Centre, a purpose-built hospital for orthopaedic surgery, is on the same site.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Halton Haven Hospice is in the Murdishaw area of the town.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The body responsible for planning health services in Runcorn, including <a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">primary care</a>, is the Halton Clinical Commissioning Group.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Constabulary" title="Cheshire Constabulary">Cheshire Constabulary</a> operate a police station adjacent to Runcorn Shopping City in the centre of the New Town and <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Cheshire Fire and Rescue Service">Cheshire Fire and Rescue Service</a> maintains a 24-hour fire station.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> The town has two senior football teams – <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Linnets" class="mw-redirect" title="Runcorn Linnets">Runcorn Linnets FC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Runcorn Town">Runcorn Town FC</a>. It also has a Sunday League and a Junior League, and an Open Age Women's Team, Runcorn Ladies FC. Runcorn Ladies FC were established in January 2012, and played in the Liverpool Open Age Women's Division, finishing in an impressive 7th position in their very first season. The chairman and coaching team decided to agree a merge with Runcorn Linnets, 2 years later, and thus Runcorn Linnets Ladies were formed. Runcorn Linnets were formed as a trust-based team in 2006 from the now defunct <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_F.C._Halton" title="Runcorn F.C. Halton">Runcorn F.C. Halton</a>. It has existed in various guises since 1918, and its performance peaked in 1982 when it won the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Premier_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance Premier League">Alliance Premier League</a>, then the highest division below the <a href="/wiki/Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League">Football League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Runcorn Town was formed in 1970 as Mond Rangers FC with the club changing their name in 2005 in order to "try and bring a more professional look to the club in general, and increase support from both businesses and individuals in the local community."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> After finishing in third place in the <a href="/wiki/West_Cheshire_League" class="mw-redirect" title="West Cheshire League">West Cheshire League</a> at the end of the 2009/10 season, the club were elected to join the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Counties_Football_League" title="North West Counties Football League">North West Counties League</a> at their AGM, the highest level that they have ever played at.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby">Rugby</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Rugby">edit</a>]</div> In the late 19th century, before the <a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league#The_schism_in_England" title="History of rugby league">1895 schism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> was played at the now defunct <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_RFC" title="Runcorn RFC">Runcorn RFC</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby football</a> schism occurred in 1895, Runcorn became founder members of the Northern Rugby Football Union (now <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_League" title="Rugby Football League">Rugby Football League</a>). Runcorn finished bottom of the league in the <a href="/wiki/1914%E2%80%9315_Northern_Rugby_Football_Union_season" title="1914–15 Northern Rugby Football Union season">1914–15 season</a> and did not recommence playing in the aftermath of the First World War. Rugby league in the town is now represented by <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_RLC" title="Runcorn RLC">Runcorn RLC</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other sports">edit</a>]</div> Runcorn Sports Club in Higher Runcorn hosts several clubs, including Runcorn Cricket Club, Hockey Club, Running Club and Subscription Bowling Club.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Rowing_Club" title="Runcorn Rowing Club">Runcorn Rowing Club</a> is sited on the River Weaver Navigation near Clifton Village and also houses Runcorn Canoe Club.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Weston Angling Club Runcorn is a private fishing club which owns Sandymoor Pool in the east of the town.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> There is an 18-hole golf course at Runcorn Golf Club in Clifton Road.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Nearby is Heath Tennis Club which uses facilities at the Heath School.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Runcorn Ski Centre in Town Park consists of three dry ski slopes: an 85-metre main slope, a 45-metre extended nursery slope, and a 25-metre nursery slope. The centre runs both skiing and snowboarding lessons.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Runcorn had a <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional wrestling school">professional wrestling school</a> and promotion called the Runcorn Wrestling Academy (RWA) from 2005 until 2020, when it closed following allegations of sexual harassment during the <a href="/wiki/Speaking_Out_movement" title="Speaking Out movement">Speaking Out movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_entertainment">Arts and entertainment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Arts and entertainment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Hall_Caine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Portrait_of_Hall_Caine.jpg/140px-Portrait_of_Hall_Caine.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Portrait_of_Hall_Caine.jpg/210px-Portrait_of_Hall_Caine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Portrait_of_Hall_Caine.jpg/280px-Portrait_of_Hall_Caine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1965" /></a><figcaption>Sir Hall Caine. Born 1853</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GirlsAloudOOCLive_Nicola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GirlsAloudOOCLive_Nicola.jpg/140px-GirlsAloudOOCLive_Nicola.