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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%96%B1%E8%81%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%96%B1%E8%81%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%96%B1%E8%81%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%96%B1%E8%81%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-对象" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对象"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>对象</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-对象-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关对象子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-对象-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-听众" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#听众"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>听众</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-听众-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-观众" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#观众"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>观众</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-观众-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参看" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参看"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>参看</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参看-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註解" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註解"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>註解</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註解-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-資料來源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#資料來源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>資料來源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-資料來源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">閱聽人</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。54种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جمهور – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAblicu" title="Públicu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Públicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendang%C3%A8s" title="Pendangès – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pendangès" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Публика – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Публика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95" title="পাঠক-শ্রোতা-দর্শক – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাঠক-শ্রোতা-দর্শক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectador" title="Espectador – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espectador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publikum" title="Publikum – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Publikum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publikum" title="Publikum – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Publikum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publikum" title="Publikum – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Publikum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience" title="Audience – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Audience" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publiko" title="Publiko – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Publiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectador" title="Espectador – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espectador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publik" title="Publik – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Publik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entzuleria" title="Entzuleria – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Entzuleria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="مخاطب – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مخاطب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yleis%C3%B6" title="Yleisö – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yleisö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public" title="Public – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Public" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publyk" title="Publyk – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Publyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectador" title="Espectador – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Espectador" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%9C" title="קהל – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קהל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publika" title="Publika – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Publika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalayak" title="Khalayak – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Khalayak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spettatore" title="Spettatore – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spettatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%B3%E5%AE%A2" title="観客 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="観客" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agdud" title="Agdud – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agdud" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಪ್ರೇಕ್ಷಕರು – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರೇಕ್ಷಕರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%80%EA%B0%9D" title="관객 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="관객" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema%C5%9Fevan" title="Temaşevan – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Temaşevan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectator_(theatrum)" title="Spectator (theatrum) – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Spectator (theatrum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9C%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ຜູ້ຊົມ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຜູ້ຊົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDi%C5%ABrovas" title="Žiūrovas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žiūrovas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditorija" title="Auditorija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Auditorija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalayak" title="Khalayak – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Khalayak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilskodar" title="Tilskodar – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tilskodar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publikum" title="Publikum – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Publikum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publiczno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Publiczność – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Publiczność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectador" title="Espectador – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espectador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectator" title="Spectator – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spectator" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Публика – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Публика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience" title="Audience – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Audience" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="تماشائي – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تماشائي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publika" title="Publika – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Publika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience" title="Audience – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Audience" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publikum_(obecenstvo)" title="Publikum (obecenstvo) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Publikum (obecenstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Публика – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Публика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publik" title="Publik – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Publik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhira" title="Hadhira – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hadhira" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagapanood" title="Tagapanood – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tagapanood" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyirci" title="Seyirci – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Seyirci" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Аудиторія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аудиторія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="حاضرین – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حاضرین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A1n_th%C3%ADnh_gi%E1%BA%A3" title="Khán thính giả – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khán thính giả" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaphulaphuli" title="Abaphulaphuli – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Abaphulaphuli" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E7%9C%BE" title="觀眾 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="觀眾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q211198#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/04.20_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%8F%83%E5%8A%A0%E3%80%8C%E5%8D%9A%E6%81%A9%E5%A4%9C%E5%A4%9C%E7%A7%80%E3%80%8D%E9%8C%84%E5%BD%B1_-_46771791425.jpg/290px-04.20_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%8F%83%E5%8A%A0%E3%80%8C%E5%8D%9A%E6%81%A9%E5%A4%9C%E5%A4%9C%E7%A7%80%E3%80%8D%E9%8C%84%E5%BD%B1_-_46771791425.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/04.20_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%8F%83%E5%8A%A0%E3%80%8C%E5%8D%9A%E6%81%A9%E5%A4%9C%E5%A4%9C%E7%A7%80%E3%80%8D%E9%8C%84%E5%BD%B1_-_46771791425.jpg/435px-04.20_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%8F%83%E5%8A%A0%E3%80%8C%E5%8D%9A%E6%81%A9%E5%A4%9C%E5%A4%9C%E7%A7%80%E3%80%8D%E9%8C%84%E5%BD%B1_-_46771791425.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/04.20_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%8F%83%E5%8A%A0%E3%80%8C%E5%8D%9A%E6%81%A9%E5%A4%9C%E5%A4%9C%E7%A7%80%E3%80%8D%E9%8C%84%E5%BD%B1_-_46771791425.jpg/580px-04.20_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%8F%83%E5%8A%A0%E3%80%8C%E5%8D%9A%E6%81%A9%E5%A4%9C%E5%A4%9C%E7%A7%80%E3%80%8D%E9%8C%84%E5%BD%B1_-_46771791425.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>在台下大笑的觀眾</figcaption></figure> <p><b>閱聽人</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Audience</span>），又名<b>傳媒受眾</b>、<b>受眾</b>、<b>觀眾</b><sup id="cite_ref-terms-edu-tw_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terms-edu-tw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是指由<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="傳播媒體">傳播媒體</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94" title="表演">表演</a>接收<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E6%81%AF" title="訊息">訊息</a>的人，訊息的來源可以是任何傳播媒介，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="電影">電影</a>、 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="印刷">印刷</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="媒體">媒體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" class="mw-redirect" title="電視">電視</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8F%B0%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD" title="電台廣播">廣播</a>等。「閱聽人」一詞較常出現於<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF" title="学术">學術</a>用途，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85" title="学者">理論學者</a>和媒介工作人員較常使用該詞，而媒介使用者對其<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>即是自己本身。<sup id="cite_ref-terms-edu-tw_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terms-edu-tw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>閱聽人研究已成為當前傳播課程中公認的一部分。閱聽人理論提供了對一般閱聽人的學術性觀察與分析。這些見解塑造了我們對閱聽人如何影響不同傳播形式以及受到不同傳播形式影響的知識。最常見與普遍的傳播形式是大眾傳媒，包括電影、影音遊戲、廣播節目、各種傳媒軟體（和硬體）和其他媒體內容格式都可能影響閱聽人對媒體的使用方式與使用經驗。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="起源"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>起源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%B1%E8%81%BD%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>現今所稱的閱聽人，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="古代">古代</a>是發跡於公共劇院、歌舞類型的表演、古老的競賽活動與大規模表演的觀眾。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>的城市，都會有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%87%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="劇院">劇院</a>或是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%B6%E6%8A%80%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="競技場">競技場</a>這類場所，這是隨著類似的表演項目和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>國家的非正式聚會場所而興起的，閱聽人指的就是參與活動的人。現今閱聽人的型態已擴張許多，但是仍然保存著部分早期閱聽眾的定義，特別是現代的閱聽人數量已經更加的龐大，另一方面，也更為分散，並且更具個別性和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E7%A7%81" class="mw-redirect" title="隱私">隱私</a>性。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="对象"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E8.B1.A1"></span>对象</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%B1%E8%81%BD%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：对象"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>作為讀者、聽眾和觀眾之集合體而言：閱聽人為指擁有傳播媒體的人，透過傳播媒體可以實際接受<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E6%81%AF" title="訊息">訊息</a>，並且能理解後實際運用。</li> <li>作為大眾閱聽人而言：閱聽人為具有數量眾多、多樣多元、互相孤立無<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="互動（页面不存在）">互動</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BF%E5%90%8D" title="匿名">匿名</a>、缺乏<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="社會組織">社會組織</a>以及組成份子不固定這些特性之群體。</li> <li>作為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%B0%91%E7%9C%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公共民眾（页面不存在）">公共民眾</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="社會團體">社會團體</a>而言：閱聽人為屬於某些社會團體的，會主動接近某一固定媒介，團體內成員是具有互動性的。</li></ul> <p>读者是指具有一定阅读需要和阅读能力的社会群体，是出版物的阅读者和消费者，一般也用于称谓读书的人。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="听众"><span id=".E5.90.AC.E4.BC.97"></span>听众</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%B1%E8%81%BD%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：听众"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>听众</b>是指通过<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E5%82%B3%E5%AA%92" class="mw-redirect" title="大眾傳媒">大眾傳媒</a>收听节目、比赛等内容的人。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="观众"><span id=".E8.A7.82.E4.BC.97"></span>观众</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%B1%E8%81%BD%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：观众"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_Ocean_Park_Audience.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/HK_Ocean_Park_Audience.JPG/200px-HK_Ocean_Park_Audience.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/HK_Ocean_Park_Audience.JPG/300px-HK_Ocean_Park_Audience.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/HK_Ocean_Park_Audience.JPG/400px-HK_Ocean_Park_Audience.