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<li id="toc-Founding_of_Havana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_Havana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Founding of Havana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_Havana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pirates_and_the_Spanish_Treasure_Fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pirates_and_the_Spanish_Treasure_Fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pirates and the Spanish Treasure Fleet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pirates_and_the_Spanish_Treasure_Fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th–18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th–18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>17th–18th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th–18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>British occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_period_and_post-revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_period_and_post-revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Republican period and post-revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_period_and_post-revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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.mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-urban-feature .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}</style><table class="infobox ib-urban-feature vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Havana</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">San Cristóbal de la Habana</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1740_Plan_of_the_city_and_harbour_of_the_Havanna_situated_on_the_island_of_Cuba_BPL_m8628.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the city and harbour of Havana in 1740"><img alt="Map of the city and harbour of Havana in 1740" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1740_Plan_of_the_city_and_harbour_of_the_Havanna_situated_on_the_island_of_Cuba_BPL_m8628.png/250px-1740_Plan_of_the_city_and_harbour_of_the_Havanna_situated_on_the_island_of_Cuba_BPL_m8628.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1740_Plan_of_the_city_and_harbour_of_the_Havanna_situated_on_the_island_of_Cuba_BPL_m8628.png/375px-1740_Plan_of_the_city_and_harbour_of_the_Havanna_situated_on_the_island_of_Cuba_BPL_m8628.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/1740_Plan_of_the_city_and_harbour_of_the_Havanna_situated_on_the_island_of_Cuba_BPL_m8628.png/500px-1740_Plan_of_the_city_and_harbour_of_the_Havanna_situated_on_the_island_of_Cuba_BPL_m8628.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="743" /></a></span><div>Map of the city and harbour of Havana in 1740</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></b> was founded in the sixteenth century displacing <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a> as the island's most important city when it became a major port for Atlantic shipping, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Havana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_Havana">Founding of Havana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Havana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding of Havana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg/220px-DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg/330px-DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg/440px-DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1615" data-file-height="2075" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a>, governor of Cuba who moved Havana's location in 1514.</figcaption></figure> <p>Havana was first visited by Spaniards during <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a>'s circumnavigation of the island in 1508.<sup id="cite_ref-historia_naval_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historia_naval-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1510, the first Spanish colonists arrived from the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> and began the conquest of Cuba. <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a> founded San Cristóbal de la Habana in 1514, on the southern coast of the island, near the present town of Surgidero de <a href="/wiki/Bataban%C3%B3,_Cuba" title="Batabanó, Cuba">Batabanó</a>, or more likely on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Mayabeque_River" title="Mayabeque River">Mayabeque River</a> close to <a href="/wiki/Playa_Mayabeque" title="Playa Mayabeque">Playa Mayabeque</a>. All attempts to found a city on Cuba's south coast failed, however, an early map of Cuba drawn in 1514 places the town at the mouth of this river.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span>. Between 1514 and 1519, the city had two different establishments on the north coast, one of them in <i>La Chorrera</i>, today in the neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Puentes_Grandes" title="Puentes Grandes">Puentes Grandes</a>, next to the <a href="/wiki/Almendares_River" title="Almendares River">Almendares River</a>. Havana's present location is adjacent to what was then called <i>Puerto de Carenas</i>, in 1519. The quality of this natural bay, now the site of Havana's harbor, warranted this change of location. <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote> <p>...one of the ships, or both, had the need of careening, which is to renew or mend the parts that travel under the water, and to put tar and wax in them, and entered the port we now call Havana, and there they careened so the port was called <i>de Carenas</i>. This bay is very good and can host many ships, which I visited few years after the Discovery... few are in Spain, or elsewhere in the world, that are their equal...<sup id="cite_ref-historia_naval_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historia_naval-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>This superb harbor at the entrance to the Gulf of Mexico with easy access to the Gulf Stream, the main ocean current that navigators followed when traveling from the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> to Europe, led to Havana's early development as the principal port of Spain's New World colonies. This final establishment is commemorated by <a href="/wiki/El_Templete" title="El Templete">El Templete</a>. </p> <dl><dd><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1739_Plan_of_the_city_and_harbour_of_Havanna_situated_on_the_island_of_Cuba_by_Milton_BPL_m8627.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/1739_Plan_of_the_city_and_harbour_of_Havanna_situated_on_the_island_of_Cuba_by_Milton_BPL_m8627.png/220px-1739_Plan_of_the_city_and_harbour_of_Havanna_situated_on_the_island_of_Cuba_by_Milton_BPL_m8627.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/1739_Plan_of_the_city_and_harbour_of_Havanna_situated_on_the_island_of_Cuba_by_Milton_BPL_m8627.png/330px-1739_Plan_of_the_city_and_harbour_of_Havanna_situated_on_the_island_of_Cuba_by_Milton_BPL_m8627.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/1739_Plan_of_the_city_and_harbour_of_Havanna_situated_on_the_island_of_Cuba_by_Milton_BPL_m8627.png/440px-1739_Plan_of_the_city_and_harbour_of_Havanna_situated_on_the_island_of_Cuba_by_Milton_BPL_m8627.png 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>Map of Havana, 1739</figcaption></figure></dd></dl> <p>Havana was the sixth town founded by the Spanish on the island, called <i>San Cristóbal de la Habana</i> by <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a>: the name combines <i>San Cristóbal</i>, <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of Havana, and <i>Habana</i>, of obscure origin, possibly derived from <i>Habaguanex</i>, a Native American chief who controlled that area, as mentioned by Diego Velasquez in his report to the king of Spain. Shortly after the founding of Cuba's first cities, the island served as little more than a base for expeditions of exploration, conquest, and settlement of other lands. <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> organized his expedition to Mexico from the island. Cuba, during the first years of the Discovery, provided no immediate wealth to the <a href="/wiki/Conquistadores" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadores">conquistadores</a>, as it was poor in <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precious_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Precious stones">precious stones</a>, and many of its settlers moved to the more promising lands of Mexico and South America that were being discovered and colonized at the time. The legends of <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">Eldorado</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold" title="Seven Cities of Gold">Seven Cities of Gold</a> attracted many adventurers from Spain, and also from the adjacent colonies, leaving Havana and the rest of Cuba largely unpopulated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pirates_and_the_Spanish_Treasure_Fleet">Pirates and the Spanish Treasure Fleet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Havana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pirates and the Spanish Treasure Fleet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacquesdesores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jacquesdesores.jpg/220px-Jacquesdesores.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Jacquesdesores.