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GirlsAloudOOCLive_Nicola.jpg/210px-GirlsAloudOOCLive_Nicola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GirlsAloudOOCLive_Nicola.jpg/280px-GirlsAloudOOCLive_Nicola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Nicola Roberts, 2009</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Jocelin" title="Elizabeth Jocelin">Elizabeth Jocelin</a> (1595–1622), writer<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Bourdillon" title="Francis William Bourdillon">Francis William Bourdillon</a> (1852–1921), poet, translator, bibliophile, and scholar<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Hall_Caine" title="Hall Caine">Hall Caine</a> (1853–1931), novelist, dramatist, short story writer, poet and critic. <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> allied propagandist. Awarded <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold (Belgium)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Taylor" title="Alistair Taylor">Alistair Taylor</a> (1935–2004) assistant to <a href="/wiki/Brian_Epstein" title="Brian Epstein">Brian Epstein</a> and General Manager of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Corps" title="Apple Corps">Apple Corps</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Keaveney" title="Anna Keaveney">Anna Keaveney</a> (1949–2004), actress<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Roscoe" title="Martin Roscoe">Martin Roscoe</a> (born 1952), classical pianist<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bishop" title="John Bishop">John Bishop</a> (born 1966), comedian, presenter, and actor<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Collins_(artist)" title="Phil Collins (artist)">Phil Collins</a> (born 1970), artist<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Edmunds" title="Pete Edmunds">Pete Edmunds</a> (born c. 1972), actor, voice actor, photographer, and artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kym_Marsh" title="Kym Marsh">Kym Marsh</a> (born 1976), singer and actress<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Waring" title="Raymond Waring">Raymond Waring</a> (born 1977), actor<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Nickson" title="Susan Nickson">Susan Nickson</a> (born 1982), television writer and producer<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Scott_(rapper)" title="Lee Scott (rapper)">Lee Scott</a> (born 1985), rapper<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Roberts" title="Nicola Roberts">Nicola Roberts</a> (born 1985), singer and member of girl band <a href="/wiki/Girls_Aloud" title="Girls Aloud">Girls Aloud</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business,_industry_and_science">Business, industry and science</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Business, industry and science">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamilton_Castner_1890s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hamilton_Castner_1890s.jpg/140px-Hamilton_Castner_1890s.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hamilton_Castner_1890s.jpg/210px-Hamilton_Castner_1890s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hamilton_Castner_1890s.jpg/280px-Hamilton_Castner_1890s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Hamilton Castner, 1890s</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Alcock" title="Nathan Alcock">Nathan Alcock</a> (1707–1779), physician<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hazlehurst_(businessman)" title="Thomas Hazlehurst (businessman)">Thomas Hazlehurst</a> (1779–1842), founder of soap and alkali manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Hazlehurst_%26_Sons" title="Hazlehurst & Sons">Hazlehurst & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wigg" title="Charles Wigg">Charles Wigg</a> (1824–1899), manufacturer of chemicals at Wigg Works, which later became <a href="/wiki/Wigg_Island" title="Wigg Island">Wigg Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_Whitworth" title="William Allen Whitworth">William Allen Whitworth</a> (1840–1905), mathematician and priest in the Church of England<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Castner" title="Hamilton Castner">Hamilton Castner</a> (1858–1899), American industrial chemist, formed the Castner-Kellner Alkali Company in Runcorn, which operates the <a href="/wiki/Castner%E2%80%93Kellner_process" title="Castner–Kellner process">Castner–Kellner process</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Dudley" title="William Edward Dudley">William Edward Dudley</a> (1868–1938), president of the <a href="/wiki/British_co-operative_movement#Co-operative_Wholesale_Society" title="British co-operative movement">Co-operative Wholesale Society</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Coates_(businessman)" title="William Coates (businessman)">William Coates</a> (1882–1963), businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Baker" title="Wilson Baker">Wilson Baker</a> (1900–2002), organic chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Riley_Holt" title="John Riley Holt">John Riley Holt</a> (1918–2009), Professor of Experimental Physics at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">Liverpool University</a>, helped develop the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">atom bomb</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Peter_Baxendell" title="Peter Baxendell">Peter Baxendell</a> (born 1925), businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gibbons_(biochemist)" title="Ian Gibbons (biochemist)">Ian Gibbons</a> (1946–2013), biochemist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military,_politics_and_law">Military, politics and law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Military, politics and law">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Barony_of_Halton" title="Barony of Halton">Barony of Halton</a> (1071–1413) comprised a succession of 15 barons; the seat of the Barons of Halton was <a href="/wiki/Halton_Castle" title="Halton Castle">Halton Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brooke_(Norton)" title="Richard Brooke (Norton)">Richard Brooke</a> (died 1569), bought the manor of <a href="/wiki/Norton,_Runcorn" title="Norton, Runcorn">Norton</a> from <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> in 1545</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Savage,_2nd_Earl_Rivers" title="John Savage, 2nd Earl Rivers">John Savage, 2nd Earl Rivers</a> (c. 1603–1654), politician and royalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Brooke,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Brooke, 1st Baronet">Sir Henry Brooke, 1st Baronet</a> (1611–1664), soldier and politician</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Chesshyre" title="John Chesshyre">John Chesshyre</a> (1662–1738), lawyer<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Rigby_(politician)" title="John Rigby (politician)">John Rigby</a> (1834–1903), judge, politician, and MP for <a href="/wiki/Wisbech_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Wisbech (UK Parliament constituency)">Wisbech</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alfred_Jones" title="Thomas Alfred Jones">Thomas Alfred Jones</a> (1880–1956), awarded the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Conduct_Medal" title="Distinguished Conduct Medal">Distinguished Conduct Medal</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_2">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hazlehurst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Thomas_Hazlehurst.jpg/140px-Thomas_Hazlehurst.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Thomas_Hazlehurst.jpg/210px-Thomas_Hazlehurst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Thomas_Hazlehurst.jpg/280px-Thomas_Hazlehurst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2191" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Hazlehurst, chapel builder</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alcock_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Alcock (clergyman)">Thomas Alcock</a> (1709–1798), Vicar of Runcorn, writer, cider maker.