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biomolecules</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: biomolecules"> <meta name="keywords" content="biomolecules"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="biomolecules"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 98</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: biomolecules</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">98</span> Biomolecules Based Microarray for Screening Human Endothelial Cells Behavior</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adel%20Dalilottojari">Adel Dalilottojari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahman%20Delalat"> Bahman Delalat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frances%20J.%20Harding"> Frances J. Harding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michaelia%20P.%20Cockshell"> Michaelia P. Cockshell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claudine%20S.%20Bonder"> Claudine S. Bonder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicolas%20H.%20Voelcker"> Nicolas H. Voelcker</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Endothelial Progenitor Cell (EPC) based therapies continue to be of interest to treat ischemic events based on their proven role to promote blood vessel formation and thus tissue re-vascularisation. Current strategies for the production of clinical-grade EPCs requires the <em>in vitro</em> isolation of EPCs from peripheral blood followed by cell expansion to provide sufficient quantities EPCs for cell therapy. This study aims to examine the use of different biomolecules to significantly improve the current strategy of EPC capture and expansion on collagen type I (Col I). In this study, four different biomolecules were immobilised on a surface and then investigated for their capacity to support EPC capture and proliferation. First, a cell microarray platform was fabricated by coating a glass surface with epoxy functional allyl glycidyl ether plasma polymer (AGEpp) to mediate biomolecule binding. The four candidate biomolecules tested were Col I, collagen type II (Col II), collagen type IV (Col IV) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), which were arrayed on the epoxy-functionalised surface using a non-contact printer. The surrounding area between the printed biomolecules was passivated with polyethylene glycol-bisamine (A-PEG) to prevent non-specific cell attachment. EPCs were seeded onto the microarray platform and cell numbers quantified after 1 h (to determine capture) and 72 h (to determine proliferation). All of the extracellular matrix (ECM) biomolecules printed demonstrated an ability to capture EPCs within 1 h of cell seeding with Col II exhibiting the highest level of attachment when compared to the other biomolecules. Interestingly, Col IV exhibited the highest increase in EPC expansion after 72 h when compared to Col I, Col II and VEGF-A. These results provide information for significant improvement in the capture and expansion of human EPC for further application. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomolecules" title="biomolecules">biomolecules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cell%20microarray%20platform" title=" cell microarray platform"> cell microarray platform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cell%20therapy" title=" cell therapy"> cell therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endothelial%20progenitor%20cells" title=" endothelial progenitor cells"> endothelial progenitor cells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20throughput%20screening" title=" high throughput screening"> high throughput screening</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58645/biomolecules-based-microarray-for-screening-human-endothelial-cells-behavior" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58645.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">97</span> Assessment of Highly Sensitive Dielectric Modulated GaN-FinFET for Label-Free Biosensing Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajay%20Kumar">Ajay Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neha%20Gupta"> Neha Gupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work presents the sensitivity assessment of Gallium Nitride (GaN) material-based FinFET by dielectric modulation in the nanocavity gap for label-free biosensing applications. The significant deflection is observed in the electrical characteristics such as drain current (ID), transconductance (gm), surface potential, energy band profile, electric field, sub-threshold slope (SS), and threshold voltage (Vth) in the presence of biomolecules owing to GaN material. Further, the device sensitivity is evaluated to identify the effectiveness of the proposed biosensor and its capability to detect the biomolecules with high precision or accuracy. Higher sensitivity is observed for Gelatin (k=12) in terms of on-current (SION), threshold voltage (SVth), and switching ratio (SSR) by 104.88%, 82.12%, and 119.73%, respectively. This work is performed using a powerful tool 3D Sentaurus TCAD using a well-calibrated structure. All the results pave the way for GaN-FinFET as a viable candidate for label-free dielectric modulated biosensor applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensor" title="biosensor">biosensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomolecules" title=" biomolecules"> biomolecules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FinFET" title=" FinFET"> FinFET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitivity" title=" sensitivity"> sensitivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153336/assessment-of-highly-sensitive-dielectric-modulated-gan-finfet-for-label-free-biosensing-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153336.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">204</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">96</span> Efficient Delivery of Biomaterials into Living Organism by Using Noble Metal Nanowire Injector</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kkochorong%20Park">Kkochorong Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keun%20Cheon%20Kim"> Keun Cheon Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoban%20Lee"> Hyoban Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eun%20Ju%20Lee"> Eun Ju Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bongsoo%20Kim"> Bongsoo Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction of biomaterials such as DNA, RNA, proteins is important for many research areas. There are many methods to introduce biomaterials into living organisms like tissue and cells. To introduce biomaterials, several indirect methods including virus‐mediated delivery, chemical reagent (i.e., lipofectamine), electrophoresis have been used. Such methods are passive delivery using an endocytosis process of cell, reducing an efficiency of delivery. Unlike the indirect delivery method, it has been reported that a direct delivery of exogenous biomolecules into nucleus have been more efficient to expression or integration of biomolecules. Nano-sized material is beneficial for detect signal from cell or deliver stimuli/materials into the cell at cellular and molecular levels, due to its similar physical scale. Especially, because 1 dimensional (1D) nanomaterials such as nanotube, nanorod and nanowire with high‐aspect ratio have nanoscale geometry and excellent mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties, they could play an important role in molecular and cellular biology. In this study, by using single crystalline 1D noble metal nanowire, we fabricated nano-sized 1D injector which can successfully interface with living cells and directly deliver biomolecules into several types of cell line (i.e., stem cell, mammalian embryo) without inducing detrimental damages on living cell. This nano-bio technology could be a promising and robust tool for introducing exogenous biomaterials into living organism. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gene%20delivery" title=" gene delivery"> gene delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoinjector" title=" nanoinjector"> nanoinjector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanowire" title=" nanowire"> nanowire</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62718/efficient-delivery-of-biomaterials-into-living-organism-by-using-noble-metal-nanowire-injector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62718.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">275</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">95</span> Rapid Separation of Biomolecules and Neutral Analytes with a Cationic Stationary Phase by Capillary Electrochromatography</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Aslihan%20Gokaltun">A. Aslihan Gokaltun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Tuncel"> Ali Tuncel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The unique properties of capillary electrochromatography (CEC) such as high performance, high selectivity, low consumption of both reagents and analytes ensure this technique an attractive one for the separation of biomolecules including nucleosides and nucleotides, peptides, proteins, carbohydrates. Monoliths have become a well-established separation media for CEC in the format that can be compared to a single large 'particle' that does not include interparticular voids. Convective flow through the pores of monolith significantly accelerates the rate of mass transfer and enables a substantial increase in the speed of the separation. In this work, we propose a new approach for the preparation of cationic monolithic stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography. Instead of utilizing a charge bearing monomer during polymerization, the desired charge-bearing group is generated on the capillary monolith after polymerization by using the reactive moiety of the monolithic support via one-pot, simple reaction. Optimized monolithic column compensates the disadvantages of frequently used reversed phases, which are difficult for separation of polar solutes. Rapid separation and high column efficiencies are achieved for the separation of neutral analytes, nucleic acid bases and nucleosides in reversed phase mode. Capillary monolith showed satisfactory hydrodynamic permeability and mechanical stability with relative standard deviation (RSD) values below 2 %. A new promising, reactive support that has a 'ligand selection flexibility' due to its reactive functionality represent a new family of separation media for CEC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomolecules" title="biomolecules">biomolecules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capillary%20electrochromatography" title=" capillary electrochromatography"> capillary electrochromatography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cationic%20monolith" title=" cationic monolith"> cationic monolith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutral%20analytes" title=" neutral analytes"> neutral analytes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70026/rapid-separation-of-biomolecules-and-neutral-analytes-with-a-cationic-stationary-phase-by-capillary-electrochromatography" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70026.