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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benchmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Benchmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benchmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_specific_language_comparisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_specific_language_comparisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Timeline of specific language comparisons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_specific_language_comparisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9" title="مقارنة بين لغات البرمجة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقارنة بين لغات البرمجة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergleich_von_Programmiersprachen" title="Vergleich von Programmiersprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vergleich von Programmiersprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programazio-lengoaien_arteko_konparazioa" title="Programazio-lengoaien arteko konparazioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Programazio-lengoaien arteko konparazioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مقایسه زبان‌های برنامه‌نویسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مقایسه زبان‌های برنامه‌نویسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%EC%9D%98_%EB%B9%84%EA%B5%90" title="프로그래밍 언어의 비교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로그래밍 언어의 비교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रोग्रामिंग भाषाओं की तुलना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोग्रामिंग भाषाओं की तुलना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbandingan_bahasa-bahasa_pengaturcaraan" title="Perbandingan bahasa-bahasa pengaturcaraan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perbandingan bahasa-bahasa pengaturcaraan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83" title="プログラミング言語の比較 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プログラミング言語の比較" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_entre_linguagens_de_programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Comparação entre linguagens de programação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comparação entre linguagens de programação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Поређење програмских језика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Поређење програмских језика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Порівняння мов програмування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Порівняння мов програмування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:115px"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comparison of<br />programming languages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">General comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assignment_(computer_science)#Notation" title="Assignment (computer science)">Assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(syntax)" title="Comparison of programming languages (syntax)">Basic syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(basic_instructions)" title="Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions)">Basic instructions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comment_(computer_programming)#Comparison" title="Comment (computer programming)">Comments</a></li> <li>Control flow <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreach_loop#Language_support" title="Foreach loop">Foreach loops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/While_loop#Demonstrating_while_loops" title="While loop">While loops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_loop#Timeline_of_the_for-loop_syntax_in_various_programming_languages" title="For loop">For loops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_while_loop#Demonstrating_do_while_loops" title="Do while loop">Do-while</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exception_handling_syntax" title="Exception handling syntax">Exception handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enumerated_type#Syntax_in_several_programming_languages" title="Enumerated type">Enumerated types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(algebraic_data_type)" title="Comparison of programming languages (algebraic data type)">Algebraic data types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_programming)#Timeline" title="Generator (computer programming)">Generators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function#Examples" title="Anonymous function">Anonymous functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternary_conditional_operator" title="Ternary conditional operator">Conditional expressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(functional_instructions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of programming languages (functional instructions)">Functional instructions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(array)" title="Comparison of programming languages (array)">Arrays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(associative_arrays)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of programming languages (associative arrays)">Associative arrays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_(computer_science)#By_language" title="Scope (computer science)">Scope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(strings)" title="Comparison of programming languages (strings)">String operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(string_functions)" title="Comparison of programming languages (string functions)">String functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(higher-order_functions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of programming languages (higher-order functions)">Higher-order functions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filter_(higher-order_function)#Language_comparison" title="Filter (higher-order function)">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_(higher-order_function)#In_various_languages" title="Fold (higher-order function)">Fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_(higher-order_function)#Language_comparison" title="Map (higher-order function)">Map</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_by_type_system" title="Comparison of programming languages by type system">Type systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_with_dependent_types" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of programming languages with dependent types">Dependent types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(list_comprehension)" title="Comparison of programming languages (list comprehension)">List comprehension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Comparison of programming languages (object-oriented programming)">Object-oriented programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructor_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Constructor (object-oriented programming)">Object-oriented constructors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(operators)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of programming languages (operators)">Operators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ternary_conditional_operator#Usage" title="Ternary conditional operator">Ternary conditional operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_coalescing_operator#Examples_by_languages" title="Null coalescing operator">Null coalescing operators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_navigation_operator#Examples" title="Safe navigation operator">Safe navigation operators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulo_operation#In_programming_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulo operation">Modulo operators</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evaluation_strategy" title="Evaluation strategy">Evaluation strategy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Computer_Programming/Hello_world" class="extiw" title="b:Computer Programming/Hello world">List of "Hello World" programs</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Comparison of individual<br />languages</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Comparison of Java and .NET platforms </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58#ALGOL_58's_influence_on_ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58's influence on ALGOL 60</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60#Comparisons_with_other_languages" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60: Comparisons with other languages</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_ALGOL_68_and_C%2B%2B" title="Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++">Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68#Comparisons_with_other_languages" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68: