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<li id="toc-Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Time standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religions_which_view_time_as_cyclical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions_which_view_time_as_cyclical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Religions which view time as cyclical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions_which_view_time_as_cyclical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_in_Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_in_Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Time in Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_in_Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_in_Greek_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_in_Greek_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Time in Greek mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_in_Greek_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_in_Kabbalah_&_Rabbinical_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_in_Kabbalah_&_Rabbinical_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Time in Kabbalah & Rabbinical thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_in_Kabbalah_&_Rabbinical_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_in_Advaita_Vedanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_in_Advaita_Vedanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Time in Advaita Vedanta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_in_Advaita_Vedanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Western_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Western_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In Western philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Western_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unreality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unreality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Unreality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unreality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Physical definition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_definition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical definition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrow_of_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrow_of_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Arrow of time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrow_of_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Classical mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacetime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacetime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Spacetime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacetime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Dilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relativistic_versus_Newtonian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relativistic_versus_Newtonian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Relativistic versus Newtonian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relativistic_versus_Newtonian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Quantization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermodynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermodynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Thermodynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermodynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Perception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Perception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biopsychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biopsychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Biopsychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biopsychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_childhood_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_childhood_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Early childhood education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_childhood_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alterations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alterations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Alterations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alterations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spatial_conceptualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spatial_conceptualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Spatial conceptualization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spatial_conceptualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequence_of_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequence_of_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sequence of events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequence_of_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous_arts_and_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous_arts_and_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Miscellaneous arts and sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous_arts_and_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Miscellaneous units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Time</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 184 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-184" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">184 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyd" title="Tyd – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tyd" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeit" title="Zeit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8A%E1%8B%9C" title="ጊዜ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጊዜ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84igi" title="Äigi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Äigi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF" title="समय – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="समय" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BC%D2%AD%D0%B0" title="Аамҭа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аамҭа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86" title="زمن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زمن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiempo" title="Tiempo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tiempo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="সময় – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সময়" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiempu" title="Tiempu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tiempu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipahikanicic" title="Tipahikanicic – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Tipahikanicic" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ra" title="Ára – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ára" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Мех – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Мех" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman" title="Zaman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zaman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زامان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زامان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="সময় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সময়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AE-kan" title="Sî-kan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sî-kan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wektu" title="Wektu – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Wektu" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Ваҡыт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ваҡыт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Час – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Час" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Час – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Час" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF" title="समय – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="समय" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oras" title="Oras – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Oras" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Време – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Време" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeid" title="Zeid – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Zeid" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="དུས་ཚོད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དུས་ཚོད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrijeme_(fizika)" title="Vrijeme (fizika) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vrijeme (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amzer" title="Amzer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Amzer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Саг хугасаа – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Саг хугасаа" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temps" title="Temps – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Temps" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%85%C4%83%D1%82" title="Вăхăт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăхăт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahon" title="Panahon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Panahon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cas" title="Čas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nthawi" title="Nthawi – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Nthawi" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguva" title="Nguva – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nguva" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amser" title="Amser – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amser" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tid" title="Tid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زمان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="زمان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeit" title="Zeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeg" title="Aeg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aeg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Χρόνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρόνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8imp" title="Tèimp – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tèimp" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шка – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Шка" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiempo" title="Tiempo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tiempo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiempu" title="Tiempu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Tiempu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denbora" title="Denbora – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Denbora" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samay" title="Samay – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Samay" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temps" title="Temps – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Temps" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiid" title="Tiid – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tiid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timp" title="Timp – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Timp" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am" title="Am – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Am" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0" title="Ха – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ха" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3%CC%80-ki%C3%AAn" title="Sṳ̀-kiên – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sṳ̀-kiên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Цаг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Цаг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84" title="시간 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokaci" title="Lokaci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Lokaci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ժամանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժամանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF" title="समय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrijeme_(fizika)" title="Vrijeme (fizika) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vrijeme (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waktu" title="Waktu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Waktu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempore" title="Tempore – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tempore" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isikhathi" title="Isikhathi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isikhathi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADmi" title="Tími – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tími" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="זמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wektu" title="Wektu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wektu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C9%A9waat%CA%8B" title="Alɩwaatʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Alɩwaatʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2" title="ಕಾಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="დრო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დრო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Уақыт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уақыт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termyn" title="Termyn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Termyn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakati" title="Wakati – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wakati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan" title="Tan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan" title="Tan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wext" title="Wext – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wext" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Убакыт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Убакыт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%88%E0%BB%9C%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2" title="ລາຍຊື່ໜ່ວຍນັບເວລາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລາຍຊື່ໜ່ວຍນັບເວລາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempus" title="Tempus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tempus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laiks" title="Laiks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Laiks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A4it" title="Zäit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zäit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laikas" title="Laikas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laikas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tied" title="Tied – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tied" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigu" title="Aigu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Aigu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temp" title="Temp – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Temp" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id%C5%91" title="Idő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Idő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF" title="समय – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="समय" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Време – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Време" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotoana" title="Fotoana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fotoana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="കാലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3" title="काळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="ბორჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბორჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85" title="توم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="توم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa" title="Masa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Masa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯃꯇꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯇꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AC-g%C4%83ng" title="Sì-găng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sì-găng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Хугацаа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хугацаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အချိန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အချိန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahuitl" title="Cahuitl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cahuitl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauna" title="Gauna – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Gauna" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijd" title="Tijd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tijd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tied" title="Tied – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tied" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF" title="समय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="समय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2)" title="ई (काल) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ई (काल)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="時間 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="時間" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidj" title="Tidj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tidj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiem" title="Tiem – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Tiem" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tid" title="Tid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tid" title="Tid – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempe" title="Tempe – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Tempe" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temps" title="Temps – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Temps" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%9F_(%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3)" title="ସମୟ (କାଳ) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସମୟ (କାଳ)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeroo" title="Yeroo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Yeroo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaqt" title="Vaqt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vaqt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਸਮਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਮਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ویلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="وخت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وخت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taim" title="Taim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Taim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tans" title="Tans – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tans" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temp" title="Temp – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Temp" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiet" title="Tiet – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tiet" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czas" title="Czas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waq%C4%B1t" title="Waqıt – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Waqıt" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timp" title="Timp – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Timp" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit%27awi" title="Mit'awi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mit'awi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Час – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Час" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Время – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Время" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Кэм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кэм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱚᱠᱛᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱠᱛᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time" title="Time – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Time" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tied" title="Tied – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tied" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nako" title="Nako – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Nako" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koha" title="Koha – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Koha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempu" title="Tempu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tempu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="කාලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time" title="Time – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Time" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA" title="وقت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وقت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cas_(fyzika)" title="Čas (fyzika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čas (fyzika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cas" title="Čas – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D1%A3%D0%BC%D1%A7" title="Врѣмѧ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Врѣмѧ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czas" title="Czas – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czas" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakhti" title="Wakhti – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Wakhti" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Време – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Време" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreme" title="Vreme – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vreme" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waktu" title="Waktu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Waktu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aika" title="Aika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tid" title="Tid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahon" title="Panahon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panahon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நேரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akud" title="Akud – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Akud" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Вакыт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вакыт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="సమయం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సమయం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="เวลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เวลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Замон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Замон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%B3%E1%8F%A9%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%97" title="ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman" title="Zaman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zaman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagt" title="Wagt – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wagt" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen" title="Jen – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Jen" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Дыр – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Дыр" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Час – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Час" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA" title="وقت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وقت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizgan" title="Seizgan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Seizgan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenpo" title="Tenpo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tenpo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig" title="Aig – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Aig" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_gian" title="Thời gian – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời gian" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim" title="Tim – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tim" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig" title="Aig – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aig" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82" title="時 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="時" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyd" title="Tyd – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tyd" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oras_(pisika)" title="Oras (pisika) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Oras (pisika)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%B0%E5%85%89" title="辰光 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="辰光" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98" title="צייט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צייט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80s%C3%ACk%C3%B2" title="Àsìkò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àsìkò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="時間 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="時間" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeman" title="Zeman – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zeman" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ciesos" title="Čiesos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čiesos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="时间 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="时间" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11471#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Time</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MontreGousset001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MontreGousset001.jpg/220px-MontreGousset001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MontreGousset001.jpg/330px-MontreGousset001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MontreGousset001.jpg/440px-MontreGousset001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;background:#ddf;padding-bottom:0;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternity_of_the_world" title="Eternity of the world">of the world</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;background:#ddf;padding-bottom:0;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Fields of study</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Horology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futurology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;background:#ddf;padding-bottom:0;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;background:#ddf;padding-bottom:0;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><div class="hlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li>Mythology</li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Day of Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;background:#ddf;padding-bottom:0;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><div class="hlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Measurement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">Standards</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;background:#ddf;padding-bottom:0;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><div class="hlist nowrap"><ul><li>Science</li><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe"><span class="wrap">Ultimate fate of the universe</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Time in physics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;background:#ddf;padding-bottom:0;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_sidebar" title="Template:Time sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_sidebar" title="Template talk:Time sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Time</b> is the continued <a href="/wiki/Sequence" title="Sequence">sequence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">events</a> that occurs in an apparently <a href="/wiki/Irreversible_process" title="Irreversible process">irreversible</a> succession from the <a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">past</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">present</a>, and into the <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">future</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DefRefs02_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DefRefs02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a component quantity of various <a href="/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measurements</a> used to <a href="/wiki/Sequence" title="Sequence">sequence</a> events, to compare the duration of events or the intervals between them, and to <a href="/wiki/Quantification_(science)" title="Quantification (science)">quantify</a> <a href="/wiki/Derivative" title="Derivative">rates of change</a> of <a href="/wiki/Physical_quantity" title="Physical quantity">quantities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">material reality</a> or in the <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">conscious</a> <a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">experience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DefRefs01_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DefRefs01-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poidevin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poidevin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Time is often referred to as a fourth <a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">dimension</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">three spatial dimensions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-metafizika_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metafizika-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Time is one of the seven fundamental <a href="/wiki/Physical_quantity" title="Physical quantity">physical quantities</a> in both the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI) and <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities" title="International System of Quantities">International System of Quantities</a>. The SI base <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">unit of time</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a>, which is defined by measuring the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic transition">electronic transition</a> <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> atoms. <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a> is the primary framework for understanding how spacetime works.