CINXE.COM
Fred Upton - Wikipedia
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Fred Upton - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1f628723-c09e-4212-be2c-940e0b45545e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Fred_Upton","wgTitle":"Fred Upton","wgCurRevisionId":1275436435,"wgRevisionId":1275436435,"wgArticleId":468360,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2011","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from January 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023","Articles with hAudio microformats","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017", "People appearing on C-SPAN","1953 births","American Congregationalists","Christians from Michigan","Living people","People from St. Joseph, Michigan","Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan","The Michigan Daily alumni","University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni","Upton family","21st-century members of the United States House of Representatives","20th-century members of the United States House of Representatives"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Fred_Upton","wgRelevantArticleId":468360,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q505236","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fred_Upton_113th_Congress_photo.jpg/1200px-Fred_Upton_113th_Congress_photo.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1623"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fred_Upton_113th_Congress_photo.jpg/800px-Fred_Upton_113th_Congress_photo.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1082"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fred_Upton_113th_Congress_photo.jpg/640px-Fred_Upton_113th_Congress_photo.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="866"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Fred Upton - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Upton"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Upton"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Fred_Upton rootpage-Fred_Upton skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fred+Upton" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fred+Upton" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fred+Upton" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fred+Upton" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life,_education,_and_early_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life,_education,_and_early_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life, education, and early political career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life,_education,_and_early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>U.S. House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle U.S. House of Representatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1986" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1986"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>1986</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1986-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1988" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1988"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>1988</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1988-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>1990</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>2002</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>2004</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>2006</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.8</span> <span>2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.9</span> <span>2010</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.10</span> <span>2012</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.11</span> <span>2014</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.12</span> <span>2016</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.13</span> <span>2018</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.14</span> <span>2020</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tenure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Health care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment_and_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment_and_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Environment and energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment_and_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Technology and infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Guns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>LGBT rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Donald_Trump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donald_Trump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>Donald Trump</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donald_Trump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.8</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steve_Bannon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steve_Bannon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.9</span> <span>Steve Bannon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steve_Bannon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.10</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.11</span> <span>Abortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Big_Tech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Big_Tech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.12</span> <span>Big Tech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Big_Tech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committee_assignments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committee_assignments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Committee assignments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committee_assignments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucus_memberships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucus_memberships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Caucus memberships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucus_memberships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fred Upton</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="فريد أبتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريد أبتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%86" title="فرد یوپتن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرد یوپتن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fred Upton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%86" title="فرد یوپتن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرد یوپتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fred Upton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fred Upton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fred Upton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פרד אפטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרד אפטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fred Upton" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="فريد وپتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريد وپتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fred Upton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fred Upton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fred Upton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фред Аптон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фред Аптон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%A0%93" title="弗雷德·阿普頓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗雷德·阿普頓" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q505236#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Fred_Upton" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Fred_Upton" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Fred_Upton" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&oldid=1275436435" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Fred_Upton&id=1275436435&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFred_Upton"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFred_Upton"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Fred_Upton&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fred_Upton" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q505236" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (born 1953)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other persons with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Upton_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Frederick Upton (disambiguation)">Frederick Upton (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Fred Upton</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fred_Upton_113th_Congress_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fred_Upton_113th_Congress_photo.jpg/220px-Fred_Upton_113th_Congress_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fred_Upton_113th_Congress_photo.jpg/330px-Fred_Upton_113th_Congress_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fred_Upton_113th_Congress_photo.jpg/440px-Fred_Upton_113th_Congress_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2164" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2013</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the<br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1987 – January 3, 2023</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Siljander" title="Mark D. Siljander">Mark D. Siljander</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">Debbie Dingell</a> (redistricting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="Michigan04 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 4th congressional district">4th district</a></span> (1987–1993)<br /><span data-sort-value="Michigan06 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 6th congressional district">6th district</a></span> (1993–2023)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce" title="United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce">House Energy and Commerce Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waxman" title="Henry Waxman">Henry Waxman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Walden" title="Greg Walden">Greg Walden</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Frederick Stephen Upton</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1953-04-23</span>) </span>April 23, 1953<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 71)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Michigan" title="St. Joseph, Michigan">St. Joseph, Michigan</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Amey Rulon-Miller</div> <div style="display:inline-block;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1983)<wbr />​</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emory_Upton" title="Emory Upton">Emory Upton</a> (2x great grand-uncle)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Louis_Upton" title="Louis Upton">Louis Upton</a> (grand-uncle)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kate_Upton" title="Kate Upton">Kate Upton</a> (niece)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Rep._Fred_Upton_in_Support_of_the_STELA_Reauthorization_Act_of_2014.ogg" title="File:Rep. Fred Upton in Support of the STELA Reauthorization Act of 2014.ogg">Fred Upton's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="261" data-mwtitle="Rep._Fred_Upton_in_Support_of_the_STELA_Reauthorization_Act_of_2014.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Rep._Fred_Upton_in_Support_of_the_STELA_Reauthorization_Act_of_2014.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Rep._Fred_Upton_in_Support_of_the_STELA_Reauthorization_Act_of_2014.ogg/Rep._Fred_Upton_in_Support_of_the_STELA_Reauthorization_Act_of_2014.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Upton, as chair of the <a href="/wiki/House_Energy_and_Commerce_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Energy and Commerce Committee">House Energy and Commerce Committee</a>, speaks in support of the <a href="/wiki/STELA_Reauthorization_Act_of_2014" title="STELA Reauthorization Act of 2014">STELA Reauthorization Act of 2014</a><br />Recorded November 19, 2014</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frederick Stephen Upton</b> (born April 23, 1953) is an American politician who served as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._representative" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. representative">U.S. representative</a> from <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> from 1987 to 2023. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, he represented <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">Kalamazoo</a> and much of southwestern Michigan for 18 terms before retiring in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A former chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce" title="United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce">Committee on Energy and Commerce</a>, Upton has played a major role in shaping post-<a href="/wiki/Obamacare" class="mw-redirect" title="Obamacare">Obamacare</a> health care legislation. He is the only person in American history to vote to impeach two presidents; he voted for the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">impeachment of Bill Clinton</a> in 1998 and the <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">second impeachment of Donald Trump</a> in 2021, as one of ten Republicans who voted to impeach Trump.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Sander Levin</a> retired at the end of the <a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">115th Congress</a>, Upton became the dean of <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Michigan" title="United States congressional delegations from Michigan">Michigan's congressional delegation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_education,_and_early_political_career"><span id="Early_life.2C_education.2C_and_early_political_career"></span>Early life, education, and early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, education, and early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upton was born in <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Michigan" title="St. Joseph, Michigan">St. Joseph, Michigan</a>, the son of Elizabeth B. (née Vial) and Stephen Edward Upton (1924–2022<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended <a href="/wiki/Shattuck-Saint_Mary%27s" title="Shattuck-Saint Mary's">Shattuck-Saint Mary's</a>, graduating in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He earned a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">B.A.</a> in journalism from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> in 1975. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Delta Phi">Alpha Delta Phi</a> fraternity, Peninsular Chapter, and became a sports editor at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Michigan_Daily" title="The Michigan Daily">The Michigan Daily</a></i> and thought he might someday cover the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cubs" title="Chicago Cubs">Chicago Cubs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served on the congressional staff of U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/David_Stockman" title="David Stockman">David Stockman</a> from 1976 to 1980. He was in the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> (OMB) under <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> from 1981 to 1985, while Stockman served as OMB Director.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: U.S. House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rep_Fred_Upton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rep_Fred_Upton.jpg/220px-Rep_Fred_Upton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Rep_Fred_Upton.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>Upton during the <a href="/wiki/100th_United_States_Congress" title="100th United States Congress">100th Congress</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C49769_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C49769_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C49769_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C49769_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C49769_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C49769_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Upton with President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1988</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_and_Fred_Upton_on_Air_Force_One.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/President_George_W._Bush_and_Fred_Upton_on_Air_Force_One.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Fred_Upton_on_Air_Force_One.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/President_George_W._Bush_and_Fred_Upton_on_Air_Force_One.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Fred_Upton_on_Air_Force_One.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/President_George_W._Bush_and_Fred_Upton_on_Air_Force_One.jpg/440px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Fred_Upton_on_Air_Force_One.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>Upton with President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in 2001</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1986">1986</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1986"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upton ran in <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 4th congressional district">Michigan's 4th congressional district</a> against incumbent <a href="/wiki/Mark_Siljander" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Siljander">Mark Siljander</a>, Stockman's successor. Upton won the Republican <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary</a> 55%–45%<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the general election with 62% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1988">1988</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1988"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upton won reelection to a second term with 71% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990">1990</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1990"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upton defeated <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Fredricks" title="Edgar Fredricks">Ed Fredricks</a> in the Republican primary, 63%–37%.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the general election, he was reelected to a third term with 58% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000">2000</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan#District_6" title="2000 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan">2000 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan § District 6</a></div> <p>After redistricting, Upton decided to run in the newly redrawn <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 6th congressional district">Michigan's 6th congressional district</a>, winning reelection to a fourth term with 62% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2002">2002</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2002"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan#District_6" title="2002 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan">2002 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan § District 6</a></div> <p>After redistricting, Upton faced a primary challenge from State Senator Dale Shugars. Upton defeated Shugars 66%–32%.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won the general election with 69% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2004">2004</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2004"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan#District_6" title="2004 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan">2004 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan § District 6</a></div> <p>Upton defeated <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee Scott Elliott, an art gallery owner, 65%–32%.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2006">2006</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2006"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan#District_6" title="2006 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan">2006 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan § District 6</a></div> <p>Upton defeated Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Kim_Clark_(candidate)" title="Kim Clark (candidate)">Kim Clark</a>, 61%–38%.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008">2008</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan#District_6" title="2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan">2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan § District 6</a></div> <p>Upton defeated Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Don_Cooney" title="Don Cooney">Don Cooney</a>, a Kalamazoo City Commissioner, 59%–39%.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010">2010</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan#District_6" title="2010 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan">2010 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan § District 6</a></div> <p>Upton defeated former State Representative <a href="/wiki/Jack_Hoogendyk" title="Jack Hoogendyk">Jack Hoogendyk</a> in the Republican primary, 57%–43%.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the general election, he defeated Cooney, 62%–34%.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2012">2012</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2012"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan#District_6" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan">2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan § District 6</a></div> <p>In 2011, Hoogendyk met with the <a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a>, a conservative <a href="/wiki/501(c)_organization" title="501(c) organization">501(c)4</a> organization, about running against Upton again.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upton had been criticized for not being <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> enough by <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Glenn Beck</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a>, Right to Life of Michigan, and the Southwest Michigan <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 17, 2012, Hoogendyk announced that he would challenge Upton in the primary, the winner of which would face the Democratic nominee, former <a href="/wiki/Marine_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (military)">marine</a> and businessman <a href="/wiki/Mike_O%27Brien_(Michigan_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike O'Brien (Michigan politician)">Mike O'Brien</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initial polls showed Upton with a sizable lead over O'Brien, but an October poll showed Upton and O'Brien in a dead heat heading into the final stretch of the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2014">2014</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2014"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan#District_6" title="2014 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan">2014 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan § District 6</a></div> <p>Upton won with 55.9% of the vote, defeating Democrat Paul Clements, Libertarian Erwin Haas, and Green Party candidate John Lawrence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016">2016</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2016"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan#District_6" title="2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan">2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan § District 6</a></div> <p>Upton was reelected, defeating Democratic nominee Paul Clements, a political science professor at Western Michigan University, 58.5%–36.4%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2018">2018</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2018"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan#District_6" title="2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan">2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan § District 6</a></div> <p>Upton was reelected with 50.2% of the vote against Democratic nominee Matt Longjohn (45.75%) and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Taxpayers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Taxpayers Party">U.S. Taxpayers Party</a> candidate Stephen Young (4.