Comparisons with other languages</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_of_C_and_C%2B%2B" title="Compatibility of C and C++">Compatibility of C and C++</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Pascal_and_Delphi" title="Comparison of Pascal and Delphi">Comparison of Pascal and Borland Delphi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Object_Pascal_and_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Object Pascal and C">Comparison of Object Pascal and C</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Pascal_and_C" title="Comparison of Pascal and C">Comparison of Pascal and C</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Java_and_C%2B%2B" title="Comparison of Java and C++">Comparison of Java and C++</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Java" title="Comparison of C Sharp and Java">Comparison of C# and Java</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Visual_Basic_.NET" title="Comparison of C Sharp and Visual Basic .NET">Comparison of C# and Visual Basic .NET</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Visual_Basic_and_Visual_Basic_.NET" title="Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET">Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Template:Comparison of programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Template talk:Comparison of programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comparison of programming languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a> are used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>). Like <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural languages</a>, programming languages follow rules for <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>. </p><p>There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">thousands of programming languages</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and new ones are created every year. Few languages ever become sufficiently popular that they are used by more than a few people, but professional <a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">programmers</a> may use dozens of languages in a career. </p><p>Most programming languages are not standardized by an international (or national) standard, even widely used ones, such as <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a> (despite the name). Notable standardized programming languages include <a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, JavaScript (under the name <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>), <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a> (<a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> standard), <a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">ISLISP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>, and <a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_comparison">General comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table compares general and technical information for a selection of commonly used <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>. See the individual languages' articles for further information. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:10}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable),.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable){background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>*,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable)>thead,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header.wikitable,.mw-parser-output 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.sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Language </th> <th scope="col">Original purpose </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">Imperative</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">Functional</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">Procedural</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">Generic</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">Reflective</a> </th> <th scope="col">Other <a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">paradigms</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">Standardized</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1C:Enterprise_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="1C:Enterprise programming language">1C:Enterprise programming language</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Application_software_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Application software development">Application</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a>, business, <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_development" title="Web development">web</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app_development" title="Mobile app development">mobile</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Object-based" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-based">Object-based</a>, Prototype-based programming </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a> </th> <td>Application, <a href="/wiki/Client-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side">client-side</a>, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prototype-based" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototype-based">prototype-based</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1999-2003, <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ActionScript 1.0 with ES3, ActionScript 2.0 with ES3 and partial ES4 draft, ActionScript 3.0 with ES4 draft</a>, <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">ActionScript 3.0 with E4X</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a> </th> <td>Application, <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">realtime</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_programming_language" title="System programming language">system</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent programming language">Concurrent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Distributed_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed programming">distributed</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1983, 2005, 2012, ANSI, ISO, <a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST</a> 27831-88<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Aldor" title="Aldor">Aldor</a> </th> <td>Highly <a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_algebra" title="Computer algebra">symbolic computing</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1960, <a href="/wiki/IFIP_WG_2.1" class="mw-redirect" title="IFIP WG 2.1">IFIP WG 2.1</a>, ISO<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Concurrent </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1968, <a href="/wiki/IFIP_WG_2.1" class="mw-redirect" title="IFIP WG 2.1">IFIP WG 2.1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GOST_27974-88" class="mw-redirect" title="GOST 27974-88">GOST 27974-88</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ateji_PX" title="Ateji PX">Ateji PX</a> </th> <td>Parallel application </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pi_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pi calculus">pi calculus</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a> </th> <td>Application, <a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Array_programming" title="Array programming">Array-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tacit_programming" title="Tacit programming">tacit</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1989, ISO </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly language</a> </th> <td>General </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Any, syntax is usually highly specific, related to the target processor </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1985 IEEE 694-1985<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/AutoHotkey" title="AutoHotkey">AutoHotkey</a> </th> <td>GUI automation (<a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)#Application_macros_and_scripting" title="Macro (computer science)">macros</a>), highly domain-specific </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br /><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/AutoIt" title="AutoIt">AutoIt</a> </th> <td>GUI automation (macros), highly domain-specific </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ballerina_(programming_language)" title="Ballerina (programming language)">Ballerina</a> </th> <td>Integration, agile, <a href="/wiki/Server-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side">server-side</a>, general </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Concurrent, transactional, statically and strongly typed, diagrammatic–visual </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">De facto<br />standard via Ballerina Language