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through advances in both theoretical and experimental investigations of spacetime, it has been shown that time can be distorted and <a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">dilated</a>, particularly at the edges of <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a>. </p><p>Throughout history, time has been an important subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science. Temporal measurement has occupied scientists and <a href="/wiki/Engineering_technologist" title="Engineering technologist">technologists</a> and has been a prime motivation in <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>. Time is also of significant social importance, having economic value ("<a href="/wiki/Time_value_of_money" title="Time value of money">time is money</a>") as well as personal value, due to an <a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">awareness</a> of the limited time in each day and in <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">human life spans</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <p>The concept of time can be complex. Multiple notions exist and defining time in a manner applicable to all fields without <a href="/wiki/Circular_definition" title="Circular definition">circularity</a> has consistently eluded scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Poidevin_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poidevin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carroll2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective <a href="/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measuring systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MLB_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLB-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guinness_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guinness-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zeigler_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeigler-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional definitions of time involved the observation of periodic motion such as the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, and the passage of a free-swinging pendulum. More modern systems include the <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a>, other satellite systems, <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mean_solar_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean solar time">mean solar time</a>. Although these systems differ from one another, with careful measurements they can be synchronized. </p><p>In physics, time is a fundamental concept to define other quantities, such as <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a>. To avoid a circular definition,<sup id="cite_ref-TrialogueP3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrialogueP3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">time in physics</a> is <a href="/wiki/Operational_definition" title="Operational definition">operationally defined</a> as "what a <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clock</a> reads", specifically a count of repeating events such as the <a href="/wiki/SI_second" class="mw-redirect" title="SI second">SI second</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DefRefs01_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DefRefs01-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burnham_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnham-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this aids in practical measurements, it does not address the essence of time. Physicists developed the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> continuum, where events are assigned four coordinates: three for space and one for time. Events like <a href="/wiki/Particle_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Particle collision">particle collisions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovas</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rocket_launch" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket launch">rocket launches</a> have coordinates that may vary for different observers, making concepts like "now" and "here" relative. In <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, these coordinates do not directly correspond to the causal structure of events. Instead, the <a href="/wiki/Spacetime_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacetime interval">spacetime interval</a> is calculated and classified as either space-like or time-like, depending on whether an observer exists that would say the events are separated by space or by time.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the time required for light to travel a specific distance is the same for all observers—a fact first publicly demonstrated by the <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment" title="Michelson–Morley experiment">Michelson–Morley experiment</a>—all observers will consistently agree on this definition of time as a <a href="/wiki/Causal_relation" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal relation">causal relation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General relativity does not address the nature of time for extremely small intervals where quantum mechanics holds. In quantum mechanics, time is treated as a universal and absolute parameter, differing from general relativity's notion of independent clocks. The <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_time" title="Problem of time">problem of time</a> consists of reconciling these two theories.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, there is no generally accepted theory of quantum general relativity.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg/170px-Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg/255px-Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg/340px-Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="1959" /></a><figcaption>The flow of sand in an <a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a> can be used to measure the passage of time. It also concretely represents the present as being between the <a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">past</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">future</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Generally speaking, methods of temporal measurement, or <a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">chronometry</a>, take two distinct forms: the <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a>, a mathematical tool for organising intervals of time,<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clock</a>, a physical mechanism that counts the passage of time. In day-to-day life, the clock is consulted for periods less than a day, whereas the calendar is consulted for periods longer than a day. Increasingly, personal electronic devices display both calendars and clocks simultaneously. The number (as on a clock dial or calendar) that marks the occurrence of a specified event as to hour or date is obtained by counting from a fiducial epoch – a central reference point. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_calendar">History of the calendar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></div> <p>Artifacts from the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudgley_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudgley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar calendars</a> were among the first to appear, with years of either 12 or 13 <a href="/wiki/Lunar_month" title="Lunar month">lunar months</a> (either 354 or 384 days). Without <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">intercalation</a> to add days or months to some years, seasons quickly drift in a calendar based solely on twelve lunar months. <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar calendars</a> have a thirteenth month added to some years to make up for the difference between a full year (now known to be about 365.24 days) and a year of just twelve lunar months. The numbers twelve and thirteen came to feature prominently in many cultures, at least partly due to this relationship of months to years. Other early forms of calendars originated in Mesoamerica, particularly in ancient Mayan civilization. These calendars were religiously and astronomically based, with 18 months in a year and 20 days in a month, plus five <a href="/wiki/Epagomenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Epagomenal">epagomenal</a> days at the end of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reforms of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in 45 BC put the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman world</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar calendar</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> was faulty in that its intercalation still allowed the astronomical <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a> to advance against it by about 11 minutes per year. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a> introduced a correction in 1582; the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> was only slowly adopted by different nations over a period of centuries, but it is now by far the most commonly used calendar around the world. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, a new clock and calendar were invented as part of the <a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">dechristianization of France</a> and to create a more rational system in order to replace the Gregorian calendar. The <a href="/wiki/French_Republican_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Calendar">French Republican Calendar</a>'s days consisted of ten hours of a hundred minutes of a hundred seconds, which marked a deviation from the base 12 (<a href="/wiki/Duodecimal" title="Duodecimal">duodecimal</a>) system used in many other devices by many cultures. The system was abolished in 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_other_devices">History of other devices</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_(AU),_Albert_Hall,_Sundial_--_2019_--_1740.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Canberra_%28AU%29%2C_Albert_Hall%2C_Sundial_--_2019_--_1740.jpg/220px-Canberra_%28AU%29%2C_Albert_Hall%2C_Sundial_--_2019_--_1740.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Canberra_%28AU%29%2C_Albert_Hall%2C_Sundial_--_2019_--_1740.jpg/330px-Canberra_%28AU%29%2C_Albert_Hall%2C_Sundial_--_2019_--_1740.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Canberra_%28AU%29%2C_Albert_Hall%2C_Sundial_--_2019_--_1740.jpg/440px-Canberra_%28AU%29%2C_Albert_Hall%2C_Sundial_--_2019_--_1740.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5973" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Horizontal <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a> in Canberra</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florence-Duomo-Clock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Florence-Duomo-Clock.jpg/220px-Florence-Duomo-Clock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Florence-Duomo-Clock.jpg/330px-Florence-Duomo-Clock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Florence-Duomo-Clock.jpg/440px-Florence-Duomo-Clock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>24-hour clock face in Florence</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History of timekeeping devices</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clock</a></div> <p>A large variety of <a href="/wiki/Measuring_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Measuring instrument">devices</a> have been invented to measure time. The study of these devices is called <a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">horology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An Egyptian device that dates to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500 BC</span>, similar in shape to a bent <a href="/wiki/T-square" title="T-square">T-square</a>, measured the passage of time from the shadow cast by its crossbar on a nonlinear rule. The T was oriented eastward in the mornings. At noon, the device was turned around so that it could cast its shadow in the evening direction.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a> uses a <a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">gnomon</a> to cast a shadow on a set of markings calibrated to the hour. The position of the shadow marks the hour in <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">local time</a>. The idea to separate the day into smaller parts is credited to Egyptians because of their sundials, which operated on a duodecimal system. The importance of the number 12 is due to the number of lunar cycles in a year and the number of stars used to count the passage of night.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most precise timekeeping device of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient world">ancient world</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water clock</a>, or <i>clepsydra</i>, one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a>. They could be used to measure the hours even at night but required manual upkeep to replenish the flow of water. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> and the people from <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a> (southeastern Mesopotamia) regularly maintained timekeeping records as an essential part of their astronomical observations. Arab inventors and engineers, in particular, made improvements on the use of water clocks up to the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 11th century, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions" title="List of Chinese inventions">Chinese inventors</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">engineers</a> invented the first mechanical clocks driven by an <a href="/wiki/Escapement" title="Escapement">escapement</a> mechanism. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swatch_Irony_angle_below.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Swatch_Irony_angle_below.jpg/220px-Swatch_Irony_angle_below.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Swatch_Irony_angle_below.jpg/330px-Swatch_Irony_angle_below.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Swatch_Irony_angle_below.jpg/440px-Swatch_Irony_angle_below.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>A contemporary <a href="/wiki/Quartz_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartz watch">quartz watch</a>, 2007 </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a> uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Water clocks, and, later, mechanical clocks, were used to mark the events of the abbeys and monasteries of the Middle Ages. <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Wallingford" title="Richard of Wallingford">Richard of Wallingford</a> (1292–1336), abbot of St. Alban's abbey, famously built a mechanical clock as an astronomical <a href="/wiki/Orrery" title="Orrery">orrery</a> about 1330.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Great advances in accurate time-keeping were made by <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> with the invention of pendulum-driven clocks along with the invention of the minute hand by Jost Burgi.<sup id="cite_ref-Clocks_2016_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clocks_2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English word <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clock</a> probably comes from the Middle Dutch word <i>klocke</i> which, in turn, derives from the medieval Latin word <i>clocca</i>, which ultimately derives from Celtic and is cognate with French, Latin, and German words that mean <a href="/wiki/Bell_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (instrument)">bell</a>. The passage of the hours at sea was marked by bells and denoted the time (see <a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_bell" title="Ship's bell">ship's bell</a>). The hours were marked by bells in abbeys as well as at sea. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChipScaleClock2_HR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ChipScaleClock2_HR.jpg/220px-ChipScaleClock2_HR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ChipScaleClock2_HR.jpg/330px-ChipScaleClock2_HR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ChipScaleClock2_HR.jpg/440px-ChipScaleClock2_HR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1465" data-file-height="1449" /></a><figcaption>Chip-scale <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clocks</a>, such as this one unveiled in 2004, are expected to greatly improve <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> location.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Clocks can range from watches to more exotic varieties such as the <a href="/wiki/Clock_of_the_Long_Now" title="Clock of the Long Now">Clock of the Long Now</a>. They can be driven by a variety of means, including gravity, springs, and various forms of electrical power, and regulated by a variety of means such as a <a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">pendulum</a>. </p><p>Alarm clocks first appeared in ancient Greece around 250 BC with a water clock that would set off a whistle. This idea was later mechanized by Levi Hutchins and <a href="/wiki/Seth_Thomas_(clockmaker)" title="Seth Thomas (clockmaker)">Seth E. Thomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clocks_2016_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clocks_2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Chronometer_watch" title="Chronometer watch">chronometer</a> is a portable timekeeper that meets certain precision standards. Initially, the term was used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine chronometer</a>, a timepiece used to determine <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> by means of <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">celestial navigation</a>, a precision first achieved by <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">John Harrison</a>. More recently, the term has also been applied to the <a href="/wiki/Chronometer_watch" title="Chronometer watch">chronometer watch</a>, a watch that meets precision standards set by the Swiss agency <a href="/wiki/COSC" title="COSC">COSC</a>. </p><p>The most accurate timekeeping devices are <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clocks</a>, which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments. </p><p>Atomic clocks use the frequency of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic transition">electronic transitions</a> in certain atoms to measure the second. One of the atoms used is <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a>; most modern atomic clocks probe caesium with microwaves to determine the frequency of these electron vibrations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1967, the International System of Measurements bases its unit of time, the second, on the properties of <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> atoms. <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> defines the second as 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation that corresponds to the transition between two electron spin energy levels of the ground state of the <sup>133</sup>Cs atom. </p><p>Today, the <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> in coordination with the <a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">Network Time Protocol</a> can be used to synchronize timekeeping systems across the globe. </p><p>In medieval philosophical writings, the <b>atom</b> was a unit of time referred to as the smallest possible division of time. The earliest known occurrence in English is in <a href="/wiki/Byrhtferth" title="Byrhtferth">Byrhtferth</a>'s <i>Enchiridion</i> (a science text) of 1010–1012,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it was defined as 1/564 of a <i>momentum</i> (1<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> minutes),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus equal to 15/94 of a second. It was used in the <i><a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">computus</a></i>, the process of calculating the date of Easter. </p><p>As of May 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the smallest time interval uncertainty in direct measurements is on the order of 12 <a href="/wiki/Attosecond" title="Attosecond">attoseconds</a> (1.2 × 10<sup>−17</sup> seconds), about 3.7 × 10<sup>26</sup> <a href="/wiki/Planck_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck time">Planck times</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Units">Units</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Time_(Orders_of_magnitude)" class="mw-redirect" title="Time (Orders of magnitude)">Time (Orders of magnitude)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time#List" title="Unit of time">Unit of time § List</a></div> <p>The second (s) is the <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> base unit. A <a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minute</a> (min) is 60 seconds in length (or, rarely, 59 or 61 seconds when leap seconds are employed), and an <a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hour</a> is 60 minutes or 3600 seconds in length. A day is usually 24 hours or 86,400 seconds in length; however, the duration of a calendar day can vary due to <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">Leap seconds</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Time_standards">Time standards</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">Time standard</a></div> <p>A time standard is a specification for measuring time: assigning a number or <a href="/wiki/Calendar_date" title="Calendar date">calendar date</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">instant</a> (point in time), quantifying the duration of a time interval, and establishing a <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a> (ordering of events). In modern times, several time specifications have been officially recognized as standards, where formerly they were matters of custom and practice. The invention in 1955 of the caesium <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clock</a> has led to the replacement of older and purely astronomical time standards such as <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">sidereal time</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ephemeris_time" title="Ephemeris time">ephemeris time</a>, for most practical purposes, by newer time standards based wholly or partly on atomic time using the SI second. </p><p><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">International Atomic Time</a> (TAI) is the primary international time standard from which other time standards are calculated. <a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">Universal Time</a> (UT1) is mean solar time at 0° longitude, computed from astronomical observations. It varies from TAI because of the irregularities in Earth's rotation. <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> (UTC) is an atomic time scale designed to approximate Universal Time. UTC differs from TAI by an integral number of seconds. UTC is kept within 0.9 second of UT1 by the introduction of one-second steps to UTC, the <a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">leap second</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> broadcasts a very precise time signal based on UTC time. </p><p>The surface of the Earth is split into a number of <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zones</a>. Standard time or <a href="/wiki/Civil_time" title="Civil time">civil time</a> in a time zone deviates a fixed, round amount, usually a whole number of hours, from some form of Universal Time, usually UTC. Most time zones are exactly one hour apart, and by convention compute their local time as an offset from UTC. For example, time zones at sea are based on UTC. In many locations (but not at sea) these offsets vary twice yearly due to <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">daylight saving time</a> transitions. </p><p>Some other time standards are used mainly for scientific work. <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Time" title="Terrestrial Time">Terrestrial Time</a> is a theoretical ideal scale realized by TAI. <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Geocentric Coordinate Time">Geocentric Coordinate Time</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Barycentric Coordinate Time">Barycentric Coordinate Time</a> are scales defined as <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">coordinate times</a> in the context of the general theory of relativity. <a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Dynamical_Time" title="Barycentric Dynamical Time">Barycentric Dynamical Time</a> is an older relativistic scale that is still in use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_scale_of_time.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jain_scale_of_time.JPG/260px-Jain_scale_of_time.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="461" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Jain_scale_of_time.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Scale of time in <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> texts shown <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmically</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religions_which_view_time_as_cyclical">Religions which view time as cyclical</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a></div> <p>Many ancient cultures, particularly in the East, had a cyclical view of time. In these traditions, time was often seen as a recurring pattern of ages or cycles, where events and phenomena repeated themselves in a predictable manner. One of the most famous examples of this concept is found in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, where time is depicted as a wheel called the "<a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a>" or "Wheel of Time." According to this belief, the universe undergoes endless cycles of creation, preservation, and destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-newman51_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newman51-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, in other ancient cultures such as those of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Chinese, there were also beliefs in cyclical time, often associated with astronomical observations and calendars.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cultures developed complex systems to track time, seasons, and celestial movements, reflecting their understanding of cyclical patterns in nature and the universe. </p><p>The cyclical view of time contrasts with the linear concept of time more common in Western thought, where time is seen as progressing in a straight line from past to future without repetition.