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">212</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">94</span> Plasma-Induced Modification of Biomolecules: A Tool for Analysis of Protein Structures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuting%20Wu">Yuting Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faraz%20Choudhury"> Faraz Choudhury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Benjamin"> Daniel Benjamin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=James%20Whalin"> James Whalin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joshua%20Blatz"> Joshua Blatz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leon%20Shohet"> Leon Shohet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Sussman"> Michael Sussman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mark%20Richards"> Mark Richards</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Plasma-Induced Modification of Biomolecules (PLIMB) has been developed as a technology, which, together with mass spectrometry, measures three-dimensional structural characteristics of proteins. This technique uses hydroxyl radicals generated by atmospheric-pressure plasma discharge to react with the solvent-accessible side chains of protein in an aqueous solution. In this work, we investigate the three-dimensional structure of hemoglobin and myoglobin using PLIMB. Additional modifications to these proteins, such as oxidation, fragmentations, and conformational changes caused by PLIMB are also explored. These results show that PLIMB, coupled with mass spectrometry, is an effective way to determine solvent access to hemoproteins. Furthermore, we show that many factors, including pH and the electrical parameters used to generate the plasma, have a significant influence on solvent accessibility. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma" title="plasma">plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hemoglobin" title=" hemoglobin"> hemoglobin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=myoglobin" title=" myoglobin"> myoglobin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solvent%20access" title=" solvent access"> solvent access</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124966/plasma-induced-modification-of-biomolecules-a-tool-for-analysis-of-protein-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124966.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">193</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">93</span> Analytical Modeling of Drain Current for DNA Biomolecule Detection in Double-Gate Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashwani%20Kumar">Ashwani Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Abstract- This study presents an analytical modeling approach for analyzing the drain current behavior in Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor (TFET) biosensors used for the detection of DNA biomolecules. The proposed model focuses on elucidating the relationship between the drain current and the presence of DNA biomolecules, taking into account the impact of various device parameters and biomolecule characteristics. Through comprehensive analysis, the model offers insights into the underlying mechanisms governing the sensing performance of TFET biosensors, aiding in the optimization of device design and operation. A non-local tunneling model is incorporated with other essential models to accurately trace the simulation and modeled data. An experimental validation of the model is provided, demonstrating its efficacy in accurately predicting the drain current response to DNA biomolecule detection. The sensitivity attained from the analytical model is compared and contrasted with the ongoing research work in this area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensor" title="biosensor">biosensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=double-gate%20TFET" title=" double-gate TFET"> double-gate TFET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20detection" title=" DNA detection"> DNA detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drain%20current%20modeling" title=" drain current modeling"> drain current modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitivity" title=" sensitivity"> sensitivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183041/analytical-modeling-of-drain-current-for-dna-biomolecule-detection-in-double-gate-tunnel-field-effect-transistor-biosensor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183041.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">57</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">92</span> Study Habits and Level of Difficulty Encountered by Maltese Students Studying Biology Advanced Level Topics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marthese%20Azzopardi">Marthese Azzopardi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liberato%20Camilleri"> Liberato Camilleri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research was performed to investigate the study habits and level of difficulty perceived by post-secondary students in Biology at Advanced-level topics after completing their first year of study. At the end of a two-year ‘sixth form’ course, Maltese students sit for the Matriculation and Secondary Education Certificate (MATSEC) Advanced-level biology exam as a requirement to pursue science-related studies at the University of Malta. The sample was composed of 23 students (16 taking Chemistry and seven taking some ‘Other’ subject at the Advanced Level). The cohort comprised seven males and 16 females. A questionnaire constructed by the authors, was answered anonymously during the last lecture at the end of the first year of study, in May 2016. The Chi square test revealed that gender plays no effect on the various study habits (c<sup>2</sup> (6) = 5.873, p = 0.438). ‘Reading both notes and textbooks’ was the most common method adopted by males (71.4%), whereas ‘Writing notes on each topic’ was that mostly used by females (81.3%). The Mann-Whitney U test showed no significant difference in the study habits of students and the mean assessment mark obtained at the end of the first year course (p = 0.231). Statistical difference was found with the One-ANOVA test when comparing the mean assessment mark obtained at the end of the first year course when students are clustered by their Secondary Education Certificate (SEC) grade (p < 0.001). Those obtaining a SEC grade of 2 and 3 got the highest mean assessment of 68.33% and 66.9%, respectively [SEC grading is 1-7, where 1 is the highest]. The Friedman test was used to compare the mean difficulty rating scores provided for the difficulty of each topic. The mean difficulty rating score ranges from 1 to 4, where the larger the mean rating score, the higher the difficulty. When considering the whole group of students, nine topics out of 21 were perceived as significantly more difficult than the other topics. Protein synthesis, DNA Replication and Biomolecules were the most difficult, in that order. The Mann-Whitney U test revealed that the perceived level of difficulty in comprehending Biomolecules is significantly lower for students taking Chemistry compared to those not choosing the subject (p = 0.018). Protein Synthesis was claimed as the most difficult by Chemistry students and Biomolecules by those not studying Chemistry. DNA Replication was the second most difficult topic perceived by both groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine the effect of gender on the perceived level of difficulty in comprehending various topics. It was found that females have significantly more difficulty in comprehending Biomolecules than males (p=0.039). Protein synthesis was perceived as the most difficult topic by males (mean difficulty rating score = 3.14), while Biomolecules, DNA Replication and Protein synthesis were of equal difficulty for females (mean difficulty rating score = 3.00). Males and females perceived DNA Replication as equally difficult (mean difficulty rating score = 3.00). Discovering the students’ study habits and perceived level of difficulty of specific topics is vital for the lecturer to offer guidance that leads to higher academic achievement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biology" title="biology">biology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perceived%20difficulty" title=" perceived difficulty"> perceived difficulty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-secondary" title=" post-secondary"> post-secondary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=study%20habits" title=" study habits"> study habits</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78038/study-habits-and-level-of-difficulty-encountered-by-maltese-students-studying-biology-advanced-level-topics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78038.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">188</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">91</span> Sensitivity Enhancement in Graphene Based Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angad%20S.%20Kushwaha">Angad S. Kushwaha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajeev%20Kumar"> Rajeev Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monika%20Srivastava"> Monika Srivastava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20K.%20Srivastava"> S. K. Srivastava</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A lot of research work is going on in the field of graphene based SPR biosensor. In the conventional SPR based biosensor, graphene is used as a biomolecular recognition element. Graphene adsorbs biomolecules due to carbon based ring structure through sp2 hybridization. The proposed SPR based biosensor configuration will open a new avenue for efficient biosensing by taking the advantage of Graphene and its fascinating nanofabrication properties. In the present study, we have studied an SPR biosensor based on graphene mediated by Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Gold. In the proposed structure, prism (BK7) base is coated with Zinc Oxide followed by Gold and Graphene. Using the waveguide approach by transfer matrix method, the proposed structure has been investigated theoretically. We have analyzed the reflectance versus incidence angle curve using He-Ne laser of wavelength 632.8 nm. Angle, at which the reflectance is minimized, termed as SPR angle. The shift in SPR angle is responsible for biosensing. From the analysis of reflectivity curve, we have found that there is a shift in SPR angle as the biomolecules get attached on the graphene surface. This graphene layer also enhances the sensitivity of the SPR sensor as compare to the conventional sensor. The sensitivity also increases by increasing the no of graphene layer. So in our proposed biosensor we have found minimum possible reflectivity with optimum level of sensitivity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensor" title="biosensor">biosensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitivity" title=" sensitivity"> sensitivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20plasmon%20resonance" title=" surface plasmon resonance"> surface plasmon resonance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transfer%20matrix%20method" title=" transfer matrix method"> transfer matrix method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40534/sensitivity-enhancement-in-graphene-based-surface-plasmon-resonance-spr-biosensor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40534.