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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="قانون حماية خصوصية الأطفال على الإنترنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون حماية خصوصية الأطفال على الإنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_online_privacy_protection_act" title="Children's online privacy protection act – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Children's online privacy protection act" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childrens_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act" title="Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%E2%80%99s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act" title="Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_Protecci%C3%B3n_de_la_Privacidad_en_L%C3%ADnea_para_Ni%C3%B1os" title="Ley de Protección de la Privacidad en Línea para Niños – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley de Protección de la Privacidad en Línea para Niños" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act" title="Children's Online Privacy Protection Act – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Children's Online Privacy Protection Act" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act" title="Children's Online Privacy Protection Act – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Children's Online Privacy Protection Act" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act" title="Children's Online Privacy Protection Act – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Children's Online Privacy Protection Act" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act" title="Children's Online Privacy Protection Act – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Children's Online Privacy Protection Act" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%E2%80%99s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act" title="Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%E2%80%99s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act" title="Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act" title="Children's Online Privacy Protection Act – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Children's Online Privacy Protection Act" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_lu%E1%BA%ADt_b%E1%BA%A3o_v%E1%BB%87_quy%E1%BB%81n_ri%C3%AAng_t%C6%B0_c%E1%BB%A7a_tr%E1%BA%BB_em_tr%C3%AAn_m%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Đạo luật bảo vệ quyền riêng tư của trẻ em trên mạng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đạo luật bảo vệ quyền riêng tư của trẻ em trên mạng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E9%9A%90%E7%A7%81%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E6%B3%95" title="儿童在线隐私保护法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="儿童在线隐私保护法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2000 American federal cyber law</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the never-enacted law passed in 1998, see <a href="/wiki/Child_Online_Protection_Act" title="Child Online Protection Act">Child Online Protection Act</a>. For the proposed anti-pornography exposure law, see <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Internet_Protection_Act" title="Children's Internet Protection Act">Children's Internet Protection Act</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"COPPA" redirects here. For the California privacy act, see <a href="/wiki/CalOPPA" class="mw-redirect" title="CalOPPA">CalOPPA</a>. For the association of disability rights attorneys and parents, see <a href="/wiki/COPAA" class="mw-redirect" title="COPAA">COPAA</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Coppa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Coppa (disambiguation)">Coppa</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act" title="Special:EditPage/Children's Online Privacy Protection Act">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Children%27s+Online+Privacy+Protection+Act%22">"Children's Online Privacy Protection Act"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Children%27s+Online+Privacy+Protection+Act%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Children%27s+Online+Privacy+Protection+Act%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Children%27s+Online+Privacy+Protection+Act%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Children%27s+Online+Privacy+Protection+Act%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Children%27s+Online+Privacy+Protection+Act%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Children's Online Privacy Protection Act</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronyms</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(colloquial)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">COPPA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/105th_United_States_Congress" title="105th United States Congress">105th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">April 21, 2000<span class="noprint">; 24 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2000-04-21</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">105-277</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Legislative history</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Introduced</b> in the Senate as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/105th-congress/senate-bill/2326">S. 2326</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bryan" title="Richard Bryan">Richard Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">NV</a>) on July 17, 1998</li><li><b>Committee consideration</b> by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a></li><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> on October 21, 1998</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">Minor (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Minors and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavec" class="mw-redirect" title="Restavec">Restavec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_leaving_age" class="mw-redirect" title="School leaving age">School leaving age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking age">Smoking age</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._history_of_tobacco_minimum_purchase_age_by_state" title="U.S. history of tobacco minimum purchase age by state">U.S. history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_offense" title="Status