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020">2020</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2020"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Michigan#District_6" title="2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan">2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan § District 6</a></div> <p>Upton was reelected with 55.9% of the vote against Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Jon_Hoadley" title="Jon Hoadley">Jon Hoadley</a> (40.2%), Libertarian Party nominee Jeff Depoy (2.75%), and Green Party candidate John Lawrence (1.2%).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenure">Tenure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tenure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FredUptonofficial_(cropped3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/FredUptonofficial_%28cropped3%29.jpg/220px-FredUptonofficial_%28cropped3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/FredUptonofficial_%28cropped3%29.jpg/330px-FredUptonofficial_%28cropped3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/FredUptonofficial_%28cropped3%29.jpg/440px-FredUptonofficial_%28cropped3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1107" /></a><figcaption>Upton in 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Upton has been a member of moderate Republican factions <a href="/wiki/The_Tuesday_Group_(of_moderate_Republican_congressmen)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tuesday Group (of moderate Republican congressmen)">The Tuesday Group</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 4, 2021, he joined 10 other Republican House members voting with all voting Democrats to strip <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene" title="Marjorie Taylor Greene">Marjorie Taylor Greene</a> of her <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Education_and_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Education and Labor">House Education and Labor Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_Budget_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Budget Committee">House Budget Committee</a> assignments in response to controversial political statements she had made.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Health_care">Health care</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Health care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upton voted against passage of the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a> (ACA) and has since voted in favor of its complete repeal. In November 2013, in response to Americans losing their <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a> coverage because of the ACA, Upton proposed a bill that would allow them to retain it.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The essence of his bill was to allow insurance companies to maintain their individual insurance market policies according to state insurance rules that were in effect as of 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, Upton played an important role advancing Republican Party efforts to repeal the ACA.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, Upton introduced a bill that would grant the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> more power to regulate drug <a href="/wiki/Compounding" title="Compounding">compounding</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Compounding_Center_meningitis_outbreak" title="New England Compounding Center meningitis outbreak">New England Compounding Center meningitis outbreak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-senateinches_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senateinches-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Obama signed the <a href="/wiki/21st_Century_Cures_Act" title="21st Century Cures Act">21st Century Cures Act</a><sup id="cite_ref-21st_Century_Cures_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21st_Century_Cures-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into law, a bill Upton co-sponsored. The act establishes funds for biomedical research and to develop and implement a strategic plan for biomedical research.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Upton and Representative <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">Debbie Dingell</a> worked together on legislation designed to combat <a href="/wiki/Opioid_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid crisis">opioid addiction</a>. Among other things, it would allocate funding for research into new, non-addictive pain relievers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environment_and_energy">Environment and energy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Environment and energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007 Upton co-sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007" title="Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007">Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007</a>, which, among other things, mandated phased-in <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> standards for most light bulbs.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, he noted that the legislation, ultimately signed into law by President George W. Bush, would "help preserve energy resources and reduce harmful emissions, all while saving American families billions of dollars on their electric bills."<sup id="cite_ref-Time050913_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time050913-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Glenn Beck</a> called Upton "all socialist" for supporting the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2009, Upton said that "<a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">climate change</a> is a serious problem that necessitates serious solutions. Everything must be on the table."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would later be criticized for moderating his position on carbon emissions,<sup id="cite_ref-MoJo_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoJo-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading a failed effort to stop the Obama administration from enforcing the new energy standards.<sup id="cite_ref-Time050913_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time050913-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upton's website once stated: "I strongly believe that everything must be on the table as we seek to reduce <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-MoJo_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoJo-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2010, he co-authored a <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i> opinion piece saying he was "not convinced" that "carbon is a problem in need of regulation" and urging <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to overturn <i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency">Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upton and <a href="/wiki/Ed_Whitfield" title="Ed Whitfield">Ed Whitfield</a> co-sponsored H.R. 910, the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Tax_Prevention_Act" title="Energy Tax Prevention Act">Energy Tax Prevention Act</a> of 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his environmental policies, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Los Angeles Times">The Los Angeles Times</a></i> wrote in 2011 that Upton "represents one of the biggest threats to planet Earth on planet Earth."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, Upton, as chair of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, said that Congress's refusal to set <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> limits "constituted a decision and that lawmakers should act now to reverse the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> emissions rules." Carbon regulation, he said, "threatens to drive energy prices higher, destroy jobs and hamstring our economic recovery."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 22, 2013, Upton introduced the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Energy_Infrastructure_Act_(H.R._3301;_113th_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Energy Infrastructure Act (H.R. 3301; 113th Congress)">North American Energy Infrastructure Act (H.R. 3301; 113th Congress)</a>, a bill that would make changes to permitting requirements for pipelines and other energy infrastructure at international borders.<sup id="cite_ref-3301cbo_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3301cbo-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3301sum_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3301sum-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said the bill "is a sincere effort to focus a targeted solution to lessons learned from the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Pipeline" title="Keystone Pipeline">Keystone Pipeline</a>... No one can rightly argue that the current presidential permit process as the State Department is not broken, no matter what side of the climate debate you're on."<sup id="cite_ref-WHthreatensCarna_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHthreatensCarna-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upton added, "we're creating a fair and transparent approval process for cross-border energy projects, putting them all on a level playing field for the benefit of North American energy security, lower energy prices, and jobs."<sup id="cite_ref-PassutNGI_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PassutNGI-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2017, Upton has received more than $2 million in campaign donations from oil and gas companies and electric utilities over the course of his political career.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Climate_Solutions_Caucus" title="Climate Solutions Caucus">Climate Solutions Caucus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Technology_and_infrastructure">Technology and infrastructure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Technology and infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upton introduced legislation to reverse the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC's</a> ruling on net neutrality in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 5, 2021, Upton was one of 13 House Republicans to break with their party and vote with a majority of Democrats in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guns">Guns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Guns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, Upton supported a bill that requires background checks for private firearm sales.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has called for Congress to pass a bipartisan <a href="/wiki/Red_flag_law" title="Red flag law">red flag law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2021, Upton was one of eight Republicans to join the House majority in passing the <a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Background_Checks_Act_of_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2021">Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2021</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LGBT_rights">LGBT rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: LGBT rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004 and 2006, Upton voted for a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, he voted against the Equality Act, which would extend existing civil rights legislation to protect LGBT individuals from discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, Upton condemned controversial anti-gay remarks by Republican National Committeeman <a href="/wiki/David_Agema" title="David Agema">David Agema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Upton was one of 29 Republicans to vote to reauthorize the <a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act" title="Violence Against Women Act">Violence Against Women Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bill expanded legal protections for transgender people, and contained provisions allowing transgender women to use women's shelters and serve time in prisons matching their gender identity.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Upton was one of 33 Republicans to vote for the LGBTQ Business Equal Credit Enforcement and Investment Act.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Upton co-sponsored the Fairness for All Act, the Republican alternative to the Equality Act.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill would prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity, and protect the free exercise of religion. </p><p>On July 19, 2022, Upton and 46 other Republican Representatives voted for the <a href="/wiki/Respect_for_Marriage_Act" title="Respect for Marriage Act">Respect for Marriage Act</a>, which would codify the right to same-sex marriage in federal law.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy">Economy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, during the <a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th Congress</a>, Upton broke with his party, one of seven Republicans to side with Democrats by voting for legislation that would fund government services and end a <a href="/wiki/Government_shutdowns_in_the_United_States" title="Government shutdowns in the United States">shutdown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2021, Upton voted against a $1.9 trillion COVID relief bill that provided $10 billion in federal aid to Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Donald Trump"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Trump's presidency, Upton voted in line with Trump's stated position 78.6% of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2019, Upton was one of four Republican House members to vote in support of a motion to condemn comments Trump made on Twitter calling on four <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> Congresswomen, three of whom were born in the U.S., to "go back and help fix the totally broken and crime infested places from which they came."<sup id="cite_ref-Sonmez_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonmez-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LeBlanc_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeBlanc-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 18, 2019, Upton voted against <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment of Donald Trump">both articles of impeachment against Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 12, 2021, Upton announced he would vote to impeach Trump in the pending vote on <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">a second impeachment</a>, claiming Trump incited the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a>, becoming the fourth House Republican to say they would vote to impeach.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ultimately did so alongside nine other Republicans on January 13.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 21, 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Allegan_County,_Michigan" title="Allegan County, Michigan">Allegan County</a> Republican Party censured Upton for his vote to impeach Trump.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was later censured by the <a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Michigan" title="Cass County, Michigan">Cass County</a> Republican Party for voting to remove <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene" title="Marjorie Taylor Greene">Marjorie Taylor Greene</a> from the House Education Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 19, 2021, Upton was one of 35 Republicans who joined all Democrats in voting to approve legislation to establish the <a href="/wiki/January_6_commission" title="January 6 commission">January 6 commission</a> meant to investigate the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">Capitol attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the vote, he was one of few Republican lawmakers to openly express support for the commission.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2024, Upton endorsed <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> in the 2024 presidential election, calling Trump "unfit to serve".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iraq">Iraq</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2021, Upton was one of 49 House Republicans to vote to repeal the <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Iraq_Resolution_of_2002" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002">AUMF</a> against Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steve_Bannon">Steve Bannon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Steve Bannon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 21, 2021, Upton was one of nine House Republicans who voted to hold <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a> in contempt of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration">Immigration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upton supports <a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">DACA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upton voted for the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2020 which authorizes DHS to nearly double the available H-2B visas for the remainder of FY 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upton voted for the Consolidated Appropriations Act (H.R. 1158),<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which effectively prohibits ICE from cooperating with Health and Human Services to detain or remove illegal alien sponsors of unaccompanied alien children (UACs).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abortion">Abortion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Abortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upton was one of three Republicans to vote for H.R. 8297: Ensuring Access to Abortion Act of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upton voted for H.R. 8373: The Right to Contraception Act. This bill was designed to protect access to contraceptives and health care providers' ability to provide contraceptives and information related to contraception.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill would also fund <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Big_Tech">Big Tech</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Big Tech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022, Upton was one of 39 Republicans to vote for the Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act of 2022, an antitrust package that would crack down on corporations for anti-competitive behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Committee_assignments">Committee assignments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Committee assignments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce" title="United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce">Committee on Energy and Commerce</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caucus_memberships">Caucus memberships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Caucus memberships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Congressional Automotive Caucus<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Co-Vice Chair)</li> <li>Congressional Competitiveness Caucus<sup id="cite_ref-votesmart.org_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-votesmart.org-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Congressional Travel and Tourism Caucus<sup id="cite_ref-votesmart.org_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-votesmart.org-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Diabetes Caucus<sup id="cite_ref-votesmart.org_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-votesmart.org-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>India Caucus<sup id="cite_ref-votesmart.org_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-votesmart.org-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Indian-Americans Caucus<sup id="cite_ref-votesmart.org_93-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-votesmart.org-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_International_Conservation_Caucus" title="United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus">United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sportsmen's Caucus<sup id="cite_ref-votesmart.org_93-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-votesmart.org-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bipartisan Climate Solutions Caucus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Baltic_Caucus" title="House Baltic Caucus">House Baltic Caucus</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Arts_Caucus" title="Congressional Arts Caucus">Congressional Arts Caucus</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upton's grandfather and eponym, Frederick Upton, served as vice-president of appliance manufacturer and marketer <a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_Corporation" title="Whirlpool Corporation">Whirlpool Corporation</a>, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Benton_Harbor,_Michigan" title="Benton Harbor, Michigan">Benton Harbor</a>, which was founded by his great-uncle <a href="/wiki/Louis_Upton" title="Louis Upton">Louis Upton</a>. He and his wife have two children.<sup id="cite_ref-pvs_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvs-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upton's niece is supermodel <a href="/wiki/Kate_Upton" title="Kate Upton">Kate Upton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open Secrets reported that Upton had a net worth of $78 million in 2018, making him one of Congress's richest members.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upton is a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines" title="Michigan Wolverines">Michigan Wolverines</a> athletics, as well as an enthusiastic <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cubs" title="Chicago Cubs">Chicago Cubs</a> baseball fan.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Emil_Verban" title="Emil Verban">Emil Verban</a> Society.