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hazlehurst_(chapel_builder)" title="Thomas Hazlehurst (chapel builder)">Thomas Hazlehurst</a> (1816–1876), <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> who paid for the construction of 12 chapels and three schools in the area<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_2">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_Speakman.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Harry_Speakman.png/140px-Harry_Speakman.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Harry_Speakman.png/210px-Harry_Speakman.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Harry_Speakman.png/280px-Harry_Speakman.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>Harry Speakman, 1888</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Speakman" title="Harry Speakman">Harry Speakman</a> (1864–1915), rugby player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Houghton" title="Samuel Houghton">Samuel Houghton</a> (1870–1920), rugby player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fish_(rugby_league)" title="Jack Fish (rugby league)">Jack Fish</a> (1880–1940), rugby player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Padbury" title="Dick Padbury">Dick Padbury</a> (1886–unknown), rugby player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shaw" title="Ernest Shaw">Ernie Shaw</a> (1894–unknown) rugby player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Done" title="Robert Done">Robert Done</a> (1904–1982), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_Duke-Wooley" title="Bridget Duke-Wooley">Bridget Duke-Wooley</a> (1915–1976), alpine skier, competed in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Winter_Olympics" title="1948 Winter Olympics">1948 Winter Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Dutton" title="Ray Dutton">Ray Dutton</a> (born 1945), rugby player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Abel" title="Graham Abel">Graham Abel</a> (born 1960), footballer<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Reid_(boxer)" title="Robin Reid (boxer)">Robin Reid</a> (born 1971), boxer<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieron_Durkan" title="Kieron Durkan">Kieron Durkan</a> (1973–2018), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(footballer,_born_1973)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jackson (footballer, born 1973)">Mike Jackson</a> (born 1973), footballer<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Lunt" title="Kenny Lunt">Kenny Lunt</a> (born 1979), footballer<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Webb" title="Lorna Webb">Lorna Webb</a> (born 1983), professional cyclist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Brown_(footballer,_born_May_1985)" title="Scott Brown (footballer, born May 1985)">Scott Brown</a> (born 1985), footballer<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_McNulty_(footballer)" title="Jimmy McNulty (footballer)">Jimmy McNulty</a> (born 1985), footballer<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauna_Coxsey" title="Shauna Coxsey">Shauna Coxsey</a> (born 1993), professional rock climber<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Ennis" title="Ethan Ennis">Ethan Ennis</a> (born 2004), footballer<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Littler" title="Luke Littler">Luke Littler</a> (born 2007), darts player</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_listed_buildings_in_Runcorn" class="mw-redirect" title="List of listed buildings in Runcorn">List of listed buildings in Runcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Halton" title="List of schools in Halton">List of schools in Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cheshire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Cheshire.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cheshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Cheshire.svg/48px-Flag_of_Cheshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Cheshire.svg/64px-Flag_of_Cheshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cheshire" title="Portal:Cheshire">Cheshire portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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profile for Runcorn"</a>. Office for National Statistics - Census 2021. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 7 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics+-+Census+2021&rft.atitle=Area+profile+for+Runcorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fvisualisations%2Fcustomprofiles%2Fembed%2F%23%2F%3Fname%3DUnVuY29ybg%3D%3D%26comp%3DRW5nbGFuZA%3D%3D%26tabs%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%26poly%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class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boulter.com/gps/distance/?from=53.328+-2.712&to=51.507+-0.127&units=m">"Coordinate Distance Calculator"</a>. boulter.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308233537/http://boulter.com/gps/distance/?from=53.328+-2.712&to=51.507+-0.127&units=m">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=boulter.com&rft.atitle=Coordinate+Distance+Calculator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboulter.com%2Fgps%2Fdistance%2F%3Ffrom%3D53.328%2B-2.712%26to%3D51.507%2B-0.127%26units%3Dm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Runcorn">"Runcorn | Industrial Town, River Mersey, Cheshire | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 5 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Runcorn+%7C+Industrial+Town%2C+River+Mersey%2C+Cheshire+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FRuncorn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNickson1887">Nickson 1887</a>, pp. 6–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Greene_1989_1–9-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greene_1989_1–9_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greene_1989_1–9_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreene1989">Greene 1989</a>, pp. 1–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-Starkey_1983_19–24-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Starkey_1983_19–24_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starkey_1983_19–24_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStarkey1983">Starkey 1983</a>, pp. 19–24. and <a href="#CITEREFStarkey1990">Starkey 1990</a>, pp. 125–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-Starkey_1990_133–137-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Starkey_1990_133–137_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starkey_1990_133–137_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStarkey1990">Starkey 1990</a>, pp. 133–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Town_Masterplan-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Town_Masterplan_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Town_Masterplan_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Town_Masterplan_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Town_Masterplan_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Town_Masterplan_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Town_Masterplan_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Town_Masterplan_8-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLing1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ling" title="Arthur Ling">Ling, Arthur</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621015846/http://www4.halton.gov.uk/Pages/planning/policyguidance/pdf/evidencebase/Area%20Specific%20Evidence/RuncornNewTown/Runcorn_New_Town_Masterplan_(1967).pdf">Runcorn New Town Master Plan</a> (PDF). Runcorn Development Corporation. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/311425">311425</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.halton.gov.uk/Pages/planning/policyguidance/pdf/evidencebase/Area%2520Specific%2520Evidence/RuncornNewTown/Runcorn_New_Town_Masterplan_(1967).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runcorn+New+Town+Master+Plan&rft.pub=Runcorn+Development+Corporation&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F311425&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.halton.gov.uk%2FPages%2Fplanning%2Fpolicyguidance%2Fpdf%2Fevidencebase%2FArea%252520Specific%252520Evidence%2FRuncornNewTown%2FRuncorn_New_Town_Masterplan_%281967%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011_Census_Halton_key_statistics_profile-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Census_Halton_key_statistics_profile_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Census_Halton_key_statistics_profile_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_Census_Halton_key_statistics_profile_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalton_Borough_Council" class="citation web cs1">Halton Borough Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819103319/https://www3.halton.gov.uk/Pages/councildemocracy/pdfs/CensusandStatistics/Census2011_SpineCharts.pdf">"2011 Census Halton key statistics profile"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 23 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Runcorn+Police+Station+%E2%80%93+Cheshire+Police&rft.pub=Cheshire+Constabulary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshire.police.uk%2Fcontact%2Fpolice-stations-and-custody-suites-in-cheshire%2Fruncorn-police-station%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheshirefire.gov.uk/about-us/local-fire-stations/runcorn-fire-station">"Runcorn Fire Station"</a>. Cheshire Fire and Rescue Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180623170225/http://www.cheshirefire.gov.uk/about-us/local-fire-stations/runcorn-fire-station">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2018. 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Retrieved 25 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Runcorn+AFC%2FRuncorn+FC+Halton&rft.pub=Runcorn+Linnets+FC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.runcornlinnetsfc.co.uk%2Fpage.asp%3FHistoryAFC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runcorntown.co.uk/history.php">"Club History"</a>. Runcorn Town FC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205060909/http://www.runcorntown.co.uk/history.php">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Club+History&rft.pub=Runcorn+Town+FC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.runcorntown.co.uk%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergin2010" class="citation news cs1">Bergin, Dave (24 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100801123952/http://www.runcornandwidnesweeklynews.co.uk/runcorn-widnes-sport/runcorn-town-fc/2010/06/24/football-runcorn-town-accepted-into-vodkat-league-55368-26710533/">"Football: Runcorn Town accepted into Vodkat League"</a>. Runcorn Weekly News. icCheshireOnline. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runcornandwidnesweeklynews.co.uk/runcorn-widnes-sport/runcorn-town-fc/2010/06/24/football-runcorn-town-accepted-into-vodkat-league-55368-26710533/">the original</a> on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Runcorn+Weekly+News&rft.atitle=Football%3A+Runcorn+Town+accepted+into+Vodkat+League&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft.aulast=Bergin&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.runcornandwidnesweeklynews.co.uk%2Fruncorn-widnes-sport%2Fruncorn-town-fc%2F2010%2F06%2F24%2Ffootball-runcorn-town-accepted-into-vodkat-league-55368-26710533%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runcornsportsclub.co.uk/">"Runcorn Sports Club"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711172804/https://runcornsportsclub.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Runcorn+Sports+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruncornsportsclub.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runcornrowing.com/">"Runcorn Rowing Club"</a>. Runcorn Rowing Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205065731/http://www.runcornrowing.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Runcorn+Rowing+Club&rft.pub=Runcorn+Rowing+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.runcornrowing.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westonanglingclubruncorn.co.uk/">"Weston Angling Club Runcorn"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515161305/https://www.westonanglingclubruncorn.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weston+Angling+Club+Runcorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westonanglingclubruncorn.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englishgolf-courses.co.uk/cheshire/runcorn.php">"Runcorn Golf Club"</a>. English Golf Courses. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427003732/http://www.englishgolf-courses.co.uk/cheshire/runcorn.php">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Runcorn+Golf+Club&rft.pub=English+Golf+Courses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.englishgolf-courses.co.uk%2Fcheshire%2Fruncorn.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clubspark.lta.org.uk/HeathTennisClub">"Heath Tennis Club"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200711194246/https://clubspark.lta.org.uk/HeathTennisClub">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heath+Tennis+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclubspark.lta.org.uk%2FHeathTennisClub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runcornskicentre.co.uk/">"Runcorn Ski Centre"</a>. Runcorn Ski Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403143301/http://www.runcornskicentre.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Runcorn+Ski+Centre&rft.pub=Runcorn+Ski+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.runcornskicentre.