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">417</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">90</span> Freeform Lens System for Collimation SERS irradiation Radiation Produced by Biolayers which Deposit on High Quality Resonant System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iuliia%20Riabenko">Iuliia Riabenko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Konstantin%20Beloshenko"> Konstantin Beloshenko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergey%20Shulga"> Sergey Shulga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valeriy%20Shulga"> Valeriy Shulga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An optical system has been developed consisting of a TIR lens and an aspherical surface designed to collect Stokes radiation from biomolecules. The freeform material is SYLGARD-184, which provides a low level of noise associated with the luminescence of the substrate. The refractive index of SYLGARD-184 is 1.4028 for a wavelength of 632 nm, the Abbe number is 72, these material parameters make it possible to design the desired shape for the wavelength range of 640-700 nm. The system consists of a TIR lens, inside which is placed a high-quality resonant system consisting of a biomolecule and a metal colloid. This system can be described using the coupled oscillator model. The laser excitation radiation was fed through the base of the TIR lens. The sample was mounted inside the TIR lens at a distance of 8 mm from the base. As a result of Raman scattering of laser radiation, a Stokes bend appeared from the biolayer. The task of this work was that it was necessary to collect this radiation emitted at a 4π steradian angle. For this, an internal aspherical surface was used, which made it possible to defocus the beam emanating from the biolayer and direct its radiation to the borders of the TIR lens at the Brewster angle. The collated beam of Stokes radiation contains 97% of the energy scattered by the biolayer. Thus, a simple scheme was proposed for collecting and collimating the Stokes radiation of biomolecules. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TIR%20lens" title="TIR lens">TIR lens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freeform%20material" title=" freeform material"> freeform material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=raman%20scattering" title=" raman scattering"> raman scattering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biolayer" title=" biolayer"> biolayer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brewster%20angle" title=" brewster angle"> brewster angle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158241/freeform-lens-system-for-collimation-sers-irradiation-radiation-produced-by-biolayers-which-deposit-on-high-quality-resonant-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158241.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">89</span> Origanum vulgare as a Possible Modulator of Testicular Endocrine Function in Mice </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eva%20Tvrd%C3%A1">Eva Tvrdá</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barbora%20Babe%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1"> Barbora Babečková</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michal%20%C4%8Eura%C4%8Dka"> Michal Ďuračka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R%C3%B3bert%20Kirchner"> Róbert Kirchner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J%C3%BAlius%20%C3%81rvay"> Július Árvay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was designed to assess the <em>in vitro</em> effects of <em>Origanum vulgare</em> L. (oregano) extract on the testicular steroidogenesis. We focused on identifying major biomolecules present in the oregano extract, as well as to investigate its <em>in vitro</em> impact on the secretion of cholesterol, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione by murine testicular fragments. The extract was subjected to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) which identified cyranosid, daidzein, thymol, rosmarinic and trans-caffeic acid among the predominant biochemical components of oregano. For the <em>in vitro</em> experiments, testicular fragments from 20 sexually mature Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were incubated in the absence (control group) or presence of the oregano extract at selected concentrations (10, 100 and 1000 μg/mL) for 24 h. Cholesterol levels were quantified using photometry and the hormones were assessed by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). Our data revealed that the release of cholesterol and androstenedione (but not dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone) by the testicular fragments was significantly impacted by the oregano extract in a dose-dependent fashion. Supplementation of the extract resulted in a significant decline of cholesterol (P < 0.05 in case of 100 μg/mL; P < 0.01 with respect 100 μg/mL extract), as well as androstenedione (P < 0.01 with respect to 100 and 1000 μg/mL extract). Our results suggest that the biomolecules present in <em>Origanum vulgare</em> L. could exhibit a dose-dependent impact on the secretion of male steroids, playing a role in the regulation of testicular steroidogenesis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mice" title="mice">mice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Origanum%20vulgare%20L." title=" Origanum vulgare L."> Origanum vulgare L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steroidogenesis" title=" steroidogenesis"> steroidogenesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=testes" title=" testes "> testes </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108962/origanum-vulgare-as-a-possible-modulator-of-testicular-endocrine-function-in-mice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108962.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">88</span> Label Free Detection of Small Molecules Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy with Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Various Capping Agents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahra%20Khan">Zahra Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) has received increased attention in recent years, focusing on biological and medical applications due to its great sensitivity as well as molecular specificity. In the context of biological samples, there are generally two methodologies for SERS based applications: label-free detection and the use of SERS tags. The necessity of tagging can make the process slower and limits the use for real life. Label-free detection offers the advantage that it reports direct spectroscopic evidence associated with the target molecule rather than the label. Reproducible, highly monodisperse gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were synthesized using a relatively facile seed-mediated growth method. Different capping agents (TRIS, citrate, and CTAB) were used during synthesis, and characterization was performed. They were then mixed with different analyte solutions before drop-casting onto a glass slide prior to Raman measurements to see which NPs displayed the highest SERS activity as well as their stability. A host of different analytes were tested, both non-biomolecules and biomolecules, which were all successfully detected using this method at concentrations as low as 10-3M with salicylic acid reaching a detection limit in the nanomolar range. SERS was also performed on samples with a mixture of analytes present, whereby peaks from both target molecules were distinctly observed. This is a fast and effective rapid way of testing samples and offers potential applications in the biomedical field as a tool for diagnostic and treatment purposes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gold%20nanoparticles" title="gold nanoparticles">gold nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=label%20free" title=" label free"> label free</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seed-mediated%20growth" title=" seed-mediated growth"> seed-mediated growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SERS" title=" SERS"> SERS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134630/label-free-detection-of-small-molecules-using-surface-enhanced-raman-spectroscopy-with-gold-nanoparticles-synthesized-with-various-capping-agents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134630.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">87</span> Thermophysical Properties of Glycine/L-Alanine in 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Bromide and in 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarnveer%20Kaur">Tarnveer Kaur</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Amino acids, as fundamental structural units of peptides and proteins, have an important role in biological systems by affecting solubility, denaturation, and activity of biomolecules. A study of these effects on thermophysical properties of model compounds in the presence of electrolytes solutions provides information about solute-solvent and solute-solute interactions on biomolecules. Ionic liquids (ILs) as organic electrolytes and green solvents are composed of an organic cation and an inorganic anion, which are liquid at ambient conditions. In the past decade, extensive investigations showed that the use of ILs as reaction media for processes involving biologically relevant compounds is promising in view of their successful application in kinetic resolution, biocatalysis, biosynthesis, separation, and purification processes. The scope of this information is valuable to explore the interactions of amino acids in ILs. To reach this purpose, apparent molar volumes of glycine/L-alanine in aqueous solutions of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide/chloride were determined from precise density measurements at temperatures T = (288.15-318.15) K and at atmospheric pressure. Positive values for all the studied amino acids indicate the dominance of hydrophilic-ionic interactions between amino acids and Ionic liquids. The effect of temperature on volumetric properties of glycine/L-alanine in solutions has been determined from the partial molar expansibility and second-order partial molar expansibility. Further, volumetric interaction parameters and hydration number have been calculated, which have been interpreted in terms of possible solute-solvent interactions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ILs" title="ILs">ILs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amino%20acids" title=" amino acids"> amino acids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volumetric%20properties" title=" volumetric properties"> volumetric properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydration%20numbers" title=" hydration numbers"> hydration numbers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133216/thermophysical-properties-of-glycinel-alanine-in-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-bromide-and-in-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-chloride" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133216.