<sup id="cite_ref-pvs_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvs-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upton is a <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <caption><span data-sort-value="Michigan04 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 4th congressional district">Michigan's 4th congressional district</a></span>: Results 1986–1990<sup id="cite_ref-clerk_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clerk-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fedelect_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fedelect-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th> </th> <th>Republican </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th> </th> <th>Democratic </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th> </th> <th>Third Party </th> <th>Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_House_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 United States House election">1986</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">70,331 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">62% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Dan Roche </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">41,624 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">37% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC">Richard Gillmor </td> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC">1,649 </td> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC">1% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_House_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 United States House election">1988</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">132,270 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">71% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Norman Rivers </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">54,428 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">29% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_House_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 United States House election">1990</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">75,850 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">58% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">JoAnne McFarland </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">55,449 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">42% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <caption><span data-sort-value="Michigan06 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 6th congressional district">Michigan's 6th congressional district</a></span>: Results 1992–2020<sup id="cite_ref-clerk_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clerk-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fedelect_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fedelect-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th> </th> <th>Republican </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th> </th> <th>Democratic </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th> </th> <th>Third Party </th> <th>Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th> </th> <th>Third Party </th> <th>Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th> </th> <th>Third Party </th> <th>Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_House_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 United States House election">1992</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">144,083 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">62% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Andy Davis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">89,020 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">38% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_House_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 United States House election">1994</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">121,932 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">73% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">David Taylor </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">42,348 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">26% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;">E. A. Berker </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law</a> </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;">1,667 </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;">1% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_House_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 United States House election">1996</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">146,170 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">68% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Clarence Annen </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">66,243 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">31% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">Scott Beavers </td> <td style="background:#FED105"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">3,370 </td> <td style="background:#FED105">2% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_House_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 United States House election">1998</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">113,292 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">70% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Clarence Annen </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">45,358 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">28% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">Glenn Whitt </td> <td style="background:#FED105"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">1,833 </td> <td style="background:#FED105">1% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;">Ken Asmus </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law</a> </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;">1,091 </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;">1% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_House_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 United States House election">2000</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">159,373 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">68% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">James Bupp </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">68,532 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">29% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">William Bradley </td> <td style="background:#FED105"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">3,573 </td> <td style="background:#FED105">2% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#D08EE4">Richard Overton </td> <td style="background:#D08EE4"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party (United States)">Reform</a> </td> <td style="background:#D08EE4">1,872 </td> <td style="background:#D08EE4">1% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#A356DE">C. Dennis James </td> <td style="background:#A356DE"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Taxpayers_Party_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Taxpayers Party of Michigan">USTPM</a> </td> <td style="background:#A356DE">1,290 </td> <td style="background:#A356DE">1% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_House_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 United States House election">2002</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">126,936 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">69% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Gary Giguere </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">53,793 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">29% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#D08EE4">Richard Overton </td> <td style="background:#D08EE4"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party (United States)">Reform</a> </td> <td style="background:#D08EE4">2,788 </td> <td style="background:#D08EE4">2% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_House_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 United States House election">2004</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">197,425 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">65% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">Scott Elliott </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">97,978 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">32% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c">Randall MacPhee </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a> </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c">2,311 </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c">1% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">Erwin Haas </td> <td style="background:#FED105"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">2,275 </td> <td style="background:#FED105">1% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#A356DE">W. Dennis FitzSimons </td> <td style="background:#A356DE"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Taxpayers_Party_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Taxpayers Party of Michigan">USTPM</a> </td> <td style="background:#A356DE">2,169 </td> <td style="background:#A356DE">1% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 United States House election">2006</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">142,125 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">61% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Clark_(candidate)" title="Kim Clark (candidate)">Kim Clark</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">88,978 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">38% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">Kenneth Howe </td> <td style="background:#FED105"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">3,480 </td> <td style="background:#FED105">1% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_House_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 United States House election">2008</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">188,157 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">59% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Don_Cooney" title="Don Cooney">Don Cooney</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">123,257 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">39% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">Greg Merle </td> <td style="background:#FED105"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">4,720 </td> <td style="background:#FED105">1% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c">Edward Pinkney </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a> </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c">3,512 </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c">1% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2010 United States House of Representatives elections">2010</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">123,142 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">62% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Don_Cooney" title="Don Cooney">Don Cooney</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">66,729 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">34% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#A356DE">Melvin Valkner </td> <td style="background:#A356DE"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Taxpayers_Party_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Taxpayers Party of Michigan">USTPM</a> </td> <td style="background:#A356DE">3,672 </td> <td style="background:#A356DE">2% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">Fred Strand </td> <td style="background:#FED105"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">3,369 </td> <td style="background:#FED105">2% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c">Pat Foster </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a> </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c">1,784 </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c">1% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections">2012</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">174,955 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">55% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Mike_O%27Brien_(Michigan_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike O'Brien (Michigan politician)">Mike O'Brien</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">136,563 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">43% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">Christie Gelineau </td> <td style="background:#FED105"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">6,366 </td> <td style="background:#FED105">2% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#A356DE">Jason Gatties </td> <td style="background:#A356DE"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Taxpayers_Party_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Taxpayers Party of Michigan">USTPM</a> </td> <td style="background:#A356DE">2,591 </td> <td style="background:#A356DE">1% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2014 United States House of Representatives elections">2014</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">116,801 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">56% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Clements" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Clements">Paul Clements</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">84,391 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">40% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">Erwin Haas </td> <td style="background:#FED105"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">5,530 </td> <td style="background:#FED105">3% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c">John Lawrence </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a> </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c">2,254 </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c">1% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2016 United States House of Representatives elections">2016</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">193,246 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">58% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Clements" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Clements">Paul Clements</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">119,975 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">36% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FED105"><a href="/wiki/Lorence_Wenke" title="Lorence Wenke">Lorence Wenke</a> </td> <td style="background:#FED105"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">16,249 </td> <td style="background:#FED105">5% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2018 United States House of Representatives elections">2018</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">147,436 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">50% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Matt_Longjohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Matt Longjohn">Matt Longjohn</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">134,082 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">46% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#A356DE">Stephen J. Young </td> <td style="background:#A356DE"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Taxpayers_Party_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Taxpayers Party of Michigan">USTPM</a> </td> <td style="background:#A356DE">11,920 </td> <td style="background:#A356DE">4% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2020 United States House of Representatives elections">2020</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><b>Fred Upton</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">211,496 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">56% </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Hoadley" title="Jon Hoadley">Jon Hoadley</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">152,085 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">40% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">Jeff Depoy </td> <td style="background:#FED105"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">Libertarian</a> </td> <td style="background:#FED105">10,399 </td> <td style="background:#FED105">3% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c">John Lawrence </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a> </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c">4,440 </td> <td style="background:#17aa5c">1% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Michigan" title="Portal:Michigan">Michigan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNann_BurkeLeBlanc2022" class="citation news cs1">Nann Burke, Melissa; LeBlanc, Beth (April 5, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2022/04/05/upton-announcing-plans-retire-u-s-house-wont-run-again/7272320001/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'This is it for me': Upton plans to retire from U.S. House, won't face Huizenga in primary"</a>. <i>The Detroit News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Detroit+News&rft.atitle=%27This+is+it+for+me%27%3A+Upton+plans+to+retire+from+U.S.+House%2C+won%27t+face+Huizenga+in+primary&rft.date=2022-04-05&rft.aulast=Nann+Burke&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft.au=LeBlanc%2C+Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F04%2F05%2Fupton-announcing-plans-retire-u-s-house-wont-run-again%2F7272320001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2021" class="citation news cs1">Coleman, Justine (January 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/534282-upton-becomes-first-member-of-house-to-vote-to-impeach-two-presidents/">"Upton becomes first member of Congress to vote to impeach two presidents"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Upton+becomes+first+member+of+Congress+to+vote+to+impeach+two+presidents&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Justine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F534282-upton-becomes-first-member-of-house-to-vote-to-impeach-two-presidents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2022" class="citation news cs1">Staff (December 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/heraldpalladium/name/stephen-upton-obituary?id=38492097">"Stephen Upton Obituary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Herald-Palladium" title="The Herald-Palladium">The Herald-Palladium</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald-Palladium&rft.atitle=Stephen+Upton+Obituary&rft.date=2022-12-28&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legacy.com%2Fus%2Fobituaries%2Fheraldpalladium%2Fname%2Fstephen-upton-obituary%3Fid%3D38492097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019092947/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~battle/reps/upton.htm">"Frederick Stephen Upton"</a>. rootsweb.ancestry.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~battle/reps/upton.htm">the original</a> on October 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frederick+Stephen+Upton&rft.pub=rootsweb.ancestry.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com%2F~battle%2Freps%2Fupton.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/862/000040742">"Fred Upton"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823145951/http://www.nndb.com/people/862/000040742/">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fred+Upton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F862%2F000040742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wapo_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill2011" class="citation news cs1">Will, George F. (January 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/07/AR2011010703152.html">"Fred Upton, Rust Belt revolutionary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818072803/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/07/AR2011010703152.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Fred+Upton%2C+Rust+Belt+revolutionary&rft.date=2011-01-09&rft.aulast=Will&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2011%2F01%2F07%2FAR2011010703152.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/2013/04/david_stockman_former_southwes.html">"David Stockman, former southwest Michigan congressman and Reagan aide, offers dire view of U.S. economy"</a>. <i>mlive</i>. April 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mlive&rft.atitle=David+Stockman%2C+former+southwest+Michigan+congressman+and+Reagan+aide%2C+offers+dire+view+of+U.S.+economy&rft.date=2013-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Fkalamazoo%2F2013%2F04%2Fdavid_stockman_former_southwes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=223545">"MI District 4 – R Primary Race"</a>. Our Campaigns. August 5, 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081044/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=223545">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MI+District+4+%E2%80%93+R+Primary+Race&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft.date=1986-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D223545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=52363">"MI District 4 Race"</a>. Our Campaigns. November 4, 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080941/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=52363">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MI+District+4+Race&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft.date=1986-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D52363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=37667">"MI District 4 Race"</a>. Our Campaigns. November 8, 1988. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081120/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=37667">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MI+District+4+Race&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft.date=1988-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D37667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=514490">"MI District 4 – R Primary Race"</a>. Our Campaigns. August 7, 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081056/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=514490">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MI+District+4+%E2%80%93+R+Primary+Race&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft.date=1990-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D514490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=34075">"MI District 4 Race"</a>. Our Campaigns. November 6, 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080953/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=34075">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MI+District+4+Race&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft.date=1990-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D34075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=28013">"MI District 6 Race"</a>. Our Campaigns. November 3, 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081019/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=28013">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MI+District+6+Race&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft.date=1992-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D28013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=481481">"MI District 6 – R Primary Race"</a>. Our Campaigns. August 6, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081006/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=481481">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MI+District+6+%E2%80%93+R+Primary+Race&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft.date=2002-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D481481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=1167">"MI District 6 Race"</a>. Our Campaigns. November 5, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024215625/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=1167">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MI+District+6+Race&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft.date=2002-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D1167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=4188">"MI – District 06 Race"</a>. Our Campaigns. November 2, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081157/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=4188">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MI+%E2%80%93+District+06+Race&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft.date=2004-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D4188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=206962">"MI – District 06 Race"</a>. Our Campaigns. November 7, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081032/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=206962">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MI+%E2%80%93+District+06+Race&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft.date=2006-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D206962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=387989">"MI – District 06 Race"</a>. Our Campaigns. November 4, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081132/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=387989">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MI+%E2%80%93+District+06+Race&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft.date=2008-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D387989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=646530">"MI District 06 – R Primary Race"</a>. Our Campaigns. August 3, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616123100/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=646530">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MI+District+06+%E2%80%93+R+Primary+Race&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft.date=2010-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D646530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=496769">"MI – District 06 Race"</a>. Our Campaigns. November 2, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614123135/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=496769">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MI+%E2%80%93+District+06+Race&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft.date=2010-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D496769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToeplitz2011" class="citation news cs1">Toeplitz, Shira (November 2, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rollcall.com/news/club_for_growth_encouraging_upton_primary_challenger-209999-1.html">"Club for Growth Encouraging Upton Primary Challenger"</a>. <i>Roll Call</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202113119/http://www.rollcall.com/news/club_for_growth_encouraging_upton_primary_challenger-209999-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roll+Call&rft.atitle=Club+for+Growth+Encouraging+Upton+Primary+Challenger&rft.date=2011-11-02&rft.aulast=Toeplitz&rft.aufirst=Shira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollcall.com%2Fnews%2Fclub_for_growth_encouraging_upton_primary_challenger-209999-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelsohnDobias2012" class="citation web cs1">Samuelsohn, Darren; Dobias, Matt (January 11, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0112/71347.html">"Fred Upton still faces arrows from the right"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229161429/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0112/71347.