Specification<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bash</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">Shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Optionally<br /><a href="/wiki/POSIX.2" class="mw-redirect" title="POSIX.2">POSIX.2</a><sup id="cite_ref-POSIX_1003_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POSIX_1003-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> </th> <td>Application, education </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1983, ANSI, ISO, ECMA </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/BeanShell" title="BeanShell">BeanShell</a> </th> <td>Application, scripting </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<br />In progress, <a href="/wiki/Java_Community_Process" title="Java Community Process">JCP</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/BLISS" title="BLISS">BLISS</a> </th> <td>System </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/BlitzMax" class="mw-redirect" title="BlitzMax">BlitzMax</a> </th> <td>Application, game </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a> </th> <td>Application, game scripting </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> </th> <td>Application, system,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> general purpose, low-level operations </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1989, <a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">ANSI C89, ISO/IEC C90, ISO/IEC C95, ISO/IEC C99, ISO/IEC C11, ISO/IEC C17, ISO/IEC C2x</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> </th> <td>Application, system </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1998, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B#Standardization" title="C++">ISO/IEC C++98, ISO/IEC C++03, ISO/IEC C++11, ISO/IEC C++14, ISO/IEC C++17, ISO/IEC C++20, ISO/IEC C++23</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> </th> <td>Application, RAD, business, client-side, general, server-side, web, <a href="/wiki/Game_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Game programming">game programming</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Structured, concurrent </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />2000, ECMA, ISO<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Clarion_(programming_language)" title="Clarion (programming language)">Clarion</a> </th> <td>General, business, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Clean_(programming_language)" title="Clean (programming language)">Clean</a> </th> <td>General </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a> </th> <td>General </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Concurrent </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)">CLU</a> </th> <td>General </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> </th> <td>Application, business </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1968 ANSI X3.23, 1974, 1985; ISO/IEC 1989:1985, 2002, 2014, 2023 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a> </th> <td>Application, business, general, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ColdFusion_Markup_Language" title="ColdFusion Markup Language">ColdFusion</a> (CFML) </th> <td>Web </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> </th> <td>General </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Extensible syntax, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/equwal/CLAPL">Array-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)#Syntactic_macros" title="Macro (computer science)">syntactic macros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_dispatch" title="Multiple dispatch">multiple dispatch</a>, concurrent </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1994, ANSI </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/COMAL" title="COMAL">COMAL</a> 80 </th> <td>Education </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_(programming_language)" title="Crystal (programming language)">Crystal</a> </th> <td>General purpose </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Concurrent<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Curry_(programming_language)" title="Curry (programming language)">Curry</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">lazy evaluation</a>, non-determinism </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">De facto standard via Curry Language Report </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a> </th> <td>Application, general, <a href="/wiki/Numerical_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical computing">numerical computing</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a> </th> <td>Application, system </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Generative, concurrent </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a> </th> <td>Application, web, server-side, mobile, <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Structured </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />ECMA-408 standard </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Delphi_(software)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a> </th> <td>General purpose </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td><br />? <p><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a> </th> <td>General, application, business, client-side, server-side, web (EWF) </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://se.inf.ethz.ch/old/people/leitner/erl_g">Erl-G</a> </td> <td>Distributed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.eiffel.com/book/solutions/concurrent-eiffel-scoop:">SCOOP</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.eiffel.com/book/method/void-safe-programming-eiffel:">Void-safe</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />2005, ECMA, ISO<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ELAN_(programming_language)" title="ELAN (programming language)">ELAN</a> </th> <td>Education </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">Structured</a>, <a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">stepwise refinement</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a> </th> <td>Application, <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Concurrent, distributed </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a> </th> <td>Application, distributed </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Concurrent, distributed </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Euphoria_(programming_language)" title="Euphoria (programming language)">Euphoria</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Factor_(programming_language)" title="Factor (programming language)">Factor</a> </th> <td>General </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Can be viewed as </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stack-oriented_programming" title="Stack-oriented programming">Stack-oriented</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/FP_(programming_language)" title="FP (programming language)">FP</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a> </th> <td>General </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Stack-oriented </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1994, ANSI </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> </th> <td>Application, numerical computing </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Array-based, vectorized, concurrent, native distributed/shared-memory parallelism </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1966, ANSI 66, ANSI 77, MIL-STD-1753, ISO 90, ISO 95, ISO 2003, ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010 (2008), ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG5 N2145 (2018) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/FreeBASIC" title="FreeBASIC">FreeBASIC</a> </th> <td>Application, numerical computing </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gambas" title="Gambas">Gambas</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Game_Maker_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Game Maker Language">Game Maker Language</a> </th> <td>Application, game programming </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/GLBasic" title="GLBasic">GLBasic</a> </th> <td>Application, games </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Simple object-oriented </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> </th> <td>Application, web, server-side </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Can be viewed as<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Concurrent </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">De facto standard via Go Language Specification </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gosu_(programming_language)" title="Gosu (programming