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">168</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">86</span> Reagentless Detection of Urea Based on ZnO-CuO Composite Thin Film </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neha%20Batra%20Bali">Neha Batra Bali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monika%20Tomar"> Monika Tomar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vinay%20Gupta"> Vinay Gupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A reagentless biosensor for detection of urea based on ZnO-CuO composite thin film is presented in following work. Biosensors have immense potential for varied applications ranging from environmental to clinical testing, health care, and cell analysis. Immense growth in the field of biosensors is due to the huge requirement in today’s world to develop techniques which are both cost effective and accurate for prevention of disease manifestation. The human body comprises of numerous biomolecules which in their optimum levels are essential for functioning. However mismanaged levels of these biomolecules result in major health issues. Urea is one of the key biomolecules of interest. Its estimation is of paramount significance not only for healthcare sector but also from environmental perspectives. If level of urea in human blood/serum is abnormal, i.e., above or below physiological range (15-40mg/dl)), it may lead to diseases like renal failure, hepatic failure, nephritic syndrome, cachexia, urinary tract obstruction, dehydration, shock, burns and gastrointestinal, etc. Various metal nanoparticles, conducting polymer, metal oxide thin films, etc. have been exploited to act as matrix to immobilize urease to fabricate urea biosensor. Amongst them, Zinc Oxide (ZnO), a semiconductor metal oxide with a wide band gap is of immense interest as an efficient matrix in biosensors by virtue of its natural abundance, biocompatibility, good electron communication feature and high isoelectric point (9.5). In spite of being such an attractive candidate, ZnO does not possess a redox couple of its own which necessitates the use of electroactive mediators for electron transfer between the enzyme and the electrode, thereby causing hindrance in realization of integrated and implantable biosensor. In the present work, an effort has been made to fabricate a matrix based on ZnO-CuO composite prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique in order to incorporate redox properties in ZnO matrix and to utilize the same for reagentless biosensing applications. The prepared bioelectrode Urs/(ZnO-CuO)/ITO/glass exhibits high sensitivity (70µAmM⁻¹cm⁻²) for detection of urea (5-200 mg/dl) with high stability (shelf life ˃ 10 weeks) and good selectivity (interference ˂ 4%). The enhanced sensing response obtained for composite matrix is attributed to the efficient electron exchange between ZnO-CuO matrix and immobilized enzymes, and subsequently fast transfer of generated electrons to the electrode via matrix. The response is encouraging for fabricating reagentless urea biosensor based on ZnO-CuO matrix. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensor" title="biosensor">biosensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reagentless" title=" reagentless"> reagentless</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urea" title=" urea"> urea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZnO-CuO%20composite" title=" ZnO-CuO composite"> ZnO-CuO composite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79155/reagentless-detection-of-urea-based-on-zno-cuo-composite-thin-film" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79155.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">290</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">85</span> Structure-Reactivity Relationship of Some Rhᴵᴵᴵ and Osᴵᴵᴵ Complexes with N-Inert Ligands in Ionic Liquids</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jovana%20Bogojeski">Jovana Bogojeski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dusan%20Cocic"> Dusan Cocic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nenad%20Jankovic"> Nenad Jankovic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angelina%20Petrovic"> Angelina Petrovic</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Kinetically-inert transition metal complexes, such as Rh(III) and Os(III) complexes, attract increasing attention as leading scaffolds for the development of potential pharmacological agents due to their inertness and stability. Therefore, we have designed and fully characterized a few novel rhodium(III) and osmium(III) complexes with a tridentate nitrogen−donor chelate system. For some complexes, the crystal X-ray structure analysis was performed. Reactivity of the newly synthesized complexes towards small biomolecules, such as L-methionine (L-Met), guanosine-5’-monophosphate (5’-GMP), and glutathione (GSH) has been examined. Also, the reactivity of these complexes towards the DNA/RNA (Ribonucleic acid) duplexes was investigated. Obtained results show that the newly synthesized complexes exhibit good affinity towards the studied ligands. Results also show that the complexes react faster with the RNA duplex than with the DNA and that in the DNA duplex reaction is faster with 15mer GG than with the 22mer GG. The UV-Vis (Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy) is absorption spectroscopy, and the EB (Ethidium bromide) displacement studies were used to examine the interaction of these complexes with CT-DNA and BSA (Bovine serum albumin). All studied complex showed good interaction ability with both the DNA and BSA. Furthermore, the DFT (Density-functional theory) calculation and docking studies were performed. The impact of the metal complex on the cytotoxicity was tested by MTT assay (a colorimetric assay for assessing cell metabolic activity) on HCT-116 lines (human colon cancer cell line). In addition, all these tests were repeated in the presence of several water-soluble biologically active ionic liquids. Attained results indicate that the ionic liquids increase the activity of the investigated complexes. All obtained results in this study imply that the introduction of different spectator ligand can be used to improve the reactivity of rhodium(III) and osmium(III) complexes. Finally, these results indicate that the examined complexes show reactivity characteristics needed for potential anti-tumor agents, with possible targets being both the DNA and proteins. Every new contribution in this field is highly warranted due to the current lack of clinically used Metallo-based alternatives to cisplatin. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomolecules" title="biomolecules">biomolecules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionic%20liquids" title=" ionic liquids"> ionic liquids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=osmium%28III%29" title=" osmium(III)"> osmium(III)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhodium%28III%29" title=" rhodium(III)"> rhodium(III)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123362/structure-reactivity-relationship-of-some-rh-and-os-complexes-with-n-inert-ligands-in-ionic-liquids" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123362.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">84</span> A Stepwise Approach for Piezoresistive Microcantilever Biosensor Optimization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amal%20E.%20Ahmed">Amal E. Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Levent%20Trabzon"> Levent Trabzon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the low concentration of the analytes in biological samples, the use of Biological Microelectromechanical System (Bio-MEMS) biosensors for biomolecules detection results in a minuscule output signal that is not good enough for practical applications. In response to this, a need has arisen for an optimized biosensor capable of giving high output signal in response the detection of few analytes in the sample; the ultimate goal is being able to convert the attachment of a single biomolecule into a measurable quantity. For this purpose, MEMS microcantilevers based biosensors emerged as a promising sensing solution because it is simple, cheap, very sensitive and more importantly does not need analytes optical labeling (Label-free). Among the different microcantilever transducing techniques, piezoresistive based microcantilever biosensors became more prominent because it works well in liquid environments and has an integrated readout system. However, the design of piezoresistive microcantilevers is not a straightforward problem due to coupling between the design parameters, constraints, process conditions, and performance. It was found that the parameters that can be optimized to enhance the sensitivity of Piezoresistive microcantilever-based sensors are: cantilever dimensions, cantilever material, cantilever shape, piezoresistor material, piezoresistor doping level, piezoresistor dimensions, piezoresistor position, Stress Concentration Region's (SCR) shape and position. After a systematic analyzation of the effect of each design and process parameters on the sensitivity, a step-wise optimization approach was developed in which almost all these parameters were variated one at each step while fixing the others to get the maximum possible sensitivity at the end. At each step, the goal was to optimize the parameter in a way that it maximizes and concentrates the stress in the piezoresistor region for the same applied force thus get the higher sensitivity. Using this approach, an optimized sensor that has 73.5x times higher electrical sensitivity (ΔR⁄R) than the starting sensor was obtained. In addition to that, this piezoresistive microcantilever biosensor it is more sensitive than the other similar sensors previously reported in the open literature. The mechanical sensitivity of the final senior is -1.5×10-8 Ω/Ω ⁄pN; which means that for each 1pN (10-10 g) biomolecules attach to this biosensor; the piezoresistor resistivity will decrease by 1.5×10-8 Ω. Throughout this work COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0, a commercial Finite Element Analysis (FEA) tool, has been used to simulate the sensor performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensor" title="biosensor">biosensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microcantilever" title=" microcantilever"> microcantilever</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=piezoresistive" title=" piezoresistive"> piezoresistive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress%20concentration%20region%20%28SCR%29" title=" stress concentration region (SCR)"> stress concentration region (SCR)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64791/a-stepwise-approach-for-piezoresistive-microcantilever-biosensor-optimization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64791.