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Time_in_Abrahamic_religions">Time in Abrahamic religions</h4></div> <p>In general, the Islamic and <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> world-view regards time as <a href="/wiki/Linearity" title="Linearity">linear</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Relative_direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative direction">directional</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beginning with the act of <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation</a> by God. The traditional Christian view sees time ending, teleologically,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">eschatological</a> end of the present order of things, the "<a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end time</a>". </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> book <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a>, traditionally ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> (970–928 BC), time (as the Hebrew word עידן, זמן <i>iddan (age, as in "Ice age") zĕman(time)</i> is often translated) is a medium for the passage of <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestined</a> events.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Another word, زمان" זמן" <i>zamān</i>, meant <i>time fit for an event</i>, and is used as the modern <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> equivalent to the English word "time".) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Time_in_Greek_mythology">Time in Greek mythology</h4></div> <p>The Greek language denotes two distinct principles, <a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kairos" title="Kairos">Kairos</a>. The former refers to numeric, or chronological, time. The latter, literally "the right or opportune moment", relates specifically to metaphysical or Divine time. In theology, Kairos is qualitative, as opposed to quantitative.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Greek mythology, Chronos (ancient Greek: Χρόνος) is identified as the Personification of Time. His name in Greek means "time" and is alternatively spelled Chronus (Latin spelling) or Khronos. Chronos is usually portrayed as an old, wise man with a long, gray beard, such as "Father Time". Some English words whose etymological root is khronos/chronos include <i>chronology</i>, <i>chronometer</i>, <i>chronic</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronism</a></i>, <i>synchronise</i>, and <i>chronicle</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Time_in_Kabbalah_&_Rabbinical_thought"><span id="Time_in_Kabbalah_.26_Rabbinical_thought"></span>Time in Kabbalah & Rabbinical thought</h4></div> <p>Rabbis sometimes saw time like "an accordion that was expanded and collapsed at will." <sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalists</a>, "time" is a <a href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">paradox</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Time_in_Advaita_Vedanta">Time in Advaita Vedanta</h4></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, time is integral to the phenomenal world, which lacks independent reality. Time and the phenomenal world are products of <a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)"><i>maya</i></a>, influenced by our senses, concepts, and imaginations. The phenomenal world, including time, is seen as impermanent and characterized by plurality, suffering, conflict, and division. Since phenomenal existence is dominated by temporality (<i><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">kala</a></i>), everything within time is subject to change and decay. Overcoming pain and death requires knowledge that transcends temporal existence and reveals its eternal foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Western_philosophy">In Western philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Temps.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Le_Temps.JPG/220px-Le_Temps.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Le_Temps.JPG/330px-Le_Temps.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Le_Temps.JPG/440px-Le_Temps.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="2931" /></a><figcaption>Time's mortal aspect is personified in this bronze statue by <a href="/wiki/Charles_van_der_Stappen" title="Charles van der Stappen">Charles van der Stappen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two contrasting viewpoints on time divide prominent philosophers. One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">dimension</a> independent of events, in which events occur in <a href="/wiki/Sequence" title="Sequence">sequence</a>. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> subscribed to this <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">realist</a> view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Newtonian time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rynasiewicz_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rynasiewicz-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Markosian_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markosian-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opposing view is that <i>time</i> does not refer to any kind of "container" that events and objects "move through", nor to any entity that "flows", but that it is instead part of a fundamental intellectual structure (together with <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a> and number) within which humans sequence and compare events. This second view, in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a><sup id="cite_ref-Burnham_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnham-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mattey_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattey-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCormick_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCormick-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> holds that <i>time</i> is neither an event nor a thing, and thus is not itself measurable nor can it be travelled. </p><p>Furthermore, it may be that there is a <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> component to time, but whether or not time itself is "felt", as a sensation, or is a judgment, is a matter of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-DefRefs02_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DefRefs02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DefRefs01_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DefRefs01-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poidevin_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poidevin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lehar_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehar-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Philosophy, time was questioned throughout the centuries; what time is and if it is real or not. Ancient Greek philosophers asked if time was linear or cyclical and if time was endless or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/finite" class="extiw" title="wikt:finite">finite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Philosophy_of_Time_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philosophy_of_Time-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These philosophers had different ways of explaining time; for instance, ancient Indian philosophers had something called the <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of Time.</a> It is believed that there was repeating ages over the lifespan of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_Philosophy_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Philosophy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to beliefs like cycles of rebirth and <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_Philosophy_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Philosophy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek philosophers believe that the universe was infinite, and was an illusion to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_Philosophy_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Philosophy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> believed that time was made by the Creator at the same instant as the heavens.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_Philosophy_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Philosophy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also says that time is a period of motion of the <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical objects">heavenly bodies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_Philosophy_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Philosophy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> believed that time correlated to movement, that time did not exist on its own but was relative to motion of objects.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_Philosophy_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Philosophy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also believed that time was related to the motion of <a href="/wiki/Celestial_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial bodies">celestial bodies</a>; the reason that humans can tell time was because of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitial_periods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbitial periods (page does not exist)">orbital periods</a> and therefore there was a duration on time.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunnag-2017_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunnag-2017-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></i>, the earliest texts on <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a> dating to the late <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a>, describe ancient <a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Hindu cosmology</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>, wrote essays on the nature of time.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)"><i>Timaeus</i></a>, identified time with the period of motion of the heavenly bodies. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, in Book IV of his <a href="/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)" title="Physics (Aristotle)"><i>Physica</i></a> defined time as 'number of movement in respect of the before and after'.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Book 11 of his <i><a href="/wiki/Confessions_(St._Augustine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessions (St. Augustine)">Confessions</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine of Hippo</a> ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He begins to define time by what it is not rather than what it is,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an approach similar to that taken in other <a href="/wiki/Negative_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative theology">negative definitions</a>. However, Augustine ends up calling time a "distention" of the mind (Confessions 11.26) by which we simultaneously grasp the past in memory, the present by attention, and the future by expectation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> believed in absolute space and absolute time; Leibniz believed that time and space are relational.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The differences between Leibniz's and Newton's interpretations came to a head in the famous <a href="/wiki/Leibniz%E2%80%93Clarke_correspondence" title="Leibniz–Clarke correspondence">Leibniz–Clarke correspondence</a>. </p><p>Philosophers in the 17th and 18th century questioned if time was real and absolute, or if it was an intellectual concept that humans use to understand and sequence events.<sup id="cite_ref-Philosophy_of_Time_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philosophy_of_Time-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These questions lead to realism vs anti-realism; the realists believed that time is a fundamental part of the universe, and be perceived by events happening in a sequence, in a dimension.<sup id="cite_ref-Early_Modern_Philosophy_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early_Modern_Philosophy-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> said that we are merely occupying time, he also says that humans can only understand <a href="/wiki/Relative_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative time">relative time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Early_Modern_Philosophy_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early_Modern_Philosophy-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relative time is a measurement of objects in motion.<sup id="cite_ref-Early_Modern_Philosophy_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early_Modern_Philosophy-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anti-realists believed that time is merely a convenient intellectual concept for humans to understand events.<sup id="cite_ref-Early_Modern_Philosophy_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early_Modern_Philosophy-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that time was useless unless there were objects that it could interact with, this was called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relational_time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relational time (page does not exist)">relational time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Early_Modern_Philosophy_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early_Modern_Philosophy-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> said that one's mind needs to acknowledge time, in order to understand what time is.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunnag-2017_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunnag-2017-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> believed that we can not know what something is unless we experience it first hand.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Time is not an empirical concept. For neither co-existence nor succession would be perceived by us, if the representation of time did not exist as a foundation <i>a priori</i>. Without this presupposition, we could not represent to ourselves that things exist together at one and the same time, or at different times, that is, contemporaneously, or in succession. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> (1781), trans. <a href="/wiki/Vasilis_Politis" title="Vasilis Politis">Vasilis Politis</a> (London: Dent., 1991), p. 54.</cite></p> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i>, described time as an <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a></i> intuition that allows us (together with the other <i>a priori</i> intuition, space) to comprehend <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">sense experience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kant_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kant-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Kant, neither space nor time are conceived as <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substances</a>, but rather both are elements of a systematic mental framework that necessarily structures the experiences of any rational agent, or observing subject. Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of an <a href="/wiki/Abstract_structure" title="Abstract structure">abstract</a> conceptual framework, together with space and number, within which we sequence events, <a href="/wiki/Quantity" title="Quantity">quantify</a> their duration, and compare the motions of objects. In this view, <i>time</i> does not refer to any kind of entity that "flows," that objects "move through," or that is a "container" for events. Spatial <a href="/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measurements</a> are used to <a href="/wiki/Quantity" title="Quantity">quantify</a> the extent of and distances between <a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">objects</a>, and temporal measurements are used to quantify the durations of and between <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">events</a>. Time was designated by Kant as the purest possible <a href="/wiki/Schema_(Kant)#Time" title="Schema (Kant)">schema</a> of a pure concept or category. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a> believed that time was neither a real homogeneous medium nor a mental construct, but possesses what he referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></i>. Duration, in Bergson's view, was creativity and memory as an essential component of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> we do not exist inside time, we <i>are</i> time. Hence, the relationship to the past is a present awareness of <i>having been</i>, which allows the past to exist in the present. The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating a potential possibility, task, or engagement. It is related to the human propensity for caring and being concerned, which causes "being ahead of oneself" when thinking of a pending occurrence. Therefore, this concern for a potential occurrence also allows the future to exist in the present. The present becomes an experience, which is qualitative instead of quantitative. Heidegger seems to think this is the way that a linear relationship with time, or temporal existence, is broken or transcended.<sup id="cite_ref-Balslev_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balslev-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> We are not stuck in sequential time. We are able to remember the past and project into the future – we have a kind of random access to our representation of temporal existence; we can, in our thoughts, step out of (ecstasis) sequential time.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern era philosophers asked: is time real or unreal, is time happening all at once or a duration, is time tensed or tenseless, and is there a future to be?<sup id="cite_ref-Philosophy_of_Time_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philosophy_of_Time-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a theory called the tenseless or <a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory</a>; this theory says that any tensed terminology can be replaced with tenseless terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Philosophy_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Philosophy-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, "we will win the game" can be replaced with "we do win the game", taking out the future tense. On the other hand, there is a theory called the tense or <a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="A Theory of Time">A-theory</a>; this theory says that our language has tense verbs for a reason and that the future can not be determined.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Philosophy_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Philosophy-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also something called imaginary time, this was from <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, who said that space and imaginary time are finite but have no boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Philosophy_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Philosophy-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_time" title="Imaginary time">Imaginary time</a> is not real or unreal, it is something that is hard to visualize.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Philosophy_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Philosophy-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosophers can agree that physical time exists outside of the human mind and is objective, and psychological time is mind-dependent and subjective.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunnag-2017_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunnag-2017-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unreality">Unreality</h3></div> <p>In 5th century BC <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiphon_(orator)" title="Antiphon (orator)">Antiphon</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophist</a>, in a fragment preserved from his chief work <i>On Truth</i>, held that: "Time is not a reality (hypostasis), but a concept (noêma) or a measure (metron)." <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a> went further, maintaining that time, motion, and change were illusions, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Zeno%27s_paradoxes" title="Zeno's paradoxes">paradoxes</a> of his follower <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Time as an illusion is also a common theme in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> thought.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/J._M._E._McTaggart" title="J. M. E. McTaggart">J. M. E. McTaggart</a>'s 1908 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i> argues that, since every event has the characteristic of being both present and not present (i.e., future or past), that time is a self-contradictory idea (see also <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time#The_flow_of_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">The flow of time</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These arguments often center on what it means for something to be <i>unreal</i>. Modern physicists generally believe that time is as <i>real</i> as space – though others, such as <a href="/wiki/Julian_Barbour" title="Julian Barbour">Julian Barbour</a>, argue quantum equations of the universe take their true form when expressed in the timeless <a href="/wiki/Configuration_space_(physics)" title="Configuration space (physics)">realm</a> containing every possible <i>now</i> or momentary configuration of the universe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A modern philosophical theory called <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">presentism</a> views the past and the future as human-mind interpretations of movement instead of real parts of time (or "dimensions") which coexist with the present. This theory rejects the existence of all direct interaction with the past or the future, holding only the present as tangible. This is one of the philosophical arguments against time travel. This contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">eternalism</a> (all time: present, past and future, is real) and the <a href="/wiki/Growing_block_universe" title="Growing block universe">growing block theory</a> (the present and the past are real, but the future is not).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_definition">Physical definition</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-left:0.9em;padding-right:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext mathvariant="bold">F</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">p</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c2ad0a6d6780c3abc5247abd82bd8a2249d56ff3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.318ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}"></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-size:90%;padding:0.6em 0;font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Second law of motion">Second law of motion</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight: bold; display:block;margin-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_mechanics" title="History of classical mechanics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_classical_mechanics" title="Timeline of classical mechanics">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_classical_mechanics_and_quantum_mechanics" title="List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics">Textbooks</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_mechanics" title="Applied mechanics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">Continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_field_theory" title="Classical field theory">Field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetics_(physics)" title="Kinetics (physics)">Kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statics" title="Statics">Statics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">Statistical mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">Acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">Angular momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couple_(mechanics)" title="Couple (mechanics)">Couple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Alembert%27s_principle" title="D'Alembert's principle">D'Alembert's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy#Newtonian_kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">Frame of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">Inertial frame of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_(physics)" title="Impulse (physics)">Impulse</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">Inertia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia" title="Moment of inertia">Moment of inertia</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_power_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical power (physics)">Mechanical power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">Mechanical work</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Moment_(physics)" title="Moment (physics)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">Momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">Speed</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">Torque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">Velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_work" title="Virtual work">Virtual work</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Formulations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's laws of motion</a></b></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Analytical_mechanics" title="Analytical mechanics">Analytical mechanics</a></b> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_mechanics" title="Lagrangian mechanics">Lagrangian mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_mechanics" title="Hamiltonian mechanics">Hamiltonian mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Routhian_mechanics" title="Routhian mechanics">Routhian mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi equation">Hamilton–Jacobi equation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Appell%27s_equation_of_motion" title="Appell's equation of motion">Appell's equation of motion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Koopman%E2%80%93von_Neumann_classical_mechanics" title="Koopman–von Neumann classical mechanics">Koopman–von Neumann mechanics</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damping" title="Damping">Damping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_(geometry)" title="Displacement (geometry)">Displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equations_of_motion" title="Equations of motion">Equations of motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euler%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Euler's laws of motion"><span class="wrap">Euler's laws of motion</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_force" title="Fictitious force">Fictitious force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">Friction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_oscillator" title="Harmonic oscillator">Harmonic oscillator</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">Inertial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-inertial_reference_frame" title="Non-inertial reference frame">Non-inertial reference frame</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Linear_motion" title="Linear motion">linear</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation"><span class="wrap">Newton's law of universal gravitation</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's laws of motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_velocity" title="Relative velocity">Relative velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigid_body" title="Rigid body">Rigid body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigid_body_dynamics" title="Rigid body dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euler%27s_equations_(rigid_body_dynamics)" title="Euler's equations (rigid body dynamics)">Euler's equations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motion" title="Simple harmonic motion">Simple harmonic motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">Vibration</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rotation_around_a_fixed_axis" title="Rotation around a fixed axis">Rotation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_motion" title="Circular motion">Circular motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_reference_frame" title="Rotating reference frame">Rotating reference frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centripetal_force" title="Centripetal force">Centripetal force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">Centrifugal force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_centrifugal_force" title="Reactive centrifugal force">reactive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendulum_(mechanics)" title="Pendulum (mechanics)">Pendulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangential_speed" title="Tangential speed">Tangential speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_frequency" title="Rotational frequency">Rotational frequency</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angular_acceleration" title="Angular acceleration">Angular acceleration</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angular_displacement" title="Angular displacement">displacement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angular_frequency" title="Angular frequency">frequency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angular_velocity" title="Angular velocity">velocity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks" title="Jeremiah Horrocks">Horrocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis">Maupertuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Daniel Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernoulli" title="Johann Bernoulli">Johann Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Euler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Clairaut" title="Alexis Clairaut">Clairaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jacob_Jacobi" title="Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi">Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy" title="Augustin-Louis Cauchy">Cauchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Routh" title="Edward Routh">Routh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Liouville" title="Joseph Liouville">Liouville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89mile_Appell" title="Paul Émile Appell">Appell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Koopman" title="Bernard Koopman">Koopman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/14px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/21px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/28px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_mechanics" title="Category:Classical mechanics">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_mechanics" title="Template:Classical mechanics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_mechanics" title="Template talk:Classical mechanics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_mechanics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical mechanics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Time in physics</a></div> <p>Until <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein's</a> reinterpretation of the physical concepts associated with time and space in 1907, time was considered to be the same everywhere in the universe, with all observers measuring the same time interval for any event.