language)">Gosu</a> </th> <td>Application, general, scripting, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/GraphTalk" class="mw-redirect" title="GraphTalk">GraphTalk</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Logic </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a> </th> <td>Application, general, scripting, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Meta-programming </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">In progress, <a href="/wiki/Java_Community_Process" title="Java Community Process">JCP</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Harbour_(programming_language)" title="Harbour (programming language)">Harbour</a> </th> <td>Application, business, data processing, general, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">Declarative</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Lazy evaluation </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />2010, Haskell 2010<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Haxe" title="Haxe">Haxe</a> </th> <td>Application, general, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/HyperTalk" title="HyperTalk">HyperTalk</a> </th> <td>Application, RAD, general </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Weakly typed </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Io_(programming_language)" title="Io (programming language)">Io</a> </th> <td>Application, host-driven scripting </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Language" title="Information Processing Language">IPL</a> </th> <td>General </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">ISLISP</a> </th> <td>General </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1997, 2007, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/J_(programming_language)" title="J (programming language)">J</a> </th> <td>Application, <a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Array-oriented, <a href="/wiki/Function-level_programming" title="Function-level programming">function-level</a>, tacit, concurrent </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/JADE_(programming_language)" title="JADE (programming language)">JADE</a> </th> <td>Application, distributed </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> </th> <td>Application, business, client-side, general, mobile development, server-side, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Concurrent </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">De facto standard via Java Language Specification </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> </th> <td>Client-side, server-side, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prototype-based" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototype-based">prototype-based</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1997-2022, <a href="/wiki/ECMA-262" class="mw-redirect" title="ECMA-262">ECMA-262</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Joy_(programming_language)" title="Joy (programming language)">Joy</a> </th> <td>Research </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Stack-oriented </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Jq_(programming_language)" title="Jq (programming language)">jq</a> </th> <td>"awk for JSON" </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tacit_programming" title="Tacit programming">Tacit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Backtracking" title="Backtracking">Backtracking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_programming)" title="Generator (computer programming)">Streaming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsing_expression_grammar" title="Parsing expression grammar">PEG</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a> </th> <td>General, technical computing </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Multiple dispatch, meta, scalar and array-oriented, parallel, concurrent, distributed ("cloud") </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/K_(programming_language)" title="K (programming language)">K</a> </th> <td>Data processing, business </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Array-oriented, tacit </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a> </th> <td>Application, mobile development, server-side, client-side, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">De facto standard via Kotlin Language Specification </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/KornShell" title="KornShell">Ksh</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">Shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Several variants, custom programmable, dynamic loadable modules </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Optionally<br /><a href="/wiki/POSIX.2" class="mw-redirect" title="POSIX.2">POSIX.2</a><sup id="cite_ref-POSIX_1003_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POSIX_1003-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/LabVIEW" title="LabVIEW">LabVIEW</a> (G) </th> <td>Application, industrial instrumentation-automation </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">visual</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> </th> <td>General </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/LiveCode" title="LiveCode">LiveCode</a> </th> <td>Application, RAD, general </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Weakly typed </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Logtalk" title="Logtalk">Logtalk</a> </th> <td>Artificial intelligence, application </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Logic </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Linden_Scripting_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Linden Scripting Language">Linden Scripting Language</a> (LSL) </th> <td>Virtual worlds content scripting and animation </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Scripts exist in in-world objects </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">De facto reference is the <a href="/wiki/Second_Life" title="Second Life">Second Life</a> implementation of <a href="/wiki/Linden_Scripting_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Linden Scripting Language">LSL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> </th> <td>Application, embedded scripting </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Aspect-oriented, prototype-based </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a> </th> <td>Symbolic computation, numerical computing </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Distributed </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematica">Mathematica</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_language_(programming)" title="Symbolic language (programming)">Symbolic language</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Logic, distributed </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a> </th> <td>Highly domain-specific, numerical computing </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a> </th> <td>Application, system </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1996, ISO<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Modula-3" title="Modula-3">Modula-3</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/MUMPS" title="MUMPS">MUMPS</a> (M) </th> <td>General, application, databases </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Approved for next Standard </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Partially Thru Indirection and Xecute </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-user" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-user">multi-user</a>, <a href="/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">transaction processing</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1977 ANSI, 1995, ISO 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a> </th> <td>Application, general, web, scripting, system </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Multiple dispatch, concurrent, <a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">meta</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(programming_language)" title="Oberon (programming language)">Oberon</a> </th> <td>Application, system </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a> </th> <td>Application, general, mobile app, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Structured </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> </th> <td>Application, general </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Concurrent </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a> </th> <td>Application, general </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Occam_(programming_language)" title="Occam (programming language)">Occam</a> </th> <td>General </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Concurrent, <a href="/wiki/Process-oriented_programming" title="Process-oriented programming">process-oriented</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Opa_(programming_language)" title="Opa (programming language)">Opa</a> </th> <td>Web applications </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Distributed </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/OpenLisp" title="OpenLisp">OpenLisp</a> </th> <td>General, Embedded Lisp Engine </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Optionally<br /> <a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">ISLISP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Oz_(programming_language)" title="Oz (programming language)">Oz-Mozart</a> </th> <td>Application, distribution, education </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Concurrent, logic </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> </th> <td>Application, education </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1983, ISO<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> </th> <td>Application, scripting, text processing, Web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> </th> <td>Server-side, web application, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">De facto standard via language specification and Requests for Comments (RFCs) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1969, ECMA-50 (1976) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plus_(programming_language)" title="Plus (programming language)">Plus</a> </th> <td>Application, system development </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> </th> <td>Graphics, page description </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Concatenative_programming_language" title="Concatenative programming language">Concatenative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stack-oriented_programming" title="Stack-oriented programming">stack-oriented</a> </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">De facto standard via the PostScript Reference Manual<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Windows_PowerShell" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows PowerShell">PowerShell</a> </th> <td>Administration, application, general, scripting </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline programming">Pipeline</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a> </th> <td>Application, artificial intelligence </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Logic, declarative </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1995, ISO/IEC 13211-1:1995, TC1 2007, TC2 2012, TC3 2017 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/PureBasic" title="PureBasic">PureBasic</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> </th> <td>Application, general, web, scripting, artificial intelligence, scientific computing </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Aspect-oriented </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">De facto standard via Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> </th> <td>Application, statistics </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Racket_(programming_language)" title="Racket (programming language)">Racket</a> </th> <td>Education, general, scripting </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">Modular</a>, logic, meta </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Raku_(programming_language)" title="Raku (programming language)">Raku</a> </th> <td>Scripting, text processing, glue </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Aspect-oriented, array, lazy evaluation, multiple dispatch, metaprogramming </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/REALbasic" class="mw-redirect" title="REALbasic">REALbasic</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rebol" title="Rebol">Rebol</a> </th> <td>Distributed </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dialecting" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialecting">Dialected</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/REXX" class="mw-redirect" title="REXX">REXX</a> </th> <td>Scripting </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes (<a href="/wiki/NetRexx" title="NetRexx">NetRexx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Object_REXX" title="Object REXX">Object REXX</a> dialects) </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1996 (ANSI X3.274-1996) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/IBM_RPG" title="IBM RPG">RPG</a> </th> <td>Application, system </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ring_(programming_language)" title="Ring (programming language)">Ring</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>metaprogramming, declarative, <a href="/wiki/Natural-language_programming" title="Natural-language programming">natural-language</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> </th> <td>Application, scripting, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Aspect-oriented </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />2011(JIS X 3017), 2012(ISO/IEC 30170) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> </th> <td>Application, server-side, system, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Concurrent </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/S_(programming_language)" title="S (programming language)">S</a> </th> <td>Application, statistics </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/S-Lang" title="S-Lang">S-Lang</a> </th> <td>Application, numerical, scripting </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a> </th> <td>Application, general, parallel, distributed, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Data-oriented programming, metaprogramming </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">De facto standard via Scala Language Specification (SLS) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a> </th> <td>Education, general </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>meta, extensible-syntax </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">De facto<br />1975-2013, R<sup>0</sup>RS, R<sup>1</sup>RS, R<sup>2</sup>RS, R<sup>3</sup>RS, R<sup>4</sup>RS, R<sup>5</sup>RS, R<sup>6</sup>RS, R<sup>7</sup>RS Small Edition<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Seed7" title="Seed7">Seed7</a> </th> <td>Application, general, scripting, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Multi-paradigm, extensible, structured </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a> </th> <td>Education, general </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Discrete_event_simulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete event simulation">discrete event simulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-threaded" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-threaded">multi-threaded</a> (quasi-parallel) program execution </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1968 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic</a> </th> <td>Application, education, games </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Component-oriented_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Component-oriented programming">Component-oriented</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> </th> <td>Application, general, business, artificial intelligence, education, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Concurrent, declarative </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1998, ANSI </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/SNOBOL" title="SNOBOL">SNOBOL</a> </th> <td>Text processing </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1997, SML '97<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a> </th> <td>Application, general </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Concurrent, declarative, <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(object-oriented_programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (object-oriented programming)">protocol-oriented</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a> </th> <td>Application, scripting, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/V_(programming_language)" title="V (programming language)">V (Vlang)</a> </th> <td>Application, general, system, game, web, server-side </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Can be viewed as </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Can be viewed as </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Concurrent </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">Visual Basic</a> </th> <td>Application, RAD, education, business, general, (Includes VBA), office automation </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Component-oriented </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic .NET</a></span> </th> <td>Application, RAD, education, web, business, general </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Structured, concurrent </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Visual_FoxPro" title="Visual FoxPro">Visual