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">571</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">83</span> Electroactive Ferrocenyl Dendrimers as Transducers for Fabrication of Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sudeshna%20Chandra">Sudeshna Chandra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christian%20G%C3%A4bler"> Christian Gäbler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christian%20Schliebe"> Christian Schliebe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heinrich%20Lang"> Heinrich Lang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Highly branched dendrimers provide structural homogeneity, controlled composition, comparable size to biomolecules, internal porosity and multiple functional groups for conjugating reactions. Electro-active dendrimers containing multiple redox units have generated great interest in their use as electrode modifiers for development of biosensors. The electron transfer between the redox-active dendrimers and the biomolecules play a key role in developing a biosensor. Ferrocenes have multiple and electrochemically equivalent redox units that can act as electron “pool” in a system. The ferrocenyl-terminated polyamidoamine dendrimer is capable of transferring multiple numbers of electrons under the same applied potential. Therefore, they can be used for dual purposes: one in building a film over the electrode for immunosensors and the other for immobilizing biomolecules for sensing. Electrochemical immunosensor, thus developed, exhibit fast and sensitive analysis, inexpensive and involve no prior sample pre-treatment. Electrochemical amperometric immunosensors are even more promising because they can achieve a very low detection limit with high sensitivity. Detection of the cancer biomarkers at an early stage can provide crucial information for foundational research of life science, clinical diagnosis and prevention of disease. Elevated concentration of biomarkers in body fluid is an early indication of some type of cancerous disease and among all the biomarkers, IgG is the most common and extensively used clinical cancer biomarkers. We present an IgG (=immunoglobulin) electrochemical immunosensor using a newly synthesized redox-active ferrocenyl dendrimer of generation 2 (G2Fc) as glassy carbon electrode material for immobilizing the antibody. The electrochemical performance of the modified electrodes was assessed in both aqueous and non-aqueous media using varying scan rates to elucidate the reaction mechanism. The potential shift was found to be higher in an aqueous electrolyte due to presence of more H-bond which reduced the electrostatic attraction within the amido groups of the dendrimers. The cyclic voltammetric studies of the G2Fc-modified GCE in 0.1 M PBS solution of pH 7.2 showed a pair of well-defined redox peaks. The peak current decreased significantly with the immobilization of the anti-goat IgG. After the immunosensor is blocked with BSA, a further decrease in the peak current was observed due to the attachment of the protein BSA to the immunosensor. A significant decrease in the current signal of the BSA/anti-IgG/G2Fc/GCE was observed upon immobilizing IgG which may be due to the formation of immune-conjugates that blocks the tunneling of mass and electron transfer. The current signal was found to be directly related to the amount of IgG captured on the electrode surface. With increase in the concentration of IgG, there is a formation of an increasing amount of immune-conjugates that decreased the peak current. The incubation time and concentration of the antibody was optimized for better analytical performance of the immunosensor. The developed amperometric immunosensor is sensitive to IgG concentration as low as 2 ng/mL. Tailoring of redox-active dendrimers provides enhanced electroactivity to the system and enlarges the sensor surface for binding the antibodies. It may be assumed that both electron transfer and diffusion contribute to the signal transformation between the dendrimers and the antibody. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ferrocenyl%20dendrimers" title="ferrocenyl dendrimers">ferrocenyl dendrimers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20immunosensors" title=" electrochemical immunosensors"> electrochemical immunosensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immunoglobulin" title=" immunoglobulin"> immunoglobulin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amperometry" title=" amperometry"> amperometry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63703/electroactive-ferrocenyl-dendrimers-as-transducers-for-fabrication-of-label-free-electrochemical-immunosensor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63703.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">337</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">82</span> New Evaluation of the Richness of Cactus (Opuntia) in Active Biomolecules and their Use in Agri-Food, Cosmetic, and Pharmaceutical</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lazhar%20Zourgui">Lazhar Zourgui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Opuntia species are used as local medicinal interventions for chronic diseases and as food sources, mainly because they possess nutritional properties and biological activities. Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill, commonly known as prickly pear or nopal cactus, is the most economically valuable plant in the Cactaceae family worldwide. It is a tropical or subtropical plant native to tropical and subtropical America, which can grow in arid and semi-arid climates. It belongs to the family of angiosperms dicotyledons Cactaceae of which about 1500 species of cacti are known. The Opuntia plant is distributed throughout the world and has great economic potential. There are differences in the phytochemical composition of Opuntia species between wild and domesticated species and within the same species. It is an interesting source of plant bioactive compounds. Bioactive compounds are compounds with nutritional benefits and are generally classified into phenolic and non-phenolic compounds and pigments. Opuntia species are able to grow in almost all climates, for example, arid, temperate, and tropical climates, and their bioactive compound profiles change depending on the species, cultivar, and climatic conditions. Therefore, there is an opportunity for the discovery of new compounds from different Opuntia cultivars. Health benefits of prickly pear are widely demonstrated: There is ample evidence of the health benefits of consuming prickly pear due to its source of nutrients and vitamins and its antioxidant properties due to its content of bioactive compounds. In addition, prickly pear is used in the treatment of hyperglycemia and high cholesterol levels, and its consumption is linked to a lower incidence of coronary heart disease and certain types of cancer. It may be effective in insulin-independent type 2 diabetes mellitus. Opuntia ficus-Indica seed oil has shown potent antioxidant and prophylactic effects. Industrial applications of these bioactive compounds are increasing. In addition to their application in the pharmaceutical industries, bioactive compounds are used in the food industry for the production of nutraceuticals and new food formulations (juices, drinks, jams, sweeteners). In my lecture, I will review in a comprehensive way the phytochemical, nutritional, and bioactive compound composition of the different aerial and underground parts of Opuntia species. The biological activities and applications of Opuntia compounds are also discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medicinal%20plants" title="medicinal plants">medicinal plants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cactus" title=" cactus"> cactus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Opuntia" title=" Opuntia"> Opuntia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=actives%20biomolecules" title=" actives biomolecules"> actives biomolecules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20activities" title=" biological activities"> biological activities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161262/new-evaluation-of-the-richness-of-cactus-opuntia-in-active-biomolecules-and-their-use-in-agri-food-cosmetic-and-pharmaceutical" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161262.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">106</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">81</span> Bio-Functional Polymeric Protein Based Materials Utilized for Soft Tissue Engineering Application </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Er-Yuan%20Chuang">Er-Yuan Chuang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bio-mimetic matters have biological functionalities. This might be valuable in the development of versatile biomaterials. At biological fields, protein-based materials might be components to form a 3D network of extracellular biomolecules, containing growth factors. Also, the protein-based biomaterial provides biochemical and structural assistance of adjacent cells. In this study, we try to prepare protein based biomaterial, which was harvested from living animal. We analyzed it’s chemical, physical and biological property in vitro. Besides, in vivo bio-interaction of the prepared biomimetic matrix was tested in an animal model. The protein-based biomaterial has degradability and biocompatibility. This development could be used for tissue regenerations and be served as platform technologies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protein%20based" title="protein based">protein based</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in%20vitro%20study" title=" in vitro study"> in vitro study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in%20vivo%20study" title=" in vivo study"> in vivo study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomaterials" title=" biomaterials"> biomaterials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105449/bio-functional-polymeric-protein-based-materials-utilized-for-soft-tissue-engineering-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105449.