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption>French pirate <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Sores" title="Jacques de Sores">Jacques de Sores</a> looting and burning Havana in 1555</figcaption></figure> <p>Havana was originally a trading port, and suffered regular attacks by <a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">buccaneers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirates</a>, and French <a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">corsairs</a>. The first attack and resultant burning of the city was by the French corsair <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Sores" title="Jacques de Sores">Jacques de Sores</a> in 1555. The pirate took Havana easily, plundering the city and burning much of it to the ground. De Sores left without obtaining the enormous wealth he was hoping to find in Havana. Such attacks convinced the Spanish Crown to fund the construction of the first fortresses in the main cities — not only to counteract the pirates and corsairs, but also to exert more control over commerce with the West Indies, and to limit the extensive <i>contrabando</i> (<a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a>) that had arisen due to the trade restrictions imposed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> (the crown-controlled trading house that held a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on New World trade). </p><p>To counteract pirate attacks on <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleon</a> convoys headed for Spain while loaded with New World treasures, the Spanish crown decided to protect its ships by concentrating them in one large fleet, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a>, which would traverse the Atlantic Ocean as a group. A single merchant fleet could more easily be protected by the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy#The_Habsburg_Era" title="Spanish Navy">Armada</a> or Navy. Following a royal decree in 1561, all ships headed for Spain were required to assemble this fleet in the Havana Bay. Ships arrived from May through August, waiting for the best weather conditions, and together, the fleet departed Havana for Spain by September. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_the_plan_of_the_city,_port_and_castles_of_San_Christobal_de_La_Habana-1776.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Detail_of_the_plan_of_the_city%2C_port_and_castles_of_San_Christobal_de_La_Habana-1776.jpg/220px-Detail_of_the_plan_of_the_city%2C_port_and_castles_of_San_Christobal_de_La_Habana-1776.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Detail_of_the_plan_of_the_city%2C_port_and_castles_of_San_Christobal_de_La_Habana-1776.jpg/330px-Detail_of_the_plan_of_the_city%2C_port_and_castles_of_San_Christobal_de_La_Habana-1776.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Detail_of_the_plan_of_the_city%2C_port_and_castles_of_San_Christobal_de_La_Habana-1776.jpg/440px-Detail_of_the_plan_of_the_city%2C_port_and_castles_of_San_Christobal_de_La_Habana-1776.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the plan of the city, port and castles of San Christobal de La Habana-1776</figcaption></figure> <p>This naturally boosted commerce and development of the adjacent city of Havana (a humble <i>villa</i> at the time). Goods traded in Havana included gold, silver, <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a> <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emeralds</a> from <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahoganies</a> from Cuba and <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, leather from the <a href="/wiki/Wayuu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayuu">Guajira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a>, sticks of <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a> from <a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manioc" class="mw-redirect" title="Manioc">manioc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>. Ships from all over the New World carried products first to Havana, in order to be taken by the fleet to Spain. The thousands of ships gathered in the city's bay also fueled Havana's agriculture and manufacture, since they had to be supplied with food, water, and other products needed to traverse the ocean. In 1563, the <i>Capitán General</i> (the Spanish Governor of the island) moved his residence from Santiago de Cuba to Havana, by reason of that city's newly gained wealth and importance, thus unofficially sanctioning its status as capital of the island. </p><p>On December 20, 1592, King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City (<i>ciudad</i>). Later on, the city would be officially designated as "Key to the New World and Rampart of the West Indies" by the Spanish crown. In the meantime, efforts to build or improve the defensive infrastructures of the city continued. The <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador_de_la_Punta_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="San Salvador de la Punta Fortress">San Salvador de la Punta</a> castle guarded the west entrance of the bay, while the <a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_los_Tres_Reyes_Magos_del_Morro" class="mw-redirect" title="Castillo de los Tres Reyes Magos del Morro">Castillo de los Tres Reyes Magos del Morro</a> guarded the eastern entrance. The <a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_la_Real_Fuerza" title="Castillo de la Real Fuerza">Castillo de la Real Fuerza</a> defended the city's center, and doubled as the Governor's residence until a more <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_los_Capitanes_Generales" title="Palacio de los Capitanes Generales">comfortable palace</a> was built. Two other defensive towers, La Chorrera and <a href="/wiki/Barrio_de_San_L%C3%A1zaro,_Havana" title="Barrio de San Lázaro, Havana">San Lázaro</a> were also built in this period.. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th–18th_centuries"><span id="17th.E2.80.9318th_centuries"></span>17th–18th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Havana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 17th–18th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_La_Habana_(Amsterdam,_17th_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Panorama_of_La_Habana_%28Amsterdam%2C_17th_century%29.jpg/220px-Panorama_of_La_Habana_%28Amsterdam%2C_17th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Panorama_of_La_Habana_%28Amsterdam%2C_17th_century%29.jpg/330px-Panorama_of_La_Habana_%28Amsterdam%2C_17th_century%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Panorama_of_La_Habana_%28Amsterdam%2C_17th_century%29.jpg/440px-Panorama_of_La_Habana_%28Amsterdam%2C_17th_century%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4595" /></a><figcaption>17th c. Dutch engraving of Havana</figcaption></figure> <p>Havana expanded greatly in the 17th century. New buildings were constructed from the most abundant materials of the island, mainly <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, combining various <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian</a> architectural styles, as well as borrowing profusely from <a href="/wiki/Canary_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Canary islands">Canarian</a> characteristics. During this period the city also built civic monuments and religious constructions. The convent of St Augustin, El Morro Castle, the chapel of the Humilladero, the fountain of Dorotea de la Luna in La Chorrera, the church of the Holy Angel, the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_de_San_Lazaro,_Havana" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospital de San Lazaro, Havana">hospital de San Lazaro</a>, the monastery of Santa Teresa and the convent of San Felipe Neri were completed in this era. </p><p>In 1649 a fatal epidemic, brought from <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a> in Colombia, affected a third of the population of Havana. On November 30, 1665, Queen <a href="/wiki/Mariana_of_Austria" title="Mariana of Austria">Mariana of Austria</a>, widow of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a>, ratified the heraldic shield of Cuba, which took as its symbolic <a href="/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)" title="Motif (visual arts)">motifs</a> the first three castles of Havana: the Real Fuerza, the <a href="/wiki/Morro_Castle_(Havana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morro Castle (Havana)">Tres Santos Reyes Magos del Morro</a> and San Salvador de la Punta. The shield also displayed a symbolic golden key to represent the title "Key to the Gulf". On 1674, the works for the City Walls were started, as part of the fortification efforts. They would be completed by 1740. </p><p>By the middle of the 18th century Havana had more than seventy thousand inhabitants, and was the third-largest city in the Americas, ranking behind <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> but ahead of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_occupation">British occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Havana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: British occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years War">Great Britain in the Seven Years War</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">Siege of Havana</a> (1762) </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_fleet_entering_Havana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_fleet_entering_Havana.jpg/200px-British_fleet_entering_Havana.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_fleet_entering_Havana.jpg/300px-British_fleet_entering_Havana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_fleet_entering_Havana.jpg/400px-British_fleet_entering_Havana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1657" /></a><figcaption>The British fleet entering Havana in 1762</figcaption></figure> <p>The city was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. The episode began on June 6, 1762, when at dawn, a British fleet, comprising more than 50 ships and a combined force of over 11,000 men of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">Army</a>, sailed into Cuban waters and made an amphibious landing east of Havana.