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fred+Upton+still+faces+arrows+from+the+right&rft.pub=Politico&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft.aulast=Samuelsohn&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft.au=Dobias%2C+Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F0112%2F71347.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlug2012" class="citation web cs1">Klug, Fritz (January 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2012/01/jack_hoogendyk_to_again_challe.html">"Jack Hoogendyk to challenge U.S. Rep. Fred Upton again for seat in Congress"</a>. Kalamazoo Gazette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717095235/http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2012/01/jack_hoogendyk_to_again_challe.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jack+Hoogendyk+to+challenge+U.S.+Rep.+Fred+Upton+again+for+seat+in+Congress&rft.pub=Kalamazoo+Gazette&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft.aulast=Klug&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Fkalamazoo%2Findex.ssf%2F2012%2F01%2Fjack_hoogendyk_to_again_challe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoeman" class="citation news cs1">Coeman, Zak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernherald.com/news/democrat-campaigns-for-house/">"Democrat Campaigns for House"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Western_Herald_(Western_Michigan_University)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Herald (Western Michigan University)">Western Herald</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511093259/http://www.westernherald.com/news/democrat-campaigns-for-house/">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Herald&rft.atitle=Democrat+Campaigns+for+House&rft.aulast=Coeman&rft.aufirst=Zak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernherald.com%2Fnews%2Fdemocrat-campaigns-for-house%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elections.nytimes.com/2012/ratings/house">"House Race Ratings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004175928/http://elections.nytimes.com/2012/ratings/house">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=House+Race+Ratings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felections.nytimes.com%2F2012%2Fratings%2Fhouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlug2012" class="citation web cs1">Klug, Fritz (October 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2012/10/southwest_michigan_politics_mi_1.html">"Southwest Michigan Politics: Mike O'Brien poll shows challenger in 'dead heat' with Congressman Fred Upton"</a>. MLive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012023537/http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2012/10/southwest_michigan_politics_mi_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southwest+Michigan+Politics%3A+Mike+O%27Brien+poll+shows+challenger+in+%27dead+heat%27+with+Congressman+Fred+Upton&rft.pub=MLive&rft.date=2012-10-13&rft.aulast=Klug&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Fkalamazoo%2Findex.ssf%2F2012%2F10%2Fsouthwest_michigan_politics_mi_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/michigan-house-district-6">"Michigan Election Results: Sixth House District"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113075623/https://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/michigan-house-district-6">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Michigan+Election+Results%3A+Sixth+House+District&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Felections%2Fresults%2Fmichigan-house-district-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">;2018 election Upton won reelection with 50.2% of the vote against Democratic candidate Matt Longjohn (45.75%) and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Taxpayers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Taxpayers Party">U.S. Taxpayers Party</a> candidate Stephen Young (4.1%).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826123025/https://republicanmainstreet.org/members/">"Members"</a>. Republican Mains Street Partnership. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://republicanmainstreet.org/members/">the original</a> on August 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members&rft.pub=Republican+Mains+Street+Partnership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepublicanmainstreet.org%2Fmembers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClare_Foran,_Daniella_Diaz_and_Annie_Grayer2021" class="citation web cs1">Clare Foran, Daniella Diaz and Annie Grayer (February 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/04/politics/house-vote-marjorie-taylor-greene-committee-assignments/index.html">"House votes to remove Marjorie Taylor Greene from committee assignments"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=House+votes+to+remove+Marjorie+Taylor+Greene+from+committee+assignments&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft.au=Clare+Foran%2C+Daniella+Diaz+and+Annie+Grayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F02%2F04%2Fpolitics%2Fhouse-vote-marjorie-taylor-greene-committee-assignments%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkerShear2013" class="citation news cs1">Parker, Ashley; Shear, Michael D. (November 13, 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/14/us/politics/democrats-threaten-to-abandon-obama-on-health-law-provision.html?hpw&rref=us&_r=0">"With Enrollment Slow, Some Democrats Back Change in Health Law"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409184609/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/14/us/politics/democrats-threaten-to-abandon-obama-on-health-law-provision.html?hpw&rref=us&_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2013</span>. <q>In addition, a vote is scheduled Friday in the Republican-controlled House on a bill that would allow Americans to keep their existing health coverage through 2014 without penalties. The measure, drafted by Representative Fred Upton, the Michigan Republican who is the chairman of the Energy and Commerce Committee, is opposed by the White House, which argues that it would severely undermine the Affordable Care Act by allowing insurance companies to continue to sell health coverage that does not meet the higher standard of Mr. Obama's health care law.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=With+Enrollment+Slow%2C+Some+Democrats+Back+Change+in+Health+Law&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft.au=Shear%2C+Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F11%2F14%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fdemocrats-threaten-to-abandon-obama-on-health-law-provision.html%3Fhpw%26rref%3Dus%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapretta2013" class="citation news cs1">Capretta, James C. (November 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102081629/http://www.weeklystandard.com/author/james-c.-capretta">"The Upton Bill Is No Small Matter"</a>. <i>The Weekly Standard</i>. Washington, D.C. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/author/james-c.-capretta">the original</a> on November 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekly+Standard&rft.atitle=The+Upton+Bill+Is+No+Small+Matter&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft.aulast=Capretta&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklystandard.com%2Fauthor%2Fjames-c.-capretta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2018" class="citation web cs1">Scott, Dylan (November 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/health-care/2018/11/5/18065400/house-republicans-obamacare-repeal-tuesday-upton-macarthur-midterms-lose">"The 2 House Republicans who put it all on the line for Obamacare repeal could lose Tuesday"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=The+2+House+Republicans+who+put+it+all+on+the+line+for+Obamacare+repeal+could+lose+Tuesday&rft.date=2018-11-05&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fhealth-care%2F2018%2F11%2F5%2F18065400%2Fhouse-republicans-obamacare-repeal-tuesday-upton-macarthur-midterms-lose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senateinches-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-senateinches_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2013" class="citation news cs1">Cox, Ramsey (November 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/190254-senate-inches-toward-passing-drug-bill/">"Senate inches toward passing drug bill"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115025150/http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/190254-senate-inches-toward-passing-drug-bill">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Senate+inches+toward+passing+drug+bill&rft.date=2013-11-14&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Ramsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Ffloor-action%2Fsenate%2F190254-senate-inches-toward-passing-drug-bill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21st_Century_Cures-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21st_Century_Cures_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://upton.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=398723">"21st Century Cures Signed into Law"</a>. <i>Upton.house.gov</i>. December 13, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121054048/https://upton.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=398723">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Upton.house.gov&rft.atitle=21st+Century+Cures+Signed+into+Law&rft.date=2016-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fupton.house.gov%2Fnews%2Fdocumentsingle.aspx%3FDocumentID%3D398723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/21st-century-cures-act-congress-health-care-passed/">"21st Century Cures Act: Health care bill passed by Congress would fund research on cancer, Alzheimer's, opioid addiction and more - CBS News"</a>. <i>www.cbsnews.com</i>. December 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=21st+Century+Cures+Act%3A+Health+care+bill+passed+by+Congress+would+fund+research+on+cancer%2C+Alzheimer%27s%2C+opioid+addiction+and+more+-+CBS+News&rft.date=2016-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2F21st-century-cures-act-congress-health-care-passed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToday2018" class="citation web cs1">Today, Detroit (May 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wdet.org/2018/05/24/rep-fred-upton-and-rep-debbie-dingell-team-up-to-battle-opioid-addiction/">"Rep. Fred Upton and Rep. Debbie Dingell Team Up to Battle Opioid Addiction"</a>. <i>WDET 101.9 FM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WDET+101.9+FM&rft.atitle=Rep.+Fred+Upton+and+Rep.+Debbie+Dingell+Team+Up+to+Battle+Opioid+Addiction&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft.aulast=Today&rft.aufirst=Detroit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwdet.org%2F2018%2F05%2F24%2Frep-fred-upton-and-rep-debbie-dingell-team-up-to-battle-opioid-addiction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontheissues.org/MI/Fred_Upton_Energy_+_Oil.htm">Fred Upton on Energy & Oil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110202440/http://www.ontheissues.org/MI/Fred_Upton_Energy_+_Oil.htm">Archived</a> November 10, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/On_the_Issues" title="On the Issues">On the Issues</a>, Accessed September 4, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time050913-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time050913_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time050913_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grunwald, Michael <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://business.time.com/2013/05/09/long-live-the-lightbulb/">"Long Live the Lightbulb. Big Government has made it better"</a> <i>Time</i> magazine, May 20, 2013, p. Business-6, Accessed September 4, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1110/45360.html">"Fred Upton to revisit light bulb ban"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115084904/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1110/45360.html">Archived</a> January 15, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Politico</i>, November 18, 2010, Accessed September 4, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rivercountryjournal.com/?p=7369">Upton hails KVCC wind energy program as Congress debates climate change bill</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102024741/http://www.rivercountryjournal.com/?p=7369">Archived</a> January 2, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>River Country Journal</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2011)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> (April 24, 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoJo-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MoJo_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoJo_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheppard, Kate (January 4, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motherjones.com/blue-marble/2011/01/fred-upton-global-warming">Fred Upton's Climate Changeup</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105191541/http://motherjones.com/blue-marble/2011/01/fred-upton-global-warming">Archived</a> January 5, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i> access-date September 4, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUptonPhillips2010" class="citation news cs1">Upton, Fred; Phillips, Tim (December 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703929404576022070069905318?mod=WSJ_Opinion_LEFTTopOpinion">"How Congress Can Stop the EPA's Power Grab"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409110216/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703929404576022070069905318?mod=WSJ_Opinion_LEFTTopOpinion">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=How+Congress+Can+Stop+the+EPA%27s+Power+Grab&rft.date=2010-12-28&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748703929404576022070069905318%3Fmod%3DWSJ_Opinion_LEFTTopOpinion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2011" class="citation web cs1">Hawkins, Dave (February 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/dhawkins/dirty_air_extremism.html">"Dirty Air Extremism"</a>. <i>Switchboard</i>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Natural Resources Defense Council">Natural Resources Defense Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203220241/http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/dhawkins/dirty_air_extremism.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Switchboard&rft.atitle=Dirty+Air+Extremism&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fswitchboard.nrdc.org%2Fblogs%2Fdhawkins%2Fdirty_air_extremism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinion.latimes.com/opinionla/2011/12/republicans-environment.html">"Year in Review: Congress' 10 biggest enemies of the Earth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. December 14, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171420/http://opinion.latimes.com/opinionla/2011/12/republicans-environment.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 9, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Year+in+Review%3A+Congress%27+10+biggest+enemies+of+the+Earth&rft.date=2011-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinion.latimes.com%2Fopinionla%2F2011%2F12%2Frepublicans-environment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_L._Wald2012" class="citation news cs1">Matthew L. Wald (June 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/27/science/earth/epa-emissions-rules-backed-by-court.html">"Court Backs E.P.A. Over Emissions Limits Intended to Reduce Global Warming"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226001148/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/27/science/earth/epa-emissions-rules-backed-by-court.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Court+Backs+E.P.A.+Over+Emissions+Limits+Intended+to+Reduce+Global+Warming&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft.au=Matthew+L.+Wald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F06%2F27%2Fscience%2Fearth%2Fepa-emissions-rules-backed-by-court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3301cbo-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3301cbo_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbo.gov/publication/45400">"CBO – H.R. 3301"</a>. Congressional Budget Office. May 29, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713053226/http://www.cbo.gov/publication/45400">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBO+%E2%80%93+H.R.+3301&rft.pub=Congressional+Budget+Office&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbo.gov%2Fpublication%2F45400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3301sum-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3301sum_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3301">"H.R. 3301 – Summary"</a>. United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707184250/https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3301">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.R.+3301+%E2%80%93+Summary&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeta.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F113th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F3301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHthreatensCarna-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHthreatensCarna_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarna2014" class="citation news cs1">Carna, Timothy (June 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/210352-white-house-threatens-to-veto-houses-pipeline-bill/">"WH threatens veto of House oil pipeline bill"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905102044/http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/210352-white-house-threatens-to-veto-houses-pipeline-bill">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=WH+threatens+veto+of+House+oil+pipeline+bill&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft.aulast=Carna&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fpolicy%2Fenergy-environment%2F210352-white-house-threatens-to-veto-houses-pipeline-bill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PassutNGI-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PassutNGI_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPassut2014" class="citation news cs1">Passut, Charlie (June 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturalgasintel.com/articles/98821-house-passes-cross-border-energy-infrastructure-bill">"House Passes Cross-Border Energy Infrastructure Bill"</a>. <i>naturalgasintel.com</i>. Natural Gas Intel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905141017/http://www.naturalgasintel.com/articles/98821-house-passes-cross-border-energy-infrastructure-bill">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=naturalgasintel.com&rft.atitle=House+Passes+Cross-Border+Energy+Infrastructure+Bill&rft.date=2014-06-25&rft.aulast=Passut&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalgasintel.com%2Farticles%2F98821-house-passes-cross-border-energy-infrastructure-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoral_Davenport_and_Eric_Lipton2017" class="citation web cs1">Coral Davenport and Eric Lipton (June 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/us/politics/republican-leaders-climate-change.html">"How G.O.P. Leaders Came to View Climate Change as Fake Science"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NYTimes.com" class="mw-redirect" title="NYTimes.com">NYTimes.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914183020/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/us/politics/republican-leaders-climate-change.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Mr. Upton, who has received more than $2 million in campaign donations from oil and gas companies and electric utilities over the course of his career, won the chairmanship and has coasted comfortably to re-election since.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NYTimes.com&rft.atitle=How+G.O.P.+Leaders+Came+to+View+Climate+Change+as+Fake+Science&rft.date=2017-06-03&rft.au=Coral+Davenport+and+Eric+Lipton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F06%2F03%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Frepublican-leaders-climate-change.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Geman (January 26, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/scoop-fred-upton-bipartisan-climate-solutions-caucus-c29cd950-bbbe-429a-b2e0-4f4a13c5ab54.html">Scoop: Fred Upton joins bipartisan Climate Solutions Caucus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724083231/https://www.axios.com/scoop-fred-upton-bipartisan-climate-solutions-caucus-c29cd950-bbbe-429a-b2e0-4f4a13c5ab54.html">Archived</a> July 24, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Axios; Accessed September 4, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/larrydownes/2017/12/19/a-legislative-solution-for-net-neutrality-is-at-hand/#48a731053ac3">A Legislative Solution For Net Neutrality Is At Hand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515113231/https://www.forbes.com/sites/larrydownes/2017/12/19/a-legislative-solution-for-net-neutrality-is-at-hand/#48a731053ac3">Archived</a> May 15, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Forbes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/after-fcc-vote-net-neutrality-fight-moves-to-courts-congress/">THE FCC JUST KILLED NET NEUTRALITY. NOW WHAT?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516211936/https://www.wired.com/story/after-fcc-vote-net-neutrality-fight-moves-to-courts-congress/">Archived</a> May 16, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Wired</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnie_Grayer2021" class="citation web cs1">Annie Grayer (November 6, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/05/politics/infrastructure-bill-house-democrats-voted-no-republicans-voted-yes/index.html">"These 6 House Democrats voted against the infrastructure bill. These 13 Republicans voted for it"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=These+6+House+Democrats+voted+against+the+infrastructure+bill.+These+13+Republicans+voted+for+it.&rft.date=2021-11-06&rft.au=Annie+Grayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F11%2F05%2Fpolitics%2Finfrastructure-bill-house-democrats-voted-no-republicans-voted-yes%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2019" class="citation news cs1">Burke, Melissa (January 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/27/bipartisan-support-expanded-background-checks/2636656002/">"Gun background check bill has bipartisan support in Michigan delegation"</a>. <i>The Detroit News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020423/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/27/bipartisan-support-expanded-background-checks/2636656002/">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Detroit+News&rft.atitle=Gun+background+check+bill+has+bipartisan+support+in+Michigan+delegation&rft.date=2019-01-28&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F01%2F27%2Fbipartisan-support-expanded-background-checks%2F2636656002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsjm.com/2019/08/04/enough-is-enough-upton-calls-for-red-flag-gun-laws/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Enough Is Enough" – Upton Calls For Red Flag Gun Laws"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. August 4, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212000908/https://www.wsjm.com/2019/08/04/enough-is-enough-upton-calls-for-red-flag-gun-laws/">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Enough+Is+Enough%22+%E2%80%93+Upton+Calls+For+Red+Flag+Gun+Laws&rft.date=2019-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsjm.com%2F2019%2F08%2F04%2Fenough-is-enough-upton-calls-for-red-flag-gun-laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuliegrace_Brufke2021" class="citation news cs1">Juliegrace Brufke (March 11, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/542773-the-eight-republicans-who-voted-to-tighten-background-checks-on-guns/">"The eight Republicans who voted to tighten background checks on guns"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=The+eight+Republicans+who+voted+to+tighten+background+checks+on+guns&rft.date=2021-03-11&rft.au=Juliegrace+Brufke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F542773-the-eight-republicans-who-voted-to-tighten-background-checks-on-guns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/do-homophobic-attack-ads-work-it-s-complicated-n1247991">"Do homophobic attack ads work? It's complicated"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i>. November 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Do+homophobic+attack+ads+work%3F+It%27s+complicated.