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-relativistic <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a> is based on this Newtonian idea of time. </p><p>Einstein, in his <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special theory of relativity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> postulated the constancy and finiteness of the speed of light for all observers. He showed that this postulate, together with a reasonable definition for what it means for two events to be simultaneous, requires that distances appear compressed and time intervals appear lengthened for events associated with objects in motion relative to an inertial observer. </p><p>The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in <a href="/wiki/Minkowski_space" title="Minkowski space">Minkowski spacetime</a>, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-year</a> is a measure of distance, and a meter is now defined in terms of how far light travels in a certain amount of time. Two <a href="/wiki/Event_(relativity)" title="Event (relativity)">events</a> in Minkowski spacetime are separated by an <i><a href="/wiki/Spacetime_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacetime interval">invariant interval</a></i>, which can be either <a href="/wiki/Space-like" class="mw-redirect" title="Space-like">space-like</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light-like" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-like">light-like</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Time-like" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-like">time-like</a>. Events that have a time-like separation cannot be simultaneous in any <a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">frame of reference</a>, there must be a temporal component (and possibly a spatial one) to their separation. Events that have a space-like separation will be simultaneous in some frame of reference, and there is no frame of reference in which they do not have a spatial separation. Different observers may calculate different distances and different time intervals between two events, but the <i>invariant interval</i> between the events is independent of the observer (and his or her velocity). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrow_of_time">Arrow of time</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></div> <p>Unlike space, where an object can travel in the opposite directions (and in 3 dimensions), time appears to have only one dimension and only one direction – the past lies behind, fixed and immutable, while the future lies ahead and is not necessarily fixed. Yet most laws of physics allow any process to proceed both forward and in reverse. There are only a few physical phenomena, that violate the reversibility of time. This time directionality is known as the <a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">arrow of time</a>. Acknowledged examples of the arrow of time are:<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Radiative arrow of time, manifested in waves (e.g. light and sound) travelling only expanding (rather than focusing) in time (see <a href="/wiki/Light_cone" title="Light cone">light cone</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_(arrow_of_time)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy (arrow of time)">Entropic arrow of time</a>: according to the <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">second law of thermodynamics</a> an isolated system evolves toward a larger disorder rather than orders spontaneously;</li> <li>Quantum arrow time, which is related to irreversibility of <a href="/wiki/Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Measurement in quantum mechanics">measurement in quantum mechanics</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen interpretation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>;</li> <li>Weak arrow of time: preference for a certain time direction of <a href="/wiki/Weak_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak force">weak force</a> in <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a> (see <a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">violation of CP symmetry</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Cosmological</a> arrow of time, which follows the accelerated <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansion of the Universe">expansion of the Universe</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>.</li></ol> <p>The relationship(s) between these different Arrows of Time is a hotly debated topic in <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_mechanics">Classical mechanics</h3></div> <p>In non-relativistic <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a>, Newton's concept of "relative, apparent, and common time" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works sufficiently well for describing the everyday phenomena of most people's experience. In the late nineteenth century, physicists encountered problems with the classical understanding of time, in connection with the behavior of electricity and magnetism. Einstein resolved these problems by invoking a method of synchronizing clocks using the constant, finite speed of light as the maximum signal velocity. This led directly to the conclusion that observers in motion relative to one another measure different elapsed times for the same event. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_line.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/World_line.svg/260px-World_line.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/World_line.svg/390px-World_line.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/World_line.svg/520px-World_line.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Two-dimensional space depicted in three-dimensional spacetime. The past and future <a href="/wiki/Light_cone" title="Light cone">light cones</a> are absolute, the "present" is a relative concept different for observers in relative motion.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacetime">Spacetime</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></div> <p>Time has historically been closely related with space, the two together merging into spacetime in <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein's</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>. According to these theories, the concept of time depends on the <a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">spatial reference frame of the observer</a>, and the human perception, as well as the measurement by instruments such as clocks, are different for observers in relative motion. For example, if a spaceship carrying a clock flies through space at (very nearly) the speed of light, its crew does not notice a change in the speed of time on board their vessel because everything traveling at the same speed slows down at the same rate (including the clock, the crew's thought processes, and the functions of their bodies). However, to a stationary observer watching the spaceship fly by, the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling and the clock on board the spaceship appears to move very slowly. </p><p>On the other hand, the crew on board the spaceship also perceives the observer as slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel, because both are moving at very nearly the speed of light relative to each other. Because the outside universe appears flattened to the spaceship, the crew perceives themselves as quickly traveling between regions of space that (to the stationary observer) are many light years apart. This is reconciled by the fact that the crew's perception of time is different from the stationary observer's; what seems like seconds to the crew might be hundreds of years to the stationary observer. In either case, however, causality remains unchanged: the <a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">past</a> is the set of events that can send light signals to an entity and the <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">future</a> is the set of events to which an entity can send light signals.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dilation">Dilation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relativity_of_Simultaneity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Relativity_of_Simultaneity.svg/220px-Relativity_of_Simultaneity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Relativity_of_Simultaneity.svg/330px-Relativity_of_Simultaneity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Relativity_of_Simultaneity.svg/440px-Relativity_of_Simultaneity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">Relativity of simultaneity</a>: Event B is simultaneous with A in the green reference frame, but it occurred before in the blue frame, and occurs later in the red frame.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> showed in his thought experiments that people travelling at different speeds, while agreeing on <a href="/wiki/Causality_(physics)" title="Causality (physics)">cause and effect</a>, measure different time separations between events, and can even observe different chronological orderings between non-causally related events. Though these effects are typically minute in the human experience, the effect becomes much more pronounced for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light. <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">Subatomic particles</a> exist for a well-known average fraction of a second in a lab relatively at rest, but when travelling close to the speed of light they are measured to travel farther and exist for much longer than when at rest. According to the <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special theory of relativity</a>, in the high-speed particle's <a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">frame of reference</a>, it exists, on the average, for a standard amount of time known as its <a href="/wiki/Mean_lifetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean lifetime">mean lifetime</a>, and the distance it travels in that time is zero, because its velocity is zero. Relative to a frame of reference at rest, time seems to "slow down" for the particle. Relative to the high-speed particle, distances seem to shorten. Einstein showed how both temporal and spatial dimensions can be altered (or "warped") by high-speed motion. </p><p>Einstein (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Relativity" title="The Meaning of Relativity">The Meaning of Relativity</a></i>): "Two <a href="/wiki/Spacetime#Basic_concepts" title="Spacetime">events</a> taking place at the points A and B of a system K are simultaneous if they appear at the same instant when observed from the middle point, M, of the interval AB. Time is then defined as the ensemble of the indications of similar clocks, at rest relative to K, which register the same simultaneously." </p><p>Einstein wrote in his book, <i>Relativity</i>, that <a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">simultaneity is also relative</a>, i.e., two events that appear simultaneous to an observer in a particular inertial reference frame need not be judged as simultaneous by a second observer in a different inertial frame of reference. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relativistic_versus_Newtonian">Relativistic versus Newtonian</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorentz_transform_of_world_line.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Lorentz_transform_of_world_line.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Views of spacetime along the <a href="/wiki/World_line" title="World line">world line</a> of a rapidly accelerating observer in a relativistic universe. The events ("dots") that pass the two diagonal lines in the bottom half of the image (the past <a href="/wiki/Light_cone" title="Light cone">light cone</a> of the observer in the origin) are the events visible to the observer.</figcaption></figure> <p>The animations visualise the different treatments of time in the Newtonian and the relativistic descriptions. At the heart of these differences are the <a href="/wiki/Galilean_transformation" title="Galilean transformation">Galilean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_transformation" title="Lorentz transformation">Lorentz transformations</a> applicable in the Newtonian and relativistic theories, respectively. </p><p>In the figures, the vertical direction indicates time. The horizontal direction indicates distance (only one spatial dimension is taken into account), and the thick dashed curve is the spacetime trajectory ("<a href="/wiki/World_line" title="World line">world line</a>") of the observer. The small dots indicate specific (past and future) events in spacetime. </p><p>The slope of the world line (deviation from being vertical) gives the relative velocity to the observer. In both pictures the view of spacetime changes when the observer accelerates. </p><p>In the Newtonian description these changes are such that <i>time</i> is absolute:<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the movements of the observer do not influence whether an event occurs in the 'now' (i.e., whether an event passes the horizontal line through the observer). </p><p>However, in the relativistic description the <i>observability of events</i> is absolute: the movements of the observer do not influence whether an event passes the "<a href="/wiki/Light_cone" title="Light cone">light cone</a>" of the observer. Notice that with the change from a Newtonian to a relativistic description, the concept of <i>absolute time</i> is no longer applicable: events move up and down in the figure depending on the acceleration of the observer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantization">Quantization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></div> <p>Time quantization is a hypothetical concept. In the modern established physical theories (the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> of Particles and Interactions and <a href="/wiki/General_Relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="General Relativity">General Relativity</a>) time is not quantized. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Planck_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck time">Planck time</a> (~ 5.4 × 10<sup>−44</sup> seconds) is the unit of time in the system of <a href="/wiki/Natural_units" title="Natural units">natural units</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Planck_units" title="Planck units">Planck units</a>. Current established physical theories are believed to fail at this time scale, and many physicists expect that the Planck time might be the smallest unit of time that could ever be measured, even in principle. Tentative physical theories that describe this time scale exist; see for instance <a href="/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity" title="Loop quantum gravity">loop quantum gravity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">second law of thermodynamics</a> states that <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> must increase over time (see <a href="/wiki/Entropy_(arrow_of_time)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy (arrow of time)">Entropy</a>). This can be in either direction – <a href="/wiki/Brian_Greene" title="Brian Greene">Brian Greene</a> theorizes that, according to the equations, the change in entropy occurs symmetrically whether going forward or backward in time. So entropy tends to increase in either direction, and our current low-entropy universe is a statistical aberration, in a similar manner as tossing a coin often enough that eventually heads will result ten times in a row. However, this theory is not supported empirically in local experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Travel">Travel</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel in fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">Wormhole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Twin_paradox" title="Twin paradox">Twin paradox</a></div> <p>Time travel is the concept of moving backwards or forwards to different points in time, in a manner analogous to moving through space, and different from the normal "flow" of time to an earthbound observer. In this view, all points in time (including future times) "persist" in some way. Time travel has been a <a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">plot device</a> in fiction since the 19th century. Travelling backwards or forwards in time has never been verified as a process, and doing so presents many theoretical problems and contradictive logic which to date have not been overcome. Any technological device, whether fictional or hypothetical, that is used to achieve time travel is known as a <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time machine</a>. </p><p>A central problem with time travel to the past is the violation of <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a>; should an effect precede its cause, it would give rise to the possibility of a <a href="/wiki/Temporal_paradox" title="Temporal paradox">temporal paradox</a>. Some interpretations of time travel resolve this by accepting the possibility of travel between <a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">branch points</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">parallel realities</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universes</a>. </p><p>Another solution to the problem of causality-based temporal paradoxes is that such paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen. As illustrated in numerous works of fiction, <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> either ceases to exist in the past or the outcomes of such decisions are predetermined. As such, it would not be possible to enact the <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandfather paradox">grandfather paradox</a> because it is a historical fact that one's grandfather was not killed before his child (one's parent) was conceived. This view does not simply hold that history is an unchangeable constant, but that any change made by a hypothetical future time traveller would already have happened in his or her past, resulting in the reality that the traveller moves from. More elaboration on this view can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Novikov_self-consistency_principle" title="Novikov self-consistency principle">Novikov self-consistency principle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perception">Perception</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_James_b1842c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/William_James_b1842c.jpg/170px-William_James_b1842c.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/William_James_b1842c.jpg/255px-William_James_b1842c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/William_James_b1842c.jpg/340px-William_James_b1842c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Philosopher and psychologist <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Time perception</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Specious_present" title="Specious present">specious present</a> refers to the time duration wherein one's <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceptions</a> are considered to be in the present. The experienced present is said to be 'specious' in that, unlike the objective present, it is an interval and not a durationless instant. The term <i>specious present</i> was first introduced by the psychologist E. R. Clay, and later developed by <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Andersen_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andersen-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biopsychology">Biopsychology</h3></div> <p>The brain's judgment of time is known to be a highly distributed system, including at least the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a> as its components. One particular component, the <a href="/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus" title="Suprachiasmatic nucleus">suprachiasmatic nuclei</a>, is responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian (or daily) rhythm</a>, while other cell clusters appear capable of shorter-range (<a href="/wiki/Ultradian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultradian">ultradian</a>) timekeeping. </p><p>Psychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time. <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a> can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">depressants</a> can have the opposite effect.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The level of activity in the brain of <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> may be the reason for this.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such chemicals will either excite or inhibit the firing of <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> in the brain, with a greater firing rate allowing the brain to register the occurrence of more events within a given interval (speed up time) and a decreased firing rate reducing the brain's capacity to distinguish events occurring within a given interval (slow down time).<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_186–187_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter_186–187-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a> is the use of response time in perceptual-motor tasks to infer the content, duration, and temporal sequencing of cognitive operations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_childhood_education">Early childhood education</h3></div> <p>Children's expanding cognitive abilities allow them to understand time more clearly. Two- and three-year-olds' understanding of time is mainly limited to "now and not now". Five- and six-year-olds can grasp the ideas of past, present, and future. Seven- to ten-year-olds can use clocks and calendars.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alterations">Alterations</h3></div> <p>In addition to psychoactive drugs, judgments of time can be altered by <a href="/wiki/Temporal_illusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal illusion">temporal illusions</a> (like the <a href="/wiki/Kappa_effect" title="Kappa effect">kappa effect</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Wada_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wada-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> age,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">hypnosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sense of time is impaired in some people with neurological diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention deficit disorder">attention deficit disorder</a>. </p><p>Psychologists assert that time seems to go faster with age, but the literature on this age-related perception of time remains controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who support this notion argue that young people, having more excitatory neurotransmitters, are able to cope with faster external events.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_186–187_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter_186–187-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spatial_conceptualization">Spatial conceptualization</h3></div> <p>Although time is regarded as an abstract concept, there is increasing evidence that time is <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_metaphor" title="Conceptual metaphor">conceptualized</a> in the mind in terms of space.<sup id="cite_ref-Núñez-2012_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Núñez-2012-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, instead of thinking about time in a general, abstract way, humans think about time in a spatial way and mentally organize it as such. Using space to think about time allows humans to mentally organize temporal events in a specific way. </p><p>This spatial representation of time is often represented in the mind as a Mental Time Line (MTL).<sup id="cite_ref-Bottini-2015_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bottini-2015-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using space to think about time allows humans to mentally organize temporal order. These origins are shaped by many environmental factors<sup id="cite_ref-Núñez-2012_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Núñez-2012-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>––for example, <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> appears to play a large role in the different types of MTLs, as reading/<a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing direction</a> provides an everyday temporal orientation that differs from culture to culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Bottini-2015_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bottini-2015-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In western cultures, the MTL may unfold rightward (with the past on the left and the future on the right) since people read and write from left to right.<sup id="cite_ref-Bottini-2015_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bottini-2015-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western calendars also continue this trend by placing the past on the left with the future progressing toward the right. Conversely, Arabic, Farsi, Urdu and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew language">Israeli-Hebrew</a> speakers read from right to left, and their MTLs unfold leftward (past on the right with future on the left), and evidence suggests these speakers organize time events in their minds like this as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Bottini-2015_103-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bottini-2015-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This linguistic evidence that abstract concepts are based in spatial concepts also reveals that the way humans mentally organize time events varies across cultures––that is, a certain specific mental organization system is not universal. So, although Western cultures typically associate past events with the left and future events with the right according to a certain MTL, this kind of horizontal, egocentric MTL is not the spatial organization of all cultures. Although most developed nations use an egocentric spatial system, there is recent evidence that some cultures use an allocentric spatialization, often based on environmental features.