<sup id="cite_ref-Seven_Years_War_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seven_Years_War-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British seized the heights known as La Punta on the east side of the harbor and commenced a bombardment of nearby El Morro Castle, as well as the city itself. After a two-month <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Siege_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siege-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El Morro was <a href="/wiki/British_expedition_against_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="British expedition against Cuba">attacked and taken</a>, only after the death of the brave defender <a href="/wiki/Luis_Vicente_de_Velasco_e_Isla" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Vicente de Velasco e Isla">Luis Vicente de Velasco e Isla</a>, on 30 July 1762. The city formally surrendered on 13 August.<sup id="cite_ref-Seven_Years_War_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seven_Years_War-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was subsequently governed by Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Keppel,_3rd_Earl_of_Albemarle" title="George Keppel, 3rd Earl of Albemarle">George Keppel</a> on behalf of Great Britain. Although the British only lost 560 men to combat injuries during the siege, more than half their forces ultimately died due to illness, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-Vernon_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vernon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British immediately opened up trade with their <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">North American</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">Caribbean colonies</a>, causing a rapid transformation of Cuban society.<sup id="cite_ref-Siege_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siege-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vernon_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vernon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Havana, which had become the third largest city in the new world, was to enter an era of sustained development and strengthening ties with North America, the British occupation was not to last. Pressure from London by sugar merchants fearing a decline in sugar prices forced a series of negotiations with the Spanish over colonial territories. Less than a year after Havana was seized, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a> was signed by the three warring powers thus ending the Seven Years' War. The treaty gave Britain <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a> in exchange for the city of Havana on the recommendation of the French, who advised that declining the offer could result in Spain losing Mexico and much of the South American mainland to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-Siege_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siege-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dominic_Serres_the_Elder_-_The_Piazza_at_Havana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dominic_Serres_the_Elder_-_The_Piazza_at_Havana.jpg/220px-Dominic_Serres_the_Elder_-_The_Piazza_at_Havana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dominic_Serres_the_Elder_-_The_Piazza_at_Havana.jpg/330px-Dominic_Serres_the_Elder_-_The_Piazza_at_Havana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dominic_Serres_the_Elder_-_The_Piazza_at_Havana.jpg/440px-Dominic_Serres_the_Elder_-_The_Piazza_at_Havana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1715" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Piazza_at_Havana" title="The Piazza at Havana">The Piazza at Havana</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Serres" title="Dominic Serres">Dominic Serres</a>. View of a square in Havana under British occupation in 1762</figcaption></figure> <p>After regaining the city, the Spanish transformed Havana into the most heavily fortified city in the Americas. Construction began on what was to become the Fortress of <a href="/wiki/La_Caba%C3%B1a" title="La Cabaña">San Carlos de la Cabaña</a>, the biggest Spanish fortification in the New World. The work extended for eleven years and was enormously costly, but on completion the fort was considered an unassailable bastion and essential to Havana's defence. It was provided with a large number of cannons forged in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. Other fortifications were constructed, as well: the castle of <i>Atarés</i> defended the <a href="/wiki/Shipyard" title="Shipyard">Shipyard</a> in the inner bay, while the castle of <i>El Príncipe</i> guarded the city from the west. Several cannon batteries located along the bay's <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a> (among them the <i>San Nazario</i> and <i>Doce Apóstoles</i> batteries) ensured that no place in the harbor remained undefended. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Havana_Cathedral" title="Havana Cathedral">Havana Cathedral</a> was constructed in 1748 as a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> church, and converted in 1777 into the <i>Parroquial Mayor</i> church, after the <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Jesuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of the Jesuits">Suppression of the Jesuits</a> in Spanish territory in 1767. In 1788, it formally became a cathedral. Between 1789 and 1790 Cuba was apportioned into an individual <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_San_Cristobal_de_la_Habana" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Cristobal de la Habana">diocese</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. On January 15, 1796, the remains of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> were transported to the island from <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>. They rested here until 1898, when they were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Seville's cathedral</a>, after Spain's loss of Cuba. </p><p><span id="El_Arsenal"></span><a href="/wiki/Havana_Shipyards" title="Havana Shipyards">Havana's shipyard</a> (named <i>El Arsenal</i>) was extremely active, thanks to the lumber resources available in the vicinity of the city. The <i><a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish ship Santísima Trinidad">Santísima Trinidad</a></i> was the largest warship of her time. Launched in 1769, she was about 62 metres (203 ft) long, had three decks and 120 cannons. She was later upgraded to as many as 144 cannons and four decks. She sank following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> in 1805. This ship cost 40,000 <i>pesos fuertes</i> of the time, which gives an idea of the importance of the Arsenal, by comparing its cost to the 26 million <i>pesos fuertes</i> and 109 ships produced during the Arsenal's existence.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Havana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1851_View_of_Habana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1851_View_of_Habana.jpg/220px-1851_View_of_Habana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1851_View_of_Habana.jpg/330px-1851_View_of_Habana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1851_View_of_Habana.jpg/440px-1851_View_of_Habana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption>19th century view of Havana</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Havana_(Colonial).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Havana_%28Colonial%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Havana_%28Colonial%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Havana_%28Colonial%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_Havana_%28Colonial%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Havana_%28Colonial%29.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_Havana_%28Colonial%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Historic coat of arms of Havana (18th century–1898)</figcaption></figure> <p>As trade between Caribbean and North American states increased in the early 19th century, Havana became a flourishing and fashionable city. Havana's theaters featured the most distinguished actors of the age, and prosperity amongst the burgeoning middle-class led to expensive new classical mansions being erected. During this period Havana became known as the Paris of the <a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a>. </p><p>The 19th century opened with the arrival in Havana of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, who was impressed by the vitality of the port. In 1837, the first railroad was constructed, a 51 km stretch between Havana and <a href="/wiki/Bejucal" title="Bejucal">Bejucal</a>, which was used for transporting <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> from the Valle de Güines to the harbor. With this, Cuba became the fifth country in the world to have a railroad, and the first <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Language">Spanish</a>-speaking country. Throughout the century, Havana was enriched by the construction of additional cultural facilities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Theatre_of_Havana" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Theatre of Havana">Tacon Teatre</a>, one of the most luxurious in the world, the Artistic and Literary Liceo (Lyceum) and the theater Coliseo (Colosseum). The fact that slavery was legal in Cuba until 1886 led to interest from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a>, including a plan by the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Golden_Circle" title="Knights of the Golden Circle">Knights of the Golden Circle</a> to create a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Circle_(proposed_country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Circle (proposed country)">'Golden Circle'</a> with a 1200 mile-radius centered on Havana. After the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in 1865, many former slaveholders continued to run plantations by moving to Havana.