offense">Status offense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_by_youth_in_the_United_States" title="Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States">Underage drinking in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li> <li><a 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Child">United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akt_(charity)" title="Akt (charity)">Akt</a></li> <li>Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Youth_for_Choice" title="Canadian Youth for Choice">Canadian Youth for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_des_droits_de_la_personne_et_des_droits_de_la_jeunesse" title="Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse">Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Cents" title="Common Cents">Common Cents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Alliance_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Youth" title="Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth">Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DoSomething" title="DoSomething">DoSomething</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Coalition" title="Future Coalition">Future Coalition</a></li> <li><a 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Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League_of_Canada" title="Young Communist League of Canada">Young Communist League of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fletcher_(activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Fletcher (activist)">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Hanson" title="David J. Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Joseph_Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="David Joseph Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(educator)" title="John Holt (educator)">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Koroknay-Palicz" title="Alex Koroknay-Palicz">Koroknay-Palicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyn_Duff" title="Lyn Duff">Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_A._Males" title="Mike A. Males">Males</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Postman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Yaco" title="Sonia Yaco">Yaco</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Asia">Ages of consent in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in North America">Ages of consent in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Oceania">Ages of consent in Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in South America">Ages of consent in South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in the United States">Ages of consent in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_petition_against_age_of_consent_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="French petition against age of consent laws">French petition against age of consent laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Legal status of tattooing in European countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_the_United_States" title="Legal status of tattooing in the United States">Legal status of tattooing in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_rights" title="Student rights">Students' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Youth Olympic Games">Youth Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_sports" title="Youth sports">Youth sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/26px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/39px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/52px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Youth_rights" title="Category:Youth rights">Youth rights</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Youth_rights_sidebar" title="Template:Youth rights sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Youth_rights_sidebar" title="Template talk:Youth rights sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Youth_rights_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Youth rights sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998</b> (<b>COPPA</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal law">United States federal law</a>, located at <a href="/wiki/Title_15_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 15 of the United States Code">15 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/6501">§§ 6501</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/6506">6506</a> (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/105/public/277?link-type=html">105–277 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/105/public/277?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>, 112 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-112-2681-728">2681-728</a>, enacted <span data-sort-value="000000001998-10-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">October 21, 1998</span>). </p><p>The act, effective April 21, 2000, applies to the online collection of personal information by persons or entities under <a href="/wiki/Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)" title="Federal jurisdiction (United States)">U.S. jurisdiction</a> about <a href="/wiki/Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Children">children</a> under 13 years of age, including children outside the U.S. if the website or service is U.S.-based.<sup id="cite_ref-FTC_COPPA_FAQ_USbased_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTC_COPPA_FAQ_USbased-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It details what a <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a> operator must include in a <a href="/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="Privacy policy">privacy policy</a>, when and how to seek verifiable consent from a <a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">parent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Legal_guardian" title="Legal guardian">guardian</a>, and what responsibilities an operator has to protect children's privacy and safety online, including restrictions on the marketing of those under 13.<sup id="cite_ref-FTC_COPPA_FAQ_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTC_COPPA_FAQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although children under 13 can legally give out personal information with their parents' permission, many websites—particularly <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> sites, but also other sites that collect most personal info—disallow children under 13 from using their services altogether due to the cost and work involved in complying with the law.