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%A0%B4%E8%A7%80%E7%9C%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="現場觀眾">現場觀眾</a>在欣賞<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%87%E5%A0%B4" title="劇場">劇場</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E6%97%B6" class="mw-disambig" title="实时">實時</a>演出</figcaption></figure> <p><b>觀眾</b>是一群人參與、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%80%E7%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="觀看（页面不存在）">觀看</a>及體會一項<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="藝術">藝術</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="電影">電影</a>、 <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94" title="表演">表演</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E8%AC%9B" title="演講">演講</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%94%B1" title="歌唱">歌唱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="体育运动">體育</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="比賽">比賽</a>等。 </p><p>觀眾可能是： </p> <ul><li>現場觀眾：他們出席及聚集在同一地方，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%A0%B4" title="廣場">廣場</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%87%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="劇院">劇院</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%95%E8%A6%BD%E9%A4%A8" title="展覽館">展覽館</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1%E9%99%A2" title="電影院">戲院</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-disambig" title="運動場">運動場</a>等，對現場表演、演說等作出互動或即時反應，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9D%E9%87%87" title="喝采">喝采</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%93%E6%8E%8C" title="鼓掌">鼓掌</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%9D%E5%80%92%E9%87%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喝倒采（页面不存在）">喝倒采</a>等。</li> <li>家庭觀眾：他們分散在各自的地方，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%BB%B3" title="客廳">客廳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%B2%E5%AE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="課室">課室</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E5%90%A7" title="酒吧">酒吧</a>、大電視幕牆等，觀看<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E6%97%B6" class="mw-disambig" title="实时">實時</a>節目、或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%95%E5%83%8F%E5%B8%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="录像带">錄影帶</a>內容。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参看"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E7.9C.8B"></span>参看</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%B1%E8%81%BD%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：参看"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%87%E5%8F%97%E4%BC%97" title="目标受众">目标受众</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註解"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E8.A7.A3"></span>註解</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%B1%E8%81%BD%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：註解"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%B1%E8%81%BD%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-terms-edu-tw-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-terms-edu-tw_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-terms-edu-tw_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/617089/">audience - 觀眾；受眾；對象；閱聽眾；閱聽人</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140808050922/http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/617089/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2" title="國家教育研究院">國家教育研究院</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">writer, Richard Nordquist Richard Nordquist is a freelance; English, former professor of; Grammar, Rhetoric who wrote college-level; textbooks, Composition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/audience-rhetoric-and-composition-1689147">How to Speak and Write With an Audience in Mind</a>. ThoughtCo. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-09-30</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609134846/https://www.thoughtco.com/audience-rhetoric-and-composition-1689147">存档</a>于2021-06-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%96%B1%E8%81%BD%E4%BA%BA&rft.atitle=How+to+Speak+and+Write+With+an+Audience+in+Mind&rft.au=English%2C+former+professor+of&rft.au=Grammar%2C+Rhetoric+who+wrote+college-level&rft.au=textbooks%2C+Composition&rft.aufirst=Richard+Nordquist+Richard+Nordquist+is+a+freelance&rft.aulast=writer&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Faudience-rhetoric-and-composition-1689147&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Livingstone, Sonia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/392/1/EJofCulturalStudies1%282%29.pdf">Audience research at the crossroads</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. European Journal of Cultural Studies. May 1998, <b>1</b> (2): 193–217 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-07-07</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1367-5494"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1367-5494</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7338276"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 7338276</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F136754949800100203"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1177/136754949800100203</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514182650/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/392/1/EJofCulturalStudies1%282%29.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-05-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%96%B1%E8%81%BD%E4%BA%BA&rft.atitle=Audience+research+at+the+crossroads&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.date=1998-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1367-5494&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Cultural+Studies&rft.pages=193-217&rft.volume=1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F392%2F1%2FEJofCulturalStudies1%25282%2529.pdf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7338276&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F136754949800100203&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="資料來源"><span id=".E8.B3.87.E6.96.99.E4.BE.86.E6.BA.90"></span>資料來源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%B1%E8%81%BD%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：資料來源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>特新大眾傳播理論 (McQuail's Mass Communication Theory, 4th ed., 2000)，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Denis McQuail" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Denis McQuail"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denis_McQuail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denis McQuail（页面不存在）">Denis McQuail</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_McQuail" class="extiw" title="en:Denis McQuail"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Denis McQuail</span></a></span>）</span></span> 著，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%B3%E8%8A%B8%E8%8A%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陳芸芸（页面不存在）">陳芸芸</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%89%E6%85%A7%E9%9B%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="劉慧雯（页面不存在）">劉慧雯</a> 譯.</li> <li>Steinmetz, John. <i>How to Enjoy a Live Concert</i>. [<i>S.l</i>.]: Naxos, [199-?]. 51 p., with ill.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%B1%E8%81%BD%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rthk.org.hk/mediadigest/20031215_76_118893.html">傳播媒介<b>受眾</b>，是對大眾媒介資訊接受者的總稱。</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160304203419/http://www.rthk.org.hk/mediadigest/20031215_76_118893.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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