<sup id="cite_ref-Núñez-2012_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Núñez-2012-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study of the indigenous Yupno people of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> focused on the directional gestures used when individuals used time-related words.<sup id="cite_ref-Núñez-2012_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Núñez-2012-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When speaking of the past (such as "last year" or "past times"), individuals gestured downhill, where the river of the valley flowed into the ocean. When speaking of the future, they gestured uphill, toward the source of the river. This was common regardless of which direction the person faced, revealing that the Yupno people may use an allocentric MTL, in which time flows uphill.<sup id="cite_ref-Núñez-2012_102-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Núñez-2012-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar study of the Pormpuraawans, an <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_groupings_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal groupings of Western Australia">aboriginal group</a> in Australia, revealed a similar distinction in which when asked to organize photos of a man aging "in order," individuals consistently placed the youngest photos to the east and the oldest photos to the west, regardless of which direction they faced.<sup id="cite_ref-Boroditsky-2010_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boroditsky-2010-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This directly clashed with an American group that consistently organized the photos from left to right. Therefore, this group also appears to have an allocentric MTL, but based on the cardinal directions instead of geographical features.<sup id="cite_ref-Boroditsky-2010_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boroditsky-2010-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wide array of distinctions in the way different groups think about time leads to the broader question that different groups may also think about other abstract concepts in different ways as well, such as causality and number.<sup id="cite_ref-Núñez-2012_102-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Núñez-2012-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></div> <p>In sociology and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, time discipline is the general name given to <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">social</a> and economic rules, conventions, customs, and expectations governing the measurement of time, the <a href="/wiki/Social_currency" title="Social currency">social currency</a> and awareness of time measurements, and people's expectations concerning the observance of these customs by others. <a href="/wiki/Arlie_Russell_Hochschild" title="Arlie Russell Hochschild">Arlie Russell Hochschild</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Norbert Elias</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have written on the use of time from a sociological perspective. </p><p>The use of time is an important issue in understanding <a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">human behavior</a>, education, and <a href="/wiki/Travel_behavior" title="Travel behavior">travel behavior</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">Time-use research</a> is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities (such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc.). Time use changes with technology, as the television or the Internet created new opportunities to use time in different ways. However, some aspects of time use are relatively stable over long periods of time, such as the amount of time spent traveling to work, which despite major changes in transport, has been observed to be about 20–30 minutes one-way for a large number of cities over a long period. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a> is the organization of tasks or events by first estimating how much time a task requires and when it must be completed, and adjusting events that would interfere with its completion so it is done in the appropriate amount of time. Calendars and day planners are common examples of time management tools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sequence_of_events">Sequence of events</h2></div> <p>A sequence of events, or series of events, is a <a href="/wiki/Sequence" title="Sequence">sequence</a> of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural steps, arranged in time order (chronological order), often with <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a> relationships among the items.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a>, cause precedes <a href="/wiki/Result" title="Result">effect</a>, or cause and effect may appear together in a single item, but effect never precedes cause. A sequence of events can be presented in text, <a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">tables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">charts</a>, or timelines. The description of the items or events may include a <a href="/wiki/Timestamp" title="Timestamp">timestamp</a>. A sequence of events that includes the time along with place or location information to describe a sequential path may be referred to as a <a href="/wiki/World_line" title="World line">world line</a>. </p><p>Uses of a sequence of events include stories,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historical events (<a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a>), directions and steps in procedures,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and timetables for scheduling activities. A sequence of events may also be used to help describe <a href="/wiki/Process_(engineering)" title="Process (engineering)">processes</a> in science, technology, and medicine. A sequence of events may be focused on past events (e.g., stories, history, chronology), on future events that must be in a predetermined order (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Plan" title="Plan">plans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schedule_(project_management)" title="Schedule (project management)">schedules</a>, procedures, timetables), or focused on the observation of past events with the expectation that the events will occur in the future (e.g., processes, projections). The use of a sequence of events occurs in fields as diverse as machines (<a href="/wiki/Cam_timer" title="Cam timer">cam timer</a>), documentaries (<i><a href="/wiki/Seconds_From_Disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Seconds From Disaster">Seconds From Disaster</a></i>), law (<a href="/wiki/Choice_of_law#Sequence_of_events_in_conflict_cases" title="Choice of law">choice of law</a>), finance (<a href="/wiki/Directional-change_intrinsic_time" title="Directional-change intrinsic time">directional-change intrinsic time</a>), <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer simulation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Discrete_event_simulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete event simulation">discrete event simulation</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electric power transmission</a><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Sequence_of_events_recorder" title="Sequence of events recorder">sequence of events recorder</a>). A specific example of a sequence of events is the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UTC_timing_centers" title="List of UTC timing centers">List of UTC timing centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loschmidt%27s_paradox" title="Loschmidt's paradox">Loschmidt's paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Time metrology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiquarian_Horological_Society" title="Antiquarian Horological Society">Antiquarian Horological Society</a> – AHS (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronometrophilia" title="Chronometrophilia">Chronometrophilia</a> (Switzerland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Chronometrie" title="Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chronometrie">Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chronometrie</a> – DGC (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Watch_and_Clock_Collectors" title="National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors">National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors</a> – NAWCC (United States)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 25%;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous_arts_and_sciences">Miscellaneous arts and sciences</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Date_and_time_representation_by_country" title="Date and time representation by country">Date and time representation by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cycles" title="List of cycles">List of cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Philosophy of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate_(mathematics)" title="Rate (mathematics)">Rate (mathematics)</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 25%;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous_units">Miscellaneous units</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">Fiscal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">Half-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithi" title="Tithi">Tithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Unix epoch">Unix epoch</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120704084938/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/time">"Time"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/time">the original</a> on 4 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2017</span>. <q>The indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Time&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Ftime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DefRefs02-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DefRefs02_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DefRefs02_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourdictionary.com/time">"Webster's New World College Dictionary"</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805101704/http://www.yourdictionary.com/time">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>. <q>1.indefinite, unlimited duration in which things are considered as happening in the past, present, or future; every moment there has ever been or ever will be… a system of measuring duration 2.the period between two events or during which something exists, happens, or acts; measured or measurable interval</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+New+World+College+Dictionary&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourdictionary.com%2Ftime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/time?r=66">"The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary"</a>. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305015803/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/time?r=66">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>. <q>A duration or relation of events expressed in terms of past, present, and future, and measured in units such as minutes, hours, days, months, or years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Stedman%27s+Medical+Dictionary&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Ftime%3Fr%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002190630/http://www.collinslanguage.com/results.aspx?context=3&reversed=False&action=define&homonym=-1&text=time">"Collins Language.com"</a>. HarperCollins. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collinslanguage.com/results.aspx?context=3&reversed=False&action=define&homonym=-1&text=time">the original</a> on 2 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2011</span>. <q>1. The continuous passage of existence in which events pass from a state of potentiality in the future, through the present, to a state of finality in the past. 2. <i>physics</i> a quantity measuring duration, usually with reference to a periodic process such as the rotation of the earth or the frequency of electromagnetic radiation emitted from certain atoms. In classical mechanics, time is absolute in the sense that the time of an event is independent of the observer. According to the theory of relativity it depends on the observer's frame of reference. Time is considered as a fourth coordinate required, along with three spatial coordinates, to specify an event.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collins+Language.com&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinslanguage.com%2Fresults.aspx%3Fcontext%3D3%26reversed%3DFalse%26action%3Ddefine%26homonym%3D-1%26text%3Dtime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/time?r=66">"The American Heritage Science Dictionary @dictionary.com"</a>. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305015803/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/time?r=66">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>. <q>1. A continuous, measurable quantity in which events occur in a sequence proceeding from the past through the present to the future. 2a. An interval separating two points of this quantity; a duration. 2b. A system or reference frame in which such intervals are measured or such quantities are calculated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Science+Dictionary+%40dictionary.com&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Ftime%3Fr%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Time.html">"Eric Weisstein's World of Science"</a>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171129190443/http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Time.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>. <q>A quantity used to specify the order in which events occurred and measure the amount by which one event preceded or followed another. In special relativity, ct (where c is the speed of light and t is time), plays the role of a fourth dimension.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eric+Weisstein%27s+World+of+Science&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscienceworld.wolfram.com%2Fphysics%2FTime.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=time">"Time"</a>. <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i> (Fourth ed.). 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120719114813/http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=time">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2012. <q>A nonspatial continuum in which events occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Time&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dtime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/time">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120508031242/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/time">Archived</a> 8 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> the measured or measurable period during which an action, process, or condition exists or continues : duration; a nonspatial continuum which is measured in terms of events that succeed one another from past through present to future</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compact <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> A limited stretch or space of continued existence, as the interval between two successive events or acts, or the period through which an action, condition, or state continues. (1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DefRefs01-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DefRefs01_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DefRefs01_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DefRefs01_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/time/">"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110411140140/http://www.iep.utm.edu/time/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>. <q>Time is what clocks measure. We use time to place events in sequence one after the other, and we use time to compare how long events last... Among philosophers of physics, the most popular short answer to the question "What is physical time?" is that it is not a substance or object but rather a special system of relations among instantaneous events. This working definition is offered by Adolf Grünbaum who applies the contemporary mathematical theory of continuity to physical processes, and he says time is a linear continuum of instants and is a distinguished one-dimensional sub-space of four-dimensional spacetime.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Ftime%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/time?r=66">"Dictionary.com Unabridged, based on Random House Dictionary"</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305015803/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/time?r=66">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>. <q>1. the system of those sequential relations that any event has to any other, as past, present, or future; indefinite and continuous duration regarded as that in which events succeed one another.... 3. (sometimes initial capital letter) a system or method of measuring or reckoning the passage of time: mean time; apparent time; Greenwich Time. 4. a limited period or interval, as between two successive events: a long time.... 14. a particular or definite point in time, as indicated by a clock: What time is it? ... 18. an indefinite, frequently prolonged period or duration in the future: Time will tell if what we have done here today was right.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged%2C+based+on+Random+House+Dictionary&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Ftime%3Fr%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIveyHume1974" class="citation book cs1">Ivey, Donald G.; Hume, J.N.P. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HrHvAAAAMAAJ&q=%22time+is+what+clocks+measure%22"><i>Physics</i></a>. Vol. 1. Ronald Press. p. 65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414052527/https://books.google.com/books?id=HrHvAAAAMAAJ&q=%22time+is+what+clocks+measure%22">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>. <q>Our operational definition of time is that time is what clocks measure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Ronald+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Ivey&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rft.au=Hume%2C+J.N.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHrHvAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522time%2Bis%2Bwhat%2Bclocks%2Bmeasure%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Poidevin-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poidevin_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poidevin_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poidevin_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Poidevin2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Le Poidevin, Robin (Winter 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2004/entries/time-experience">"The Experience and Perception of Time"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022013501/http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2004/entries/time-experience/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Experience+and+Perception+of+Time&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Le+Poidevin&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2004%2Fentries%2Ftime-experience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Newton did for time what the Greek geometers did for space, idealized it into an exactly measurable dimension." <i>About Time: Einstein's Unfinished Revolution</i>, Paul Davies, p. 31, Simon & Schuster, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81822-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81822-1">978-0-684-81822-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metafizika-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-metafizika_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunyadzade2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bunyadzade, Konul (15 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metafizikajurnali.az/yukle/files/Vol.1-8%281%29.pdf">"Thoughts of Time"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafizika_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metafizika Journal (page does not exist)">Metafizika Journal</a></i> (in Azerbaijani). <b>1</b>. AcademyGate Publishing: 8–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33864%2FMTFZK.2019.0">10.33864/MTFZK.2019.0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2616-6879">2616-6879</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405102207/https://metafizikajurnali.az/yukle/files/Vol.1-8(1).pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metafizika+Journal&rft.atitle=Thoughts+of+Time&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=8-29&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33864%2FMTFZK.2019.0&rft.issn=2616-6879&rft.aulast=Bunyadzade&rft.aufirst=Konul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetafizikajurnali.az%2Fyukle%2Ffiles%2FVol.1-8%25281%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendall2008" class="citation book cs1">Rendall, Alan D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CPkaAQAAIAAJ"><i>Partial Differential Equations in General Relativity</i></a> (illustrated ed.). OUP Oxford. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921540-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921540-9"><bdi>978-0-19-921540-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414095906/https://books.google.com/books?id=CPkaAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partial+Differential+Equations+in+General+Relativity&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921540-9&rft.aulast=Rendall&rft.aufirst=Alan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCPkaAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll2009-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carroll2009_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2009" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, Sean M. (2009). <a href="/wiki/From_Eternity_to_Here:_The_Quest_for_the_Ultimate_Theory_of_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time">"From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>63</b> (4). Dutton: 54–55. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PhT....63d..54C">2010PhT....63d..54C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3397046">10.1063/1.3397046</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-95133-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-95133-9"><bdi>978-0-525-95133-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=From+Eternity+to+Here%3A+The+Quest+for+the+Ultimate+Theory+of+Time&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=54-55&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.3397046&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PhT....63d..54C&rft.isbn=978-0-525-95133-9&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Sean+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_05.html">"The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. I Ch. 5: Time and Distance"</a>. <i>www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu&rft.atitle=The+Feynman+Lectures+on+Physics+Vol.+I+Ch.+5%3A+Time+and+Distance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu%2FI_05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MLB-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MLB_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2011/Official_Baseball_Rules.pdf">"Official Baseball Rules – 8.03 and 8.04"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Free PDF download)</span>. Major League Baseball. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701102437/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2011/Official_Baseball_Rules.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2017</span>. <q>Rule 8.03 Such preparatory pitches shall not consume more than one minute of time...Rule 8.04 When the bases are unoccupied, the pitcher shall deliver the ball to the batter within 12 seconds...The 12-second timing starts when the pitcher is in possession of the ball and the batter is in the box, alert to the pitcher. The timing stops when the pitcher releases the ball.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Baseball+Rules+%E2%80%93+8.03+and+8.04&rft.pub=Major+League+Baseball&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlb.mlb.com%2Fmlb%2Fdownloads%2Fy2011%2FOfficial_Baseball_Rules.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guinness-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guinness_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baseball-almanac.com/recbooks/rb_guin.shtml">"Guinness Book of Baseball World Records"</a>. Guinness World Records, Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606114603/http://www.baseball-almanac.com/recbooks/rb_guin.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>. <q>The record for the fastest time for circling the bases is 13.3 seconds, set by Evar Swanson at Columbus, Ohio in 1932...The greatest reliably recorded speed at which a baseball has been pitched is 100.9 mph by Lynn Nolan Ryan (California Angels) at Anaheim Stadium in California on 20 August 1974.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guinness+Book+of+Baseball+World+Records&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records%2C+Ltd.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baseball-almanac.com%2Frecbooks%2Frb_guin.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeigler-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zeigler_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeigler2008" class="citation book cs1">Zeigler, Kenneth (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acPPD6lCCxcC"><i>Getting organized at work : 24 lessons to set goals, establish priorities, and manage your time</i></a>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-159138-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-159138-6"><bdi>978-0-07-159138-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818215121/https://books.google.com/books?id=acPPD6lCCxcC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+organized+at+work+%3A+24+lessons+to+set+goals%2C+establish+priorities%2C+and+manage+your+time&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-07-159138-6&rft.aulast=Zeigler&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DacPPD6lCCxcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span> 108 pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrialogueP3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TrialogueP3_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duff, Okun, Veneziano, <i>ibid</i>. p. 3. "There is no well established terminology for the fundamental constants of Nature. ... The absence of accurately defined terms or the uses (i.e., actually misuses) of ill-defined terms lead to confusion and proliferation of wrong statements."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burnham-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burnham_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burnham_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnham2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Burnham, Douglas: Staffordshire University (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/leib-met/#H7">"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) Metaphysics – 7. Space, Time, and Indiscernibles"</a>. <i>The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514000548/http://www.iep.utm.edu/leib-met/#H7">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>. <q>First of all, Leibniz finds the idea that space and time might be substances or substance-like absurd (see, for example, "Correspondence with Clarke," Leibniz's Fourth Paper, §8ff). In short, an empty space would be a substance with no properties; it will be a substance that even God cannot modify or destroy.... That is, space and time are internal or intrinsic features of the complete concepts of things, not extrinsic.... Leibniz's view has two major implications. First, there is no absolute location in either space or time; location is always the situation of an object or event relative to other objects and events. Second, space and time are not in themselves real (that is, not substances). Space and time are, rather, ideal. Space and time are just metaphysically illegitimate ways of perceiving certain virtual relations between substances. They are phenomena or, strictly speaking, illusions (although they are illusions that are well-founded upon the internal properties of substances).... It is sometimes convenient to think of space and time as something "out there," over and above the entities and their relations to each other, but this convenience must not be confused with reality. Space is nothing but the order of co-existent objects; time nothing but the order of successive events. This is usually called a relational theory of space and time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gottfried+Wilhelm+Leibniz+%281646%E2%80%931716%29+Metaphysics+%E2%80%93+7.