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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="در اصول اقتصاد سیاسی و مالیات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="در اصول اقتصاد سیاسی و مالیات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_principes_de_l%27%C3%A9conomie_politique_et_de_l%27imp%C3%B4t" title="Des principes de l'économie politique et de l'impôt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Des principes de l'économie politique et de l'impôt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1817 book by David Ricardo</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Principles+of+Political+Economy+and+Taxation&rft.author=%5B%5BDavid+Ricardo%5D%5D&rft.date=1817&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.place=England"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Ricardo_-_On_the_principles_of_political_economy_and_taxation_(1817,_title).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Ricardo_-_On_the_principles_of_political_economy_and_taxation_%281817%2C_title%29.jpg/220px-David_Ricardo_-_On_the_principles_of_political_economy_and_taxation_%281817%2C_title%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Ricardo_-_On_the_principles_of_political_economy_and_taxation_%281817%2C_title%29.jpg/330px-David_Ricardo_-_On_the_principles_of_political_economy_and_taxation_%281817%2C_title%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/David_Ricardo_-_On_the_principles_of_political_economy_and_taxation_%281817%2C_title%29.jpg/440px-David_Ricardo_-_On_the_principles_of_political_economy_and_taxation_%281817%2C_title%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2247" data-file-height="3605" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Title page from the first edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">John Murray</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1817</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">England</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b><span lang="fa">On</span> the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation</b></i> (19 April 1817) is a book by <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a> on <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book concludes that <a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a> rent grows as population increases. It also presents the theory of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a>, the theory that <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> between two or more countries can be mutually beneficial, even when one country has an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_advantage" title="Absolute advantage">absolute advantage</a> over the other countries in all areas of production. </p><p>During the Napoleonic Wars, Ricardo grew weary of the Corn Laws, a tax imposed on wheat by the British that made it impossible to import wheat from the rest of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ricardo, despite his wealth, supported those who could no longer afford grains and bread once the price floor was in effect to support farmers. In his argument, for what is now free trade, Ricardo highlights the idea that if a country can get a good from another country at a lower cost, it would behoove a country to source that item from the cheaper producing country than to produce the good locally. “To produce the wine in Portugal, might require only the labour of 80 men for one year, and to produce the cloth in the same country, might require the labour of 90 men for the same time. It would therefore be advantageous for her to export wine in exchange for cloth.”<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ricardo's theory demonstrates that a country, when choosing between two goods to produce and trade, could still achieve an advantage by focusing on the good requiring fewer resources to produce, even if the country does not have an absolute advantage in that good. This allows countries with an absolute advantage in multiple goods, or with no absolute advantage at all, to still benefit from international trade. </p><p>Ricardo claims in the preface that <a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot,_Baron_de_Laune" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune">Turgot</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Steuart_(economist)" title="James Steuart (economist)">James Steuart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Jean-Baptiste Say</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sismondi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sismondi">Sismondi</a>, and others had not written enough "satisfactory information" on the topics of rent, profit, and wages. <i>Principles of Political Economy</i> is Ricardo's effort to fill that gap in the literature. Regardless of whether the book achieved that goal, it secured, according to <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Max_Hartwell" title="Ronald Max Hartwell">Ronald Max Hartwell</a>, Ricardo's position among the great classical economists <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. </p><p>In his book <i>Adam's Fallacy: A Guide to Economic Theology</i>, economist <a href="/wiki/Duncan_K._Foley" title="Duncan K. Foley">Duncan K. Foley</a> highlights that in the <i>Principles</i> Ricardo criticizes Adam Smith's treatment of the theory of value and distribution for <a href="/wiki/Circular_reasoning" title="Circular reasoning">circular reasoning</a>, in particular as far as concerns <a href="/wiki/Economic_rent" title="Economic rent">rent</a>, and that Ricardo considers the <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">labor theory of value</a>, properly understood, a more logically sound basis for political economic reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-Foley_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foley also discusses the chapter <i>On Machinery</i>, which Ricardo included in his third and final (1821) version of <i>Principles</i>. Here Ricardo famously analysed the impact of the adoption of machinery on the different classes of society, revising his earlier view that <a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">mechanization</a> could be expected to be of benefit to each of the classes of the society. The increase in productivity due to mechanization lowers the production costs and thus also the real prices of commodities. Whereas the landowning class and capitalists benefit from the lower prices, workers in contrast do not reap such benefit from the lower prices if capitalists reduce the wage fund in order to finance the expensive machinery, causing <a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">technological unemployment</a> among workers. In this case, Ricardo points out, wages are forced down by competition among workers, and the introduction of new machines can lead to an overall decline in the well-being of the working class.<sup id="cite_ref-Foley_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Principles_of_Political_Economy_and_Taxation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRicardo1817" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo, David</a> (1817), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cUBKAAAAYAAJ&q=editions%3Ay8vXR4oK9R8C&pg=PR1"><i>On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation</i></a> (1 ed.), London: John Murray, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783487409290" title="Special:BookSources/9783487409290"><bdi>9783487409290</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Principles+of+Political+Economy+and+Taxation&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1817&rft.isbn=9783487409290&rft.aulast=Ricardo&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcUBKAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Deditions%253Ay8vXR4oK9R8C%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOn+the+Principles+of+Political+Economy+and+Taxation" class="Z3988"></span> via Google Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Corn Meets Iron.” A Little History of Economics, by Niall Kishtainy, Yale University Press, 2018, pp. 37–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricardo, David. On The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. John Murray, 1817.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foley-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foley_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foley_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_K._Foley" title="Duncan K. Foley">Duncan K. Foley</a>: <i>Adam's Fallacy: A Guide to Economic Theology</i>, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">von Tunzelmann, G. N., <i>Technology and Industrial Progress: The Foundations of Economic Growth</i>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing" title="Edward Elgar Publishing">Edward Elgar Publishing</a>, 1997, p40</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Principles_of_Political_Economy_and_Taxation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/ricardo/tax/index.htm"><i>On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation</i></a> by David Ricardo at <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">MIA</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/ricardoindex.htm"><i>Ricardo on Value: the Three Chapter Ones</i></a>. A presentation tracing the changes in the <i>Principles</i> (University of Southampton).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofpoli00ricauoft">1917 reprint</a> by J.M. Dent & Sons, London and E.P. Dutton & Co., New York at <a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">archive.org</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_the_Principles_of_Political_Economy_and_Taxation&oldid=1224769198">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_the_Principles_of_Political_Economy_and_Taxation&oldid=1224769198</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_economics_books" title="Category:Classical economics books">Classical economics books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1817_non-fiction_books" title="Category:1817 non-fiction books">1817 non-fiction books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1817_in_economic_history" title="Category:1817 in economic history">1817 in economic history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_books" title="Category:British books">British books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1817_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:1817 in the United Kingdom">1817 in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_economy" title="Category:Political economy">Political economy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 May 2024, at 10:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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