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">189</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">80</span> Chromatography Study of Fundamental Properties of Medical Radioisotope Astatine-211</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evgeny%20E.%20Tereshatov">Evgeny E. Tereshatov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Astatine-211 is considered one of the most promising radionuclides for Targeted Alpha Therapy. In order to develop reliable procedures to label biomolecules and utilize efficient delivery vehicle principles, one should understand the main chemical characteristics of astatine. The short half-life of 211At (~7.2 h) and absence of any stable isotopes of this element are limiting factors towards studying the behavior of astatine. Our team has developed a procedure for rapid and efficient isolation of astatine from irradiated bismuth material in nitric acid media based on 3-octanone and 1-octanol extraction chromatography resins. This process has been automated and it takes 20 min from the beginning of the target dissolution to the At-211 fraction elution. Our next step is to consider commercially available chromatography resins and their applicability in astatine purification in the same media. Results obtained along with the corresponding sorption mechanisms will be discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=astatine-211" title="astatine-211">astatine-211</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chromatography" title=" chromatography"> chromatography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automation" title=" automation"> automation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanism" title=" mechanism"> mechanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiopharmaceuticals" title=" radiopharmaceuticals"> radiopharmaceuticals</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152922/chromatography-study-of-fundamental-properties-of-medical-radioisotope-astatine-211" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152922.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">92</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">79</span> DNA Multiplier: A Design Architecture of a Multiplier Circuit Using DNA Molecules</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hafiz%20Md.%20Hasan%20Babu">Hafiz Md. Hasan Babu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khandaker%20Mohammad%20Mohi%20Uddin"> Khandaker Mohammad Mohi Uddin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nitish%20Biswas"> Nitish Biswas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarreha%20Tasmin%20Rikta"> Sarreha Tasmin Rikta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nuzmul%20Hossain%20Nahid"> Nuzmul Hossain Nahid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nanomedicine and bioengineering use biological systems that can perform computing operations. In a biocomputational circuit, different types of biomolecules and DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) are used as active components. DNA computing has the capability of performing parallel processing and a large storage capacity that makes it diverse from other computing systems. In most processors, the multiplier is treated as a core hardware block, and multiplication is one of the time-consuming and lengthy tasks. In this paper, cost-effective DNA multipliers are designed using algorithms of molecular DNA operations with respect to conventional ones. The speed and storage capacity of a DNA multiplier are also much higher than a traditional silicon-based multiplier. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20systems" title="biological systems">biological systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20multiplier" title=" DNA multiplier"> DNA multiplier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=large%20storage" title=" large storage"> large storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parallel%20processing" title=" parallel processing"> parallel processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141053/dna-multiplier-a-design-architecture-of-a-multiplier-circuit-using-dna-molecules" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141053.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">214</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">78</span> The Challenges and Opportunities Faced by Women in Geomatics Engineering: The Case of the SADC Region</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moreblessings%20Shoko">Moreblessings Shoko</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polymersomes are materials which are considered as artificial counterparts of natural vesicles. The nanotechnology of such smart nanovesicles is very useful to enhance the efficiency of many therapeutic and diagnostic drugs. Those compounds show a higher stability, flexibility, and mechanical strength to the membrane compared to natural liposomes. Also, they can be designed in detail, the permeability of the membrane can be controlled by different stimuli, and the surface can be functionalized with different biological molecules to facilitate monitoring and target. For this purpose, this study demonstrates the formation of multifunctional and pH sensitive polymersomes and their functionalization with different reactive groups or biomolecules inside and outside of polymersomes´ membrane providing by crossing the membrane and docking/undocking processes for biomedical applications. Overall, they are highly versatile and thus present new opportunities for the design of targeted and selective recognition systems, for example, in mimicking cell functions and in synthetic biology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women" title="women">women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geomatics" title=" geomatics"> geomatics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=challenges" title=" challenges"> challenges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capacity%20building" title=" capacity building"> capacity building</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67025/the-challenges-and-opportunities-faced-by-women-in-geomatics-engineering-the-case-of-the-sadc-region" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67025.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">574</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">77</span> Functionalization of Nanomaterials for Bio-Sensing Applications: Current Progress and Future Prospective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Temesgen%20Geremew%20Tefery">Temesgen Geremew Tefery</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nanomaterials, due to their unique properties, have revolutionized the field of biosensing. Their functionalization, or modification with specific molecules, is crucial for enhancing their biocompatibility, selectivity, and sensitivity. This review explores recent advancements in nanomaterial functionalization for biosensing applications. We discuss various strategies, including covalent and non-covalent modifications, and their impact on biosensor performance. The use of biomolecules like antibodies, enzymes, and nucleic acids for targeted detection is highlighted. Furthermore, the integration of nanomaterials with different sensing modalities, such as electrochemical, optical, and mechanical, is examined. The future outlook for nanomaterial-based biosensing is promising, with potential applications in healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food safety. However, challenges related to biocompatibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness need to be addressed. Continued research and development in this area will likely lead to even more sophisticated and versatile biosensing technologies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensing" title="biosensing">biosensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanomaterials" title=" nanomaterials"> nanomaterials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biotechnology" title=" biotechnology"> biotechnology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanotechnology" title=" nanotechnology"> nanotechnology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190956/functionalization-of-nanomaterials-for-bio-sensing-applications-current-progress-and-future-prospective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190956.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">27</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">76</span> Rapid Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Eclipta prostrata Leaf Extract</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siva%20Prasad%20Peddi">Siva Prasad Peddi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized from silver nitrate through a rapid green synthesis method using Eclipta prostrata leaf extract as a reducing cum stabilizing agent. The experimental procedure was readily conducted at room temperature and pressure, and could be easily scaled up. The silver nanoparticles thus obtained were characterized using UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-VIS) which yielded an absorption peak at 416 nm. The biomolecules responsible for capping of the bio-reduced silver nanoparticles synthesized using plant extract were successfully identified through FTIR analysis. It was evinced through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis that the silver nanoparticles were crystalline in nature and spherical in shape. The average size of the particles obtained using Scherrer’s formula was 27.4 nm. The adopted technique for silver nanoparticle synthesis is suitable for large-scale production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silver%20nanoparticles" title="silver nanoparticles">silver nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20synthesis" title=" green synthesis"> green synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterization" title=" characterization"> characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eclipta%20prostrata" title=" Eclipta prostrata"> Eclipta prostrata</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20089/rapid-green-synthesis-and-characterization-of-silver-nanoparticles-using-eclipta-prostrata-leaf-extract" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20089.