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/wrestling-school-shuts-suddenly-amid-18522335">"Wrestling school shuts suddenly amid sexual harassment allegations"</a>. Liverpool Echo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706091655/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/wrestling-school-shuts-suddenly-amid-18522335">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wrestling+school+shuts+suddenly+amid+sexual+harassment+allegations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpoolecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fliverpool-news%2Fwrestling-school-shuts-suddenly-amid-18522335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannan" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Cannan" title="Edwin Cannan">Cannan, Edwin</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Jocelin,_Elizabeth">"Jocelin, Elizabeth" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Vol. 29. p. 399.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jocelin%2C+Elizabeth&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=399&rft.aulast=Cannan&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poemhunter.com/francis-william-bourdillon/">"Francis William Bourdillon"</a>. PoemHunter.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517171900/http://www.poemhunter.com/francis-william-bourdillon">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Francis+William+Bourdillon&rft.pub=PoemHunter.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poemhunter.com%2Ffrancis-william-bourdillon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1997" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Vivien (1997). Hall Caine: Portrait of a Victorian Romancer. Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85075-809-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85075-809-3"><bdi>1-85075-809-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hall+Caine%3A+Portrait+of+a+Victorian+Romancer&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85075-809-3&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0851949/">"IMDb Database"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219113105/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0851949/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=IMDb+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm0851949%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0444208/">"IMDb Database"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219144811/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0444208/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=IMDb+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm0444208%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Morrison, Bryce (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52155">"Martin Roscoe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martin+Roscoe&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.52155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamieson2010" class="citation news cs1">Jamieson, Teddy (20 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213224839/http://www.heraldscotland.com/arts-ents/film-tv-features/the-rise-and-rise-of-comic-john-bishop-1.1043810">"The rise and rise of comic John Bishop"</a>. Herald Scotland. Herald and Times Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldscotland.com/arts-ents/film-tv-features/the-rise-and-rise-of-comic-john-bishop-1.1043810">the original</a> on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald+Scotland&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+rise+of+comic+John+Bishop&rft.date=2010-07-20&rft.aulast=Jamieson&rft.aufirst=Teddy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Farts-ents%2Ffilm-tv-features%2Fthe-rise-and-rise-of-comic-john-bishop-1.1043810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaertner_Gerbracht2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Gaertner Gerbracht, Kerry (15 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/interviews/pop-politics-an-interview-with-phil-collins/">"Pop Politics: An Interview with Phil Collins"</a>. Art in America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234147/https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/interviews/pop-politics-an-interview-with-phil-collins/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+in+America&rft.atitle=Pop+Politics%3A+An+Interview+with+Phil+Collins&rft.date=2013-10-15&rft.aulast=Gaertner+Gerbracht&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artinamericamagazine.com%2Fnews-features%2Finterviews%2Fpop-politics-an-interview-with-phil-collins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/ex-hearsay-stars-passion-runcorn-5273442">"Ex Hear'Say star's passion for Runcorn"</a>. CheshireLive. 27 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413190024/http://iccheshireonline.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0100regionalnews/tm_objectid%3D17001927%26method%3Dfull%26siteid%3D50020%26headline%3Dex-hear-say-star-s-passion-for-runcorn--name_page.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CheshireLive&rft.atitle=Ex+Hear%27Say+star%27s+passion+for+Runcorn&rft.date=2006-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheshire-live.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fchester-cheshire-news%2Fex-hearsay-stars-passion-runcorn-5273442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0912264/">"Raymond Waring"</a>. IMDb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120520123303/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0912264/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2012. 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Runcorn and Widnes Weekly News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140818192614/http://www.runcornandwidnesweeklynews.co.uk/news/runcorn-rock-climber-second-best-planet-7357612">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Runcorn+and+Widnes+Weekly+News&rft.atitle=Runcorn+rock-climber+second+best+on+the+planet+after+winning+silver+at+Bouldering+World+Cup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.runcornandwidnesweeklynews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fruncorn-rock-climber-second-best-planet-7357612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgerton2021" class="citation web cs1">Egerton, Nathan (13 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetfootball.com/trending/man-utds-ethan-ennis-is-about-to-show-liverpool-what-theyre-missing-out-on/">"Man Utd's Ethan Ennis is about to show Liverpool what they're missing out on"</a>. Planetfootball.com. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planetfootball.com&rft.atitle=Man+Utd%27s+Ethan+Ennis+is+about+to+show+Liverpool+what+they%27re+missing+out+on&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft.aulast=Egerton&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetfootball.com%2Ftrending%2Fman-utds-ethan-ennis-is-about-to-show-liverpool-what-theyre-missing-out-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> Sources <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Patrick_Greene" title="J. Patrick Greene">Greene, J. Patrick</a> (1989). Norton Priory: The archaeology of a medieval religious house. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33054-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33054-8"><bdi>0-521-33054-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norton+Priory%3A+The+archaeology+of+a+medieval+religious+house&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-33054-8&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=J.