&rft.date=2020-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Ffeature%2Fnbc-out%2Fdo-homophobic-attack-ads-work-it-s-complicated-n1247991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zipp, Yvonne; Michigan Live; December 12, 2013; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2013/12/congressman_fred_upton_condemn.html">Congressman Fred Upton condemns Dave Agema's gay marriage comments</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710010249/https://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2013/12/congressman_fred_upton_condemn.html">Archived</a> July 10, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/202186">"Roll Call 86 Roll Call 86, Bill Number: H. R. 1620, 117th Congress, 1st Session"</a>. <i>Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives</i>. March 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Clerk%2C+U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft.atitle=Roll+Call+86+Roll+Call+86%2C+Bill+Number%3A+H.+R.+1620%2C+117th+Congress%2C+1st+Session&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2FVotes%2F202186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2021" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Susan (March 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/03/17/977842441/house-renews-violence-against-women-act-but-senate-hurdles-remain">"House Renews Violence Against Women Act, But Senate Hurdles Remain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=House+Renews+Violence+Against+Women+Act%2C+But+Senate+Hurdles+Remain&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F03%2F17%2F977842441%2Fhouse-renews-violence-against-women-act-but-senate-hurdles-remain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/117-2021/h182">"H.R. 1443: LGBTQ Business Equal Credit Enforcement and Investment Act -- House Vote #182 -- Jun 24, 2021"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.R.+1443%3A+LGBTQ+Business+Equal+Credit+Enforcement+and+Investment+Act+--+House+Vote+%23182+--+Jun+24%2C+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F117-2021%2Fh182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/117/hr1440">"Fairness for All Act (H.R. 1440)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fairness+for+All+Act+%28H.R.+1440%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fbills%2F117%2Fhr1440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnell2022" class="citation news cs1">Schnell, Mychael (July 19, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719232708/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/3566600-these-are-the-47-house-republicans-who-voted-for-a-bill-protecting-marriage-equality/">"These are the 47 House Republicans who voted for a bill protecting marriage equality"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/3566600-these-are-the-47-house-republicans-who-voted-for-a-bill-protecting-marriage-equality/">the original</a> on July 19, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=These+are+the+47+House+Republicans+who+voted+for+a+bill+protecting+marriage+equality&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft.aulast=Schnell&rft.aufirst=Mychael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F3566600-these-are-the-47-house-republicans-who-voted-for-a-bill-protecting-marriage-equality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/republicans-stand-behind-trump-on-wall-a-few-cracks-emerge/">"Republicans stand behind Trump on wall; a few cracks emerge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a></i>. January 9, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109174618/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/republicans-stand-behind-trump-on-wall-a-few-cracks-emerge/">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Republicans+stand+behind+Trump+on+wall%3B+a+few+cracks+emerge&rft.date=2019-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fnation-world%2Frepublicans-stand-behind-trump-on-wall-a-few-cracks-emerge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michiganadvance.com/2021/02/27/michigan-delegation-split-7-7-on-1-9t-covid-relief-bill-vote/">"Michigan delegation split 7-7 on $1.9T COVID relief bill vote ⋆ Michigan Advance"</a>. <i>Michigan Advance</i>. February 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Advance&rft.atitle=Michigan+delegation+split+7-7+on+%241.9T+COVID+relief+bill+vote+%E2%8B%86+Michigan+Advance&rft.date=2021-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.michiganadvance.com%2F2021%2F02%2F27%2Fmichigan-delegation-split-7-7-on-1-9t-covid-relief-bill-vote%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBycoffe2017" class="citation web cs1">Bycoffe, Aaron (January 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/congress-trump-score/">"Tracking Congress In The Age Of Trump"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FiveThirtyEight" title="FiveThirtyEight">FiveThirtyEight</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190102194848/https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/congress-trump-score/">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FiveThirtyEight&rft.atitle=Tracking+Congress+In+The+Age+Of+Trump&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft.aulast=Bycoffe&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojects.fivethirtyeight.com%2Fcongress-trump-score%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sonmez-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sonmez_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonmezDeBonis2019" class="citation news cs1">Sonmez, Felicia; DeBonis, Mike (July 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/president-trump-says-four-liberal-congresswomen-should-go-back-to-the-crime-infested-places-from-which-they-came/2019/07/14/b8bf140e-a638-11e9-a3a6-ab670962db05_story.html">"President Trump tells four liberal congresswomen to 'go back' to their countries, prompting Pelosi to defend them"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717061344/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-says-four-liberal-congresswomen-should-go-back-to-the-crime-infested-places-from-which-they-came/2019/07/14/b8bf140e-a638-11e9-a3a6-ab670962db05_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=President+Trump+tells+four+liberal+congresswomen+to+%27go+back%27+to+their+countries%2C+prompting+Pelosi+to+defend+them&rft.date=2019-07-14&rft.aulast=Sonmez&rft.aufirst=Felicia&rft.au=DeBonis%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpresident-trump-says-four-liberal-congresswomen-should-go-back-to-the-crime-infested-places-from-which-they-came%2F2019%2F07%2F14%2Fb8bf140e-a638-11e9-a3a6-ab670962db05_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeBlanc-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeBlanc_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeBlanc2019" class="citation news cs1">LeBlanc, Paul (July 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/16/politics/trump-racist-comment-vote-house-gop-list/index.html">"Here are the 4 Republicans who voted to condemn Trump's racist tweets"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN.com" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN.com">CNN.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717023136/https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/16/politics/trump-racist-comment-vote-house-gop-list/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN.com&rft.atitle=Here+are+the+4+Republicans+who+voted+to+condemn+Trump%27s+racist+tweets&rft.date=2019-07-16&rft.aulast=LeBlanc&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F07%2F16%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-racist-comment-vote-house-gop-list%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/interactives/2019/trump-impeachment-vote-count-house-results/">"Here's how the House voted on Trump's impeachment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>. December 18, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009075038/https://www.politico.com/interactives/2019/trump-impeachment-vote-count-house-results/">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Here%27s+how+the+House+voted+on+Trump%27s+impeachment&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Finteractives%2F2019%2Ftrump-impeachment-vote-count-house-results%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieger2021" class="citation news cs1">Rieger, J. M. (January 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/12/house-republicans-trump-impeachment/">"Analysis | The House Republicans who support impeaching President Trump"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis+%7C+The+House+Republicans+who+support+impeaching+President+Trump&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft.aulast=Rieger&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2F01%2F12%2Fhouse-republicans-trump-impeachment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-impeachment-upton/u-s-republican-rep-fred-upton-will-vote-to-impeach-trump-spokesman-idUSKBN29I09O">"U.S. Republican Rep. Fred Upton will vote to impeach Trump: spokesman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. January 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+Republican+Rep.+Fred+Upton+will+vote+to+impeach+Trump%3A+spokesman&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-trump-impeachment-upton%2Fu-s-republican-rep-fred-upton-will-vote-to-impeach-trump-spokesman-idUSKBN29I09O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn.com-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnn.com_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/13/politics/house-republicans-vote-yes-impeachment/index.html">"These 10 House Republicans voted to impeach Trump on Wednesday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. January 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=These+10+House+Republicans+voted+to+impeach+Trump+on+Wednesday&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F01%2F13%2Fpolitics%2Fhouse-republicans-vote-yes-impeachment%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlive.com/politics/2021/01/allegan-county-republicans-censure-congressman-fred-upton-for-trump-impeachment-vote.html">"Allegan County Republicans censure Congressman Fred Upton for Trump impeachment vote"</a>. January 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Allegan+County+Republicans+censure+Congressman+Fred+Upton+for+Trump+impeachment+vote&rft.date=2021-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fpolitics%2F2021%2F01%2Fallegan-county-republicans-censure-congressman-fred-upton-for-trump-impeachment-vote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastrangelo2021" class="citation news cs1">Mastrangelo, Dominick (February 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/house/540244-upton-censured-for-voting-to-remove-marjorie-taylor-greene-from-education\?rl=1">"Upton censured for vote to remove Marjorie Taylor Greene from Education Committee"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Upton+censured+for+vote+to+remove+Marjorie+Taylor+Greene+from+Education+Committee&rft.date=2021-02-24&rft.aulast=Mastrangelo&rft.aufirst=Dominick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F540244-upton-censured-for-voting-to-remove-marjorie-taylor-greene-from-education%5C%3Frl%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeBlanc2021" class="citation news cs1">LeBlanc, Paul (May 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/19/politics/house-republicans-january-6-commission/index.html">"Here are the 35 House Republicans who voted for the January 6 commission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Here+are+the+35+House+Republicans+who+voted+for+the+January+6+commission&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft.aulast=LeBlanc&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F05%2F19%2Fpolitics%2Fhouse-republicans-january-6-commission%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayer2021" class="citation news cs1">Grayer, Annie (May 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/19/politics/house-vote-january-6-commission/index.html">"House sends bill creating January 6 commission to the Senate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=House+sends+bill+creating+January+6+commission+to+the+Senate&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft.aulast=Grayer&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F05%2F19%2Fpolitics%2Fhouse-vote-january-6-commission%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarni2024" class="citation news cs1">Karni, Annie (October 24, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/24/us/politics/fred-upton-endorses-harris.html">"Fred Upton, Former G.O.P. Congressman Who Voted to Impeach Trump, Endorses Harris"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fred+Upton%2C+Former+G.O.P.+Congressman+Who+Voted+to+Impeach+Trump%2C+Endorses+Harris&rft.date=2024-10-24&rft.aulast=Karni&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F10%2F24%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ffred-upton-endorses-harris.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/house-set-repeal-2002-iraq-war-authorization-n1271107">"House votes to repeal 2002 Iraq War authorization"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i>. June 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=House+votes+to+repeal+2002+Iraq+War+authorization&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcongress%2Fhouse-set-repeal-2002-iraq-war-authorization-n1271107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clerk.house.gov/evs/2021/roll172.xml">"Final vote results for roll call 172"</a>. <i>clerk.house.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=clerk.house.gov&rft.atitle=Final+vote+results+for+roll+call+172&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fevs%2F2021%2Froll172.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/21/politics/house-republicans-vote-yes-steve-bannon-contempt-of-congress/index.html">"These are the 9 House Republicans who voted to hold Steve Bannon in contempt of Congress"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. October 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=These+are+the+9+House+Republicans+who+voted+to+hold+Steve+Bannon+in+contempt+of+Congress&rft.date=2021-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F10%2F21%2Fpolitics%2Fhouse-republicans-vote-yes-steve-bannon-contempt-of-congress%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.wttw.com/sites/default/files/article/file-attachments/2017-12-05-DACA_Letter_1.pdf">"Letter to Paul Ryan from Fred Upton and other Members of Congress"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>news.wttw.com</i>. December 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.wttw.com&rft.atitle=Letter+to+Paul+Ryan+from+Fred+Upton+and+other+Members+of+Congress&rft.date=2017-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.wttw.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farticle%2Ffile-attachments%2F2017-12-05-DACA_Letter_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1865/text?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Further+Consolidated+Appropriations+Act%2C+2020%22%5D%7D&r=1&s=2">"Text - H.R.1865 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020"</a>. December 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+-+H.R.1865+-+116th+Congress+%282019-2020%29%3A+Further+Consolidated+Appropriations+Act%2C+2020&rft.date=2019-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F116th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F1865%2Ftext%3Fq%3D%257B%2522search%2522%253A%255B%2522Further%2BConsolidated%2BAppropriations%2BAct%252C%2B2020%2522%255D%257D%26r%3D1%26s%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118053727/https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2019689">"Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2019689">the original</a> on November 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+the+Clerk%2C+U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2FVotes%2F2019689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/116-2019/h690">"H.R. 1158: DHS Cyber Hunt and Incident Response Teams Act … -- House Vote #690 -- Dec 17, 2019"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.R.+1158%3A+DHS+Cyber+Hunt+and+Incident+Response+Teams+Act+%E2%80%A6+--+House+Vote+%23690+--+Dec+17%2C+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F116-2019%2Fh690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/117-2022/h362">"H.R. 8297: Ensuring Access to Abortion Act of 2022 -- House Vote #362 -- Jul 15, 2022"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.R.+8297%3A+Ensuring+Access+to+Abortion+Act+of+2022+--+House+Vote+%23362+--+Jul+15%2C+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F117-2022%2Fh362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/117-2022/h385">"H.R. 8373: To protect a person's ability to access contraceptives … -- House Vote #385 -- Jul 21, 2022"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.R.+8373%3A+To+protect+a+person%27s+ability+to+access+contraceptives+%E2%80%A6+--+House+Vote+%23385+--+Jul+21%2C+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F117-2022%2Fh385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/democrats-contraception-bill-would-force-taxpayer-funding-for-planned-parenthood">"Democrats' contraception bill would force taxpayer funding for Planned Parenthood"</a>. July 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democrats%27+contraception+bill+would+force+taxpayer+funding+for+Planned+Parenthood&rft.date=2022-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Fopinion%2Fdemocrats-contraception-bill-would-force-taxpayer-funding-for-planned-parenthood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/29/house-passes-antitrust-bill-raising-ma-fees.html">"House passes antitrust bill that hikes M&A fees as larger efforts targeting tech have stalled"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a></i>. September 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=House+passes+antitrust+bill+that+hikes+M%26A+fees+as+larger+efforts+targeting+tech+have+stalled&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F09%2F29%2Fhouse-passes-antitrust-bill-raising-ma-fees.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/117-2022/h460">"H.R. 3843: Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act of 2022 -- House Vote #460 -- Sep 29, 2022"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.R.+3843%3A+Merger+Filing+Fee+Modernization+Act+of+2022+--+House+Vote+%23460+--+Sep+29%2C+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F117-2022%2Fh460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016232630/http://kildee.house.gov/about/auto-caucus.shtml">"Congressional Automotive Caucus"</a>. Congressman Dale Killdee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kildee.house.gov/about/auto-caucus.shtml">the original</a> on October 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+Automotive+Caucus&rft.pub=Congressman+Dale+Killdee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkildee.house.gov%2Fabout%2Fauto-caucus.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-votesmart.org-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-votesmart.org_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-votesmart.org_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-votesmart.org_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-votesmart.org_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-votesmart.org_93-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-votesmart.org_93-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/26906/fred-upton#.UIGTvlFKxrM">"Representative Frederick 'Fred' Stephen Upton's Biography"</a>. Project Vote Smart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121054049/https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/26906/fred-upton#.UIGTvlFKxrM">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Representative+Frederick+%27Fred%27+Stephen+Upton%27s+Biography&rft.pub=Project+Vote+Smart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvotesmart.org%2Fcandidate%2Fbiography%2F26906%2Ffred-upton%23.UIGTvlFKxrM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801155201/https://royce.house.gov/internationalconservation/members.html">"Our Members"</a>. U.S. House of Representatives International Conservation Caucus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royce.house.gov/internationalconservation/members.html">the original</a> on August 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Members&rft.pub=U.S.+House+of+Representatives+International+Conservation+Caucus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyce.house.gov%2Finternationalconservation%2Fmembers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://housebalticcaucus.webs.com/members">"Members"</a>. House Baltic Caucus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180221222500/http://housebalticcaucus.webs.com/members">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members&rft.pub=House+Baltic+Caucus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhousebalticcaucus.webs.com%2Fmembers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140644/https://artscaucus-slaughter.house.gov/membership">"Membership"</a>. Congressional Arts Caucus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artscaucus-slaughter.house.gov/membership">the original</a> on June 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Membership&rft.pub=Congressional+Arts+Caucus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartscaucus-slaughter.house.gov%2Fmembership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwick2011" class="citation news cs1">Zwick, Jesse (January 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/82420/tuesday-group-gop">"Tuesday Mourning"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583">0028-6583</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Tuesday+Mourning&rft.date=2011-01-29&rft.issn=0028-6583&rft.aulast=Zwick&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F82420%2Ftuesday-group-gop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318093950/https://problemsolverscaucus-gottheimer.house.gov/members">"Featured Members"</a>. <i>Problem Solvers Caucus</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://problemsolverscaucus-gottheimer.house.gov/members">the original</a> on March 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Problem+Solvers+Caucus&rft.atitle=Featured+Members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproblemsolverscaucus-gottheimer.house.gov%2Fmembers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826123025/https://republicanmainstreet.org/members/">"Members"</a>. Republican Mains Street Partnership. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://republicanmainstreet.org/members/">the original</a> on August 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members&rft.pub=Republican+Mains+Street+Partnership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepublicanmainstreet.org%2Fmembers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pvs-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pvs_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pvs_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=26906">"Representative Frederick 'Fred' Stephen Upton"</a>. Project Vote Smart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018042532/http://votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=26906">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Representative+Frederick+%27Fred%27+Stephen+Upton&rft.pub=Project+Vote+Smart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvotesmart.org%2Fbio.php%3Fcan_id%3D26906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeach2012" class="citation news cs1">Leach, Robin (February 14, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2012/feb/14/photos-and-videos-kate-upton-si-rookie-year-cover-">"Photos and videos: Kate Upton — from S.I. Rookie of the Year to cover girl"</a>. <i>Las Vegas Sun</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219105557/http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2012/feb/14/photos-and-videos-kate-upton-si-rookie-year-cover-/">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft.atitle=Photos+and+videos%3A+Kate+Upton+%E2%80%94+from+S.I.+Rookie+of+the+Year+to+cover+girl.&rft.date=2012-02-14&rft.aulast=Leach&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2Ffeb%2F14%2Fphotos-and-videos-kate-upton-si-rookie-year-cover-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019092947/http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/meet-kate-upton-s-uncle_648832.html">"Meet Kate Upton's Uncle"</a>. <i>Weeklystandard.com</i>. July 30, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/meet-kate-upton-s-uncle_648832.html">the original</a> on October 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weeklystandard.com&rft.atitle=Meet+Kate+Upton%27s+Uncle&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklystandard.com%2Farticles%2Fmeet-kate-upton-s-uncle_648832.