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">467</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">75</span> Improved Signal-To-Noise Ratio by the 3D-Functionalization of Fully Zwitterionic Surface Coatings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esther%20Van%20Andel">Esther Van Andel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stefanie%20C.%20Lange"> Stefanie C. Lange</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maarten%20M.%20J.%20Smulders"> Maarten M. J. Smulders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Han%20Zuilhof"> Han Zuilhof</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> False outcomes of diagnostic tests are a major concern in medical health care. To improve the reliability of surface-based diagnostic tests, it is of crucial importance to diminish background signals that arise from the non-specific binding of biomolecules, a process called fouling. The aim is to create surfaces that repel all biomolecules except the molecule of interest. This can be achieved by incorporating antifouling protein repellent coatings in between the sensor surface and it’s recognition elements (e.g. antibodies, sugars, aptamers). Zwitterionic polymer brushes are considered excellent antifouling materials, however, to be able to bind the molecule of interest, the polymer brushes have to be functionalized and so far this was only achieved at the expense of either antifouling or binding capacity. To overcome this limitation, we combined both features into one single monomer: a zwitterionic sulfobetaine, ensuring antifouling capabilities, equipped with a clickable azide moiety which allows for further functionalization. By copolymerizing this monomer together with a standard sulfobetaine, the number of azides (and with that the number of recognition elements) can be tuned depending on the application. First, the clickable azido-monomer was synthesized and characterized, followed by copolymerizing this monomer to yield functionalizable antifouling brushes. The brushes were fully characterized using surface characterization techniques like XPS, contact angle measurements, G-ATR-FTIR and XRR. As a proof of principle, the brushes were subsequently functionalized with biotin via strain-promoted alkyne azide click reactions, which yielded a fully zwitterionic biotin-containing 3D-functionalized coating. The sensing capacity was evaluated by reflectometry using avidin and fibrinogen containing protein solutions. The surfaces showed excellent antifouling properties as illustrated by the complete absence of non-specific fibrinogen binding, while at the same time clear responses were seen for the specific binding of avidin. A great increase in signal-to-noise ratio was observed, even when the amount of functional groups was lowered to 1%, compared to traditional modification of sulfobetaine brushes that rely on a 2D-approach in which only the top-layer can be functionalized. This study was performed on stoichiometric silicon nitride surfaces for future microring resonator based assays, however, this methodology can be transferred to other biosensor platforms which are currently being investigated. The approach presented herein enables a highly efficient strategy for selective binding with retained antifouling properties for improved signal-to-noise ratios in binding assays. The number of recognition units can be adjusted to a specific need, e.g. depending on the size of the analyte to be bound, widening the scope of these functionalizable surface coatings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antifouling" title="antifouling">antifouling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signal-to-noise%20ratio" title=" signal-to-noise ratio"> signal-to-noise ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20functionalization" title=" surface functionalization"> surface functionalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zwitterionic%20polymer%20brushes" title=" zwitterionic polymer brushes"> zwitterionic polymer brushes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62532/improved-signal-to-noise-ratio-by-the-3d-functionalization-of-fully-zwitterionic-surface-coatings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62532.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">74</span> Numerical Simulation of Bio-Chemical Diffusion in Bone Scaffolds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoud%20Madadelahi">Masoud Madadelahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Shamloo"> Amir Shamloo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyedeh%20Sara%20Salehi"> Seyedeh Sara Salehi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Previously, some materials like solid metals and their alloys have been used as implants in human’s body. In order to amend fixation of these artificial hard human tissues, some porous structures have been introduced. In this way, tissues in vicinity of the porous structure can be attached more easily to the inserted implant. In particular, the porous bone scaffolds are useful since they can deliver important biomolecules like growth factors and proteins. This study focuses on the properties of the degradable porous hard tissues using a three-dimensional numerical Finite Element Method (FEM). The most important studied properties of these structures are diffusivity flux and concentration of different species like glucose, oxygen, and lactate. The process of cells migration into the scaffold is considered as a diffusion process, and related parameters are studied for different values of production/consumption rates. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bone%20scaffolds" title="bone scaffolds">bone scaffolds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diffusivity" title=" diffusivity"> diffusivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title=" numerical simulation"> numerical simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tissue%20engineering" title=" tissue engineering"> tissue engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67362/numerical-simulation-of-bio-chemical-diffusion-in-bone-scaffolds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67362.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">385</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">73</span> Smart Multifunctionalized and Responsive Polymersomes as Targeted and Selective Recognition Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Silvia%20Moreno">Silvia Moreno</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Banu%20Iyisan"> Banu Iyisan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hannes%20Gumz"> Hannes Gumz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brigitte%20Voit"> Brigitte Voit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dietmar%20Appelhans"> Dietmar Appelhans</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polymersomes are materials which are considered as artificial counterparts of natural vesicles. The nanotechnology of such smart nanovesicles is very useful to enhance the efficiency of many therapeutic and diagnostic drugs. Those compounds show a higher stability, flexibility, and mechanical strength to the membrane compared to natural liposomes. In addition, they can be designed in detail, the permeability of the membrane can be controlled by different stimuli, and the surface can be functionalized with different biological molecules to facilitate monitoring and target. For this purpose, this study demonstrates the formation of multifunctional and pH sensitive polymersomes and their functionalization with different reactive groups or biomolecules inside and outside of polymersomes´ membrane providing by crossing the membrane and docking/undocking processes for biomedical applications. Overall, they are highly versatile and thus present new opportunities for the design of targeted and selective recognition systems, for example, in mimicking cell functions and in synthetic biology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multifunctionalized" title="multifunctionalized">multifunctionalized</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pH%20stimulus" title=" pH stimulus"> pH stimulus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=controllable%20release" title=" controllable release"> controllable release</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellular%20uptake" title=" cellular uptake"> cellular uptake</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67024/smart-multifunctionalized-and-responsive-polymersomes-as-targeted-and-selective-recognition-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67024.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">72</span> Improving Binding Selectivity in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers from Templates of Higher Biomolecular Weight: An Application in Cancer Targeting and Drug Delivery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ben%20Otange">Ben Otange</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wolfgang%20Parak"> Wolfgang Parak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Florian%20Schulz"> Florian Schulz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Alexander%20Rubhausen"> Michael Alexander Rubhausen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The feasibility of extending the usage of molecular imprinting technique in complex biomolecules is demonstrated in this research. This technique is promising in diverse applications in areas such as drug delivery, diagnosis of diseases, catalysts, and impurities detection as well as treatment of various complications. While molecularly imprinted polymers MIP remain robust in the synthesis of molecules with remarkable binding sites that have high affinities to specific molecules of interest, extending the usage to complex biomolecules remains futile. This work reports on the successful synthesis of MIP from complex proteins: BSA, Transferrin, and MUC1. We show in this research that despite the heterogeneous binding sites and higher conformational flexibility of the chosen proteins, relying on their respective epitopes and motifs rather than the whole template produces highly sensitive and selective MIPs for specific molecular binding. Introduction: Proteins are vital in most biological processes, ranging from cell structure and structural integrity to complex functions such as transport and immunity in biological systems. Unlike other imprinting templates, proteins have heterogeneous binding sites in their complex long-chain structure, which makes their imprinting to be marred by challenges. In addressing this challenge, our attention is inclined toward the targeted delivery, which will use molecular imprinting on the particle surface so that these particles may recognize overexpressed proteins on the target cells. Our goal is thus to make surfaces of nanoparticles that specifically bind to the target cells. Results and Discussions: Using epitopes of BSA and MUC1 proteins and motifs with conserved receptors of transferrin as the respective templates for MIPs, significant improvement in the MIP sensitivity to the binding of complex protein templates was noted. Through the Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy FCS measurements on the size of protein corona after incubation of the synthesized nanoparticles with proteins, we noted a high affinity of MIPs to the binding of their respective complex proteins. In addition, quantitative analysis of hard corona using SDS-PAGE showed that only a specific protein was strongly bound on the respective MIPs when incubated with similar concentrations of the protein mixture. Conclusion: Our findings have shown that the merits of MIPs can be extended to complex molecules of higher biomolecular mass. As such, the unique merits of the technique, including high sensitivity and selectivity, relative ease of synthesis, production of materials with higher physical robustness, and higher stability, can be extended to more templates that were previously not suitable candidates despite their abundance and usage within the body. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecularly%20imprinted%20polymers" title="molecularly imprinted polymers">molecularly imprinted polymers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20binding" title=" specific binding"> specific binding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20delivery" title=" drug delivery"> drug delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20biomolecular%20mass-templates" title=" high biomolecular mass-templates"> high biomolecular mass-templates</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183240/improving-binding-selectivity-in-molecularly-imprinted-polymers-from-templates-of-higher-biomolecular-weight-an-application-in-cancer-targeting-and-drug-delivery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183240.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">55</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">71</span> Superparamagnetic Sensor with Lateral Flow Immunoassays as Platforms for Biomarker Quantification</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Salvador">M. Salvador</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20C.%20Martinez-Garcia"> J. C. Martinez-Garcia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Moyano"> A. Moyano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20C.%20Blanco-Lopez"> M. C. Blanco-Lopez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Rivas"> M. Rivas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biosensors play a crucial role in the detection of molecules nowadays due to their advantages of user-friendliness, high selectivity, the analysis in real time and in-situ applications. Among them, Lateral Flow Immunoassays (LFIAs) are presented among technologies for point-of-care bioassays with outstanding characteristics such as affordability, portability and low-cost. They have been widely used for the detection of a vast range of biomarkers, which do not only include proteins but also nucleic acids and even whole cells. Although the LFIA has traditionally been a positive/negative test, tremendous efforts are being done to add to the method the quantifying capability based on the combination of suitable labels and a proper sensor. One of the most successful approaches involves the use of magnetic sensors for detection of magnetic labels. Bringing together the required characteristics mentioned before, our research group has developed a biosensor to detect biomolecules. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPNPs) together with LFIAs play the fundamental roles. SPMNPs are detected by their interaction with a high-frequency current flowing on a printed micro track. By means of the instant and proportional variation of the impedance of this track provoked by the presence of the SPNPs, quantitative and rapid measurement of the number of particles can be obtained. This way of detection requires no external magnetic field application, which reduces the device complexity. On the other hand, the major limitations of LFIAs are that they are only qualitative or semiquantitative when traditional gold or latex nanoparticles are used as color labels. Moreover, the necessity of always-constant ambient conditions to get reproducible results, the exclusive detection of the nanoparticles on the surface of the membrane, and the short durability of the signal are drawbacks that can be advantageously overcome with the design of magnetically labeled LFIAs. The approach followed was to coat the SPIONs with a specific monoclonal antibody which targets the protein under consideration by chemical bonds. Then, a sandwich-type immunoassay was prepared by printing onto the nitrocellulose membrane strip a second antibody against a different epitope of the protein (test line) and an IgG antibody (control line). When the sample flows along the strip, the SPION-labeled proteins are immobilized at the test line, which provides magnetic signal as described before. Preliminary results using this practical combination for the detection and quantification of the Prostatic-Specific Antigen (PSA) shows the validity and consistency of the technique in the clinical range, where a PSA level of 4.0 ng/mL is the established upper normal limit. Moreover, a LOD of 0.25 ng/mL was calculated with a conﬁdent level of 3 according to the IUPAC Gold Book deﬁnition. Its versatility has also been proved with the detection of other biomolecules such as troponin I (cardiac injury biomarker) or histamine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosensor" title="biosensor">biosensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lateral%20flow%20immunoassays" title=" lateral flow immunoassays"> lateral flow immunoassays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=point-of-care%20devices" title=" point-of-care devices"> point-of-care devices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superparamagnetic%20nanoparticles" title=" superparamagnetic nanoparticles"> superparamagnetic nanoparticles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87868/superparamagnetic-sensor-with-lateral-flow-immunoassays-as-platforms-for-biomarker-quantification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87868.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">231</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">70</span> Preparation and Size Control of Sub-100 Nm Pure Nanodrugs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinfeng%20Zhang">Jinfeng Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chun-Sing%20Lee"> Chun-Sing Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pure nanodrugs (PNDs) – nanoparticles consisting entirely of drug molecules, have been considered as promising candidates for the next-generation nanodrugs. However, the traditional preparation method via reprecipitation faces critical challenges including low production rates, relatively large particle sizes and batch-to-batch variations. Here, for the first time, we successfully developed a novel, versatile and controllable strategy for preparing PNDs via an anodized aluminium oxide (AAO) template-assisted method. With this approach, we prepared PNDs of an anti-cancer drug (VM-26) with precisely controlled sizes reaching the sub-20 nm range. This template-assisted approach has much higher feasibility for mass production comparing to the conventional reprecipitation method and is beneficial for future clinical translation. The present method is further demonstrated to be easily applicable for a wide range of hydrophobic biomolecules without the need of custom molecular modifications and can be extended for preparing all-in-one nanostructures with different functional agents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20delivery" title="drug delivery">drug delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pure%20nanodrugs" title=" pure nanodrugs"> pure nanodrugs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=size%20control" title=" size control"> size control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=template" title=" template"> template</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26666/preparation-and-size-control-of-sub-100-nm-pure-nanodrugs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26666.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">307</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">69</span> A Platform to Screen Targeting Molecules of Ligand-EGFR Interactions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei-Ting%20Kuo">Wei-Ting Kuo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Feng-Huei%20Lin"> Feng-Huei Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is often constitutively stimulated in cancer owing to the binding of ligands such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), so it is necessary to investigate the interaction between EGFR and its targeting biomolecules which were over ligands binding. This study would focus on the binding affinity and adhesion force of two targeting products anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody (mAb) and peptide A to EGFR comparing with EGF. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to obtain the equilibrium dissociation constant to evaluate the binding affinity. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was performed to detect adhesion force. The result showed that binding affinity of mAb to EGFR was higher than that of EGF to EGFR, and peptide A to EGFR was lowest. The adhesion force between EGFR and mAb that was higher than EGF and peptide A to EGFR was lowest. From the studies, we could conclude that mAb had better adhesion force and binding affinity to EGFR than that of EGF and peptide A. SPR and AFM could confirm the interaction between receptor and targeting ligand easily and carefully. It provide a platform to screen ligands for receptor targeting and drug delivery. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adhesion%20force" title="adhesion force">adhesion force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binding%20affinity" title=" binding affinity"> binding affinity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epidermal%20growth%20factor%20receptor" title=" epidermal growth factor receptor"> epidermal growth factor receptor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=target%20molecule" title=" target molecule"> target molecule</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27370/a-platform-to-screen-targeting-molecules-of-ligand-egfr-interactions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27370.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info 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