+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickson1887" class="citation book cs1">Nickson, Charles (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_000000000600">History of Runcorn; with an account of the ancient village of Weston ... Drawings by H. Fitton. [Reprinted from the "Runcorn Guardian."]</a>. London and Warrington: Mackie & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5389146">5389146</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727053202/http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_000000000600">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Runcorn%3B+with+an+account+of+the+ancient+village+of+Weston+...+Drawings+by+H.+Fitton.+%5BReprinted+from+the+%22Runcorn+Guardian.%22%5D&rft.place=London+and+Warrington&rft.pub=Mackie+%26+Co.&rft.date=1887&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5389146&rft.aulast=Nickson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faccess.bl.uk%2Fitem%2Fviewer%2Fark%3A%2F81055%2Fvdc_000000000600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsPhillips2002" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, A.D.M.; Phillips, C.B. (2002). A New Historical Atlas of Cheshire. Chester: Cheshire County Council. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904532-46-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-904532-46-1"><bdi>0-904532-46-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Historical+Atlas+of+Cheshire&rft.place=Chester&rft.pub=Cheshire+County+Council&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-904532-46-1&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=A.D.M.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+C.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey1983" class="citation book cs1">Starkey, H.F. (1983). Schooner Port: Two Centuries of Upper Mersey Sail. Ormskirk: G.W. & A. Hesketh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905777-34-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-905777-34-4"><bdi>0-905777-34-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schooner+Port%3A+Two+Centuries+of+Upper+Mersey+Sail&rft.place=Ormskirk&rft.pub=G.W.+%26+A.+Hesketh&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-905777-34-4&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=H.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey1990" class="citation book cs1">Starkey, H.F. (1990). Old Runcorn. Halton Borough Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Runcorn&rft.pub=Halton+Borough+Council&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=H.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2000" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Dave (2000). Bridging the Years: The Story of Runcorn-Widnes Transporter Bridge. Runcorn: Dave Thompson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridging+the+Years%3A+The+Story+of+Runcorn-Widnes+Transporter+Bridge&rft.place=Runcorn&rft.pub=Dave+Thompson&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan1990" class="citation book cs1">Cowan, C.A. (1990). Runcorn Ferry and Hale Ford. Crossing the Runcorn Gap. Halton Borough Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runcorn+Ferry+and+Hale+Ford&rft.series=Crossing+the+Runcorn+Gap&rft.pub=Halton+Borough+Council&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan1990" class="citation book cs1">Cowan, C.A. (1990). Runcorn Railway Bridge. Crossing the Runcorn Gap. Halton Borough Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runcorn+Railway+Bridge&rft.series=Crossing+the+Runcorn+Gap&rft.pub=Halton+Borough+Council&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan1990" class="citation book cs1">Cowan, C.A. (1990). Runcorn Town Hall: A History and Description. Halton Borough Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runcorn+Town+Hall%3A+A+History+and+Description&rft.pub=Halton+Borough+Council&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan1992" class="citation book cs1">Cowan, C.A. (1992). Early Bridging Proposals. Crossing the Runcorn Gap. Halton Borough Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Bridging+Proposals&rft.series=Crossing+the+Runcorn+Gap&rft.pub=Halton+Borough+Council&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalton_Borough_Council1978" class="citation book cs1">Halton Borough Council (1978). The Bridging of Runcorn Gap. Halton Borough Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bridging+of+Runcorn+Gap&rft.pub=Halton+Borough+Council&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Halton+Borough+Council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1993" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Liz. (1993). The Way We Were – Runcorn Remembered: A Social History. Manchester: Aurora. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85926-031-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85926-031-4"><bdi>1-85926-031-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+We+Were+%E2%80%93+Runcorn+Remembered%3A+A+Social+History&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Aurora&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85926-031-4&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Liz.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1995" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Liz. (1995). Runcorn in Old Picture Postcards. Back in Time. Zaltbommel: European Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-288-6124-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-288-6124-6"><bdi>90-288-6124-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runcorn+in+Old+Picture+Postcards&rft.place=Zaltbommel&rft.series=Back+in+Time&rft.pub=European+Library&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-288-6124-6&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Liz.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle2004" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, Dorothy (2004). Widnes and Runcorn: Photographic Memories. Salisbury: Frith Book Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85937-854-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85937-854-4"><bdi>1-85937-854-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Widnes+and+Runcorn%3A+Photographic+Memories&rft.place=Salisbury&rft.pub=Frith+Book+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85937-854-4&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey1980" class="citation book cs1">Starkey, H.F. (1980). Runcorn in Times Past. Chorley: Countryside Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86157-032-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86157-032-4"><bdi>0-86157-032-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runcorn+in+Times+Past&rft.place=Chorley&rft.pub=Countryside+Publications&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-86157-032-4&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=H.