<sup id="cite_ref-CSMWhatAge_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSMWhatAge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BiltonLetting15_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiltonLetting15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RochmanShould11_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RochmanShould11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An updated version of COPPA, the Children and Teens' Online Privacy Protection Act, informally called COPPA 2.0, has been introduced in the 118th Congress in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> COPPA 2.0 was again introduced in Congress on April 9, 2024 by representatives <a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Tim Walberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Castor" title="Kathy Castor">Kathy Castor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If adopted as proposed, it would effectively raise the age covered by COPPA from 13 to 16 years, prohibit targeted advertising to children and teens, and make certain other changes to COPPA.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">electronic commerce</a> was on its rise of popularity, but various concerns were expressed about the <a href="/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection">data collection</a> practices and the impact of Internet commerce on user privacy—especially for children under 13, because very few websites had their own privacy policies.<sup id="cite_ref-MagidNewLaw00_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagidNewLaw00-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Center for Media Education petitioned the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC) to investigate the data collection and use practices of the <a href="/wiki/KidsCom" title="KidsCom">KidsCom</a> website, and take legal action since the data practices violated Section 5 of FTC Act concerning "unfair/deceptive practices." With the passing of the Drivers Privacy Protection Act in 1997, new precedents had been set in regard to the ability of congress to regulate information held by state agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the FTC completed its investigation, it issued the "KidsCom Letter" the report stated that the data collection and use practices were indeed subject to legal action.<sup id="cite_ref-WarmundCOPPA01_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WarmundCOPPA01-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FTCStaff97_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTCStaff97-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the need to inform parents about the risks of children's online privacy, as well as to parental consent necessity. This ultimately resulted in the drafting of COPPA. </p><p>The new millennium ushered in an era of regulation that many were simply unaware of. The early years of the transition were fraught with confusion and a lot of animosity. One of the main concerns of the time was the eventual accessibility of child-based websites at the fear many were unwilling to change their business practices.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many were left with a series of loose guidelines that determined what was correct.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The simplification of COPPA provided by the FTC was met with a follow-up of demands to law enforcement that the: "... Commission should continue law enforcement efforts by targeting significant violations and seeking increasingly larger civil penalties, when appropriate, to deter unlawful conduct".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mandatory review of the COPPA regulations were conducted in 2005 (resulting with no changes to the original guidelines), found that there were no adverse effects to the online landscape. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC) has the authority to issue regulations and enforce COPPA. Also, under the terms of COPPA, the FTC-designated "safe harbor" provisioning is designed to encourage increased industrial self-regulation. Under this provision, industry groups and others may request Commission approval of self-regulatory guidelines to govern participants' compliance, such that website operators in Commission-approved programs would first be subject to the disciplinary procedures of the safe harbor program in lieu of FTC enforcement. As of June 2016,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the FTC has approved seven safe harbor programs operated by <a href="/wiki/TRUSTe" class="mw-redirect" title="TRUSTe">TrustArc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Rating_Board" title="Entertainment Software Rating Board">ESRB</a>, <a href="/wiki/CARU" class="mw-redirect" title="CARU">CARU</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PRIVO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PRIVO (page does not exist)">PRIVO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle,_Inc." title="Aristotle, Inc.">Aristotle, Inc.</a>, Samet Privacy (kidSAFE), and the Internet Keep Safe Coalition (iKeepSafe).<sup id="cite_ref-ThomasFTCAug14_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThomasFTCAug14-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ThomasFTCFeb14_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThomasFTCFeb14-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2021, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle,_Inc." title="Aristotle, Inc.">Aristotle, Inc.</a> withdrew from the safe harbor program after FTC staff expressed serious concerns about its enforcement of its safe harbor provisions and communicated their intent to recommend the revocation of Aristotle's approval to run a safe harbor program. The FTC also announced its intention to more closely scrutinize the practices of the other six present safe harbors.