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1863, the city walls were knocked down so that the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a> could be enlarged. At the end of the century, the well-off classes moved to the quarter of <a href="/wiki/Vedado" title="Vedado">Vedado</a>. Later, they emigrated towards <a href="/wiki/Miramar,_Havana" title="Miramar, Havana">Miramar</a>, and today, evermore to the west, they have settled in <a href="/wiki/Siboney,_Cuba" title="Siboney, Cuba">Siboney</a>. At the end of the 19th century, Havana witnessed the final moments of Spanish colonialism in America, which ended definitively when the United States warship <i>Maine</i> exploded and sank in its port, giving that country the pretext to invade the island. The 20th century began with Havana, and therefore Cuba, under occupation by the USA. In 1906 the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Nova Scotia">Bank of Nova Scotia</a> opened the first branch in Havana, Cuba. By 1931 it had three branches in Havana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_period_and_post-revolution">Republican period and post-revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Havana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Republican period and post-revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habana_1866_ciudad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Habana_1866_ciudad.jpg/220px-Habana_1866_ciudad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Habana_1866_ciudad.jpg/330px-Habana_1866_ciudad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Habana_1866_ciudad.jpg/440px-Habana_1866_ciudad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4687" data-file-height="3792" /></a><figcaption>Map of Havana 1866</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calle_de_Habana,_Habana_cph3g05915u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Calle_de_Habana%2C_Habana_cph3g05915u.jpg/220px-Calle_de_Habana%2C_Habana_cph3g05915u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Calle_de_Habana%2C_Habana_cph3g05915u.jpg/330px-Calle_de_Habana%2C_Habana_cph3g05915u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Calle_de_Habana%2C_Habana_cph3g05915u.jpg/440px-Calle_de_Habana%2C_Habana_cph3g05915u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4248" /></a><figcaption>Havana, c. 1900. Photo by <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Jackson" title="William Henry Jackson">William Henry Jackson</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Republican Period, from 1902 to 1959, the city saw a new era of development. All endeavors of industry and commerce grew very rapidly. Cuba recovered from the devastation of war to become a well-off country, with the third largest middle class in the hemisphere, and Havana, the Capital of the country, became known as the Paris of the Caribbean. Construction was an important industry. Apartment buildings to accommodate the new middle class, as well as mansions for the Cuban tycoons, were built at a fast pace. Numerous luxury hotels, casinos and nightclubs were constructed during the 1930s to serve Havana's burgeoning tourist industry, strongly rivaling <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>. In the thirties, organized crime characters were not unaware of Havana's nightclub and casino life, and they made their inroads in the city. <a href="/wiki/Santo_Trafficante,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Trafficante, Jr.">Santo Trafficante, Jr.</a> took the roulette wheel at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sans-Souci_(Havana)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sans-Souci (Havana) (page does not exist)">Sans Souci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Lansky" title="Meyer Lansky">Meyer Lansky</a> directed the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Habana_Riviera" title="Hotel Habana Riviera">Hotel Habana Riviera</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Nacional_de_Cuba" title="Hotel Nacional de Cuba">Hotel Nacional</a> Casino. The <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Tryp_Habana_Libre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Tryp Habana Libre">Havana Hilton</a> owned by the Hospitality Workers Retirement Fund was Latin America's tallest, largest hotel. At the time, Havana became an exotic capital of appeal and numerous activities ranging from marinas, grand prix car racing, musical shows and parks. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muelle_San_Francisco,_Havana,_Cuba,_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Muelle_San_Francisco%2C_Havana%2C_Cuba%2C_1904.jpg/220px-Muelle_San_Francisco%2C_Havana%2C_Cuba%2C_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Muelle_San_Francisco%2C_Havana%2C_Cuba%2C_1904.jpg/330px-Muelle_San_Francisco%2C_Havana%2C_Cuba%2C_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Muelle_San_Francisco%2C_Havana%2C_Cuba%2C_1904.jpg/440px-Muelle_San_Francisco%2C_Havana%2C_Cuba%2C_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7172" data-file-height="5554" /></a><figcaption>Muelle San Francisco, Havana, Cuba, 1904</figcaption></figure> <p>The development and opportunity offered by Cuba in general, and Havana in particular, made the island a magnet for immigration. Cuba received millions of immigrants during the Republic. It received so many Spaniards that, today, it is estimated that one quarter of the Cuban population descends from Spanish immigrants. </p><p>Havana achieved the title of being the Latin American city with the biggest middle class population per-capita, simultaneously accompanied by gambling and corruption where gangsters and stars were known to mix socially. During this era, Havana was generally producing more revenue than <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>. A gallery of black and white portraits from the era still adorn the walls of the bar at the Hotel National, including pictures of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ava_Gardner" title="Ava Gardner">Ava Gardner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a>. In 1958, about 300,000 American tourists visited the city. One of the most well-known visitors and resident to the area was the American author <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> (1899–1961), who quoted, "<i>In terms of beauty, only <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and Paris surpassed Havana</i>". Hemingway wrote several of his famous novels in Cuba and lived there the last 22 years of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Havana had 135 cinemas at that time – more than Paris or New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-heroic_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heroic-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detroit_Photographic_Company_(0990).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280990%29.jpg/220px-Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280990%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280990%29.jpg/330px-Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280990%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280990%29.jpg/440px-Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280990%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption>Havana following the American invasion.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the revolution of 1959, the new government promised to improve social services, public housing, and official buildings; nevertheless, shortages that affected Cuba after Castro's abrupt expropriation of all private property and industry under a strong communist model backed by the Soviet Union followed by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">embargo</a>, hit Havana especially hard. As a result, today much of Havana is in a dilapidated state. By 1966–68, the Cuban government had <a href="/wiki/Nationalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalized">nationalized</a> all privately owned business entities in Cuba, down to "certain kinds of small retail forms of commerce" (law No. 1076<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Most of these laws and economic restrictions still remain today. </p><p>After the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, its subsidies to Cuba ended, costing the Cuban government billions of dollars, and causing a severe economic downturn. During this time of the 1990s that came to be known as the Special Period, Havana's communist government survived, but the worsening economic situation was illustrated by a change in a favorite joke: soon after Fidel Castro had come to power in 1959, the joke went, signs in the Havana Zoo were changed from "Please do not feed the animals" to "Please do not take the animals' food". During the Special Period, some people joked the signs were again changed, now begging visitors not to eat the animals.