+Space%2C+Time%2C+and+Indiscernibles&rft.btitle=The+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Douglas%3A+Staffordshire+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fleib-met%2F%23H7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsidineConsidine1985" class="citation book cs1">Considine, Douglas M.; Considine, Glenn D. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kt1UAAAAMAAJ"><i>Process instruments and controls handbook</i></a> (3 ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 18–61. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985pich.book.....C">1985pich.book.....C</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-012436-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-012436-3"><bdi>978-0-07-012436-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231121535/http://books.google.com/books?id=kt1UAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Process+instruments+and+controls+handbook&rft.pages=18-61&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985pich.book.....C&rft.isbn=978-0-07-012436-3&rft.aulast=Considine&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft.au=Considine%2C+Glenn+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkt1UAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLilley1981" class="citation book cs1">Lilley, Sam (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZS45AAAAIAAJ"><i>Discovering Relativity for Yourself</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23038-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23038-4"><bdi>978-0-521-23038-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+Relativity+for+Yourself&rft.pages=125&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+Archive&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23038-4&rft.aulast=Lilley&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZS45AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZS45AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA125">Extract of page 125</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurya2019" class="citation journal cs1">Surya, Sumati (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs41114-019-0023-1">"The causal set approach to quantum gravity"</a>. <i>Living Reviews in Relativity</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 5. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.11544">1903.11544</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019LRR....22....5S">2019LRR....22....5S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs41114-019-0023-1">10.1007/s41114-019-0023-1</a></span>. <q>Thus, the causal structure poset (M, ≺) of a future and past distinguishing spacetime is equivalent to its conformal geometry.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Living+Reviews+in+Relativity&rft.atitle=The+causal+set+approach+to+quantum+gravity&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1903.11544&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs41114-019-0023-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019LRR....22....5S&rft.aulast=Surya&rft.aufirst=Sumati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs41114-019-0023-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacíasCamacho2008" class="citation journal cs1">Macías, Alfredo; Camacho, Abel (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2008.03.052">"On the incompatibility between quantum theory and general relativity"</a>. <i>Physics Letters B</i>. <b>663</b> (1–2): 99–102. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhLB..663...99M">2008PhLB..663...99M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2008.03.052">10.1016/j.physletb.2008.03.052</a></span>. <q>In our opinion, it is not possible to reconciliate and integrate into a common scheme the absolute and non-dynamical character of Newtonian time of canonical quantization and path integral approaches with the relativistic and dynamical character of time in general relativity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+B&rft.atitle=On+the+incompatibility+between+quantum+theory+and+general+relativity&rft.volume=663&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=99-102&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2008.03.052&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PhLB..663...99M&rft.aulast=Mac%C3%ADas&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rft.au=Camacho%2C+Abel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.physletb.2008.03.052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShavit2024" class="citation news cs1">Shavit, Joseph (18 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebrighterside.news/post/revolutionary-theory-finally-unites-quantum-mechanics-and-einsteins-theory-of-general-relativity/">"Revolutionary theory finally unites quantum mechanics and Einstein's theory of general relativity"</a>. <i>The Brighter Side of News</i>. <q>The prevailing consensus has been that Einstein's theory of gravity must be modified to fit within the framework of quantum theory [...] when it comes to merging these two theories into a single, comprehensive framework, the scientific community has hit a roadblock.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brighter+Side+of+News&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+theory+finally+unites+quantum+mechanics+and+Einstein%27s+theory+of+general+relativity&rft.date=2024-07-18&rft.aulast=Shavit&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebrighterside.news%2Fpost%2Frevolutionary-theory-finally-unites-quantum-mechanics-and-einsteins-theory-of-general-relativity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richards_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1998" class="citation book cs1">Richards, E. G. (1998). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mappingtimecalen00rich_059"><i>Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mappingtimecalen00rich_059/page/n23">3</a>–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850413-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850413-9"><bdi>978-0-19-850413-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Time%3A+The+Calendar+and+its+History&rft.pages=3-5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850413-9&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=E.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmappingtimecalen00rich_059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudgley-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rudgley_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudgley1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rudgley" title="Richard Rudgley">Rudgley, Richard</a> (1999). <i>The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 86–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Civilizations+of+the+Stone+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=86-105&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Rudgley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Stone2011" class="citation journal cs1">Van Stone, Mark (2011). "The Maya Long Count Calendar: An Introduction". <i>Archaeoastronomy</i>. <b>24</b>: 8–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeoastronomy&rft.atitle=The+Maya+Long+Count+Calendar%3A+An+Introduction&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=8-11&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Van+Stone&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"French Republican Calendar | Chronology." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, n.d. Web. 21 February 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nawcc.org/index.php/main-education">"Education"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501213902/https://nawcc.org/index.php/main-education">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnawcc.org%2Findex.php%2Fmain-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1999" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Jo Ellen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ygDdx73hvcC"><i>Time's Pendulum: From Sundials to Atomic Clocks, the Fascinating History of Timekeeping and how Our Discoveries Changed the World</i></a> (reprinted ed.). Harcourt Brace. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-600649-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-600649-1"><bdi>978-0-15-600649-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time%27s+Pendulum%3A+From+Sundials+to+Atomic+Clocks%2C+the+Fascinating+History+of+Timekeeping+and+how+Our+Discoveries+Changed+the+World&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=reprinted&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-15-600649-1&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Jo+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ygDdx73hvcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lombardi, Michael A. "Why Is a Minute Divided into 60 Seconds, an Hour into 60 Minutes, Yet There Are Only 24 Hours in a Day?" Scientific American. Springer Nature, 5 March 2007. Web. 21 February 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnett, <i>ibid</i>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergreen, Laurence. <i>Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe</i> (HarperCollins Publishers, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-621173-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-621173-5">0-06-621173-5</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">North, J. (2004) <i>God's Clockmaker: Richard of Wallingford and the Invention of Time</i>. Oxbow Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-451-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-451-0">1-85285-451-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, E., (1979) "The St Albans Clock of Richard of Wallingford". <i>Antiquarian Horology,</i> pp. 372–384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clocks_2016-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clocks_2016_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clocks_2016_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"History of Clocks." About.com Inventors. About.com, n.d. Web. 21 February 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/miniclock.cfm">"NIST Unveils Chip-Scale Atomic Clock"</a>. <i>NIST</i>. 27 August 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522125607/http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/miniclock.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIST&rft.atitle=NIST+Unveils+Chip-Scale+Atomic+Clock&rft.date=2004-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpublic_affairs%2Freleases%2Fminiclock.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211190407/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=e24ccfa7-44eb-40b7-8b67-daf8263569ff">"New atomic clock can keep time for 200 million years: Super-precise instruments vital to deep space navigation"</a>. <i>Vancouver Sun</i>. 16 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=e24ccfa7-44eb-40b7-8b67-daf8263569ff">the original</a> on 11 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vancouver+Sun&rft.atitle=New+atomic+clock+can+keep+time+for+200+million+years%3A+Super-precise+instruments+vital+to+deep+space+navigation&rft.date=2008-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fvancouversun%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3De24ccfa7-44eb-40b7-8b67-daf8263569ff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325220323/https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n99-22.cf">"NIST-F1 Cesium Fountain Clock"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n99-22.cf">the original</a> on 25 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NIST-F1+Cesium+Fountain+Clock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpublic_affairs%2Freleases%2Fn99-22.cf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9438957">"Byrhtferth of Ramsey"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614055906/https://academic.eb.com/?target=%2Flevels">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byrhtferth+of+Ramsey&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.eb.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9438957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"atom", <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, Draft Revision September 2008 (contains relevant citations from Byrhtferth's <i>Enchiridion</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news192909576.html">"12 attoseconds is the world record for shortest controllable time"</a>. 12 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805173204/http://www.physorg.com/news192909576.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12+attoseconds+is+the+world+record+for+shortest+controllable+time&rft.date=2010-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physorg.com%2Fnews192909576.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newman51-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newman51_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1991" class="citation book cs1">Newman, John (1991). Geshe Lhundub Sopa (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGDCQNn0C9oC"><i>The Wheel of Time: Kalachakra in Context</i></a>. Shambhala. pp. 51–54, 62–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-779-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-779-7"><bdi>978-1-55939-779-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wheel+of+Time%3A+Kalachakra+in+Context&rft.pages=51-54%2C+62-77&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-779-7&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGDCQNn0C9oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/chichen-itza-venus-cycle">"Chichén Itzá: Venus Cycle"</a>. <i>Travel</i>. 27 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel&rft.atitle=Chich%C3%A9n+Itz%C3%A1%3A+Venus+Cycle&rft.date=2012-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fchichen-itza-venus-cycle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_M._Gidley2017" class="citation book cs1">Jennifer M. Gidley (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3NdDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Future: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-105424-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-105424-2"><bdi>978-0-19-105424-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-105424-2&rft.au=Jennifer+M.+Gidley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3NdDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3NdDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Extract of page 13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRust1981" class="citation book cs1">Rust, Eric Charles (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AcSw6GDlLVwC"><i>Religion, Revelation and Reason</i></a>. Mercer University Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-058-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-058-3"><bdi>978-0-86554-058-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403232350/https://books.google.com/books?id=AcSw6GDlLVwC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>Profane time, as <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade</a> points out, is linear. As man dwelt increasingly in the profane and a sense of history developed, the desire to escape into the sacred began to drop in the background. The myths, tied up with cyclic time, were not so easily operative. [...] So secular man became content with his linear time. He could not return to cyclic time and re-enter sacred space though its myths. [...] Just here, as Eliade sees it, a new religious structure became available. In the Judaeo-Christian religions – Judaism, Christianity, Islam – history is taken seriously, and linear time is accepted. The cyclic time of the primordial mythical consciousness has been transformed into the time of profane man, but the mythical consciousness remains. It has been historicized. The Christian mythos and its accompanying ritual are bound up, for example, with history and center in authentic history, especially the Christ-event. Sacred space, the Transcendent Presence, is thus opened up to secular man because it meets him where he is, in the linear flow of secular time. The Christian myth gives such time a beginning in creation, a center in the Christ-event, and an end in the final consummation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Revelation+and+Reason&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-058-3&rft.aulast=Rust&rft.aufirst=Eric+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAcSw6GDlLVwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetz2008" class="citation book cs1">Betz, Hans Dieter, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjIOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Religion Past & Present: Encyclopedia of Theology and Religion</i></a>. Vol. 4 (4 ed.). Brill. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14688-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14688-4"><bdi>978-90-04-14688-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154435/https://books.google.com/books?id=kjIOAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>[...] God produces a creation with a directional time structure [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+Past+%26+Present%3A+Encyclopedia+of+Theology+and+Religion&rft.pages=101&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14688-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkjIOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundinThiseltonWalhout1999" class="citation book cs1">Lundin, Roger; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Thiselton" title="Anthony Thiselton">Thiselton, Anthony C.</a>; Walhout, Clarence (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Y2F6rSq9VMC"><i>The Promise of Hermeneutics</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4635-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4635-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-4635-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919095555/https://books.google.com/books?id=3Y2F6rSq9VMC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>We need to note the close ties between teleology, eschatology, and utopia. In Christian theology, the understanding of the teleology of particular actions is ultimately related to the teleology of history in general, which is the concern of eschatology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promise+of+Hermeneutics&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4635-8&rft.aulast=Lundin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Thiselton%2C+Anthony+C.&rft.au=Walhout%2C+Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Y2F6rSq9VMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkairo%2Fs1">"(Dictionary Entry)"</a>. <i>Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507073935/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkairo%2Fs1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Henry+George+Liddell%2C+Robert+Scott%2C+A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.atitle=%28Dictionary+Entry%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253Dkairo%252Fs1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New Myths and Meanings in Jewish New Moon Rituals David M. Rosen, Victoria P. Rosen Ethnology, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Summer, 2000), pp. 263-277 (referencing Yerushalmi 1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusPasiStuckrad2011" class="citation book cs1">Hus, Boʿaz; Pasi, Marco; <a href="/wiki/Kocku_von_Stuckrad" title="Kocku von Stuckrad">Stuckrad, Kocku von</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mIGMsLiol7EC"><i>Kabbalah and Modernity: Interpretations, Transformations, Adaptations</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18284-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18284-4"><bdi>978-90-04-18284-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513114415/https://books.google.com/books?id=mIGMsLiol7EC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kabbalah+and+Modernity%3A+Interpretations%2C+Transformations%2C+Adaptations&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18284-4&rft.aulast=Hus&rft.aufirst=Bo%CA%BFaz&rft.au=Pasi%2C+Marco&rft.au=Stuckrad%2C+Kocku+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmIGMsLiol7EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfson2006" class="citation book cs1">Wolfson, Elliot R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozhPY2fcNCcC"><i>Alef, Mem, Tau: Kabbalistic Musings on Time, Truth, and Death</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93231-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93231-9"><bdi>978-0-520-93231-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819171639/https://books.google.com/books?id=ozhPY2fcNCcC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alef%2C+Mem%2C+Tau%3A+Kabbalistic+Musings+on+Time%2C+Truth%2C+and+Death&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-93231-9&rft.aulast=Wolfson&rft.aufirst=Elliot+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DozhPY2fcNCcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozhPY2fcNCcC&pg=PA111">Extract of page 111</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220511191004/https://books.google.com/books?id=ozhPY2fcNCcC&pg=PA111">Archived</a> 11 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuligandla1974" class="citation journal cs1">Puligandla, R. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1398019">"Time and History in the Indian Tradition"</a>. <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 165–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1398019">10.2307/1398019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8221">0031-8221</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1398019">1398019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Time+and+History+in+the+Indian+Tradition&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-170&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0031-8221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1398019%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1398019&rft.aulast=Puligandla&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1398019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rynasiewicz-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rynasiewicz_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRynasiewicz2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rynasiewicz, Robert: Johns Hopkins University (12 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton-stm/">"Newton's Views on Space, Time, and Motion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716191122/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newton-stm/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2012</span>. <q>Newton did not regard space and time as genuine substances (as are, paradigmatically, bodies and minds), but rather as real entities with their own manner of existence as necessitated by God's existence ... To paraphrase: Absolute, true, and mathematical time, from its own nature, passes equably without relation to anything external, and thus without reference to any change or way of measuring of time (e.g., the hour, day, month, or year).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Newton%27s+Views+on+Space%2C+Time%2C+and+Motion&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2004-08-12&rft.aulast=Rynasiewicz&rft.aufirst=Robert%3A+Johns+Hopkins+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fnewton-stm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markosian-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Markosian_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkosian" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ned_Markosian" title="Ned Markosian">Markosian, Ned</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time/#3">"Time"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2002 Edition)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060914153738/http://plato.stanford.edu//entries/time/#3">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2011</span>. <q>The opposing view, normally referred to either as "Platonism with Respect to Time" or as "Absolutism with Respect to Time", has been defended by Plato, Newton, and others. On this view, time is like an empty container into which events may be placed; but it is a container that exists independently of whether or not anything is placed in it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Time&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Winter+2002+Edition%29&rft.aulast=Markosian&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftime%2F%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattey-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mattey_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattey1997" class="citation web cs1">Mattey, G. J. (22 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050314201600/http://www-philosophy.ucdavis.edu/mattey/kant/TIMELEC.HTM">"Critique of Pure Reason, Lecture notes: Philosophy 175 UC Davis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-philosophy.ucdavis.edu/mattey/kant/TIMELEC.HTM">the original</a> on 14 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>. <q>What is correct in the Leibnizian view was its anti-metaphysical stance. Space and time do not exist in and of themselves, but in some sense are the product of the way we represent things. The[y] are ideal, though not in the sense in which Leibniz thought they are ideal (figments of the imagination). The ideality of space is its mind-dependence: it is only a condition of sensibility.... Kant concluded ... "absolute space is not an object of outer sensation; it is rather a fundamental concept which first of all makes possible all such outer sensation."...Much of the argumentation pertaining to space is applicable, <i>mutatis mutandis</i>, to time, so I will not rehearse the arguments. As space is the form of outer intuition, so time is the form of inner intuition.... Kant claimed that time is real, it is "the real form of inner intuition."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Critique+of+Pure+Reason%2C+Lecture+notes%3A+Philosophy+175+UC+Davis&rft.date=1997-01-22&rft.aulast=Mattey&rft.aufirst=G.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-philosophy.ucdavis.edu%2Fmattey%2Fkant%2FTIMELEC.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCormick-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCormick_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McCormick, Matt (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/kantmeta/#H4">"Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) Metaphysics: 4. Kant's Transcendental Idealism"</a>. <i>The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426002607/http://www.iep.utm.edu/kantmeta/#H4">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>. <q>Time, Kant argues, is also necessary as a form or condition of our intuitions of objects. The idea of time itself cannot be gathered from experience because succession and simultaneity of objects, the phenomena that would indicate the passage of time, would be impossible to represent if we did not already possess the capacity to represent objects in time.... Another way to put the point is to say that the fact that the mind of the knower makes the <i>a priori</i> contribution does not mean that space and time or the categories are mere figments of the imagination. Kant is an empirical realist about the world we experience; we can know objects as they appear to us. He gives a robust defense of science and the study of the natural world from his argument about the mind's role in making nature. All discursive, rational beings must conceive of the physical world as spatially and temporally unified, he argues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Immanuel+Kant+%281724%E2%80%931804%29+Metaphysics%3A+4.+Kant%27s+Transcendental+Idealism&rft.btitle=The+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fkantmeta%2F%23H4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrol2010" class="citation book cs1">Carrol, Sean (2010). "Chapter One, Section Two, Plume". <a href="/wiki/From_Eternity_to_Here:_The_Quest_for_the_Ultimate_Theory_of_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time"><i>From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-29654-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-29654-1"><bdi>978-0-452-29654-1</bdi></a>. <q>As human beings we 'feel' the passage of time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+One%2C+Section+Two%2C+Plume&rft.btitle=From+Eternity+to+Here%3A+The+Quest+for+the+Ultimate+Theory+of+Time&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-452-29654-1&rft.aulast=Carrol&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lehar-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lehar_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Lehar, Steve. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cns-alumni.bu.edu/~slehar/webstuff/consc1/consc1.html">The Function of Conscious Experience: An Analogical Paradigm of Perception and Behavior</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151021061139/http://cns-alumni.bu.edu/~slehar/webstuff/consc1/consc1.html">Archived</a> 21 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Consciousness and Cognition</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philosophy_of_Time-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philosophy_of_Time_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philosophy_of_Time_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philosophy_of_Time_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exactlywhatistime.com/philosophy-of-time/">"Philosophy of Time – Exactly What Is Time?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328174952/http://www.exactlywhatistime.com/philosophy-of-time/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Time+%E2%80%93+Exactly+What+Is+Time%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exactlywhatistime.com%2Fphilosophy-of-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_Philosophy-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Philosophy_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Philosophy_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Philosophy_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Philosophy_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Philosophy_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Philosophy_59-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exactlywhatistime.com/philosophy-of-time/ancient-philosophy/">"Ancient Philosophy – Exactly What Is Time?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328174951/http://www.exactlywhatistime.com/philosophy-of-time/ancient-philosophy/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Philosophy+%E2%80%93+Exactly+What+Is+Time%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exactlywhatistime.com%2Fphilosophy-of-time%2Fancient-philosophy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bunnag-2017-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bunnag-2017_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunnag-2017_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunnag-2017_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunnag2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bunnag, Anawat (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2452315117300140">"The concept of time in philosophy: A comparative study between Theravada Buddhist and Henri Bergson's concept of time from Thai philosophers' perspectives"</a>. <i>Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.kjss.2017.07.007">10.1016/j.kjss.2017.07.007</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402163654/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2452315117300140">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kasetsart+Journal+of+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+concept+of+time+in+philosophy%3A+A+comparative+study+between+Theravada+Buddhist+and+Henri+Bergson%27s+concept+of+time+from+Thai+philosophers%27+perspectives&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.kjss.2017.07.007&rft.aulast=Bunnag&rft.aufirst=Anawat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2452315117300140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayton1994" class="citation book cs1">Layton, Robert (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7TPIDL9RdsoC&pg=PA7"><i>Who Needs the Past?: Indigenous Values and Archaeology</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09558-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09558-7"><bdi>978-0-415-09558-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Needs+the+Past%3F%3A+Indigenous+Values+and+Archaeology&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09558-7&rft.aulast=Layton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7TPIDL9RdsoC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dagobert Runes, <i>Dictionary of Philosophy</i>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardieGaye" class="citation web cs1">Hardie, R. P.; Gaye, R. K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu//Aristotle/physics.4.iv.html">"Physics by Aristotle"</a>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626030252/http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/physics.4.iv.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Physics+by+Aristotle&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.aulast=Hardie&rft.aufirst=R.+P.&rft.au=Gaye%2C+R.+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2F%2FAristotle%2Fphysics.4.iv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span> "<i>Time then is a kind of number. (Number, we must note, is used in two senses – both of what is counted or the countable and also of that with which we count. Time obviously is what is counted, not that with which we count: there are different kinds of thing.) [...] It is clear, then, that time is 'number of movement in respect of the before and after', and is continuous since it is an attribute of what is continuous.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_I/Confessions/Book_XI/Chapter_14"><i>Confessions</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119043221/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_I/Confessions/Book_XI/Chapter_14">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confessions&rft.au=Augustine+of+Hippo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FNicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers%3A_Series_I%2FVolume_I%2FConfessions%2FBook_XI%2FChapter_14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span> Book 11, Chapter 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottfried Martin, <i>Kant's Metaphysics and Theory of Science.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Early_Modern_Philosophy-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Early_Modern_Philosophy_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_Modern_Philosophy_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_Modern_Philosophy_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_Modern_Philosophy_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Early_Modern_Philosophy_66-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exactlywhatistime.com/philosophy-of-time/early-modern-philosophy/">"Early Modern Philosophy – Exactly What Is Time?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328174950/http://www.exactlywhatistime.com/philosophy-of-time/early-modern-philosophy/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+Philosophy+%E2%80%93+Exactly+What+Is+Time%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exactlywhatistime.com%2Fphilosophy-of-time%2Fearly-modern-philosophy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJankowiak" class="citation web cs1">Jankowiak, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/kantview/">"Immanuel Kant"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523180236/https://iep.utm.edu/kantview/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immanuel+Kant&rft.aulast=Jankowiak&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fkantview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kant-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kant_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKant1787" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant, Immanuel</a> (1787). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110413222609/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/k/kant/immanuel/k16p/"><i>The Critique of Pure Reason, 2nd edition</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/k/kant/immanuel/k16p/complete.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Critique+of+Pure+Reason%2C+2nd+edition&rft.date=1787&rft.aulast=Kant&rft.aufirst=Immanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Fk%2Fkant%2Fimmanuel%2Fk16p%2Fcomplete.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span> translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=J.M.D._Meiklejohn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.M.D. Meiklejohn (page does not exist)">J.M.D. Meiklejohn</a>, eBooks@Adelaide, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergson, Henri (1907) <i>Creative Evolution</i>. trans. by Arthur Mitchell. Mineola: Dover, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balslev-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balslev_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalslevJitendranath_Mohanty1992" class="citation book cs1">Balslev, Anindita N.; Jitendranath Mohanty (November 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y94cKeEVa3sC"><i>Religion and Time</i></a>. Studies in the History of Religions, 54. The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 53–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09583-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09583-0"><bdi>978-90-04-09583-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820024824/https://books.google.com/books?id=y94cKeEVa3sC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Time&rft.place=The+Netherlands&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+Religions%2C+54.&rft.pages=53-59&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1992-11&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09583-0&rft.aulast=Balslev&rft.aufirst=Anindita+N.&rft.au=Jitendranath+Mohanty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy94cKeEVa3sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidegger1962" class="citation book cs1">Heidegger, Martin (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S57m5gW0L-MC&pg=PA425">"V"</a>. <i>Being and Time</i>. Blackwell. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19770-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19770-6"><bdi>978-0-631-19770-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819212325/https://books.google.com/books?id=S57m5gW0L-MC&pg=PA425">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V&rft.btitle=Being+and+Time&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19770-6&rft.aulast=Heidegger&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS57m5gW0L-MC%26pg%3DPA425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern_Philosophy-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Philosophy_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Philosophy_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Philosophy_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Philosophy_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exactlywhatistime.com/philosophy-of-time/modern-philosophy/">"Modern Philosophy – Exactly What Is Time?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328175027/http://www.exactlywhatistime.com/philosophy-of-time/modern-philosophy/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+Philosophy+%E2%80%93+Exactly+What+Is+Time%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exactlywhatistime.com%2Fphilosophy-of-time%2Fmodern-philosophy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoundalis" class="citation web cs1">Foundalis, Harry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundalis.com/phi/WhyTimeFlows.htm">"You are about to disappear"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512072013/http://www.foundalis.com/phi/WhyTimeFlows.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You+are+about+to+disappear&rft.aulast=Foundalis&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundalis.com%2Fphi%2FWhyTimeFlows.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuston" class="citation web cs1">Huston, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhasvillage.com/teachings/time.htm">"Buddhism and the illusion of time"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708103214/http://www.buddhasvillage.com/teachings/time.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+the+illusion+of+time&rft.aulast=Huston&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhasvillage.com%2Fteachings%2Ftime.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfield1995" class="citation book cs1">Garfield, Jay L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfsyfoO1IlYC&pg=RA1-PR19"><i>The fundamental wisdom of the middle way: Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509336-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509336-0"><bdi>978-0-19-509336-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819134845/https://books.google.com/books?id=kfsyfoO1IlYC&pg=RA1-PR19">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fundamental+wisdom+of+the+middle+way%3A+N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna%27s+M%C5%ABlamadhyamakak%C4%81rik%C4%81&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509336-0&rft.aulast=Garfield&rft.aufirst=Jay+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfsyfoO1IlYC%26pg%3DRA1-PR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman M. Schwartz, <i>Introduction to Special Relativity</i>, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968, hardcover 442 pages, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88275-478-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88275-478-5">0-88275-478-5</a> (1977 edition), pp. 10–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Einstein, H. A. Lorentz, H. Weyl, H. Minkowski, <i>The Principle of Relativity</i>, Dover Publications, Inc, 2000, softcover, 216 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-60081-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-60081-5">0-486-60081-5</a>, See pp. 37–65 for an English translation of Einstein's original 1905 paper.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Quantum causality and the arrows of time and thermodynamics. 2020. Prog Part Nucl Phys. 115/13. J.F. Donoghue, G. Menezes. doi: 10.1016/j.ppnp.2020.103812.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Direction of Time. 2015. Time: A Philosophical Introduction. pp. 191–214. J. Harrington, J. Harrington.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Time irreversibility in active matter, from micro to macro. 2022. Nat Rev Phys. 4/3, pp. 167–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> J. O'byrne, Y. Kafri, J. Tailleur, F. Van Wijland. doi: 10.1038/s42254-021-00406-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Nature and Origin of Time-Asymmetric Spacetime Structures. 2014. Springer Handbook of Spacetime. pp. 185–196. H.D. Zeh.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Arrow of Time. 2016. Cosmological and Psychological Time. 285/155-62. M. Hemmo, O. Shenker. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-22590-6_9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Relativity Theory May not Have the Last Word on the Nature of Time: Quantum Theory and Probabilism. 2017. Space, Time and the Limits of Human Understanding. pp. 109214. N. Maxwell. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-44418-5_9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Complexity and the Arrow of Time. 2013. Complexity and the Arrow of Time. pp. 1–357. doi: 10.1017/cbo9781139225700.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Coveney and Roger Highfield. <i>The Arrow of Time : A Voyage Through Science to Solve Time's Greatest Mystery.</i> Hardcover – May 14, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780449906309">https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780449906309</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ev9zrt__lec">"Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity"</a>. YouTube. 30 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017182611/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ev9zrt__lec">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein%27s+Theory+of+Relativity&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dev9zrt__lec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7vpw4AH8QQ">"Time Travel: Einstein's big idea (Theory of Relativity)"</a>. YouTube. 9 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017182714/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7vpw4AH8QQ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+Travel%3A+Einstein%27s+big+idea+%28Theory+of+Relativity%29&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2007-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DV7vpw4AH8QQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnudsenHjorth2012" class="citation book cs1">Knudsen, Jens M.; Hjorth, Poul G. 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Springer Science & Business Media. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-97599-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-97599-8"><bdi>978-3-642-97599-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Newtonian+Mechanics&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-3-642-97599-8&rft.aulast=Knudsen&rft.aufirst=Jens+M.&rft.au=Hjorth%2C+Poul+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrkP1CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Greene" title="Brian Greene">Greene, Brian</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yZujlUD1oAAC">"Chapter 6: Chance and the Arrow"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Fabric_of_the_Cosmos" title="The Fabric of the Cosmos"><i>The Fabric of the Cosmos</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-195995-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-195995-5"><bdi>978-0-14-195995-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820035526/https://books.google.com/books?id=yZujlUD1oAAC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mind.ucsd.edu/papers/bhtc/Andersen&Grush.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reference.com/motif/Science/sequence-of-events-worksheets">the original</a> on 13 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sequence+of+Events+Worksheets&rft.pub=Reference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reference.com%2Fmotif%2FScience%2Fsequence-of-events-worksheets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompiled_by_David_LuckhamRoy_Schulte2011" class="citation web cs1">Compiled by David Luckham & Roy Schulte (23 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.complexevents.com/2011/08/23/event-processing-glossary-version-2-0/">"Event Processing Glossary – Version 2.0"</a>. Complex Event Processing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015182053/http://www.complexevents.com/2011/08/23/event-processing-glossary-version-2-0/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Event+Processing+Glossary+%E2%80%93+Version+2.0&rft.pub=Complex+Event+Processing&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft.au=Compiled+by+David+Luckham&rft.au=Roy+Schulte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.complexevents.com%2F2011%2F08%2F23%2Fevent-processing-glossary-version-2-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordquist" class="citation web cs1">Nordquist, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/narrative2term.htm">"narrative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110904221452/http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/narrative2term.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=narrative&rft.pub=About.com&rft.aulast=Nordquist&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrammar.about.com%2Fod%2Fmo%2Fg%2Fnarrative2term.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiasecki" class="citation web cs1">Piasecki, David J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accuracybook.com/glossary.htm">"Inventory Accuracy Glossary"</a>. AccuracyBook.com (OPS Publishing). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903094536/http://www.accuracybook.com/glossary.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inventory+Accuracy+Glossary&rft.pub=AccuracyBook.com+%28OPS+Publishing%29&rft.aulast=Piasecki&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accuracybook.com%2Fglossary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nettedautomation.com/glossary_menue/glossary_uca.html">"Utility Communications Architecture (UCA) glossary"</a>. NettedAutomation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111210131225/http://nettedautomation.com/glossary_menue/glossary_uca.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Utility+Communications+Architecture+%28UCA%29+glossary&rft.pub=NettedAutomation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nettedautomation.com%2Fglossary_menue%2Fglossary_uca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div style="font-size:90%;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbour1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Barbour" title="Julian Barbour">Barbour, Julian</a> (1999). <i>The End of Time: The Next Revolution in Our Understanding of the Universe</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514592-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514592-2"><bdi>978-0-19-514592-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Time%3A+The+Next+Revolution+in+Our+Understanding+of+the+Universe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514592-2&rft.aulast=Barbour&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Craig Callendar, <i>Introducing Time</i>, Icon Books, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84831-120-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84831-120-6">978-1-84831-120-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas1990" class="citation book cs1">Das, Tushar Kanti (1990). <i>The Time Dimension: An Interdisciplinary Guide</i>. New York: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-92681-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-92681-6"><bdi>978-0-275-92681-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Time+Dimension%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-275-92681-6&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Tushar+Kanti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span> – Research bibliography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Davies" title="Paul Davies">Davies, Paul</a> (1996). <i>About Time: Einstein's Unfinished Revolution</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81822-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81822-1"><bdi>978-0-684-81822-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=About+Time%3A+Einstein%27s+Unfinished+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+Paperbacks&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-684-81822-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeynman1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman, Richard</a> (1994) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/characterofphysi0000feyn_u5j3/page/108"><i>The Character of Physical Law</i></a>. Cambridge (Mass): The MIT Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/characterofphysi0000feyn_u5j3/page/108">108–126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-56003-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-56003-0"><bdi>978-0-262-56003-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Character+of+Physical+Law&rft.place=Cambridge+%28Mass%29&rft.pages=108-126&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-262-56003-0&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharacterofphysi0000feyn_u5j3%2Fpage%2F108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalison1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Galison" title="Peter Galison">Galison, Peter</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/einsteinsclocksp00gali"><i>Einstein's Clocks and Poincaré's Maps: Empires of Time</i></a>. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02001-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02001-4"><bdi>978-0-393-02001-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%27s+Clocks+and+Poincar%C3%A9%27s+Maps%3A+Empires+of+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02001-4&rft.aulast=Galison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feinsteinsclocksp00gali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Benjamin Gal-Or, <i>Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy</i>, Springer Verlag, 1981, 1983, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-90581-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-90581-2">0-387-90581-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-96526-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-96526-2">0-387-96526-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Gere" title="Charlie Gere">Charlie Gere</a>, (2005) <i>Art, Time and Technology: Histories of the Disappearing Body</i>, Berg</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighfield1992" class="citation book cs1">Highfield, Roger (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arrowoftimevoy00cove"><i>Arrow of Time: A Voyage through Science to Solve Time's Greatest Mystery</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-449-90723-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-449-90723-8"><bdi>978-0-449-90723-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arrow+of+Time%3A+A+Voyage+through+Science+to+Solve+Time%27s+Greatest+Mystery&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-449-90723-8&rft.aulast=Highfield&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farrowoftimevoy00cove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandes2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Landes" class="mw-redirect" title="David S. Landes">Landes, David</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/Revolution_in_Time" title="Revolution in Time"><i>Revolution in Time</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00282-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00282-1"><bdi>978-0-674-00282-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+Time&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00282-1&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebowitz2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lebowitz, Joel L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.3448">"Time's arrow and Boltzmann's entropy"</a>. <i>Scholarpedia</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 3448. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SchpJ...3.3448L">2008SchpJ...3.3448L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.3448">10.4249/scholarpedia.3448</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scholarpedia&rft.atitle=Time%27s+arrow+and+Boltzmann%27s+entropy&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=3448&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4249%2Fscholarpedia.3448&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SchpJ...3.3448L&rft.aulast=Lebowitz&rft.aufirst=Joel+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4249%252Fscholarpedia.3448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMermin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._David_Mermin" title="N. David Mermin">Mermin, N. David</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/itsabouttimeunde0000merm"><i>It's About Time: Understanding Einstein's Relativity</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12201-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12201-4"><bdi>978-0-691-12201-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It%27s+About+Time%3A+Understanding+Einstein%27s+Relativity&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12201-4&rft.aulast=Mermin&rft.aufirst=N.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitsabouttimeunde0000merm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Morris, Richard (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timesarrows00rich"><i>Time's Arrows: Scientific Attitudes Toward Time</i></a></span>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-61766-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-61766-0"><bdi>978-0-671-61766-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time%27s+Arrows%3A+Scientific+Attitudes+Toward+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-671-61766-0&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimesarrows00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrose1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose, Roger</a> (1999) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226155727/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780192861986.do"><i>The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 391–417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286198-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286198-6"><bdi>978-0-19-286198-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780192861986.do">the original</a> on 26 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor%27s+New+Mind%3A+Concerning+Computers%2C+Minds%2C+and+the+Laws+of+Physics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=391-417&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-286198-6&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukcatalogue.oup.com%2Fproduct%2F9780192861986.