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Disponibil în 57 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%9E%E1%88%BD_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ድግግሞሽ መከርከም – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ድግግሞሽ መከርከም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AF" title="تضمين التردد – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تضمين التردد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Частотная мадуляцыя – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Частотная мадуляцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Честотна модулация – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Честотна модулация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="ফ্রিকোয়েন্সি মডুলেশন – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রিকোয়েন্সি মডুলেশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekvencijska_modulacija" title="Frekvencijska modulacija – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Frekvencijska modulacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freq%C3%BC%C3%A8ncia_modulada" title="Freqüència modulada – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Freqüència modulada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekven%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_modulace" title="Frekvenční modulace – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frekvenční modulace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekvensmodulation" title="Frekvensmodulation – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frekvensmodulation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequenzmodulation" title="Frequenzmodulation – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frequenzmodulation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%86%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%85%CF%87%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Διαμόρφωση συχνότητας – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαμόρφωση συχνότητας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Frequency modulation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekvencmodulado" title="Frekvencmodulado – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frekvencmodulado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frecuencia_modulada" title="Frecuencia modulada – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frecuencia modulada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagedusmodulatsioon" title="Sagedusmodulatsioon – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sagedusmodulatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekuentzia_Modulatua" title="Frekuentzia Modulatua – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frekuentzia Modulatua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF" title="مدوله‌سازی بسامد – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدوله‌سازی بسامد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taajuusmodulaatio" title="Taajuusmodulaatio – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taajuusmodulaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_de_fr%C3%A9quence" title="Modulation de fréquence – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modulation de fréquence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modhn%C3%BA_minic%C3%ADochta" title="Modhnú minicíochta – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Modhnú minicíochta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%AA%D7%93%D7%A8" title="אפנון תדר – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפנון תדר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="आवृत्ति मॉड्यूलेशन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आवृत्ति मॉड्यूलेशन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekvencijska_modulacija" title="Frekvencijska modulacija – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Frekvencijska modulacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B6gmodul%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Szögmoduláció – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szögmoduláció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasi_frekuensi" title="Modulasi frekuensi – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Modulasi frekuensi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulazione_di_frequenza" title="Modulazione di frequenza – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modulazione di frequenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%B3%A2%E6%95%B0%E5%A4%89%E8%AA%BF" title="周波数変調 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="周波数変調" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სიხშირული მოდულაცია – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიხშირული მოდულაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%ED%8C%8C%EC%88%98_%EB%B3%80%EC%A1%B0" title="주파수 변조 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주파수 변조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%BEnio_moduliacija" title="Dažnio moduliacija – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dažnio moduliacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekvences_modul%C4%81cija" title="Frekvences modulācija – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frekvences modulācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Честотна модулација – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Честотна модулација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="ഫ്രീക്വൻസി മോഡുലേഷൻ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രീക്വൻസി മോഡുലേഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86" title="Давтамжийн модуляц – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Давтамжийн модуляц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasi_frekuensi" title="Modulasi frekuensi – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Modulasi frekuensi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequentiemodulatie" title="Frequentiemodulatie – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frequentiemodulatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekvensmodulasjon" title="Frekvensmodulasjon – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frekvensmodulasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekvensmodulasjon" title="Frekvensmodulasjon – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frekvensmodulasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulacja_cz%C4%99stotliwo%C5%9Bci" title="Modulacja częstotliwości – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Modulacja częstotliwości" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_frequ%C3%AAncia" title="Modulação em frequência – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modulação em frequência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Частотная модуляция – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Частотная модуляция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekvencijska_modulacija" title="Frekvencijska modulacija – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Frekvencijska modulacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9B%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="සංඛ්‍යාත මූර්ජනය – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංඛ්‍යාත මූර්ජනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Frequency modulation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekven%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_modul%C3%A1cia" title="Frekvenčná modulácia – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Frekvenčná modulácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekven%C4%8Dna_modulacija" title="Frekvenčna modulacija – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Frekvenčna modulacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Фреквенцијска модулација – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фреквенцијска модулација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasi_fr%C3%A9ku%C3%A9nsi" title="Modulasi frékuénsi – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Modulasi frékuénsi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekvensmodulering" title="Frekvensmodulering – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frekvensmodulering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அதிர்வெண் பண்பேற்றம் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அதிர்வெண் பண்பேற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" title="การกล้ำความถี่ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การกล้ำความถี่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekans_mod%C3%BClasyonu" title="Frekans modülasyonu – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frekans modülasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Частотна модуляція – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Частотна модуляція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایف ایم – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایف ایم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%81u_ch%E1%BA%BF_t%E1%BA%A7n_s%E1%BB%91" title="Điều chế tần số – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điều chế tần số" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%91%E7%8E%87%E8%B0%83%E5%88%B6" title="频率调制 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="频率调制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%91%E7%8E%87%E8%B0%83%E5%88%B6" title="频率调制 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="频率调制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q181417#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:MF_Frequency_modulation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MF_Frequency_modulation.png/250px-MF_Frequency_modulation.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MF_Frequency_modulation.png/375px-MF_Frequency_modulation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MF_Frequency_modulation.png/500px-MF_Frequency_modulation.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Modulația în frecvență (<i>MF</i>). Cu negru este frecvența purtătoare, cu albastru semnalul modulator și cu roșu semnalul obținut prin modularea în frecvență.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Modulație în frecvență</b> (<b>MF</b>) este un sistem de transmisie <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> în care unda purtătoare este modulată astfel încât frecvența sa variază în funcție de semnalul audio transmis. În modulația în frecvență (MF), spre deosebire de <a href="/wiki/Modula%C8%9Bie_de_amplitudine" title="Modulație de amplitudine">modulația de amplitudine</a> (MA), amplitudinea undei purtătoare este menținută constantă, dar frecvența ei este modificată în conformitate cu variațiile semnalului audio transmis. Primul sistem viabil de comunicare radio prin modulația în frecvență a fost descris de inventatorul american Edwin Howard Armstrong în 1936. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modulația în frecvență (MF) are mai multe avantaje față de <a href="/wiki/Modula%C8%9Bie_de_amplitudine" title="Modulație de amplitudine">modulația de amplitudine</a> (MA), utilizată ca formă alternativă de radiodifuziune. </p> <ul><li>Cel mai important dintre aceste avantaje este că un sistem MF are o mai mare protecție față de perturbațiile electromagnetice și electricitatea statică. Diverse perturbații electrice, ca de exemplu cele cauzate de furtunile cu trăsnete, motoarele de curent continuu sau de <a href="/wiki/Curent_alternativ" title="Curent alternativ">curent alternativ</a> prevăzute cu perii colectoare și sistemele de aprindere auto, pot creea perturbații, care sunt recepționate sub forma unor zgomote (radioparaziți), de către radioreceptoare. Comparativ cu receptoarele prevăzute cu un sistem de <a href="/wiki/Modula%C8%9Bie_de_amplitudine" title="Modulație de amplitudine">modulație de amplitudine</a> (MA), un receptor care este dotat cu un sistem de demodulare în frecvență (MF), nu este așa de sensibil la astfel de perturbații, mai ales atunci când recepționează un semnal MF suficient de puternic.</li> <li>De asemenea, <a href="/wiki/Raport_semnal/zgomot" title="Raport semnal/zgomot">raportul semnal/zgomot</a> într-un sistem MF este mult mai mare decât cel al unui sistem <a href="/wiki/Modula%C8%9Bie_de_amplitudine" title="Modulație de amplitudine">MA</a>.</li> <li>Posturilor de radio MF comerciale le sunt alocate conform normei CCIR o serie de frecvențe cuprinse între 88 și 108 MHz. Numărul de frecvențe libere pentru transmisie în aceste benzi de frecvențe este limitat datorită faptului că unui canal i se alocă o banda de 200KHz, cu o deviație maximă totală de 150KHz (±75KHz), astfel încât stațiile care funcționează cu aceeași frecvență trebuie sa fie amplasate la câteva sute de kilometri una față de alta, pentru a evita apriția de interferențe reciproce.</li> <li>Din cauza faptului că propagarea semnalelor în benzile de unde lungi, medii și scurte, se face pe o distanță mai mare, deci aglomerarea cu stații de emisie a dus la apariția frecventă de interferențe, mai ales seara, când distanța de propagare în aceste benzi crește, iar calitatea transmisiei la <a href="/wiki/Modula%C8%9Bie_de_amplitudine" title="Modulație de amplitudine">MA</a> este mai redusă comparativ cu transmisiile MF, tendințe este de scăderea a transmisiilor de tip MA, în defavoarea transmisiilor de tip MF.<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Amfm3-en-de.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Amfm3-en-de.gif/250px-Amfm3-en-de.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Amfm3-en-de.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Un radiosemnal poate fi purtat de undele de radio <a href="/wiki/Modula%C8%9Bie_de_amplitudine" title="Modulație de amplitudine">modulat în amplitudine</a> (<i>MA</i>) sau în frecvență (<i>MF</i>).</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Stațiile MF au alocate o bandă de fecvențe mai mare decât cele <a href="/wiki/Modula%C8%9Bie_de_amplitudine" title="Modulație de amplitudine">MA</a>, și permit transmiterea sunetelor stereo, a semnalelor audio pentru programele de televiziune și a apelurilor telefonice interurbane de lungă distanță prin radiorelee. Stațiile de radiodifuziune MF pot fi utilizate pentru a transmite o muzică care reproduce performanțele originale cu un mare grad de fidelitate, care nu poate fi atins pe benzile MA. Radiodifuziunea stereofonică MF a captivat un număr mai mare de ascultători a muzicii populare și clasice, astfel încât posturile de radio MF comerciale au atras o audiență mai mare decât posturile <a href="/wiki/Modula%C8%9Bie_de_amplitudine" title="Modulație de amplitudine">MA</a>.</li></ul> <p>Aceste caracteristici, împreună cu costul relativ scăzut al echipamentelor pentru stațiile de radiodifuziune MF, au dus la o creștere rapidă a lor în anii de după <a href="/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial">al doilea război mondial</a>. În decurs de trei ani de la sfârșitul războiului, 600 de posturi de radio MF licențiate difuzau în Statele Unite și până la sfârșitul anilor 80 existau peste 4000. Tendințe similare au avut loc în <a href="/wiki/Marea_Britanie" title="Marea Britanie">Marea Britanie</a> și în alte țări. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modula%C8%9Bie_%C3%AEn_frecven%C8%9B%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modula%C8%9Bie_%C3%AEn_frecven%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia Britannica. 2003</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modula%C8%9Bie_%C3%AEn_frecven%C8%9B%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modula%C8%9Bie_%C3%AEn_frecven%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modula%C8%9Bie_de_amplitudine" title="Modulație de amplitudine">Modulație de amplitudine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unde_medii" class="mw-redirect" title="Unde medii">Unde medii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Und%C4%83_lung%C4%83" title="Undă lungă">Undă lungă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Und%C4%83_scurt%C4%83" title="Undă scurtă">Undă scurtă</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modulație_în_frecvență&oldid=16770100">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modulație_în_frecvență&oldid=16770100</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categorii" title="Special:Categorii">Categorii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Transmitere_de_date" title="Categorie:Transmitere de date">Transmitere de date</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Tehnologie_radio" title="Categorie:Tehnologie radio">Tehnologie radio</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 20 ianuarie 2025, ora 15:24.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Acest text este disponibil sub licența <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro">Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice</a>; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. 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