<sup id="cite_ref-zatz_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zatz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-parrotdiplomacy_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parrotdiplomacy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the <a href="/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl">peacocks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">buffalo</a> and even the <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">rhea</a> reportedly disappeared from the Havana zoo.<sup id="cite_ref-parrotdiplomacy_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parrotdiplomacy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 50 years of prohibition, the communist government increasingly turned to tourism for new financial revenue, and has allowed foreign investors to build new hotels and develop hospitality industry. Paradoxically, while foreign investment is welcome, Cubans are forbidden to participate. The Cuban population is only allowed to work as cooks, gardeners and taxi-drivers, but not to become owners or investors of any property. For these reason among others, the tourism industry during the socialist revolution has failed to generate the projected revenues. After a decline in the early 2000s, Cuban tourism hit an all-time high of 2.7 billion dollars (USD) in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Old Havana, effort has also gone into rebuilding for tourist purposes, and a number of streets and squares have been rehabilitated.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Old Havana is a large city, and the restoration efforts concentrate in all but less than 10% of its area. </p><p>In 2022, at least 40 people <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Saratoga_explosion" title="Hotel Saratoga explosion">were killed</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosion</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Saratoga,_Havana" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Saratoga, Havana">Hotel Saratoga</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Havana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Havana_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Havana history">Timeline of Havana history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Havana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alejandro de la Fuente, <i>Havana and the Atlantic in the Sixteenth Century</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historia_naval-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historia_naval_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historia_naval_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipen.org.br/webpages/noticiasS.htm">Historia de la Construcción Naval en Cuba</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070508202135/http://www.ipen.org.br/webpages/noticiasS.htm">Archived</a> 2007-05-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LaHabanaalSur.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:LaHabanaalSur.jpg">Fundación de La Habana a orillas del Río Onicajinal o Mayabeque</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mayabeque.blogia.com/2009/092601-san-cristobal-de-la-habana-en-el-sur-analisis-historico-geografico-de-su-localiz.php">San Cristobal de La Habana en el Sur</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, Hugh: <i>Cuba, A pursuit of freedom</i>, 2nd Edition, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seven_Years_War-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seven_Years_War_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seven_Years_War_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pocock, Tom: Battle for Empire: The very first world war 1756–63. Chapter Six.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siege-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siege_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siege_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siege_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, Hugh: Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom 2nd edition. Chapter One</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vernon-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vernon_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vernon_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gott, Richard (2004). <i>Cuba: A new history</i>. Yale University Press. pp. 39–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090801043029/http://www.vitruvius.com.br/arquitextos/arq000/esp175e.asp">"Arquitextos – Periódico mensal de textos de arquitetura"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitruvius.com.br/arquitextos/arq000/esp175e.asp">the original</a> on 2009-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arquitextos+%E2%80%93+Peri%C3%B3dico+mensal+de+textos+de+arquitetura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitruvius.com.br%2Farquitextos%2Farq000%2Fesp175e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Havana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ernest.hemingway.com/cuba.htm">Ernest Hemingway life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711162527/http://www.ernest.hemingway.com/cuba.htm">Archived</a> 2011-07-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Homing To The Stream: Ernest Hemingway in Cuba.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heroic-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heroic_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12851254">"The Cuban revolution at 50: Heroic myth and prosaic failure"</a>. The Economist. December 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Cuban+revolution+at+50%3A+Heroic+myth+and+prosaic+failure&rft.date=2008-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D12851254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Havana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigel_Hunt" class="citation web cs1">Nigel Hunt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100916065256/http://www.cubaheritage.org/articles.asp?lID=1&artID=236">"Cuba Nationalization Laws"</a>. cuba heritage .org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubaheritage.org/articles.asp?lID=1&artID=236">the original</a> on 2010-09-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuba+Nationalization+Laws&rft.pub=cuba+heritage+.org&rft.au=Nigel+Hunt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cubaheritage.org%2Farticles.asp%3FlID%3D1%26artID%3D236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Havana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zatz-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zatz_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarjorie_Sue_Zatz" class="citation book cs1">Marjorie Sue Zatz. <i>Producing Legality</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Producing+Legality&rft.au=Marjorie+Sue+Zatz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Havana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parrotdiplomacy-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parrotdiplomacy_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parrotdiplomacy_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11792274">"Parrot diplomacy"</a>. The Economist. July 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Parrot+diplomacy&rft.date=2008-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D11792274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Havana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2009-01-13-cuba-record-tourism_N.htm">"Cuba tourism reached record levels in 2008"</a>. Usatoday.Com. 2009-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cuba+tourism+reached+record+levels+in+2008&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2F2009-01-13-cuba-record-tourism_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Havana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012210544/http://granma.cu/ESPANOL/2006/diciembre/juev7/elogian-e.html">Old Havana restoration</a> – Success on the restoration program of Havana</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Havana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Havana#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Havana">Timeline of Havana § Bibliography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Havana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Havana,_capital_of_Cuba" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Havana" title="Template:Havana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Havana" title="Template talk:Havana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Havana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Havana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Havana,_capital_of_Cuba" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">City of Havana</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Havana" title="Timeline of Havana">Timeline</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana#Districts" title="Havana">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Havana" title="Coat of arms of Havana">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana#Architecture" title="Havana">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana#Culture" title="Havana">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana#Economy" title="Havana">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Havana" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Havana">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana#Administration" title="Havana">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana#Demographics" title="Havana">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana#Infrastructure" title="Havana">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana#Sports" title="Havana">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana#Notable_people" title="Havana">People from Havana</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_La_Habana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Havanai"><img alt="Seal of Havanai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_La_Habana.