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class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Enhavo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vertabelo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Iru al artikolo en alia lingvo. Havebla en 43 lingvo" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 lingvoj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waarheidstabel" title="Waarheidstabel — afrikansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Waarheidstabel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%95%E1%8B%8D%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B3_%E1%88%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%8B%A5" title="የዕውነታ ሠንጠረዥ — amhara" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የዕውነታ ሠንጠረዥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9" title="جدول الحقيقة — araba" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جدول الحقيقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF" title="সত্যক সারণি — bengala" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সত্যক সারণি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taula_de_veritat" title="Taula de veritat — kataluna" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taula de veritat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataluna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravdivostn%C3%AD_tabulka" title="Pravdivostní tabulka — ĉeĥa" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pravdivostní tabulka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ĉeĥa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhedstabel" title="Sandhedstabel — dana" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sandhedstabel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahrheitstabelle" title="Wahrheitstabelle — germana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wahrheitstabelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πίνακας αληθείας — greka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πίνακας αληθείας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_table" title="Truth table — angla" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Truth table" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabla_de_verdad" title="Tabla de verdad — hispana" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tabla de verdad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5ev%C3%A4%C3%A4rtustabel" title="Tõeväärtustabel — estona" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tõeväärtustabel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egia-taula" title="Egia-taula — eŭska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egia-taula" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="eŭska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4" title="جدول ارزش — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جدول ارزش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totuustaulu" title="Totuustaulu — finna" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Totuustaulu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_de_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Table de vérité — franca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Table de vérité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%AA" title="טבלת אמת — hebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבלת אמת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="सत्यता सारणी — hinda" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सत्यता सारणी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hinda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Իսկության աղյուսակ — armena" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսկության աղյուսակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_kebenaran" title="Tabel kebenaran — indonezia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tabel kebenaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabella_della_verit%C3%A0" title="Tabella della verità — itala" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tabella della verità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E5%80%A4%E8%A1%A8" title="真理値表 — japana" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="真理値表" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%91%9C" title="진리표 — korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진리표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio_propositionum" title="Ratio propositionum — latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ratio propositionum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paties%C4%ABbas_tabula" title="Patiesības tabula — latva" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Patiesības tabula" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Таблица на вистинитост — makedona" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Таблица на вистинитост" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadual_kebenaran" title="Jadual kebenaran — malaja" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jadual kebenaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waarheidstabel" title="Waarheidstabel — nederlanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waarheidstabel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sannhetstabell" title="Sannhetstabell — dannorvega" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sannhetstabell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="dannorvega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablica_prawdy" title="Tablica prawdy — pola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tablica prawdy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="pola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabela-verdade" title="Tabela-verdade — portugala" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tabela-verdade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Таблица истинности — rusa" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таблица истинности" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="සත්‍යතා වගුව — sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සත්‍යතා වගුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_table" title="Truth table — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Truth table" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravdivostn%C3%A1_tabu%C4%BEka" title="Pravdivostná tabuľka — slovaka" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pravdivostná tabuľka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Таблице истинитости — serba" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Таблице истинитости" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanningsv%C3%A4rdetabell" title="Sanningsvärdetabell — sveda" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sanningsvärdetabell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sveda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ตารางค่าความจริง — taja" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตารางค่าความจริง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fruluk_tablosu" title="Doğruluk