<sup id="cite_ref-FTCAug4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTCAug4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2011, the FTC announced proposed revisions to the COPPA rules, the first significant changes to the act since the issuance of the rules in 2000. The proposed rule changes expanded the definition of what it meant to "collect" data from children. The proposed rules presented a <a href="/wiki/Data_retention" title="Data retention">data retention</a> and deletion requirement, which mandated that data obtained from children be retained only for the amount of time necessary to achieve the purpose that it was collected for. It also added the requirement that operators ensure that any third parties to whom a child's information is disclosed have reasonable procedures in place to protect the information.<sup id="cite_ref-KardellFTC11_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KardellFTC11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The act applies to websites and online services operated for commercial purposes that are either directed toward children under 13 or have actual knowledge that children under 13 are providing information online. Most recognized non-profit organizations are exempt from most of the requirements of COPPA.<sup id="cite_ref-FTC_COPPA_FAQ_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTC_COPPA_FAQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> ruled that non-profits operated for the benefit of their members' commercial activities are subject to FTC regulation and consequently COPPA as well.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The type of "verifiable parental consent" that is required before collecting and using information provided by children under 13 is based upon a "sliding scale" set forth in a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> regulation<sup id="cite_ref-FTC16CFR312_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTC16CFR312-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that takes into account the manner in which the information is being collected and the uses to which the information will be put. </p><p>COPPA 2.0 was introduced to expand the age range covered by COPPA to 16. It was introduced in the Senate alongside the <a href="/wiki/Kids_Online_Safety_Act" title="Kids Online Safety Act">Kids Online Safety Act</a> (KOSA), which aimed to require social media companies from taking steps to protect minors from "harmful" information. Both KOSA and COPPA 2.0 passed the Senate as a package on a 91–3 vote on July 30, 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violations">Violations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Violations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the FTC, courts may fine violators of COPPA up to $50,120 in civil penalties for each violation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FTC has brought a number of actions against website operators for failing to comply with COPPA requirements, including actions against <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Girls%27_Life_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Girls' Life (magazine)">Girls' Life</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FTCAnn01_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTCAnn01-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/American_Pop_Corn_Company" title="American Pop Corn Company">American Pop Corn Company</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FTCPopcorn02_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTCPopcorn02-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Frank" title="Lisa Frank">Lisa Frank</a>, Inc.,<sup id="cite_ref-FTCWebSite01_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTCWebSite01-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mrs._Fields" title="Mrs. Fields">Mrs. Fields Cookies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Hershey_Company" title="The Hershey Company">The Hershey Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FTCReceives03_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTCReceives03-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2004, UMG Recordings, Inc. was fined US$400,000 for COPPA violations in connection with a website that promoted the then 13-year-old rapper <a href="/wiki/Romeo_Miller" title="Romeo Miller">Lil' Romeo</a> and hosted child-oriented games and activities, and Bonzi Software, which offered downloads of an animated figure "<a href="/wiki/BonziBuddy" title="BonziBuddy">BonziBuddy</a>" that provided shopping advice, jokes, and trivia was fined $75,000 for COPPA violations.<sup id="cite_ref-FTC_UMG04_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTC_UMG04-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the owners of the <a href="/wiki/Xanga" title="Xanga">Xanga</a> website were fined <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1,000,000 in 2006 for COPPA violations of repeatedly allowing children under 13 to sign up for the service without getting their parent's consent.<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanFTC06_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanFTC06-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the mobile advertising network <a href="/wiki/InMobi" title="InMobi">inMobi</a> was fined US$950,000 for tracking the <a href="/wiki/Geolocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geolocation">geo-location</a> of all users (including those under 12) without their knowledge. The advertising software continuously tracked user location despite privacy preferences on the mobile device.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other websites that were directed towards children and fined due to COPPA include Imbee (2008),<sup id="cite_ref-FTCImbee08_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTCImbee08-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kidswirl (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-EngleKids11_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EngleKids11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Skid-e-Kids (2011).<sup id="cite_ref-FTCOper11_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTCOper11-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2019, the FTC issued a fine of $5.7 million to <a href="/wiki/ByteDance" title="ByteDance">ByteDance</a> for failing to comply with COPPA with their <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> app (then called Musical.ly). ByteDance agreed to pay the largest COPPA fine since the bill's enactment and to add a kids-only mode to the TikTok app.