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_La_Habana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_La_Habana.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_La_Habana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_La_Habana.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_La_Habana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuba_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuba_topics" title="Template:Cuba topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuba_topics" title="Template talk:Cuba topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuba_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuba topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuba_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cuba-related_articles" title="Index of Cuba-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Revolution" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Pre-Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cuban_history" title="Timeline of Cuban history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cuba" title="List of colonial governors of Cuba">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Ten Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_War_(Cuba)" title="Little War (Cuba)">Little War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)#Sinking" title="USS Maine (1889)">Sinking of USS <i>Maine</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_I" title="Cuba during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Cuba_hurricane" title="1932 Cuba hurricane">1932 hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">United States embargo against Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escambray_rebellion" title="Escambray rebellion">Escambray rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">Operation Peter Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_literacy_campaign" title="Cuban literacy campaign">Cuban literacy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Debate_(Cuba)" title="Great Debate (Cuba)">Great Debate (Cuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Offensive" title="Revolutionary Offensive">Revolutionary Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_years" title="Grey years">Grey years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutionalization_process" title="Institutionalization process">Institutionalization process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban intervention in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariel_boatlift" title="Mariel boatlift">Mariel boatlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectification_process" title="Rectification process">Rectification process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleconazo" title="Maleconazo">Maleconazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ideas" title="Battle of Ideas">Battle of Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%932008_Cuban_transfer_of_presidential_duties" title="2006–2008 Cuban transfer of presidential duties">Fidel's transfer of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Havana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Havana" title="Timeline of Havana">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other cities <ul><li>Timelines: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Camag%C3%BCey" title="Timeline of Camagüey">Camagüey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cienfuegos" title="Timeline of Cienfuegos">Cienfuegos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Guant%C3%A1namo" title="Timeline of Guantánamo">Guantánamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Holgu%C3%ADn" title="Timeline of Holguín">Holguín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Matanzas" title="Timeline of Matanzas">Matanzas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Timeline of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Cuba" title="List of cities in Cuba">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Cuba" title="Municipalities of Cuba">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Cuba" title="Provinces of Cuba">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Cuba" title="List of islands of Cuba">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Cuba" title="List of earthquakes in Cuba">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuba_hurricanes" title="List of Cuba hurricanes">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Cuba" title="List of rivers of Cuba">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cuba" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Cuba">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cuba" title="Politics of Cuba">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cuba" title="Constitution of Cuba">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cuba" title="Corruption in Cuba">Corruption in Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Cuba)" title="Council of Ministers (Cuba)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Cuba)" title="Council of State (Cuba)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cuba" title="Elections in Cuba">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cuba" title="Foreign relations of Cuba">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cuba" title="Human rights in Cuba">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cuba" title="Censorship in Cuba">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Cuba" title="Human trafficking in Cuba">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cuba">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Cuba" title="Law of Cuba">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Cuba" title="List of political parties in Cuba">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="National Assembly of People's Power">National Assembly of People's Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_People%27s_Power" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of People's Power">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Cuba">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">President of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Cuba" title="List of heads of state of Cuba">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Cuba" title="Vice President of Cuba">Vice President of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba" title="Prime Minister of Cuba">Prime Minister of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Cuba" title="List of heads of government of Cuba">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Army" title="Cuban Revolutionary Army">Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Navy" title="Cuban Revolutionary Navy">Revolutionary Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Air_and_Air_Defense_Force" title="Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Troops_Militia" title="Territorial Troops Militia">Territorial Troops Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_National_Army" title="Cuban National Army">National Army</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Law enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Police_Force" title="National Revolutionary Police Force">National Revolutionary Police Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Revolution" title="Committees for the Defense of the Revolution">Committees for the Defense of the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Inteligencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirección General de Inteligencia">Dirección General de Inteligencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Counterintelligence_Directorate" title="Military Counterintelligence Directorate">Military Counterintelligence Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cuba" title="Agriculture in Cuba">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Reforma_Agraria" title="Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria">Agrarian reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPA_(agriculture)" title="CPA (agriculture)">Cooperatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cuba" title="Central Bank of Cuba">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_economy_of_Cuba" title="Dual economy of Cuba">Dual economy of Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_peso" title="Cuban peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_convertible_peso" title="Cuban convertible peso">Convertible peso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Cuba" title="International rankings of Cuba">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cuba" title="Telecommunications in Cuba">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cuba" title="Tourism in Cuba">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cuba" title="Transport in Cuba">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Cubana de Aviación">airline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cuba" title="Culture of Cuba">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Society" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_art" title="Cuban art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Cuba" title="Architecture of Cuba">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cuba" title="Cinema of Cuba">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cigar" title="Cuban cigar">Cigars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_from_Cuba" title="Dance from Cuba">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cuba" title="Education in Cuba">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Cuba">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cuba" title="Health