tablosu — turka" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğruluk tablosu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Таблиця істинності — ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таблиця істинності" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%80%BC%E8%A1%A8" title="真值表 — vua" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="真值表" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%80%BC%E8%A1%A8" title="真值表 — ĉina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="真值表" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ĉina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%80%BC%E8%A1%A8" title="真值表 — kantona" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真值表" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q219079#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redakti interlingvajn ligilojn" class="wbc-editpage">Redakti ligilojn</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomspacoj"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vertabelo" title="Vidi la artikolon [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikolo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskuto:Vertabelo" rel="discussion" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Vertabelo"><span>Krei libron</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:DownloadAsPdf&page=Vertabelo&action=show-download-screen"><span>Elŝuti kiel PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertabelo&printable=yes" title="Presebla versio de tiu ĉi paĝo [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Presebla versio</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En aliaj projektoj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Truth_tables" hreflang="en"><span>Vikimedia Komunejo</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q219079" title="Ligilo al konektita datuma ero [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Ero en Vikidatumoj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paĝaj iloj"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspekto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspekto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">movigi al flanka panelo</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">kaŝi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">El Vikipedio, la libera enciklopedio</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eo" dir="ltr"><p><b>Vertabelo</b> - estas unu el manieroj por difini <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika_funkcio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logika funkcio (paĝo ne ekzistas)">logikan funkcion</a>. Vertabelo enhavas ĉiujn eblajn rezultojn de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logika_funkcio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logika funkcio (paĝo ne ekzistas)">logika funkcio</a>. </p><p>Praktike, vertabelo konsistas el kolumnoj, po unu kolumno al ĉiu variablo (ekz. <i>P</i> kaj <i>Q</i>), kaj unu fina kolumno por ĉiu ebla rezulto rilatante al la logika operacio, kiun la vertabelo estas supozita reprezenti (ekz. <i>P</i> <a href="/wiki/XOR" class="mw-disambig" title="XOR">XOR</a> <i>Q</i>). Ĉiu linio de la vertabelo do enhavas unu eblan kunigon de la enigaj variabloj (ekz. <i>P</i> = vera, <i>Q</i> = falsa), kaj unu rezulton de la operacio pri tiuj apartaj valoroj. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekzemploj">Ekzemploj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertabelo&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redakti sekcion: Ekzemploj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertabelo&action=edit&section=1" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Ekzemploj"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vertabelo por <a href="/wiki/Logika_kajo" class="mw-redirect" title="Logika kajo"><b>kaj</b></a>: </p> <table align="center" border="1" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th width="30"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/443d02dbd01e036928c7a0f145c9421bc4d4f00e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.646ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p\,\!}"></span> </th> <th width="30"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4150990310f001ab463ebe5f4f384d2e9f53e061" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.457ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q\,\!}"></span> </th> <th width="60"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p\,\land \,q\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>∧</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>q</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p\,\land \,q\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/73ca713a0a690683f931c1e4fc4a479df8bee760" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:6.072ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p\,\land \,q\,\!}"></span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Vertabelo por <a href="/wiki/Logika_a%C5%ADo" title="Logika aŭo"><b>aŭ</b></a>: </p> <table align="center" border="1" bgcolor="#c0c0c0"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th width="30"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/443d02dbd01e036928c7a0f145c9421bc4d4f00e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.646ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p\,\!}"></span> </th> <th width="30"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4150990310f001ab463ebe5f4f384d2e9f53e061" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.457ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q\,\!}"></span> </th> <th width="60"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p\,\lor \,q\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>∨</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>q</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p\,\lor \,q\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a05b6f14e85efad865aef2aa2d5127171448a853" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:6.072ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p\,\lor \,q\,\!