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three dating apps by Wildec were pulled by Apple and Google from their respective app stores, after the FTC determined that the dating apps allowed users under 13 to register, that Wildec knew there were significant numbers of minor users, and that this allowed inappropriate contact with minors.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/YouTube_and_privacy#COPPA_settlement" title="YouTube and privacy">YouTube and privacy § COPPA settlement</a></div> <p>On September 4, 2019, the FTC issued a fine of $170 million to <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> for COPPA violations, including tracking the viewing history of minors in order to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Targeted_advertising" title="Targeted advertising">targeted advertising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many notable social media platforms were subjected to scrutiny from the FTC, especially groups like Facebook where the platform had users ignoring COPPA guidelines since inception.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, YouTube announced that as part of the settlement, in 2020 it would require channel operators to mark videos that are "child-oriented" as such, and would use <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> to automatically mark those as clearly "child-oriented" if not marked already. In the settlement terms, channel operators that failed to mark videos as "child-oriented" could be fined by the FTC for up to $42,530 per video,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has raised criticism towards the settlement terms.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision came in terms that, despite good faith, created many issues among the content creators on the site. Users such as <a href="/wiki/Ryan%27s_World" title="Ryan's World">Ryan's World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_DeFranco" title="Philip DeFranco">Philip DeFranco</a> and <a href="/wiki/TheOdd1sOut" title="TheOdd1sOut">TheOdd1sOut</a> with vastly different content found themselves in conflict for their appealing content for children.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following guidelines were implemented on the basis set by the following rules: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Rule sets out additional factors the FTC will consider in determining whether your content is child-directed: </p><ul><li>the subject matter,</li> <li>visual content,</li> <li>the use of animated characters or child-oriented activities and incentives,</li> <li>the kind of music or other audio content,</li> <li>the age of models,</li> <li>the presence of child celebrities or celebrities who appeal to children,</li> <li>language or other characteristics of the site,</li> <li>whether advertising that promotes or appears on the site is directed to children, and</li> <li>competent and reliable empirical evidence about the age of the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></blockquote> <p>In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Epic_Games" title="Epic Games">Epic Games</a> settled a Federal Trade Commission complaint in part by agreeing to pay a $275 million penalty for COPPA violations. The FTC complaint alleged that Epic illegally collected personal information from children under the age of 13 and made it difficult for parents to get such information deleted. The full agreement included an additional $245 million to refund users who were manipulated into making unintended purchases.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DOJ and FTC jointly filed a lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> and its owner <a href="/wiki/ByteDance" title="ByteDance">ByteDance</a> for violations of COPPA in August 2024, asserting that the app collecting private information from minor users as well as to allow them to interact with adults and adult content.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compliance">Compliance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Compliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> issued revisions effective July 1, 2013, which created additional parental notice and consent requirements, amended definitions, and added other obligations for organizations that (1) operate a website or online service that is "directed to children" under 12 and that collects "personal information" from users or (2) knowingly collects personal information from people under 13 through a website or online service.<sup id="cite_ref-PercivalNew13_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PercivalNew13-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After July 1, 2013, operators must:<sup id="cite_ref-LaroseGuide13_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaroseGuide13-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Post a clear and comprehensive online privacy policy describing their information practices for personal information collected online from persons under age 13;</li> <li>Make reasonable efforts (taking into account available technology) to provide direct notice to parents of the operator's practices with regard to the collection, use, or disclosure of personal information from persons under 13, including notice of any material change to such practices to which the parents have previously consented;</li> <li>Obtain verifiable parental consent, with limited exceptions, prior to any collection, use, and/or disclosure of personal information from persons under age 13;</li> <li>Provide a reasonable means for a parent to review the personal information collected from their child and to refuse to permit its further use or maintenance;</li> <li>Establish and maintain reasonable procedures to protect the confidentiality, security, and integrity of the personal information collected from children under age 13, including by taking reasonable steps to disclose/release such personal information only to parties capable of maintaining its confidentiality and security; and</li> <li>Retain personal information collected online from a child for only as long as is necessary to fulfill the purpose for which it was collected and delete the information using reasonable measures to protect against its unauthorized access or use.</li> <li>Operators are prohibited from conditioning a child's participation in an online activity on the child providing more information than is reasonably necessary to participate in that activity.