FoxPro</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Data-centric, logic </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Visual_Prolog" title="Visual Prolog">Visual Prolog</a> </th> <td>Application </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Declarative, logic </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Language" title="Wolfram Language">Wolfram Language</a> </th> <td>Symbolic language </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Logic, distributed </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/XL_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="XL (programming language)">XL</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Concept_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Concept programming">concept programming</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Xojo" title="Xojo">Xojo</a> </th> <td>Application, RAD, general, web </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a>/<a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a> </th> <td>Databases, data processing, scripting </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tree_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree (data structure)">Tree-oriented</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<br />1999 W3C XPath 1, 2010 W3C XQuery 1, 2014 W3C XPath/XQuery 3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Zeek" title="Zeek">Zeek</a> </th> <td>Domain-specific, application </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Zig_(programming_language)" title="Zig (programming language)">Zig</a> </th> <td>Application, general, system </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Concurrent </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Z_shell" title="Z shell">Zsh</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">Shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Loadable modules </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe">Optionally<br /><a href="/wiki/POSIX.2" class="mw-redirect" title="POSIX.2">POSIX.2</a><sup id="cite_ref-POSIX_1003_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POSIX_1003-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Type_systems">Type systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Type systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_by_type_system" title="Comparison of programming languages by type system">Comparison of programming languages by type system</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Failsafe_I/O_and_system_calls"><span id="Failsafe_I.2FO_and_system_calls"></span>Failsafe I/O and system calls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Failsafe I/O and system calls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most programming languages will print an <a href="/wiki/Error_message" title="Error message">error message</a> or throw an <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception</a> if an <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> operation or other <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system call</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chmod" title="Chmod">chmod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kill_(Unix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kill (Unix)">kill</a>) fails, unless the programmer has explicitly arranged for different handling of these events. Thus, these languages <a href="/wiki/Failsafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Failsafe">fail safely</a> in this regard. </p><p>Some (mostly older) languages require that programmers explicitly add checks for these kinds of errors. Psychologically, different <a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">cognitive biases</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Optimism_bias" title="Optimism bias">optimism bias</a>) may affect novices and experts alike and lead them to skip these checks. This can lead to <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">erroneous behavior</a>. </p><p><b>Failsafe I/O</b> is a feature of <a href="/wiki/1C:Enterprise_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="1C:Enterprise programming language">1C:Enterprise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a> (exceptions), <a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> (exceptions or return value depending on function), <a href="/wiki/Ballerina_(programming_language)" title="Ballerina (programming language)">Ballerina</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> ("conditions and restarts" system), <a href="/wiki/Curry_(programming_language)" title="Curry (programming language)">Curry</a>, <a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a> (throwing on failure),<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> (unless result explicitly ignored), <a href="/wiki/Gosu_(programming_language)" title="Gosu (programming language)">Gosu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbour_(programming_language)" title="Harbour (programming language)">Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">ISLISP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/LabVIEW" title="LabVIEW">LabVIEW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematica">Mathematica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> (exceptions), <a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a> (exceptions), <a href="/wiki/OpenLisp" title="OpenLisp">OpenLisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raku_(programming_language)" title="Raku (programming language)">Raku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebol" title="Rebol">Rebol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rexx" title="Rexx">Rexx</a> (with optional <b>signal on</b>... trap handling), <a href="/wiki/Ring_(programming_language)" title="Ring (programming language)">Ring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> (unless result explicitly ignored), <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift ≥ 2.0</a> (exceptions), <a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">Visual Basic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">Visual Basic .NET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_Prolog" title="Visual Prolog">Visual Prolog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Language" title="Wolfram Language">Wolfram Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xojo" title="Xojo">Xojo</a>, <a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a>/<a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a> (exceptions), and <a href="/wiki/Zeek" title="Zeek">Zeek</a>. </p><p><b>No Failsafe I/O</b>: <a href="/wiki/AutoHotkey" title="AutoHotkey">AutoHotkey</a> (global ErrorLevel must be explicitly checked), <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-VS_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VS-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a> (it actually depends on the library and it is not defined by the language), <a href="/wiki/GLBasic" title="GLBasic">GLBasic</a> (will generally cause program to crash), <a href="/wiki/IBM_RPG" title="IBM RPG">RPG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> (some functions do not warn or throw exceptions), and <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some I/O checking is built in <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> (<a href="/wiki/Input/output_(C%2B%2B)" title="Input/output (C++)">STL iostreams</a> throw on failure but C APIs like <a href="/wiki/C_file_input/output" title="C file input/output">stdio</a> or <a href="/wiki/C_POSIX_library" title="C POSIX library">POSIX</a> do not)<sup id="cite_ref-VS_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VS-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bash</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is optional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expressiveness">Expressiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expressiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Language </th> <th scope="col">Statements ratio<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">Lines ratio<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>C</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C++</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fortran</td> <td>2</td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Java</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Perl</td> <td>6</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Smalltalk</td> <td>6</td> <td>6.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Python</td> <td>6</td> <td>6.