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1996" class="citation book cs1">Price, Huw (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timesarrowarchim00pric"><i>Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511798-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511798-1"><bdi>978-0-19-511798-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time%27s+Arrow+and+Archimedes%27+Point&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511798-1&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Huw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimesarrowarchim00pric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichenbach1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Reichenbach, Hans</a> (1999) [1956]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://store.doverpublications.com/0486409260.html"><i>The Direction of Time</i></a>. New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-40926-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-40926-9"><bdi>978-0-486-40926-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Direction+of+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-486-40926-9&rft.aulast=Reichenbach&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstore.doverpublications.com%2F0486409260.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRovelli2006" class="citation book cs1">Rovelli, Carlo (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070127102006/http://www.direnzo.it/main.phtml?Language=en&Doc=0001&ISBN=8883231465"><i>What is time? What is space?</i></a>. Rome: Di Renzo Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8323-146-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8323-146-9"><bdi>978-88-8323-146-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.direnzo.it/main.phtml?Language=en&Doc=0001&ISBN=8883231465">the original</a> on 27 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+time%3F+What+is+space%3F&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Di+Renzo+Editore&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-88-8323-146-9&rft.aulast=Rovelli&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.direnzo.it%2Fmain.phtml%3FLanguage%3Den%26Doc%3D0001%26ISBN%3D8883231465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRovelli2018" class="citation book cs1">Rovelli, Carlo (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/551483/the-order-of-time-by-carlo-rovelli/"><i>The Order of Time</i></a>. New York: Riverhead. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0735216105" title="Special:BookSources/978-0735216105"><bdi>978-0735216105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Riverhead&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0735216105&rft.aulast=Rovelli&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F551483%2Fthe-order-of-time-by-carlo-rovelli%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Stiegler" title="Bernard Stiegler">Stiegler, Bernard</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Technics_and_Time,_1:_The_Fault_of_Epimetheus" class="mw-redirect" title="Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus">Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus</a></i></li> <li>Roberto Mangabeira Unger and Lee Smolin, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Singular_Universe_and_the_Reality_of_Time" title="The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time">The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07406-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07406-4">978-1-107-07406-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitrow1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_James_Whitrow" title="Gerald James Whitrow">Whitrow, Gerald J.</a> (1973). <i>The Nature of Time</i>. Holt, Rinehart and Wilson (New York).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Time&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Wilson+%28New+York%29&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Whitrow&rft.aufirst=Gerald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitrow1980" class="citation book cs1">Whitrow, Gerald J. (1980). <i>The Natural Philosophy of Time</i>. Clarendon Press (Oxford).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+Philosophy+of+Time&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press+%28Oxford%29&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Whitrow&rft.aufirst=Gerald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitrow1988" class="citation book cs1">Whitrow, Gerald J. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeinhistoryevo00whit"><i>Time in History. The evolution of our general awareness of time and temporal perspective</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285211-3"><bdi>978-0-19-285211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+in+History.+The+evolution+of+our+general+awareness+of+time+and+temporal+perspective&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285211-3&rft.aulast=Whitrow&rft.aufirst=Gerald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimeinhistoryevo00whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Time</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Time" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Time">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Time" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Time">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Time" class="extiw" title="q:Time">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Time" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Time">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016211032/http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/systime.html">Different systems of measuring time</a> (archived 16 October 2015).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005465z">Time</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)"><i>In Our Time</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Time">"Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FTime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/time/">Time</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>, by Bradley Dowden.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Poidevin2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Le Poidevin, Robin (Winter 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2004/entries/time-experience">"The Experience and Perception of Time"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Experience+and+Perception+of+Time&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Le+Poidevin&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2004%2Fentries%2Ftime-experience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nature" title="Template:Nature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nature" title="Template talk:Nature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elements_of_nature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elements of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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title="Geological history of Earth">geological</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere <span style="font-size:85%;">(Earth)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">Wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(physics)" title="Field (physics)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin <span style="font-size:85%;">(abiogenesis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protista</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nature" title="Category:Nature">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_topics" title="Template:Time topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_topics" title="Template talk:Time topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Time</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Measurement</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Time" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Time">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_articles:_Detailed_navigation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:#ee9; border:1px solid silver; padding:0.2em 1em 0.2em 6.5em;"><div id="Time_articles:_Detailed_navigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Time articles: Detailed navigation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_measurement_and_standards" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Template:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Template talk:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_measurement_and_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Time measurement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Metrology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">offset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94T_(timekeeping)" title="ΔT (timekeeping)">ΔT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DUT1" title="DUT1">DUT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Earth_Rotation_and_Reference_Systems_Service" title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">ISO 31-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">International Atomic Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Barycentric Coordinate Time">Barycentric Coordinate Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Dynamical_Time" title="Barycentric Dynamical Time">Barycentric Dynamical Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_time" title="Civil time">Civil time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Geocentric Coordinate Time">Geocentric Coordinate Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IERS_Reference_Meridian" title="IERS Reference Meridian">IERS Reference Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">Leap second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Time" title="Terrestrial Time">Terrestrial Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian">180th meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass"><img alt="template illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/75px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/113px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/150px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="3819" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone"><img alt="template illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/75px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/113px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="1007" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris_time" title="Ephemeris time">Ephemeris time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">Prime meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Time in physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous signal">Continuous signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_decade" title="Cosmological decade">Cosmological decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_time_and_continuous_time" title="Discrete time and continuous time">Discrete time and continuous time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation" title="Gravitational time dilation">Gravitational time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-translation_symmetry" title="Time-translation symmetry">Time-translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">T-symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Horology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">Astrarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">Atomic clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complication_(horology)" title="Complication (horology)">Complication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History of timekeeping devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">Hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">Marine chronometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_sandglass" title="Marine sandglass">Marine sandglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">Radio clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">Water clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">Sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialing_scales" title="Dialing scales">Dialing scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equation_of_time" title="Equation of time">Equation of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sundials" title="History of sundials">History of sundials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_for_horizontal_dials" title="Schema for horizontal dials">Sundial markup schema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> (lunar Hijri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominical_letter" title="Dominical letter">Dominical letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epact" title="Epact">Epact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">Equinox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">Intercalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">Julian day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">Tropical year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination_of_the_day_of_the_week" title="Determination of the day of the week">Weekday determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week" title="Names of the days of the week">Weekday names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology and geology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_timescale" title="Nuclear timescale">Nuclear timescale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">Precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">units of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flick_(time)" title="Flick (time)">Flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shake_(unit)" title="Shake (unit)">Shake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiffy_(time)" title="Jiffy (time)">Jiffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">Minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">Hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">Fortnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustrum" title="Lustrum">Lustrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeculum" title="Saeculum">Saeculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Time metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_value_of_money" title="Time value of money">Time value of money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timekeeper" title="Timekeeper">Timekeeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chronology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chronology" title="Template:Chronology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology" title="Template talk:Chronology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chronology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">Eras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">Epochs</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar eras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human Era</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_era" title="Bosporan era">Bosporan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostran_era" title="Bostran era">Bostran era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Caesar_(Iberian_Peninsula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Caesar (Iberian Peninsula)">Era of Caesar (Iberia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">Before present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Short_Count" title="Maya calendar">Short Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Haab'">Haab'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Kings" title="Canon of Kings">Canon of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regnal_lists" title="Category:Regnal lists">Lists of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limmu" title="Limmu">Limmu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Era names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Pre-Julian / Julian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Pre-Julian Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Original Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Gregorian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style and New Style dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Adoption of the Gregorian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_dating" title="Dual dating">Dual dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Chinese sexagenary cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_Calendar" title="Geologic Calendar">Geologic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO week date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_count" title="Winter count">Winter count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_Time" title="New Earth Time">New Earth Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#fff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Calendar" title="Cosmic Calendar">Cosmic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Terminology" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age" title="Global Standard Stratigraphic Age">Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry" title="Isotope geochemistry">Isotope geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">Law of superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93neodymium_dating" title="Samarium–neodymium dating">Samarium–neodymium dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological<br />dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">Absolute dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_dating" title="Amino acid dating">Amino acid racemisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeomagnetic_dating" title="Archaeomagnetic dating">Archaeomagnetic dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_dating" title="Incremental dating">Incremental dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenometry" title="Lichenometry">Lichenometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">Paleomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Lead–lead dating">Lead–lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%93Ar_dating" title="K–Ar dating">Potassium–argon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">Uranium–lead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrochronology" title="Tephrochronology">Tephrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoluminescence_dating" title="Thermoluminescence dating">Thermoluminescence dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Relative_dating" title="Relative dating">Relative dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_absorption_dating" title="Fluorine absorption dating">Fluorine absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dating" title="Nitrogen dating">Nitrogen dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_hydration_dating" title="Obsidian hydration dating">Obsidian hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriation_(archaeology)" title="Seriation (archaeology)">Seriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy_(archaeology)" title="Stratigraphy (archaeology)">Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Genetic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Linguistic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Chronology_(Fomenko)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Chronology (Fomenko)">New Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronoptic_view" title="Synchronoptic view">Synchronoptic view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">Floruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminus_post_quem" title="Terminus post quem">Terminus post quem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASPRO_chronology" title="ASPRO chronology">ASPRO chronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_in_religion_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template talk:Time in religion and mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time in religion and mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_in_religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Time</a> in <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">religion and mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeon" title="Aeon">Aeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Eviternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heortology" title="Heortology">Heortology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_time" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_time" title="Template:Philosophy of time"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_time" title="Template talk:Philosophy of time"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_time" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of time"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_time" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts in time</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">A priori and a posteriori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(philosophy)" title="Action (philosophy)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Eviternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_time" title="Imaginary time">Imaginary time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_time_dimensions" title="Multiple time dimensions">Multiple time dimensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporality" title="Temporality">Temporality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories of time</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-theory_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="A-theory of time">A-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-dimensionalism" title="Four-dimensionalism">Four-dimensionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growing_block_universe" title="Growing block universe">Growing block universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">Etiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc" title="Post hoc ergo propter hoc">Post hoc ergo propter hoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Singular_Universe_and_the_Reality_of_Time" title="The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time">The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Experiment_with_Time" title="An Experiment with Time">An Experiment with Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metaphysics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metaphysics" title="Template:Metaphysics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metaphysics" title="Template talk:Metaphysics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metaphysics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metaphysics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metaphysics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_object_theory" title="Abstract object theory">Abstract object theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enactivism" title="Enactivism">Enactivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(philosophy)" title="Spiritualism (philosophy)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthmaker_theory" title="Truthmaker theory">Truthmaker theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Category of being">Category of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_closure" title="Causal closure">Causal closure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">Essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Linguistic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_matter" title="Philosophy of matter">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">Pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_object" title="Physical object">Physical object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations (philosophy)">Relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">Substantial form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">Type–token distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_metaphysics_articles" title="Index of metaphysics articles">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Lotze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 200 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 80 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 50)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 270)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daneshnameh-ye_Alai" class="mw-redirect" title="Daneshnameh-ye Alai">Daneshnameh-ye Alai</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1000)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1641)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1677)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Human_Knowledge" title="A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge">A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1710)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monadology" title="Monadology">Monadology</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1714)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1781)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prolegomena_to_Any_Future_Metaphysics" title="Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics">Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1783)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" title="The Phenomenology of Spirit">The Phenomenology of Spirit</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1807)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1818)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1846)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simulacra_and_Simulation" title="Simulacra and Simulation">Simulacra and Simulation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Feminist metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li> <li><a 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<th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dimensional_analysis" title="Dimensional analysis">Dimension<br />symbol</a> </th> <th class="unsortable"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Unit<br />name </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Unit<br />symbol </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">time, duration</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">t</span> </td> <td style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">T </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">s </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Length" title="Length">length</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">l</span>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">x</span>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">r</span>, etc. </td> <td style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">L </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">m </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">m</span> </td> <td style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">M </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">kg </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> </td> <td><abbr title="Uppercase italic letter 'i'"> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">I</span> </abbr>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">i</span> </td> <td style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;"><abbr title="Uppercase sans-serif roman letter 'i'"> I </abbr> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">A </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature" title="Thermodynamic temperature">thermodynamic temperature</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T</span> </td> <td style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;"><abbr title="Greek capital letter theta">Θ</abbr> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">K </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amount_of_substance" title="Amount of substance">amount of substance</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> </td> <td style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">N </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">mol </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Luminous_intensity" title="Luminous intensity">luminous intensity</a> </td> <td><span class="texhtml"><i>I</i><sub>v</sub></span> </td> <td style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">J </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Candela" title="Candela">candela</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">cd </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Unit_relations_in_the_new_SI.svg/200px-Unit_relations_in_the_new_SI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Unit_relations_in_the_new_SI.svg/300px-Unit_relations_in_the_new_SI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Unit_relations_in_the_new_SI.svg/400px-Unit_relations_in_the_new_SI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_metric_system" title="History of the metric system">History of the metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Quantities" title="International System of Quantities">International System of Quantities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Systems of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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