in Cuba">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Cuba" title="Healthcare in Cuba">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Cuba" title="List of hospitals in Cuba">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Cuba" title="Internet in Cuba">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Cuba" title="Internet censorship in Cuba">Censorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_literature" title="Cuban literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Cuba" title="Mass media in Cuba">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Cuba" title="List of newspapers in Cuba">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Cuba" title="Television in Cuba">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_musical_theatre" title="Cuban musical theatre">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Havana" title="Festivals in Havana">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cuba" title="Public holidays in Cuba">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Havana_Cuba" title="Radio Havana Cuba">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_Cuba" title="Rationing in Cuba">Rationing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_and_Guiding_in_Cuba" title="Scouting and Guiding in Cuba">Scouting and Guiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolismo" title="Sociolismo">Sociolismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Cuba" title="Sport in Cuba">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Association football in Cuba">Association Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Cuba" title="Baseball in Cuba">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_Cuba" title="Boxing in Cuba">Boxing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cuba" title="Women in Cuba">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cuba" title="Demographics of Cuba">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Afro-Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_Americans" title="List of Cuban Americans">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Cuban" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verdean Cuban">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cubans" title="Chinese Cubans">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciboney" title="Ciboney">Ciboney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Cubans" title="Filipino Cubans">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Cuba" title="French immigration to Cuba">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Cuban" title="Haitian Cuban">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleño">Isleños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Cubans" title="Italian Cubans">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Cubans" title="Japanese Cubans">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Cuba" title="Koreans in Cuba">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_people_in_Cuba" title="List of Lebanese people in Cuba">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Mexican immigration to Cuba">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Spanish immigration to Cuba">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_architects" title="List of Cuban architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_artists" title="List of Cuban artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_athletes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cuban athletes">Athletes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_from_Cuba" title="List of Major League Baseball players from Cuba">Baseball players</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_painters" title="List of Cuban painters">Painters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_abstract_painters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cuban abstract painters">abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_writers" title="List of Cuban writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_women_writers" title="List of Cuban women writers">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuba" title="Category:Cuba">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cuba" title="Outline of Cuba">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cuba-related_articles" title="Index of Cuba-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Cuba_(1741–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_Cuba" title="Template:Years in Cuba"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Cuba" title="Template talk:Years in Cuba"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_Cuba" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in Cuba"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Cuba_(1741–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Years in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> (1741–present)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_18th_century_in_Cuba" title="Category:Years of the 18th century in Cuba">18th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1741_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1741 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1741</a>‎</li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1748_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1748 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1748</a>‎</li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1760_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1760 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1760</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1761_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1761 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1761</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1762_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1762 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1762</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1763_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1763 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1763</a>‎</li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1793_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1793 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1793</a>‎</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_19th_century_in_Cuba" title="Category:Years of the 19th century in Cuba">19th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1815_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1815 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1815</a></li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1822_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1822 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1822</a></li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1835_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1835 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1835</a></li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1840_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1840 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1840</a></li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1846_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1846 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1846</a></li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1853_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1853 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1854_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1854 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1854</a></li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1862_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1862 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1862</a></li> <li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1868_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1868 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1869_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1869 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1869</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1870_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1870 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1871_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1871 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1872_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1872 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1873_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1873 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1873</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1874_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1874 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1875_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1875 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1876_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1876 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1877_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1877 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1878_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1878 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1879_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1879 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1880_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1880 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1881_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1881 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1882_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1882 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1883_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1883 