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The literature on programming languages contains an abundance of informal claims about their relative <a href="/wiki/Expressive_power_(computer_science)" title="Expressive power (computer science)">expressive power</a>, but there is no framework for formalizing such statements nor for deriving interesting consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This table provides two measures of expressiveness from two different sources. An additional measure of expressiveness, in GZip bytes, can be found on the Computer Language Benchmarks Game.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benchmarks">Benchmarks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Benchmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barplot_language_speeds_(Benchmarks_Game_Mandelbrot).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Barplot_language_speeds_%28Benchmarks_Game_Mandelbrot%29.svg/220px-Barplot_language_speeds_%28Benchmarks_Game_Mandelbrot%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Barplot_language_speeds_%28Benchmarks_Game_Mandelbrot%29.svg/330px-Barplot_language_speeds_%28Benchmarks_Game_Mandelbrot%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Barplot_language_speeds_%28Benchmarks_Game_Mandelbrot%29.svg/440px-Barplot_language_speeds_%28Benchmarks_Game_Mandelbrot%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Barplot of log-time to produce a 1600² Mandelbrot<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as reported in <i>The Benchmarks Game</i><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(computing)" title="Benchmark (computing)">Benchmarks</a> are designed to mimic a particular type of workload on a component or system. The computer programs used for compiling some of the benchmark data in this section may not have been fully optimized, and the relevance of the data is disputed. The most accurate benchmarks are those that are customized to your particular situation. Other people's benchmark data may have some value to others, but proper interpretation brings many <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(computing)#Challenges" title="Benchmark (computing)">challenges</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Computer_Language_Benchmarks_Game" title="The Computer Language Benchmarks Game">The Computer Language Benchmarks Game</a> site warns against over-generalizing from benchmark data, but contains a large number of micro-benchmarks of reader-contributed code snippets, with an interface that generates various charts and tables comparing specific programming languages and types of tests.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_specific_language_comparisons">Timeline of specific language comparisons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Timeline of specific language comparisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1974 – Comparative Notes on Algol 68 and PL/I<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – S. H. Valentine – November 1974</li> <li>1976 – Evaluation of <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>, <a href="/wiki/JOVIAL" title="JOVIAL">JOVIAL</a> J3B, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a> 67, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=TACPOL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TACPOL (page does not exist)">TACPOL</a> Versus TINMAN – Requirements for a Common High Order Programming Language.</li> <li>1977 – A comparison of PASCAL and ALGOL 68<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a> – June 1977.</li> <li>1993 – Five Little Languages and How They Grew – <a href="/wiki/BLISS" title="BLISS">BLISS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>, <a href="/wiki/BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a> & <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dennis_M._Ritchie" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis M. Ritchie">Dennis M. Ritchie</a> – April 1993.</li> <li>2009 – On Go – oh, go on – How well will Google's <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> stand up against Brand X programming language? – David Given – November 2009</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toc" style="width: {{{width}}}"> <tbody><tr> <th>To display all pages, subcategories and images click on the "►": </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":20,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":true,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a 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href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational list of programming languages</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/List_of_JVM_languages" title="List of JVM languages">List of JVM languages</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lisp-family_programming_languages" title="List of Lisp-family programming languages">List of Lisp-family programming languages</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi 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style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline of programming languages</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreePageBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Unisys_MCP_programming_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Unisys MCP programming languages">Unisys MCP programming languages</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(basic_instructions)" title="Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions)">Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(syntax)" title="Comparison of programming languages (syntax)">Comparison of programming languages (syntax)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments" title="Comparison of integrated development environments">Comparison of integrated development environments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_multi-paradigm_programming_languages" title="Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages">Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIOBE_index" title="TIOBE index">TIOBE index</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As of May 2006 Diarmuid Pigott's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/">Encyclopedia of Computer Languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110220044217/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/">Archived</a> 2011-02-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> hosted at <a href="/wiki/Murdoch_University" title="Murdoch University">Murdoch University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> lists 8512 computer languages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-TTL.html">Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-3-9.html">3.9 Tagged Types and Type Extensions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-TTL.html">Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-6.html">Section 6: Subprograms</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-TTL.html">Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-12.html">Section 12: Generic Units</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-TTL.html">Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-9.html">Section 9: Tasks and Synchronization</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-TTL.html">Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaic.org/standards/05rm/html/RM-E.html">Annex E: Distributed Systems</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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Classes and Objects (PHP 5)</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://php.net/manual/en/index.php">PHP Manual</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://php.net/manual/en/language.functions.php">Chapter 17. Functions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218093716/https://www.adobe.com/products/postscript/pdfs/PLRM.pdf">"PostScript Language Reference Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adobe.com/products/postscript/pdfs/PLRM.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PostScript+Language+Reference+Manual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adobe.com%2Fproducts%2Fpostscript%2Fpdfs%2FPLRM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparison+of+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html">Is Rust an Object-Oriented Programming Language?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlabnikNichols" class="citation book cs1">Klabnik, Steve; Nichols, Carol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html">"Macros"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/title-page.html"><i>The Rust Programming Language</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macros&rft.btitle=The+Rust+Programming+Language&rft.aulast=Klabnik&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Nichols%2C+Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Fbook%2Fch19-06-macros.