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey1994" class="citation book cs1">Starkey, H.F. (1994). Runcorn. The Old Photographs Series. Bath: Alan Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-0025-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-0025-8"><bdi>0-7524-0025-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runcorn&rft.place=Bath&rft.series=The+Old+Photographs+Series&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7524-0025-8&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=H.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey1999" class="citation book cs1">Starkey, H.F. (1999). Runcorn – The Second Selection. Images of England. Stroud: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-1826-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-1826-2"><bdi>0-7524-1826-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runcorn+%E2%80%93+The+Second+Selection&rft.place=Stroud&rft.series=Images+of+England&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7524-1826-2&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=H.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey2005" class="citation book cs1">Starkey, H.F. (2005). Runcorn: A Century of Change. Images of England. Stroud: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-3617-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-3617-1"><bdi>0-7524-3617-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runcorn%3A+A+Century+of+Change&rft.place=Stroud&rft.series=Images+of+England&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7524-3617-1&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=H.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey2008" class="citation book cs1">Starkey, H.F. (2008). Runcorn: A Town not so New. Gwespyr, Flintshire: MiddleView. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902964-08-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902964-08-9"><bdi>978-1-902964-08-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runcorn%3A+A+Town+not+so+New&rft.place=Gwespyr%2C+Flintshire&rft.pub=MiddleView&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-902964-08-9&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=H.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2000a" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Dave (2000a). Over the Hill: An Historical Look at Runcorn Hill and its Locality. Runcorn: Dave Thompson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Over+the+Hill%3A+An+Historical+Look+at+Runcorn+Hill+and+its+Locality&rft.place=Runcorn&rft.pub=Dave+Thompson&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2000b" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Dave (2000b). Bridging the Mersey: A Pictorial History. Back in Time. Zaltbommel: European Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-288-2640-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-288-2640-8"><bdi>90-288-2640-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridging+the+Mersey%3A+A+Pictorial+History&rft.place=Zaltbommel&rft.series=Back+in+Time&rft.pub=European+Library&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-288-2640-8&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2001" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Dave (2001). Bridging Us Together: The Story of Runcorn–Widnes Bridge. Runcorn: Dave Thompson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridging+Us+Together%3A+The+Story+of+Runcorn%E2%80%93Widnes+Bridge&rft.place=Runcorn&rft.pub=Dave+Thompson&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2004" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Dave (2004). The Changing Face of Runcorn. Britain in Old Photographs. Stroud: Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3507-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-3507-3"><bdi>0-7509-3507-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Face+of+Runcorn&rft.place=Stroud&rft.series=Britain+in+Old+Photographs&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7509-3507-3&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhimperley1981" class="citation book cs1">Whimperley, Arthur (1981). Halton Castle: An Introduction and Visitors' Handbook. Widnes: Arthur Whimperley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halton+Castle%3A+An+Introduction+and+Visitors%27+Handbook&rft.place=Widnes&rft.pub=Arthur+Whimperley&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Whimperley&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhimperley1986" class="citation book cs1">Whimperley, Arthur (1986). The Barons of Halton. Widnes: MailBook Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barons+of+Halton&rft.place=Widnes&rft.pub=MailBook+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Whimperley&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuncorn" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Runcorn" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Runcorn">Runcorn</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Runcorn#Q1009316" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Runcorn">Runcorn</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Runcorn" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Runcorn">Runcorn</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runcornhistsoc.org.uk">Runcorn & District Historical Society.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018023325/http://www.rudi.net/books/3355">Resource for Urban Development International on Runcorn New Town</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vd6B4QfkqUg">1974 Canadian documentary film about Runcorn New Town</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/bbcarchive/status/786948903438397440">1971 BBC Archive video on the Runcorn Busway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p01rk56y/where-we-live-now-3-new-town-home-town#t=35m32s">1979 BBC film, Where We Live Now</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Borough_of_Halton,_Cheshire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Cheshire,_Borough_of_Halton" title="Template:Cheshire, Borough of Halton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cheshire,_Borough_of_Halton" title="Template talk:Cheshire, Borough of Halton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cheshire,_Borough_of_Halton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cheshire, Borough of Halton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Borough_of_Halton,_Cheshire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Halton_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halton (borough)">Borough of Halton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Runcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widnes" title="Widnes">Widnes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil parishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daresbury" title="Daresbury">Daresbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale,_Halton" title="Hale, Halton">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halebank" title="Halebank">Halebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore,_Cheshire" title="Moore, Cheshire">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Brook" title="Preston Brook">Preston Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandymoor" title="Sandymoor">Sandymoor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unparished areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Runcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widnes" title="Widnes">Widnes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Cheshire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cheshire" title="Template:Cheshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cheshire" title="Template talk:Cheshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cheshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cheshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Cheshire" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cheshire" title="Portal:Cheshire">Cheshire Portal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unitary authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_East" title="Cheshire East">Cheshire East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_West_and_Chester" title="Cheshire West and Chester">Cheshire West and Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Halton" title="Borough of Halton">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Warrington" title="Borough of Warrington">Warrington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements (cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsager" title="Alsager">Alsager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birchwood,_Cheshire" title="Birchwood, Cheshire">Birchwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollington" title="Bollington">Bollington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congleton" title="Congleton">Congleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crewe" title="Crewe">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culcheth" title="Culcheth">Culcheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Port" title="Ellesmere Port">Ellesmere Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frodsham" title="Frodsham">Frodsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handforth" title="Handforth">Handforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_Chapel" title="Holmes Chapel">Holmes Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knutsford" title="Knutsford">Knutsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymm" title="Lymm">Lymm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macclesfield" title="Macclesfield">Macclesfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpas,_Cheshire" title="Malpas, Cheshire">Malpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlewich" title="Middlewich">Middlewich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantwich" title="Nantwich">Nantwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neston" title="Neston">Neston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwich" title="Northwich">Northwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poynton" title="Poynton">Poynton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Runcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbach" title="Sandbach">Sandbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widnes" title="Widnes">Widnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmslow" title="Wilmslow">Wilmslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winsford" title="Winsford">Winsford</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Cheshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil parishes in Cheshire">List of civil parishes in Cheshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Bollin" title="River Bollin">Bollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Croco" title="River Croco">Croco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dane" title="River Dane">Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dean" title="River Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales" title="River Dee, Wales">Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Gowy" title="River Gowy">Gowy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Goyt" title="River Goyt">Goyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">Mersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Weaver" title="River Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Waldron" title="River Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Wheelock" title="River Wheelock">Wheelock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Cheshire" title="Category:Country houses in Cheshire">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cheshire" title="Flag of Cheshire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_churches_in_Cheshire" title="Grade I listed churches in Cheshire">Grade I listed churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_non-ecclesiastical_buildings_in_Cheshire" title="Grade I listed non-ecclesiastical buildings in Cheshire">Grade I listed non-ecclesiastical buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Cheshire" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Cheshire" title="High Sheriff of Cheshire">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cheshire" title="History of Cheshire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Cheshire" title="Listed buildings in Cheshire">Listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Cheshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Cheshire" title="List of museums in Cheshire">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Cheshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Cheshire">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Cheshire" title="List of places in Cheshire">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cheshire_settlements_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cheshire settlements by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Cheshire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cheshire">SSSIs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1009316#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1009316#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1009316#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/137267511">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtX7Mg8MwYktdFMHkkdQq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4458752-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85076760">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0319045&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555345205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&oldid=1252067572">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Runcorn&oldid=1252067572</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Runcorn" title="Category:Runcorn">Runcorn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Towns_in_Cheshire" title="Category:Towns in Cheshire">Towns in Cheshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_communities_in_England" title="Category:Planned communities in England">Planned communities in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borough_of_Halton" title="Category:Borough of Halton">Borough of Halton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unparished_areas_in_Cheshire" 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