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensecrets.org/personal-finances/fred-upton/net-worth?cid=N00004133&year=2018">"Fred Upton- Net Worth - Personal Finances"</a>. <i>OpenSecrets</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OpenSecrets&rft.atitle=Fred+Upton-+Net+Worth+-+Personal+Finances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opensecrets.org%2Fpersonal-finances%2Ffred-upton%2Fnet-worth%3Fcid%3DN00004133%26year%3D2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2019/01/Detailed-tables-NUMBER-CHECK-COMPLETE-1-3.pdf">Religious affiliation of members of 116th Congress</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. January 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Religious+affiliation+of+members+of+116th+Congress&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2019-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F7%2F2019%2F01%2FDetailed-tables-NUMBER-CHECK-COMPLETE-1-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clerk-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clerk_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clerk_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080730201058/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/index.html">"Office of the House Clerk – Electoral Statistics"</a>. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/index.html">the original</a> on July 30, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+the+House+Clerk+%E2%80%93+Electoral+Statistics&rft.pub=Clerk+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fmember_info%2FelectionInfo%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fedelect-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fedelect_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fedelect_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/electionresults.shtml">"Election Results"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925101427/http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/electionresults.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+Results&rft.pub=Federal+Election+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fec.gov%2Fpubrec%2Felectionresults.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michigan.gov/sos/0,4670,7-127-1633_8722---,00.html">"Previous Election Information"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Department of State">Michigan Department of State</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224073811/http://www.michigan.gov/sos/0,4670,7-127-1633_8722---,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Previous+Election+Information&rft.pub=Michigan+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fsos%2F0%2C4670%2C7-127-1633_8722---%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miboecfr.nictusa.com/election/results/2016GEN_CENR.html">"2016 Michigan Official General Election Results - 11/08/2016"</a>. <i>Miboecfr.nictusa.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203100457/http://miboecfr.nictusa.com/election/results/2016GEN_CENR.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miboecfr.nictusa.com&rft.atitle=2016+Michigan+Official+General+Election+Results+-+11%2F08%2F2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiboecfr.nictusa.com%2Felection%2Fresults%2F2016GEN_CENR.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/michigan-6th-district-house-election-fred-upton-jon-hoadley-2020">"GOP Rep. Fred Upton has fended off Democrat Jon Hoadley to win Michigan's 6th Congressional District"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=GOP+Rep.+Fred+Upton+has+fended+off+Democrat+Jon+Hoadley+to+win+Michigan%27s+6th+Congressional+District&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fmichigan-6th-district-house-election-fred-upton-jon-hoadley-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnot2022" class="citation news cs1">Knot, Juliana (December 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldpalladium.com/communities/st_joseph/fred-upton-reflects-on-congressional-career-gop-changes/article_d6310868-f1bc-5fb8-b146-7b1335861471.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It's Been a Good Run': Fred Upton Reflects on Congressional Career, GOP Changes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Herald-Palladium" title="The Herald-Palladium">The Herald-Palladium</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald-Palladium&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+Been+a+Good+Run%27%3A+Fred+Upton+Reflects+on+Congressional+Career%2C+GOP+Changes&rft.date=2022-12-03&rft.aulast=Knot&rft.aufirst=Juliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldpalladium.com%2Fcommunities%2Fst_joseph%2Ffred-upton-reflects-on-congressional-career-gop-changes%2Farticle_d6310868-f1bc-5fb8-b146-7b1335861471.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFred+Upton" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=U000031">Biography</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/H6MI04113">Financial information (federal office)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/member/fred-upton/U000031">Legislation sponsored</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/26906">Profile</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vote_Smart" title="Vote Smart">Vote Smart</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?12127">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Siljander" title="Mark D. Siljander">Mark Siljander</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 4th congressional district">Michigan's 4th congressional district</a> </b><br />1987–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">Dave Camp</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Robert_Carr" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton Robert Carr">Bob Carr</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 6th congressional district">Michigan's 6th congressional district</a> </b><br />1993–2023 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">Debbie Dingell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waxman" title="Henry Waxman">Henry Waxman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce" title="United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce">House Energy and Commerce Committee</a> </b><br />2011–2017 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Walden" title="Greg Walden">Greg Walden</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Tuesday Group</a> </b><br />1995–2005 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Mike_Castle" title="Mike Castle">Mike Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Johnson" title="Nancy Johnson">Nancy Johnson</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bass" title="Charles Bass">Charles Bass</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kirk" title="Mark Kirk">Mark Kirk</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Katko" title="John Katko">John Katko</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elise_Stefanik" title="Elise Stefanik">Elise Stefanik</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Tuesday Group: 2019–2020</span> </b><br />2019–2021 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Susan_Brooks" title="Susan Brooks">Susan Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Katko" title="John Katko">John Katko</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Katko" title="John Katko">John Katko</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Sander Levin</a></div><i><b>as Former US Representative </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a><br /><i><span style="font-size:85%;">as Former US Representative</span></i> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_DeFazio" title="Peter DeFazio">Peter DeFazio</a></div><i><b>as Former US Representative </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_U.S._House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_Energy_and_Commerce_chairs" title="Template:US House Energy and Commerce chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Energy_and_Commerce_chairs" title="Template talk:US House Energy and Commerce chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Energy_and_Commerce_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Energy and Commerce chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_U.S._House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Energy_and_Commerce" title="United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce">Chairmen of the U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce and Manufactures <br /> (1795–1819)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Goodhue" title="Benjamin Goodhue">Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Swanwick" title="John Swanwick">Swanwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">S. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Mitchill" title="Samuel L. Mitchill">Mitchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Crowninshield" title="Jacob Crowninshield">Crowninshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdon_S._Mumford" title="Gurdon S. Mumford">Mumford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newton_Jr." title="Thomas Newton Jr.">Newton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/135px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce <br /> (1819–1893)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newton_Jr." title="Thomas Newton Jr.">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_C._Cambreleng" title="Churchill C. Cambreleng">Cambreleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Barlow_Sutherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel Barlow Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ormand_Jonathan_Smith" title="Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith">F. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cushman" title="Samuel Cushman">Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Curtis_(politician)" title="Edward Curtis (politician)">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Kennedy" title="John P. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_E._Holmes" title="Isaac E. Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClelland_(American_politician)" title="Robert McClelland (American politician)">McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Hunt" title="Washington Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Seymour" title="David L. Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._D._Fuller" title="Thomas J. D. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cochrane_(politician)" title="John Cochrane (politician)">Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Eliot" title="Thomas D. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_F._Dixon_II" title="Nathan F. Dixon II">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Shellabarger_(Ohio_politician)" title="Samuel Shellabarger (Ohio politician)">Shellabarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hereford_(politician)" title="Frank Hereford (politician)">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Ward" title="Elijah Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Reagan" title="John H. Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_F._Page" title="Horace F. Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Reagan" title="John H. Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_L._Clardy" title="Martin L. Clardy">Clardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Baker" title="Charles S. Baker">Baker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstate and Foreign Commerce <br /> (1893–1981)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Q._Mills" title="Roger Q. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Wise_(politician)" title="George D. Wise (politician)">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Peters_Hepburn" class="mw-redirect" title="William Peters Hepburn">Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Adamson" title="William C. Adamson">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetus_W._Sims" title="Thetus W. Sims">Sims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Esch" title="John J. Esch">Esch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Winslow" title="Samuel Winslow">Winslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Parker" title="James S. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_F._Lea" title="Clarence F. Lea">Lea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Wolverton" title="Charles A. Wolverton">Wolverton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crosser" title="Robert Crosser">Crosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Wolverton" title="Charles A. Wolverton">Wolverton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Priest" title="Percy Priest">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Harris" title="Oren Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harley_Orrin_Staggers" title="Harley Orrin Staggers">Staggers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy and Commerce<br />(1981–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">Dingell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Bliley_Jr." title="Thomas J. Bliley Jr.">Bliley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Tauzin" title="Billy Tauzin">Tauzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Barton" title="Joe Barton">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">Dingell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waxman" title="Henry Waxman">Waxman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Walden" title="Greg Walden">Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pallone" title="Frank Pallone">Pallone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_McMorris_Rodgers" title="Cathy McMorris Rodgers">McMorris Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Guthrie" title="Brett Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Michigan116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="Template:United States representatives from Michigan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="Template talk:United States representatives from Michigan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States representatives from Michigan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Michigan116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Michigan" title="United States congressional delegations from Michigan">Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Michigan Territory's at-large congressional district">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Woodbridge" title="William Woodbridge">Woodbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sibley" title="Solomon Sibley">Sibley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Richard" title="Gabriel Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Eli_Wing" title="Austin Eli Wing">Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biddle_(Michigan_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Biddle (Michigan politician)">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Eli_Wing" title="Austin Eli Wing">Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Lyon" title="Lucius Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_Jones" title="George Wallace Jones">G. Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Michigan's at-large congressional district">At-large</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_E._Crary" title="Isaac E. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Howard" title="Jacob M. Howard">J. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_H._Kelley" title="Patrick H. Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Staebler" title="Neil Staebler">Staebler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/200px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan01 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 1st congressional district">1st district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClelland_(American_politician)" title="Robert McClelland (American politician)">McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_W._Buel" title="Alexander W. Buel">Buel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_J._Penniman" title="Ebenezer J. Penniman">Penniman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stuart_(brigadier_general)" title="David Stuart (brigadier general)">D. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alanson_Howard" title="William Alanson Howard">W. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cooper_(politician)" title="George B. Cooper (politician)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alanson_Howard" title="William Alanson Howard">W. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_F._Granger" title="Bradley F. Granger">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_C._Beaman" title="Fernando C. Beaman">Beaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waldron" title="Henry Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_W._Field" title="Moses W. Field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_S._Williams" title="Alpheus S. Williams">A. S. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stoughton_Newberry" title="John Stoughton Newberry">Newberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Lord" title="Henry W. Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Maybury" title="William C. Maybury">Maybury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logan_Chipman" class="mw-redirect" title="John Logan Chipman">J. L. Chipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_T._Griffin" title="Levi T. Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blaisdell_Corliss" title="John Blaisdell Corliss">Corliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lucking" title="Alfred Lucking">Lucking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Denby_(politician)" title="Edwin Denby (politician)">Denby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Ellsworth_Doremus" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Ellsworth Doremus">Doremus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Codd" title="George P. Codd">Codd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Clancy" title="Robert H. Clancy">Clancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Sosnowski" title="John B. Sosnowski">Sosnowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Clancy" title="Robert H. Clancy">Clancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Sadowski" title="George G. Sadowski">Sadowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_G._Tenerowicz" title="Rudolph G. Tenerowicz">Tenerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Sadowski" title="George G. Sadowski">Sadowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_M._Machrowicz" title="Thaddeus M. Machrowicz">Machrowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">Nedzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Stupak" title="Bart Stupak">Stupak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Benishek" title="Dan Benishek">Benishek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Bergman" title="Jack Bergman">Bergman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan02 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 2nd congressional district">2nd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Lyon" title="Lucius Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_Chipman" title="John Smith Chipman">J. S. Chipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bradley_(politician)" title="Edward Bradley (politician)">E. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">C. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sprague_(Michigan_politician)" title="William Sprague (Michigan politician)">Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">C. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Noble" title="David A. Noble">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waldron" title="Henry Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_C._Beaman" title="Fernando C. Beaman">Beaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Upson" title="Charles Upson">Upson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Stoughton" title="William L. Stoughton">Stoughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waldron" title="Henry Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Willits" title="Edwin Willits">Willits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Eldredge" title="Nathaniel B. Eldredge">Eldredge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Allen" title="Edward P. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Gorman" title="James S. Gorman">Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Spalding" title="George Spalding">Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Smith_(politician)" title="Henry C. Smith (politician)">H. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Townsend" title="Charles E. Townsend">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedemeyer" title="William Wedemeyer">Wedemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beakes" title="Samuel Beakes">Beakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Bacon" title="Mark R. Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beakes" title="Samuel Beakes">Beakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_C._Michener" title="Earl C. Michener">Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Lehr" title="John C. Lehr">Lehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_C._Michener" title="Earl C. Michener">Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meader" title="George Meader">Meader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston_E._Vivian" title="Weston E. Vivian">Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Esch" title="Marvin L. Esch">Esch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Pursell" title="Carl Pursell">Pursell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">Hoekstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">Huizenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">Moolenaar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan03 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 3rd congressional district">3rd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Hunt" title="James B. Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsley_S._Bingham" title="Kinsley S. Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Conger" title="James L. Conger">J. Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clark_(New_York_and_Michigan_politician)" title="Samuel Clark (New York and Michigan politician)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Walbridge" title="David S. Walbridge">Walbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Kellogg" title="Francis William Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Longyear" title="John W. Longyear">Longyear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Blair" title="Austin Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Willard" title="George Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_H._McGowan" title="Jonas H. McGowan">McGowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Lacey" title="Edward S. Lacey">Lacey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Donnell_(politician)" title="James O'Donnell (politician)">O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milnes" title="Alfred Milnes">Milnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_M._Todd" title="Albert M. Todd">A. Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Gardner" title="Washington Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._C._Smith" title="John M. C. Smith">J. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Frankhauser" title="William H. Frankhauser">Frankhauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._C._Smith" title="John M. C. Smith">J. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._Williams" title="Arthur B. Williams">A. B. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Hooper" title="Joseph L. Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Kimball" title="Henry M. Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner_Main" title="Verner Main">Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Shafer" title="Paul W. Shafer">Shafer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_E._Johansen" title="August E. Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Todd_Jr." title="Paul H. Todd Jr.">P. Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garry_E._Brown" title="Garry E. Brown">G. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wolpe" title="Howard Wolpe">Wolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Henry" title="Paul B. Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vern_Ehlers" title="Vern Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Meijer" title="Peter Meijer">Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Scholten" title="Hillary Scholten">Scholten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan04 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 4th congressional district">4th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hestor_L._Stevens" title="Hestor L. Stevens">H. L. Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Peck" title="George Washington Peck">Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewitt_C._Leach" title="Dewitt C. Leach">Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_E._Trowbridge" title="Rowland E. Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Kellogg" title="Francis William Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_D._Foster" title="Wilder D. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Potter" title="Allen Potter">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_W._Keightley" title="Edwin W. Keightley">Keightley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Yaple" title="George L. Yaple">Yaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Thomas" title="Henry F. Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Hamilton" title="Edward L. Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Ketcham" title="John C. Ketcham">Ketcham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ernest_Foulkes" title="George Ernest Foulkes">Foulkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Hoffman" title="Clare Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Hutchinson" title="J. Edward Hutchinson">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stockman" title="David Stockman">Stockman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Siljander" title="Mark D. Siljander">Siljander</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">Moolenaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">Huizenga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan05 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 5th congressional district">5th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_C._Baldwin" title="Augustus C. Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_E._Trowbridge" title="Rowland E. Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_D._Conger" title="Omar D. Conger">O. Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_D._Foster" title="Wilder D. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Williams_(Michigan_politician)" title="William B. Williams (Michigan politician)">W. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stone" title="John W. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Webber_(politician)" title="George W. Webber (politician)">Webber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Houseman" title="Julius Houseman">Houseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Comstock" title="Charles C. Comstock">Comstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_H._Ford" title="Melbourne H. Ford">M. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Belknap" title="Charles E. Belknap">Belknap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_H._Ford" title="Melbourne H. Ford">M. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Belknap" title="Charles E. Belknap">Belknap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Richardson" title="George F. Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alden_Smith" title="William Alden Smith">W. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_J._Diekema" title="Gerrit J. Diekema">Diekema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_F._Sweet" title="Edwin F. Sweet">Sweet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_E._Mapes" title="Carl E. Mapes">Mapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartel_J._Jonkman" title="Bartel J. Jonkman">Jonkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">G. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Vander_Veen" title="Richard Vander Veen">Vander Veen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Sawyer" title="Harold S. Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Henry" title="Paul B. Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barcia" title="James Barcia">Barcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. E. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">D. T. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Walberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan06 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 6th congressional district">6th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Driggs" title="John F. Driggs">Driggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Strickland" title="Randolph Strickland">Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_G._Sutherland" title="Jabez G. Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Begole" title="Josiah Begole">Begole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Durand" title="George H. Durand">Durand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Brewer" title="Mark S. Brewer">Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_L._Spaulding" title="Oliver L. Spaulding">Spaulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_B._Winans_(politician)" title="Edwin B. Winans (politician)">Winans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Brewer" title="Mark S. Brewer">Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_G._Stout" title="Byron G. Stout">Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Aitken" title="David D. Aitken">Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_William_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel William Smith">S. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_H._Kelley" title="Patrick H. Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_M._Hudson" title="Grant M. Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_H._Person" title="Seymour H. Person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_E._Cady" title="Claude E. Cady">Cady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Blackney" title="William W. Blackney">Blackney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Transue" title="Andrew J. Transue">Transue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Blackney" title="William W. Blackney">Blackney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Clardy" title="Kit Clardy">Clardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hayworth" title="Donald Hayworth">Hayworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Chamberlain" title="Charles E. Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Carr_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Carr (Michigan politician)">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whitney_Dunn" title="James Whitney Dunn">Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Carr_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Carr (Michigan politician)">Carr</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">Dingell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan07 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 7th congressional district">7th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omar_D._Conger" title="Omar D. Conger">O. Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Treadway_Rich" title="John Treadway Rich">Rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_C._Carleton" title="Ezra C. Carleton">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Rice_Whiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Rice Whiting">Whiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_G._Snover" title="Horace G. Snover">Snover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Weeks" title="Edgar Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_McMorran" title="Henry McMorran">McMorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Cramton" title="Louis C. Cramton">Cramton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_P._Wolcott" title="Jesse P. Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._McIntosh" title="Robert J. McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">O'Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mackie" title="John C. Mackie">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">Riegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. E. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Smith_(American_politician)" title="Nick Smith (American politician)">N. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schwarz" title="Joe Schwarz">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Walberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schauer" title="Mark Schauer">Schauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Walberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elissa_Slotkin" title="Elissa Slotkin">Slotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Barrett_(Michigan_politician)" title="Tom Barrett (Michigan politician)">Barrett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan08 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 8th congressional district">8th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_B._Bradley" title="Nathan B. Bradley">N. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Ellsworth" title="Charles C. Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_G._Horr" title="Roswell G. Horr">Horr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_E._Tarsney" title="Timothy E. Tarsney">Tarsney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_T._Bliss" title="Aaron T. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Youmans" title="Henry M. Youmans">Youmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Linton" title="William S. Linton">Linton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Brucker" title="Ferdinand Brucker">Brucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Fordney" title="Joseph W. Fordney">Fordney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_J._Vincent" title="Bird J. Vincent">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Hart" title="Michael J. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Crawford" title="Fred L. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Morell_Bentley" title="Alvin Morell Bentley">Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._James_Harvey" title="R. James Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Bob_Traxler" title="J. Bob Traxler">Traxler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Carr_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Carr (Michigan politician)">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Chrysler" title="Dick Chrysler">Chrysler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Stabenow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Michigan_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Bishop_(politician)" title="Mike Bishop (politician)">M. Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elissa_Slotkin" title="Elissa Slotkin">Slotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristen_McDonald_Rivet" title="Kristen McDonald Rivet">McDonald Rivet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan09 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 9th congressional district">9th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Abel_Hubbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Abel Hubbell">Hubbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_M._Cutcheon" title="Byron M. Cutcheon">Cutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_H._Wheeler" title="Harrison H. Wheeler">H. Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Moon" title="John W. Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_P._Bishop" title="Roswell P. Bishop">R. Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._McLaughlin" title="James C. McLaughlin">McLaughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_W._Musselwhite" title="Harry W. Musselwhite">Harry W. Musselwhite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Engel" title="Albert J. Engel">Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Thompson" title="Ruth Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Vander_Jagt" title="Guy Vander Jagt">Vander Jagt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. E. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">Knollenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Levin" title="Andy Levin">A. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_McClain" title="Lisa McClain">McClain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan10 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 10th congressional district">10th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_H._Hatch" title="Herschel H. Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_O._Fisher" title="Spencer O. Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Wheeler" title="Frank W. Wheeler">F. Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._E._Weadock" title="Thomas A. E. Weadock">Weadock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseau_Owen_Crump" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau Owen Crump">Crump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Aplin" title="Henry H. Aplin">Aplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Loud" title="George A. Loud">Loud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Woodruff" title="Roy O. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Loud" title="George A. Loud">Loud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_A._Currie" title="Gilbert A. Currie">Currie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Woodruff" title="Roy O. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elford_Albin_Cederberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elford Albin Cederberg">Cederberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Albosta" title="Donald J. Albosta">Albosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Schuette" title="Bill Schuette">Schuette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">Bonior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Miller" title="Candice Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Paul Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_McClain" title="Lisa McClain">McClain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_(Michigan_politician)" title="John James (Michigan politician)">J. James</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan11 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 11th congressional district">11th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Breitung" title="Edward Breitung">Breitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_C._Moffatt" title="Seth C. Moffatt">Moffatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Seymour" title="Henry W. Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Stephenson" title="Samuel M. Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Avery_(politician)" title="John Avery (politician)">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Mesick" title="William S. Mesick">Mesick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_B._Darragh" title="Archibald B. Darragh">Darragh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_H._Dodds" title="Francis H. Dodds">Dodds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_O._Lindquist" title="Francis O. Lindquist">Lindquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Scott" title="Frank D. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Bohn" title="Frank P. Bohn">Bohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prentiss_M._Brown" title="Prentiss M. Brown">P. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Luecke" title="John F. Luecke">Luecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Van_Ness_Bradley" title="Frederick Van Ness Bradley">F. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Potter" title="Charles E. Potter">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._Knox" title="Victor A. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_F._Clevenger" title="Raymond F. Clevenger">Clevenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ruppe" title="Philip Ruppe">Ruppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Davis_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Davis (Michigan politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">Knollenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" title="Thaddeus McCotter">McCotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Curson" title="David Curson">Curson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Bentivolio" title="Kerry Bentivolio">Bentivolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Trott_(politician)" title="Dave Trott (politician)">Trott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Stevens" title="Haley Stevens">H. Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan12 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 12th congressional district">12th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Stephenson" title="Samuel M. Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_D._Shelden" title="Carlos D. Shelden">Shelden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Olin_Young" title="H. Olin Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Josiah_MacDonald" title="William Josiah MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Frank_James" title="W. Frank James">W. F. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Eugene_Hook" title="Frank Eugene Hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Eugene_Hook" title="Frank Eugene Hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">O'Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">Bonior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">D. Dingell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan13 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 13th congressional district">13th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Archibald_Nichols" title="Charles Archibald Nichols">Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_J._McLeod" title="Clarence J. McLeod">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_M._Brennan" title="Vincent M. Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_J._McLeod" title="Clarence J. McLeod">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_J._McLeod" title="Clarence J. McLeod">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_A._Coffin" title="Howard A. Coffin">Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs">Diggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Crockett_Jr." title="George Crockett Jr.">Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara-Rose_Collins" title="Barbara-Rose Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Rivers" title="Lynn Rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansen_Clarke" title="Hansen Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Jones_(politician)" title="Brenda Jones (politician)">B. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Thanedar" title="Shri Thanedar">Thanedar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan14 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 14th congressional district">14th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_M._Weideman" title="Carl M. Weideman">Weideman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut">Rabaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_F._Youngblood" title="Harold F. Youngblood">Youngblood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut">Rabaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_M._Ryan" title="Harold M. Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">Nedzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hertel" title="Dennis Hertel">Hertel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Lawrence" title="Brenda Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan15 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 15th congressional district">15th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell_Sr." title="John Dingell Sr.">J. Dingell Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara-Rose_Collins" title="Barbara-Rose Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan16 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 16th congressional district">16th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Sr." title="John Lesinski Sr.">Lesinski Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Jr." title="John Lesinski Jr.">Lesinski Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan17 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_17th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 17th congressional district">17th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Anthony_Dondero" title="George Anthony Dondero">Dondero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Oakman" title="Charles G. Oakman">Oakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Brodhead" title="William M. Brodhead">Brodhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Levin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan18 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_18th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 18th congressional district">18th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Anthony_Dondero" title="George Anthony Dondero">Dondero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">Broomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Huber" title="Robert J. Huber">Huber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Blanchard" title="James J. Blanchard">Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">Broomfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan19 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 19th congressional district">19th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billie_S._Farnum" title="Billie S. Farnum">Farnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_H._McDonald" title="Jack H. McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">Broomfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michigan&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_100th–117th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)198" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Michigan&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_100th–117th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>'s delegation(s) to the 100th–117th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congresses</a> <span class="nowrap">(ordered by seniority)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/100th_United_States_Congress" title="100th United States Congress">100th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">D. Riegle</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">W. Broomfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Guy_Vander_Jagt" title="Guy Vander Jagt">G. Vander Jagt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Bob_Traxler" title="J. Bob Traxler">J. B. Traxler</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">D. Bonior</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Pursell" title="Carl Pursell">C. Pursell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Milton_Robert_Carr" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton Robert Carr">B. Carr</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert William Davis">B. Davis</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wolpe" title="Howard Wolpe">H. Wolpe</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Crockett_Jr." title="George Crockett Jr.">G. Crockett</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hertel" title="Dennis Hertel">D. Hertel</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Henry" title="Paul B. Henry">P. Henry</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bill_Schuette" title="Bill Schuette">B. Schuette</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/101st_United_States_Congress" title="101st United States Congress">101st</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">D. Riegle</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">W. Broomfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Guy_Vander_Jagt" title="Guy Vander Jagt">G. Vander Jagt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Bob_Traxler" title="J. Bob Traxler">J. B. Traxler</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">D. Bonior</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Pursell" title="Carl Pursell">C. Pursell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Milton_Robert_Carr" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton Robert Carr">B. Carr</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert William Davis">B. Davis</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wolpe" title="Howard Wolpe">H. Wolpe</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Crockett_Jr." title="George Crockett Jr.">G. Crockett</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hertel" title="Dennis Hertel">D. Hertel</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Henry" title="Paul B. Henry">P. Henry</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bill_Schuette" title="Bill Schuette">B. Schuette</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/102nd_United_States_Congress" title="102nd United States Congress">102nd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">D. Riegle</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">W. Broomfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Guy_Vander_Jagt" title="Guy Vander Jagt">G. Vander Jagt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Bob_Traxler" title="J. Bob Traxler">J. B. Traxler</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">D. Bonior</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Pursell" title="Carl Pursell">C. Pursell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Milton_Robert_Carr" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton Robert Carr">B. Carr</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert William Davis">B. Davis</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wolpe" title="Howard Wolpe">H. Wolpe</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hertel" title="Dennis Hertel">D. Hertel</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Henry" title="Paul B. Henry">P. Henry</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">D. Camp</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barbara-Rose_Collins" title="Barbara-Rose Collins">B. Collins</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/103rd_United_States_Congress" title="103rd United States Congress">103rd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">D. Riegle</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">D. Bonior</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Milton_Robert_Carr" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton Robert Carr">B. Carr</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Henry" title="Paul B. Henry"><i>P. Henry</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">D. Camp</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barbara-Rose_Collins" title="Barbara-Rose Collins">B. Collins</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_A._Barcia" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Barcia">J. Barcia</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">P. Hoekstra</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">J. Knollenberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Nick_Smith_(American_politician)" title="Nick Smith (American politician)">N. Smith</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bart_Stupak" title="Bart Stupak">B. Stupak</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Vern_Ehlers" title="Vern Ehlers"><i>V. Ehlers</i></a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/104th_United_States_Congress" title="104th United States Congress">104th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">S. Abraham</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">D. Bonior</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">D. Camp</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Barbara-Rose_Collins" title="Barbara-Rose Collins">B. Collins</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_A._Barcia" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Barcia">J. Barcia</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">P. Hoekstra</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">J. Knollenberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Nick_Smith_(American_politician)" title="Nick Smith (American politician)">N. Smith</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bart_Stupak" title="Bart Stupak">B. Stupak</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Vern_Ehlers" title="Vern Ehlers">V. Ehlers</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dick_Chrysler" title="Dick Chrysler">D. Chrysler</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lynn_N._Rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynn N. Rivers">L. Rivers</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/105th_United_States_Congress" title="105th United States Congress">105th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">S. Abraham</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">D. Bonior</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">D. Camp</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_A._Barcia" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Barcia">J. Barcia</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">P. Hoekstra</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">J. Knollenberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Nick_Smith_(American_politician)" title="Nick Smith (American politician)">N. Smith</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bart_Stupak" title="Bart Stupak">B. Stupak</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Vern_Ehlers" title="Vern Ehlers">V. Ehlers</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lynn_N._Rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynn N. Rivers">L. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">C. Kilpatrick</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/106th_United_States_Congress" title="106th United States Congress">106th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">S. Abraham</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">D. Bonior</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">D. Camp</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_A._Barcia" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Barcia">J. Barcia</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">P. Hoekstra</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">J. Knollenberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Nick_Smith_(American_politician)" title="Nick Smith (American politician)">N. Smith</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bart_Stupak" title="Bart Stupak">B. Stupak</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Vern_Ehlers" title="Vern Ehlers">V. Ehlers</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lynn_N._Rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynn N. Rivers">L. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">C. Kilpatrick</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/107th_United_States_Congress" title="107th United States Congress">107th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">D. Bonior</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">D. Camp</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_A._Barcia" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Barcia">J. Barcia</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">P. Hoekstra</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">J. Knollenberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Nick_Smith_(American_politician)" title="Nick Smith (American politician)">N. Smith</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bart_Stupak" title="Bart Stupak">B. Stupak</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Vern_Ehlers" title="Vern Ehlers">V. Ehlers</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lynn_N._Rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynn N. Rivers">L. Rivers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">C. Kilpatrick</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Michigan_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)">M. Rogers</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/108th_United_States_Congress" title="108th United States Congress">108th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">D. Camp</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">P. Hoekstra</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">J. Knollenberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Nick_Smith_(American_politician)" title="Nick Smith (American politician)">N. Smith</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bart_Stupak" title="Bart Stupak">B. Stupak</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Vern_Ehlers" title="Vern Ehlers">V. Ehlers</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">C. Kilpatrick</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Michigan_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)">M. Rogers</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" title="Thaddeus McCotter">T. McCotter</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Candice_Miller" title="Candice Miller">C. Miller</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/109th_United_States_Congress" title="109th United States Congress">109th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">D. Camp</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">P. Hoekstra</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">J. Knollenberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bart_Stupak" title="Bart Stupak">B. Stupak</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Vern_Ehlers" title="Vern Ehlers">V. Ehlers</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">C. Kilpatrick</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Michigan_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)">M. Rogers</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" title="Thaddeus McCotter">T. McCotter</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Candice_Miller" title="Candice Miller">C. Miller</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schwarz" title="Joe Schwarz">J. Schwarz</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/110th_United_States_Congress" title="110th United States Congress">110th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">D. Camp</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">P. Hoekstra</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">J. Knollenberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bart_Stupak" title="Bart Stupak">B. Stupak</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Vern_Ehlers" title="Vern Ehlers">V. Ehlers</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">C. Kilpatrick</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Michigan_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)">M. Rogers</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" title="Thaddeus McCotter">T. McCotter</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Candice_Miller" title="Candice Miller">C. Miller</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">T. Walberg</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">111th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">D. Camp</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">P. Hoekstra</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bart_Stupak" title="Bart Stupak">B. Stupak</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Vern_Ehlers" title="Vern Ehlers">V. Ehlers</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">C. Kilpatrick</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Michigan_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)">M. Rogers</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" title="Thaddeus McCotter">T. McCotter</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Candice_Miller" title="Candice Miller">C. Miller</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">G. Peters</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schauer" title="Mark Schauer">M. Schauer</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">D. Camp</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Michigan_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)">M. Rogers</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" title="Thaddeus McCotter"><i>T. McCotter</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Candice_Miller" title="Candice Miller">C. Miller</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">G. Peters</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">T. Walberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">J. Amash</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Benishek" title="Dan Benishek">D. Benishek</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Hansen_Clarke" title="Hansen Clarke">H. Clarke</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">B. Huizenga</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/David_Curson" title="David Curson"><i>D. Curson</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">D. Camp</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Michigan_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)">M. Rogers</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Candice_Miller" title="Candice Miller">C. Miller</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">G. Peters</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">T. Walberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">J. Amash</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Benishek" title="Dan Benishek">D. Benishek</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">B. Huizenga</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Bentivolio" title="Kerry Bentivolio">K. Bentivolio</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">G. Peters</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Candice_Miller" title="Candice Miller">C. Miller</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">T. Walberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">J. Amash</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Benishek" title="Dan Benishek">D. Benishek</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">B. Huizenga</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mike_Bishop_(politician)" title="Mike Bishop (politician)">M. Bishop</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">D. Dingell</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Lawrence" title="Brenda Lawrence">B. Lawrence</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">J. Moolenaar</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Trott_(politician)" title="Dave Trott (politician)">D. Trott</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">115th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">G. Peters</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers"><i>J. Conyers</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">T. Walberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">J. Amash</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">B. Huizenga</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mike_Bishop_(politician)" title="Mike Bishop (politician)">M. Bishop</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">D. Dingell</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Lawrence" title="Brenda Lawrence">B. Lawrence</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">J. Moolenaar</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dave_Trott_(politician)" title="Dave Trott (politician)">D. Trott</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jack_Bergman" title="Jack Bergman">J. Bergman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Paul Mitchell (politician)">P. Mitchell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Jones_(politician)" title="Brenda Jones (politician)"><i>B. Jones</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">G. Peters</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">T. Walberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><span style="color:#DDDDBB;">▌</span><span style="color:#FED105;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">J. Amash</a> (R/I/L)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">B. Huizenga</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">D. Dingell</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Lawrence" title="Brenda Lawrence">B. Lawrence</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">J. Moolenaar</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jack_Bergman" title="Jack Bergman">J. Bergman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><span style="color:#DDDDBB;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Paul Mitchell (politician)">P. Mitchell</a> (R/I)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Andy_Levin" title="Andy Levin">A. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elissa_Slotkin" title="Elissa Slotkin">E. Slotkin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Haley_Stevens" title="Haley Stevens">H. Stevens</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">R. Tlaib</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">D. Stabenow</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">G. Peters</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. Upton</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">T. Walberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">B. Huizenga</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">D. Dingell</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Lawrence" title="Brenda Lawrence">B. Lawrence</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">J. Moolenaar</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jack_Bergman" title="Jack Bergman">J. Bergman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Andy_Levin" title="Andy Levin">A. Levin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elissa_Slotkin" title="Elissa Slotkin">E. Slotkin</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Haley_Stevens" title="Haley Stevens">H. Stevens</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">R. Tlaib</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lisa_McClain" title="Lisa McClain">L. McClain</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Peter_Meijer" title="Peter Meijer">P. Meijer</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505236#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata915" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505236#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata915" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505236#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000038467133X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/277121727">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbWqT8HR3PVkPhW83k4bd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012134521">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=U000031">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hv0d59">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐5b65fffc7d‐z44tj Cached time: 20250216221606 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.237 seconds Real time usage: 2.570 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 29075/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 537439/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 134533/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 24/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 443942/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.322/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15933912/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: ? 280 ms 20.3% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 280 ms 20.3% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 180 ms 13.0% recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 140 ms 10.1% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::sub 80 ms 5.8% type 60 ms 4.3% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity 40 ms 2.9% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument 40 ms 2.9% citation0 <Module:Citation/CS1:2615> 40 ms 2.9% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getFileInfo 20 ms 1.4% [others] 220 ms 15.9% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 2201.120 1 -total 26.49% 583.152 1 Template:Reflist 24.82% 546.243 18 Template:USCongRep-row 22.50% 495.273 36 Template:Hanging_indent 20.50% 451.123 321 Template:Party_stripe 19.27% 424.099 18 Template:Flatlist 18.23% 401.232 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder 11.94% 262.821 67 Template:Cite_web 10.24% 225.312 32 Template:Cite_news 9.16% 201.622 4 Template:Navbox --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:468360:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250216221606 and revision id 1275436435. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&oldid=1275436435">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&oldid=1275436435</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1953_births" title="Category:1953 births">1953 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Congregationalists" title="Category:American Congregationalists">American Congregationalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christians_from_Michigan" title="Category:Christians from Michigan">Christians from Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_St._Joseph,_Michigan" title="Category:People from St. Joseph, Michigan">People from St. Joseph, Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_Michigan" title="Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan">Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Michigan_Daily_alumni" title="Category:The Michigan Daily alumni">The Michigan Daily alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Michigan_College_of_Literature,_Science,_and_the_Arts_alumni" title="Category:University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni">University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Upton_family" title="Category:Upton family">Upton family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:21st-century members of the United States House of Representatives">21st-century members of the United States House of Representatives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:20th-century members of the United States House of Representatives">20th-century members of the United States House of Representatives</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_August_2011" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2011">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_January_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from January 2023">Use mdy dates from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_appearing_on_C-SPAN" title="Category:People appearing on C-SPAN">People appearing on C-SPAN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 February 2025, at 01:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Upton&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fred Upton</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>15 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-4cfh6","wgBackendResponseTime":186,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.237","walltime":"2.570","ppvisitednodes":{"value":29075,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":537439,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":134533,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":443942,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2201.120 1 -total"," 26.49% 583.152 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.82% 546.243 18 Template:USCongRep-row"," 22.50% 495.273 36 Template:Hanging_indent"," 20.50% 451.123 321 Template:Party_stripe"," 19.27% 424.099 18 Template:Flatlist"," 18.23% 401.232 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 11.94% 262.821 67 Template:Cite_web"," 10.24% 225.312 32 Template:Cite_news"," 9.16% 201.622 4 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.322","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15933912,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","20.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","20.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","180","13.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","10.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","5.8"],["type","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","2.9"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2615\u003E","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getFileInfo","20","1.4"],["[others]","220","15.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-z44tj","timestamp":"20250216221606","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Fred Upton","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fred_Upton","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q505236","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q505236","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-02-14T06:02:24Z","dateModified":"2025-02-13T01:00:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6e\/Fred_Upton_113th_Congress_photo.jpg","headline":"United States Representative from Michigan"}</script> </body> </html>