<sup id="cite_ref-LaroseAmended13_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaroseAmended13-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>According to a notice issued by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a>, an operator has actual knowledge of a user's age if the site or service asks for—and receives—information from the user that allows it to determine the person's age.<sup id="cite_ref-FTCChild13_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTCChild13-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example, cited by the FTC, includes an operator who asks for a date of birth on a site's registration page has actual knowledge as defined by COPPA if a user responds with a year that suggests they are under 13. Another example cited by the FTC is that an operator may have actual knowledge based on answers to "age identifying" questions like "What grade are you in?" or "What type of school do you go to? (a) elementary; (b) middle; (c) high school; (d) college." </p><p>A small fee was charged by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> under COPPA as a way to verify parental consent. The fee was donated to the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Missing_and_Exploited_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Missing and Exploited Children">National Center for Missing and Exploited Children</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google, however, charges a small fee as a way to verify one's date of birth. </p><p>In the changes effective July 1, 2013, the definition of an operator was updated to make clear that COPPA covers a child-directed site or service that integrates outside services, such as plug-ins or advertising networks, that collect personal information from its visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-FTCStrength12_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTCStrength12-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition of a website or online service directed to children is expanded to include plug-ins or ad networks that have actual knowledge that they are collecting personal information through a child-directed website or online service. Websites and services that target children as a secondary audience may differentiate among users, and are required to provide notice and obtain parental consent only for those users who identify themselves as being younger than 13.<sup id="cite_ref-PercivalNew13_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PercivalNew13-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition of personal information requiring parental notice and consent before collection now includes "persistent identifiers" that can be used to recognize users over time and across different websites or online services. However, no parental notice and consent are required when an operator collects a persistent identifier for the sole purpose of supporting the website or online service's internal operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FTCStrength12_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTCStrength12-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition of personal information after July 1, 2013, also includes geolocation information, as well as photos, videos, and audio files that contain a child's image or voice.<sup id="cite_ref-LaroseGuide13_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaroseGuide13-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 19, 2015, the FTC announced it had approved an additional method for obtaining verifiable parental consent: "face match to verified photo identification" (FMVPI). The two-step process allows a parent to submit a government-sanctioned ID for authentication, then submit an impromptu photo via mobile device or web camera, which is then compared to the photo on the ID.<sup id="cite_ref-FTCGrants15_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTCGrants15-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_scope">International scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FTC has asserted that COPPA applies to any online service that is directed to U.S. users or knowingly collects information from children in the U.S., regardless of its country of origin. Referring to their official website, the following embodies such views: </p><p>The FTC's Office of International Affairs directs the agency's international activities for competition and consumer protection, which include: </p> <ul><li>strengthening relationships with foreign competition and consumer protection agencies</li> <li>developing formal and informal arrangements and agreements with competition and consumer protection agencies around the world</li> <li>engaging in cooperative dialogues and submitting reports at international forums for competition and consumer protection</li> <li>helping agencies around the world develop and enhance their own competition and consumer protection programs</li> <li>sharing information with foreign law enforcement authorities through the U.S. Safe Web Act</li> <li>maintaining a robust International Fellows Program<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>However, the FTC rarely performs enforcement actions against foreign companies, and faces a number of practical challenges in doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general assumption is that, despite the interconnected world of internet services, jurisdiction only applies to domestic operation. Nevertheless, it has successfully enforced COPPA against at least one foreign company with a significant US userbase, securing a $5.7 million settlement against the Chinese company <a href="/wiki/ByteDance" title="ByteDance">ByteDance</a> over their <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> app.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/YouTube_and_privacy#COPPA_settlement" title="YouTube and privacy">YouTube and privacy § COPPA settlement</a></div> <p>COPPA is controversial and has been criticized as ineffective and potentially unconstitutional by legal experts<sup id="cite_ref-MateckiUpdate10_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MateckiUpdate10-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mass media<sup id="cite_ref-MagidUnin12_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagidUnin12-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since it was drafted.