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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Citatie" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Citatie" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. 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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Stijlen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stijlen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Stijlen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stijlen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Meting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Citatie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 40 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="استشهاد – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استشهاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitat" title="Sitat – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sitat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Академично цитиране – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Академично цитиране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citati" title="Citati – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Citati" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citaci%C3%B3" title="Citació – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Citació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citace" title="Citace – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Citace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildehenvisning" title="Kildehenvisning – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kildehenvisning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quellenangabe" title="Quellenangabe – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quellenangabe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation" title="Citation – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Citation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referencia_bibliogr%C3%A1fica" title="Referencia bibliográfica – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Referencia bibliográfica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aipu_eta_erreferentzia_bibliografikoak" title="Aipu eta erreferentzia bibliografikoak – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aipu eta erreferentzia bibliografikoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="استناد – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استناد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4hdeviittaus" title="Lähdeviittaus – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lähdeviittaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_bibliographique" title="Référence bibliographique – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Référence bibliographique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majiya" title="Majiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Majiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citiranje_radova" title="Citiranje radova – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Citiranje radova" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitasi" title="Sitasi – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sitasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E7%85%A7_(%E6%9B%B8%E8%AA%8C%E5%AD%A6)" title="参照 (書誌学) – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="参照 (書誌学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%96" title="ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B8%EC%A1%B0%EC%A3%BC" title="참조주 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="참조주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Шилтеме – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шилтеме" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Навод – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Навод" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Эшлэл – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эшлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD" title="संदर्भ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संदर्भ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteraturhenvisning" title="Litteraturhenvisning – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Litteraturhenvisning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytowanie_pi%C5%9Bmiennictwa" title="Cytowanie piśmiennictwa – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cytowanie piśmiennictwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cita%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Citação – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Citação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citiranje" title="Citiranje – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Citiranje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation" title="Citation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Citation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografick%C3%A1_cit%C3%A1cia" title="Bibliografická citácia – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bibliografická citácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citiranje" title="Citiranje – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Citiranje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citimi" title="Citimi – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Citimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Цитат – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цитат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisning" title="Källhänvisning – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Källhänvisning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C4%B1nt%C4%B1" title="Alıntı – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alıntı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Посилання – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Посилання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81" title="حوالہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حوالہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="參考文獻 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="參考文獻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dn-chi%C3%A0u" title="Ín-chiàu – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ín-chiàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="參考文獻 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="參考文獻" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1713#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Citatie" title="Inhoudspagina bekijken [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overleg:Citatie&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Overleg over deze pagina (de pagina bestaat niet) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Taalvariant wijzigen" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nederlands</span> 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id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Afdrukken/exporteren </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Citatie"><span>Boek aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Citatie&action=show-download-screen"><span>Downloaden als PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citatie&printable=yes" title="Printvriendelijke versie van deze pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Afdrukversie</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In andere projecten </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p>Een <a href="/wiki/Bibliografie" title="Bibliografie">bibliografische</a> <b>citatie</b> of <b>aanhaling</b>, ook wel <b>referentie</b> of <b>verwijzing</b> genoemd, is een <a href="/wiki/Bronvermelding" title="Bronvermelding">bronvermelding</a> in een <a href="/wiki/Wetenschappelijke_literatuur" title="Wetenschappelijke literatuur">wetenschappelijke publicatie</a>. Het is een verwijzing van een wetenschappelijke publicatie naar een andere wetenschappelijk publicatie of niet-gepubliceerde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Informatiebron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Informatiebron (de pagina bestaat niet)">bron</a>. Dit kan bijvoorbeeld een artikel in een <a href="/wiki/Wetenschappelijk_tijdschrift" title="Wetenschappelijk tijdschrift">wetenschappelijk