}"></span> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vertabelo_pri_ĉiuj_duumaraj_logikaj_operatoroj"><span id="Vertabelo_pri_.C4.89iuj_duumaraj_logikaj_operatoroj"></span>Vertabelo pri ĉiuj <a href="/wiki/Duuma_aro" class="mw-redirect" title="Duuma aro">duumaraj</a> logikaj operatoroj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertabelo&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redakti sekcion: Vertabelo pri ĉiuj duumaraj logikaj operatoroj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertabelo&action=edit&section=2" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Vertabelo pri ĉiuj duumaraj logikaj operatoroj"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ĉi sube estas vertabelo kun difinoj de ĉiuj 16 eblaj verfunkcioj pri 2 duumaj variabloj (<i>P</i> kaj <i>Q</i> estas do <b>buleaj variabloj</b>): </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><i>P</i></th> <th><i>Q</i> </th> <td> </td> <th> 0 </th> <th> 1 </th> <th> 2 </th> <th> 3 </th> <th> 4 </th> <th> 5 </th> <th> 6 </th> <th> 7  </th> <td> </td> <th> 8 </th> <th> 9 </th> <th>10</th> <th>11</th> <th>12</th> <th>13</th> <th>14</th> <th>15 </th></tr> <tr> <th>V</th> <th>V </th> <td></td> <td>F</td> <td>F</td> <td>F</td> <td>F</td> <td>F</td> <td>F</td> <td>F</td> <td>F</td> <td></td> <td>V</td> <td>V</td> <td>V</td> <td>V</td> <td>V</td> <td>V</td> <td>V</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <th>V</th> <th>F </th> <td></td> <td>F</td> <td>F</td> <td>F</td> <td>F</td> <td>V</td> <td>V</td> <td>V</td> <td>V</td> <td></td> <td>F</td> <td>F</td> <td>F</td> <td>F</td> <td>V</td> <td>V</td> <td>V</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <th>F</th> <th>V </th> <td></td> <td>F</td> <td>F</td> <td>V</td> <td>V</td> <td>F</td> <td>F</td> <td>V</td> <td>V</td> <td></td> <td>F</td> <td>F</td> <td>V</td> <td>V</td> <td>F</td> <td>F</td> <td>V</td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <th>F</th> <th>F </th> <td></td> <td>F</td> <td>V</td> <td>F</td> <td>V</td> <td>F</td> <td>V</td> <td>F</td> <td>V</td> <td></td> <td>F</td> <td>V</td> <td>F</td> <td>V</td> <td>F</td> <td>V</td> <td>F</td> <td>V </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>kie V = vera and F = falsa. </p><p>Klarigo: </p> <dl><dd>0, Opq, falsa, <a href="/wiki/Kontra%C5%ADdiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontraŭdiro">Kontraŭdiro</a></dd> <dd>1, Xpq, <a href="/wiki/NOR" class="mw-disambig" title="NOR">NOR</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inversa_disjunkcio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inversa disjunkcio (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Inversa disjunkcio</a></dd> <dd>2, Mpq,<b>q</b> kaj <b>¬p</b></dd> <dd>3, Fpq, <b>¬p</b>, <a href="/wiki/Negacio" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Negacio">Negacio</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> de <b>p</b></dd> <dd>4, Lpq, <b>p</b> kaj <b>¬q</b></dd> <dd>5, Gpq, <b>¬q</b>, <a href="/wiki/Negacio" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Negacio">Negacio</a> de <b>q</b></dd> <dd>6, Jpq, <a href="/wiki/XOR" class="mw-disambig" title="XOR">XOR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logika_malinkluziva_a%C5%ADo" class="mw-redirect" title="Logika malinkluziva aŭo">Ekskluziva disjunkcio</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>7, Dpq, <a href="/wiki/NAND" title="NAND">NAND</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inversa_konjunkcio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inversa konjunkcio (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Inversa konjunkcio</a></dd> <dd>8, Kpq, <a href="/wiki/AND" class="mw-disambig" title="AND">AND</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konjunkcio_(logiko)" title="Konjunkcio (logiko)">Konjunkcio (logiko)</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>9, Epq, <a href="/w/index.php?title=XNOR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XNOR (paĝo ne ekzistas)">XNOR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Se_kaj_nur_se" title="Se kaj nur se">Se kaj nur se</a> <b>p</b> identas al <b>q</b></dd> <dd>10, Hpq, <b>q</b> valoro</dd> <dd>11, Cpq, <a href="/wiki/Implico" title="Implico">Implico</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>12, Ipq, <b>p</b> valoro</dd> <dd>13, Bpq, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inversa_implico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inversa implico (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Inversa implico</a></dd> <dd>14, Apq, <a href="/wiki/OR" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="OR">OR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disjunkcio" class="mw-redirect" title="Disjunkcio">Disjunkcio</a></dd> <dd>15, Vpq, ĉiam vera, <a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%ADtologio" title="Taŭtologio">Taŭtologio</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencoj">Referencoj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertabelo&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redakti sekcion: Referencoj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertabelo&action=edit&section=3" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Referencoj"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist references-small" style="padding-right: 6px;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dosiero:Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ReVo"><img alt="ReVo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png/15px-Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png/23px-Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png/30px-Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>  <a href="https://reta-vortaro.de/revo/art/negaci.html" class="extiw" title="revo:negaci">negacio</a> en <a href="/wiki/Reta_Vortaro" title="Reta Vortaro">ReVo</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dosiero:Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ReVo"><img alt="ReVo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png/15px-Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png/23px-Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png/30px-Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>  <a href="https://reta-vortaro.de/revo/art/disjunkci.html" class="extiw" title="revo:disjunkci">disjunkcio</a> en <a href="/wiki/Reta_Vortaro" title="Reta Vortaro">ReVo</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dosiero:Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ReVo"><img alt="ReVo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png/15px-Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png/23px-Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png/30px-Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>  <a href="https://reta-vortaro.de/revo/art/konjunkci.html" class="extiw" title="revo:konjunkci">konjunkcio</a> en <a href="/wiki/Reta_Vortaro" title="Reta Vortaro">ReVo</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dosiero:Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png" class="mw-file-description" title="ReVo"><img alt="ReVo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png/15px-Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png/23px-Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png/30px-Logobildo_de_Reta_Vortaro.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>  <a href="https://reta-vortaro.de/revo/art/implic.html" class="extiw" title="revo:implic">implico</a> en <a href="/wiki/Reta_Vortaro" title="Reta Vortaro">ReVo</a> </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vidu_ankaŭ"><span id="Vidu_anka.C5.AD"></span>Vidu ankaŭ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertabelo&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redakti sekcion: Vidu ankaŭ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertabelo&action=edit&section=4" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Vidu 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