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complaints leveled against the legislation include website owners banning users 12 and under—which only "encourages age fraud and allows websites to bypass the burden of obtaining parental consent"<sup id="cite_ref-MateckiUpdate10_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MateckiUpdate10-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and the active suppression of children's rights to freedom of speech, self-expression, and other <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> rights<sup id="cite_ref-MagidProtect14_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagidProtect14-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MorrisAsk10_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorrisAsk10-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to necessity of registering accounts to do so. </p><p>Delays in obtaining parental consent often result in children moving on to other activities that are less appropriate for their age or pose bigger privacy risks.<sup id="cite_ref-PuckettIns13_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PuckettIns13-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, age restrictions and the "parental consent" process are easy for children to circumvent, and parents generally help them to lie about their age.<sup id="cite_ref-BoydWhy11_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoydWhy11-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GriggsParents11_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GriggsParents11-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An Internet Safety Technical Task Force composed of experts from academia and commercial companies found in 2012 that mandatory age verification is not only a poor solution for privacy but also constitutes a violation of privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-PerlrothVeri12_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PerlrothVeri12-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law has also many safety flaws. For example, it does not protect kids from predatory advertising,<sup id="cite_ref-KluverParent13_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KluverParent13-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it does not prevent kids from accessing <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a> or lying about their age,<sup id="cite_ref-FTC_COPPA_FAQ_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTC_COPPA_FAQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it does not ensure a totally safe environment online. Tech journalist <a href="/wiki/Larry_Magid" title="Larry Magid">Larry Magid</a>, a long-time vocal opponent of the law,<sup id="cite_ref-MagidUnin12_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagidUnin12-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MagidProtect14_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagidProtect14-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MagidNewLaw00_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagidNewLaw00-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also notes that parents, not the government, hold the bulk of responsibility of protecting children online.<sup id="cite_ref-MagidNewLaw00_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagidNewLaw00-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> COPPA has also been criticized for its potential <a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">chilling effect</a> on children's apps, content, websites and online services. For example, <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a> released a Snapkidz version of its app in June 2013, but unlike Snapchat, Snapkidz did not allow photo sharing at all due to COPPA regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-ChaeySnap13_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChaeySnap13-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, it has been pointed out that the COPPA Rule was not necessarily about privacy protection but more about "enforcing the laws."<sup id="cite_ref-PuckettIns13_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PuckettIns13-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>COPPA's penalties ($40,000 per violation) can be potentially catastrophic for small businesses, undermining their business model.<sup id="cite_ref-KamenetzHow13_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KamenetzHow13-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavisIAB12_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisIAB12-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, the FTC has been criticized, including by COPPA author <a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Ed Markey</a>, and FTC commissioner <a href="/wiki/Rohit_Chopra" title="Rohit Chopra">Rohit Chopra</a>, for not fining major and <a href="/wiki/Big_tech" class="mw-redirect" title="Big tech">big tech</a> companies harshly enough for their COPPA violations, especially in comparison to their revenue. In contrast, violators of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a> (GDPR) may be fined up to 4% of their annual global revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the rise of virtual education, COPPA may inadequately represent the role of administrators, teachers, and the school in protecting student privacy under the assumption of <i><a href="/wiki/In_loco_parentis" title="In loco parentis">loco parentis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a>, co-founder and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, expressed opposition to COPPA in 2011 and stated "That will be a fight we take on at some point. My philosophy is that for education you need to start at a really, really young age."