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1883</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1884_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1884 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1885_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1885 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1886_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1886 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1887_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1887 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1888_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1888 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1889_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1889 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1890_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1890 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1891_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1891 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1892_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1892 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1893_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1893 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1894_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1894 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1895_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1895 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1896_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1896 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1897_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1897 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1898_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1898 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1899_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1899 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1900_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1900 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1900</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_20th_century_in_Cuba" title="Category:Years of the 20th century in Cuba">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1901_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1901 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1902_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1902 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1903_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1903 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1904_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1904 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1905 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1906_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1906 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1907_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1907 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1908 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1910_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1910 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1911_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1911 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1912_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1912 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1913_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1913 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1914_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1914 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1915 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1916_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1916 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1917_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1917 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1918_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1918 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1919_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1919 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1920_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1920 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1921_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1921 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1922_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1922 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1923_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1923 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1924_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1924 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1925_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1925 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1926_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1926 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1927 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1928 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1929_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1929 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1930_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1930 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1932_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1932 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1933_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1933 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1935_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1936_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1936 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1937_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1938 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1939_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1939 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1940_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1940 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1941_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1942_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1942 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1943_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1943 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1944_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1944 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1945_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1945 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1946 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1950_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1950 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1952_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1952 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1954_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1954 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1956 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Cuba" title="1959 in Cuba">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1960_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1961_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1965_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1965 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 in Cuba">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1969_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1972_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1972 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1973_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1973 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1974_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1975_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1975 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1976_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1976 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1978 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1983_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999 in Cuba (page does not exist)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_21st_century_in_Cuba" title="Category:Years of the 21st century in Cuba">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2002_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2002 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2003 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 in Cuba (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Cuba" title="2013 in Cuba">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_Cuba" title="2014 in Cuba">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Cuba" title="2015 in Cuba">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Cuba" title="2016 in Cuba">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Cuba" title="2017 in Cuba">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Cuba" title="2018 in Cuba">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Cuba" title="2019 in Cuba">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Cuba" title="2020 in Cuba">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Cuba" title="2021 in Cuba">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Cuba" title="2022 in Cuba">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Cuba" title="2023 in Cuba">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Cuba" title="2024 in Cuba">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_Cuba" title="2025 in Cuba">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Havana&oldid=1227894678">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Havana&oldid=1227894678</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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