tijdschrift</a> zijn, maar ook een boek, krant of website. </p><p>De bronnen die aangehaald worden, maken duidelijk op welke reeds bestaande kennis de nieuwe bijdrage voortbouwt. Zo wordt erkenning gegeven aan het bestaande werk van andere wetenschappers binnen het behandelde onderwerp. Citaties geven transparantie en voorkomen <a href="/wiki/Plagiaat" title="Plagiaat">plagiaat</a>. Ze geven de lezers de mogelijkheid om de waarde van de publicatie te toetsen ten opzichte van de al bestaande literatuur over dat onderwerp. Vaak worden vakgenoten uitgekozen en benaderd voor <a href="/wiki/Collegiale_toetsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegiale toetsing">collegiale toetsing</a> (<i>peer review</i>) van een publicatie aan de hand van de daarin geciteerde publicaties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stijlen">Stijlen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citatie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Stijlen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citatie&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Stijlen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Citaties worden getoond als een verwijzing naar een andere publicatie. Alfanumerieke codes in de lopende tekst verwijzen naar voetnoten onderaan de pagina of een aparte bibliografische lijst achter in de publicatie. Als <a href="/wiki/Bronvermelding_in_Harvardstijl" title="Bronvermelding in Harvardstijl">bronvermelding in Harvardstijl</a> gehanteerd wordt, staan verwijzingen in de vorm "achternaam van auteur (jaartal)" in de lopende tekst. Deze verwijzen naar een van de publicaties die genoemd worden in de bibliografische lijst achter in de publicatie. </p><p>De term "referentie" verwijst naar de volledige benoeming van de bron, inclusief auteurs, titel, het tijdschrift of boek waarin het artikel opgenomen is, de publicatiedatum en specifieke pagina's. Verschillende stijlen voor referenties worden gehanteerd in verschillende vakgebieden. De Oxford-, Harvard-, Chicago-, MLA- en APA-referentiestijlen zijn enkele van de standaardformaten. De <a href="/wiki/Redacteur" title="Redacteur">redacteur</a> van de wetenschappelijke publicatie bepaalt welke standaard aangehouden wordt. </p><p>Referenties kunnen een unieke code voor de publicatie omvatten, zoals een <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> of <a href="/wiki/Internationaal_Standaard_Boeknummer" title="Internationaal Standaard Boeknummer">ISBN</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meting">Meting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citatie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Meting" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citatie&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Meting"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wetenschappers en wetenschappelijke instanties worden vaak beoordeeld op basis van het aantal citaties die hun publicaties hebben ontvangen, omdat dit een maatstaf kan zijn van kwaliteit.<sup id="cite_ref-utwente_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utwente-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-minocw_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minocw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dergelijke informatie is te vinden in een <a href="/wiki/Citatie-index" title="Citatie-index">citatie-index</a>, een database waarin miljoenen citaties van wetenschappelijke publicaties zijn opgeslagen. Aan de hand van deze informatie kan bepaald worden welke artikelen het meest worden geciteerd. Enkele grote citatie-indices zijn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scopus_(citatie-index)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scopus (citatie-index) (de pagina bestaat niet)">Scopus</a> van <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_(uitgeverij)" title="Elsevier (uitgeverij)">Elsevier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> van <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a> en <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a> van <a href="/wiki/Google_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Google Inc.">Google</a>. </p><p>De <a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index"><i>h</i>-index</a> meet het aantal veel geciteerde publicaties van een wetenschapper. Als <i>h</i> gelijk is aan bijvoorbeeld 12, betekent dat dat de wetenschapper 12 publicaties heeft die ieder minstens 12 keer geciteerd zijn. </p><p>Meetmethodes gebaseerd op citaties zijn veel bekritiseerd omdat ze een vertekend beeld kunnen geven van de kwaliteit van het onderzoek. Citatie-indices zijn incompleet en bevatten fouten. Ook is citeren meer gebruikelijk in sommige vakgebieden dan in andere vakgebieden (zoals de alfawetenschappen en de technische wetenschappen), waardoor het risico bestaat dat men appels met peren vergelijkt. Publicaties van recente datum zijn meestal nog weinig geciteerd en kunnen daarom ondergewaardeerd worden. Daarnaast kunnen auteurs naar hun eigen publicaties verwijzen (zelfcitaties), en hebben veel artikelen een lange reeks co-auteurs, zodat een wetenschapper kan meeliften op het succes van onderzoek waaraan hij of zij maar een kleine bijdrage geleverd heeft.<sup id="cite_ref-utwente_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utwente-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-minocw_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minocw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citatie-analyse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citatie-analyse (de pagina bestaat niet)">Citatie-analyse</a> (een deel van de <a href="/wiki/Bibliometrie" title="Bibliometrie">bibliometrie</a>, een reeks methodes om wetenschappelijke literatuur op een kwantitatieve manier te analyseren) is het analyseren van data uit citatie-indexen om patronen te ontdekken. Bijvoorbeeld kan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Co-citatie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co-citatie (de pagina bestaat niet)">co-citatie</a> gemeten worden, dat wil zeggen hoe vaak twee publicaties samen door andere publicaties geciteerd worden. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliografische_koppeling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibliografische koppeling (de pagina bestaat niet)">Bibliografische koppeling</a> daarentegen meet hoe vaak twee publicaties een of meerdere van dezelfde publicaties citeren. Beide methodes kunnen gebruikt worden om aan te geven dat de twee artikelen qua onderwerp aan elkaar gerelateerd zijn. Ook kunnen hiermee groepen van gerelateerde, veel geciteerde artikelen geïdentificeerd worden, die er op kunnen duiden dat er, bijvoorbeeld binnen een bepaalde afdeling van een universiteit, hoogstaand onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citatie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citatie&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citaat" title="Citaat">Citaat</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-utwente-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-utwente_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-utwente_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114173432/http://www.utwente.nl/ub/dienstverlening/MAIN/citatie_nl.docx/">"Citatie-analyse", Universiteit Twente</a>. Gearchiveerd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2013-11-14">14 november 2013</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-06-13">13 juni 2023</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-minocw-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-minocw_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-minocw_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trendsinbeeld.minocw.nl/vervolg.php?h_id=3&s_id=9&v_id=24">"Citatie-impact", <i>Trends in Beeld</i>, Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citatie&oldid=65717168">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citatie&oldid=65717168</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wetenschappelijke_literatuur" title="Categorie:Wetenschappelijke literatuur">Wetenschappelijke literatuur</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 6 sep 2023 om 21:08.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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