<sup id="cite_ref-Lev-RamZuck11_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lev-RamZuck11-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Steyer" title="Jim Steyer">Jim Steyer</a>, the CEO of <a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Media" title="Common Sense Media">Common Sense Media</a>, has called for updates to COPPA, calling the time of the act's creation "the stone age of digital media" and pointing out the lack of platforms such as Google, YouTube, Facebook and Twitter at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_(state)" title="Government of New York (state)">Government of the State of New York</a> sued <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> for violating COPPA by illegally retaining information related to children under 13 years of age. YouTube responded by dividing its content strictly into "for kids" and "not for kids". This has met with extremely harsh criticism from the YouTube community, especially from gamers, with many alleging that the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">FTC</a> of the United States intends to fine <a href="/wiki/YouTuber" title="YouTuber">content creators</a> $42,530 for "each mislabeled video", possibly putting all users at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some have expressed skepticism over this, feeling that the fines may actually be in reference to civil penalties, possibly intended for the site's operators and/or warranted by more serious of COPPA violations or specific cases of "mislabeling videos".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2022, no YouTuber has been fined.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The statistic used is out-of-date and should be replaced with a more recent one.">outdated statistic</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several bills have been proposed to amend COPPA. Markey and <a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Josh Hawley</a> introduced multiple bills (in the House in 2018 as the "Do Not Track Kids Act", and in 2019 as a Senate measure) proposing that COPPA ban the use of <a href="/wiki/Targeted_advertising" title="Targeted advertising">targeted advertising</a> to users under 13, require personal consent before the collection of personal information from users ages 13–15, require connected devices and toys directed towards children to meet security standards and include a privacy policy disclosure on their packaging, and require services to offer an "eraser button" to "permit users to eliminate publicly available personal information content submitted by the child, when technologically feasible". In January 2020, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Rush" title="Bobby Rush">Bobby Rush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Tim Walberg</a> introduced a similar house bill known as the Preventing Real Online Threats Endangering Children Today (PROTECT Kids) Act, which would extend all existing COPPA consent requirements to users under the age of 16, and explicitly add <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile apps</a>, "precise geolocation", and biometric data to its remit.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Online_Protection_Act" title="Child Online Protection Act">Child Online Protection Act (COPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Protection_Registry_Acts" title="Child Protection Registry Acts">Child Protection Registry Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_Not_Track_legislation" title="Do Not Track legislation">Do Not Track legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kids_Online_Safety_Act" title="Kids Online Safety Act">Kids Online Safety Act (KOSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_Privacy_Protection_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Privacy Protection Act">California Online Privacy Protection Act (OPPA)</a> effective since July 1, 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Act" title="Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act">Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FTC_COPPA_FAQ_USbased-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FTC_COPPA_FAQ_USbased_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/complying-coppa-frequently-asked-questions">"Complying with COPPA: Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. <i>FTC Business Center</i>. Federal Trade Commission. March 20, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2019</span>. <q>As a related matter, U.S.-based sites and services that collect information from foreign children also are subject to COPPA.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FTC+Business+Center&rft.atitle=Complying+with+COPPA%3A+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftc.gov%2Ftips-advice%2Fbusiness-center%2Fguidance%2Fcomplying-coppa-frequently-asked-questions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+Online+Privacy+Protection+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FTC_COPPA_FAQ-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FTC_COPPA_FAQ_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTC_COPPA_FAQ_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTC_COPPA_FAQ_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/complying-coppa-frequently-asked-questions">"Complying with COPPA: Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. <i>FTC Business Center</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Multichannel&rft.atitle=Kids+Online+%27Erase+Button%27+Penciled+In+Once+Again&rft.date=2018-05-23&rft.aulast=Eggerton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.multichannel.com%2Fnews%2Fkids-online-erase-button-penciled-in-once-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChildren%27s+Online+Privacy+Protection+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/ogc/coppa1.htm">Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) of 1998</a>, via Federal Trade Commission</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2003-title16-vol1/content-detail.html">16 C.F.R. Part 312, the FTC's Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule</a>, via Government Printing Office</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/childrens-online-privacy-protection-rule-six-step-compliance">Six Step Compliance Plan for Your Business via Federal Trade Commission, Business Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/privacy-and-security/children%27s-privacy">Children's Privacy</a>, via Federal Trade Commission</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/complying-coppa-frequently-asked-questions">FTC FAQ on COPPA compliance</a>, via Federal Trade Commission</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cybertelecom.org/privacy/coppa.htm">Cybertelecom :: COPPA</a> Information on COPPA regulatory developments</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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