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparison+of+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.scheme.org/">R<sup>3</sup>RS, R<sup>4</sup>RS, R<sup>5</sup>RS, R<sup>6</sup>RS, R<sup>7</sup>RS Small Edition</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.scheme.org/early/">R<sup>0</sup>RS, R<sup>1</sup>RS, R<sup>2</sup>RS</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smlnj.org/sml97.html">SMLNJ.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlang.org/phobos/std_stdio.html">"STD.stdio - D Programming Language"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STD.stdio+-+D+Programming+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdlang.org%2Fphobos%2Fstd_stdio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparison+of+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scala runs on the Java Virtual Machine from which it inherits the runtime exception handling.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VS-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VS_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VS_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/GNU_compiler_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU compiler collection">gcc</a> can warn on unchecked <a href="/wiki/Errno.h" title="Errno.h">errno</a>. Newer versions of <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> usually throw exceptions on failed I/O when using <a href="/wiki/C_file_input/output" title="C file input/output">stdio</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Considerable error checking can be enabled optionally, but by default Perl is not failsafe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><code>set -e</code> enables termination if any unchecked <a href="/wiki/Exit_status" title="Exit status">exit status</a> is nonzero.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell2009" class="citation book cs1">McConnell, Steve (30 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3JfE7TGUwvgC&pg=PT100"><i>Code Complete</i></a>. Microsoft Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780735636972" title="Special:BookSources/9780735636972"><bdi>9780735636972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code+Complete&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=2009-11-30&rft.isbn=9780735636972&rft.aulast=McConnell&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3JfE7TGUwvgC%26pg%3DPT100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparison+of+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span> The <i>Statements ratio</i> column "shows typical ratios of source statements in several high-level languages to the equivalent code in C. A higher ratio means that each line of code in the language listed accomplishes more than does each line of code in C.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ratio of line count tests won by each language to the number won by C when using the <i>Compare to</i> feature at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLoone2012" class="citation web cs1">McLoone, Jon (November 14, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119043607/https://blog.wolfram.com/2012/11/14/code-length-measured-in-14-languages/">"Code Length Measured in 14 Languages"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.wolfram.com/2012/11/14/code-length-measured-in-14-languages/">the original</a> on 2012-11-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+Length+Measured+in+14+Languages&rft.date=2012-11-14&rft.aulast=McLoone&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.wolfram.com%2F2012%2F11%2F14%2Fcode-length-measured-in-14-languages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparison+of+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span> C gcc was used for C, C++ g++ was used for C++, FORTRAN G95 was used for FORTRAN, Java JDK Server was used for Java, and Smalltalk GST was used for Smalltalk.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelleisen" class="citation conference cs1">Felleisen, Matthias. <i>On the Expressive Power of Programming Languages</i>. ESOP '90 3rd European Symposium on Programming. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.51.4656">10.1.1.51.4656</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=On+the+Expressive+Power+of+Programming+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.51.4656%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Felleisen&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparison+of+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benchmarksgame-team.pages.debian.net/benchmarksgame/how-programs-are-measured.html#source-code">"How programs are measured"</a>. <i>Computer Language Benchmarks Game</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+Language+Benchmarks+Game&rft.atitle=How+programs+are+measured&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenchmarksgame-team.pages.debian.net%2Fbenchmarksgame%2Fhow-programs-are-measured.html%23source-code&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparison+of+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandelbrot1982" class="citation book cs1">Mandelbrot, Benoit B. (1982). <i>The fractal geometry of nature</i> (Revised ed.). San Francisco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-1186-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-1186-9"><bdi>0-7167-1186-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7876824">7876824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fractal+geometry+of+nature&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=Revised&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7876824&rft.isbn=0-7167-1186-9&rft.aulast=Mandelbrot&rft.aufirst=Benoit+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparison+of+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benchmarksgame-team.pages.debian.net/benchmarksgame/performance/mandelbrot.html">"Mandelbrot"</a>. <i>Computer Language Benchmarks Game</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+Language+Benchmarks+Game&rft.atitle=Mandelbrot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenchmarksgame-team.pages.debian.net%2Fbenchmarksgame%2Fperformance%2Fmandelbrot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparison+of+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benchmarksgame-team.pages.debian.net/benchmarksgame/dont-jump-to-conclusions.html">"The Ultimate Benchmark"</a>. <i>The Computer Language Benchmarks Game</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Computer+Language+Benchmarks+Game&rft.atitle=The+Ultimate+Benchmark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenchmarksgame-team.pages.debian.net%2Fbenchmarksgame%2Fdont-jump-to-conclusions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparison+of+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine1974" class="citation journal cs1">Valentine, S. H. (November 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcomjnl%2F17.4.325">"Comparative Notes on Algol 68 and PL/I"</a>. <i>The Computer Journal</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 325–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcomjnl%2F17.4.325">10.1093/comjnl/17.4.325</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Computer+Journal&rft.atitle=Comparative+Notes+on+Algol+68+and+PL%2FI&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=325-331&rft.date=1974-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcomjnl%2F17.4.325&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=S.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fcomjnl%252F17.4.325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparison+of+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/2609/1/11054.pdf">"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vrije+Universiteit+Amsterdam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdare.ubvu.vu.nl%2Fbitstream%2F1871%2F2609%2F1%2F11054.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparison+of+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCezzar1995" class="citation book cs1">Cezzar, Ruknet (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/authenticationsy0000oppl"><i>A Guide to Programming Languages: Overview and Comparison</i></a></span>. Artech House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89006-812-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89006-812-0"><bdi>978-0-89006-812-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Programming+Languages%3A+Overview+and+Comparison&rft.pub=Artech+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-89006-812-0&rft.aulast=Cezzar&rft.aufirst=Ruknet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fauthenticationsy0000oppl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComparison+of+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li> 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(programming language)">Pascal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b>Lists:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></li></ul> 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