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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_and_early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Birth and early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Legends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yeshiva_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yeshiva_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Yeshiva studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yeshiva_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Death and burial site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commentary_on_the_Tanakh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary_on_the_Tanakh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Commentary on the Tanakh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary_on_the_Tanakh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentary_on_the_Talmud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary_on_the_Talmud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Commentary on the Talmud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary_on_the_Talmud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Responsa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Assessment and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Assessment and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commentary_on_the_Tanakh_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary_on_the_Tanakh_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Commentary on the Tanakh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary_on_the_Tanakh_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentary_on_the_Talmud_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary_on_the_Talmud_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Commentary on the Talmud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary_on_the_Talmud_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_in_non-Jewish_circles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_in_non-Jewish_circles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Influence in non-Jewish circles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_in_non-Jewish_circles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Rashi_script"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Rashi_script""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>"Rashi script"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Rashi_script"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rashi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raschi" title="Raschi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Raschi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="راشي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راشي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rashi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raix%C3%AD" title="Raixí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Raixí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1i" title="Raši – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Raši" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rashi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raschi" title="Raschi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Raschi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rashi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon_ben_Isaak" title="Salomon ben Isaak – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Salomon ben Isaak" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rashi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="راشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachi" title="Rachi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rachi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rashi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%8B%9C_(%EB%9E%8D%EB%B9%84)" title="라시 (랍비) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라시 (랍비)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rashi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rashi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rashi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A9%22%D7%99" title="רש"י – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רש"י" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Rashi" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomo_Isaacides_Iarchi" title="Salomo Isaacides Iarchi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Salomo Isaacides Iarchi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1i" title="Raši – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Raši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1i" title="Raši – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raši" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1si" title="Rási – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rási" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF" title="റാശി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റാശി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%89_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="راشى (حاخام) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="راشى (حاخام)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasji" title="Rasji – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rasji" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7_(%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)" title="ラシ (学者) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラシ (学者)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rashi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rashi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlomo_ben_Icchak" title="Szlomo ben Icchak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szlomo ben Icchak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rashi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rashi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Раши – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Раши" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1i_(rab%C3%ADn)" title="Raši (rabín) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Raši (rabín)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Раши – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Раши" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1i" title="Raši – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Raši" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1i" title="Raši – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raši" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rashi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rashi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%96" title="Раші – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Раші" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_(%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B1)" title="راشی (یہودی مفسر) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="راشی (یہودی مفسر)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rashi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rashi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A9%22%D7%99" title="רש"י – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רש"י" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%A3%E4%BB%80" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French rabbi and commentator (1040–1105)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shlomo Yitzhaki" redirects here. For the economist, see <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Yitzhaki_(economist)" title="Shlomo Yitzhaki (economist)">Shlomo Yitzhaki (economist)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rashi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rashi (disambiguation)">Rashi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Rashi<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רש"י</span>‎</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Postcard_portrait_of_Rashi_by_Meir_Kunstadt,_early_1900s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Postcard_portrait_of_Rashi_by_Meir_Kunstadt%2C_early_1900s.jpg/250px-Postcard_portrait_of_Rashi_by_Meir_Kunstadt%2C_early_1900s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Postcard_portrait_of_Rashi_by_Meir_Kunstadt%2C_early_1900s.jpg/330px-Postcard_portrait_of_Rashi_by_Meir_Kunstadt%2C_early_1900s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Postcard_portrait_of_Rashi_by_Meir_Kunstadt%2C_early_1900s.jpg/500px-Postcard_portrait_of_Rashi_by_Meir_Kunstadt%2C_early_1900s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1254" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of Rashi by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meir_Kunstadt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meir Kunstadt (page does not exist)">Meir Kunstadt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Kunstadt" class="extiw" title="nl:Meir Kunstadt">nl</a>]</span>, c. 1900s</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1040</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Champagne" title="County of Champagne">County of Champagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 July 1105<span style="display:none">(1105-07-13)</span> (aged 64–65)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Champagne" title="County of Champagne">County of Champagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Rabbi; Winemaker (according to tradition)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Writing commentaries, grammarian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rashi%27s_daughters" title="Rashi's daughters">3 daughters</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Shlomo Yitzchaki</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">רבי שלמה יצחקי</span>‎; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Salomon Isaacides</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Salomon ben Isaac <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> de Troyes</i>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1040</span> – 13 July 1105) was a French <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> who authored comprehensive commentaries on the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. He is commonly known by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbis_known_by_acronyms" title="List of rabbis known by acronyms">Rabbinic acronym</a> <b>Rashi</b> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רש"י</span></span>). </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a>, Rashi studied <a href="/wiki/Torah_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Torah studies">Torah studies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> under German rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_ben_Yakar" title="Yaakov ben Yakar">Yaakov ben Yakar</a> and French rabbi <a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Eliezer_Halevi" title="Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi">Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi</a>, both of whom were pupils of the famed scholar <a href="/wiki/Gershom_ben_Judah" title="Gershom ben Judah">Gershom ben Judah</a>. After returning to Troyes, Rashi joined the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">beth din</a></i></span>, began answering <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhic</a> questions and later served as the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">beth din</i></span>'s head after the death of Zerach ben Abraham. </p><p>Rashi is generally considered a leading biblical exegete in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Acclaimed for his ability to present the basic meaning of the text in a concise and lucid fashion, Rashi's commentaries appeal to both learned scholars and beginning students, and his works remain a centerpiece of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a>. A large fraction of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a> published since the Middle Ages discusses Rashi, either using his view as supporting evidence or debating against it. His commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, which covers nearly all of the Babylonian Talmud, has been included in every edition of the Talmud since its first printing by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bomberg" title="Daniel Bomberg">Daniel Bomberg</a> in the 1520s. His commentaries on the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>—especially his commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Chumash</a> (the "Five Books of Moses")—serves as the basis of more than 300 "supercommentaries" which analyze Rashi's choice of language and citations, penned by some of the greatest names in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rashi's surname, Yitzhaki, derives from his father's name, Yitzhak. The acronym "Rashi" stands for <b>Ra</b>bbi <b>Sh</b>lomo <b>Y</b>itzhaki, but is sometimes fancifully expanded as <b>Ra</b>bban <b>Sh</b>el <b>Y</b>Israel which means the "Rabbi of Israel", or as <b>Ra</b>bbenu <b>SheY</b>ichyeh (Our Rabbi, may he live). He may be cited in Hebrew and Aramaic texts as (1) "Shlomo son of Rabbi Yitzhak", (2) "Shlomo son of Yitzhak", (3) "Shlomo Yitzhaki", and myriad similar highly respectful derivatives.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In older literature, Rashi is sometimes referred to as <i>Jarchi</i> or <i>Yarhi</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ירחי</span>‎), his abbreviated name being interpreted as <b>R</b>abbi <b>Sh</b>lomo <b>Y</b>arhi. This was understood to refer to the Hebrew name of <a href="/wiki/Lunel,_H%C3%A9rault" title="Lunel, Hérault">Lunel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, popularly derived from the <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">occitan</a> <i>luna</i> "moon", in Hebrew <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ירח</span>‎,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Rashi was assumed to have lived at some time<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to have been born, or where his ancestors were supposed to have originated.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Christian writers <a href="/wiki/Richard_Simon_(priest)" title="Richard Simon (priest)">Richard Simon</a><sup id="cite_ref-google_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Wolf" title="Johann Christoph Wolf">Johann Christoph Wolf</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claimed that only Christian scholars referred to Rashi as Jarchi, and that this epithet was unknown to the Jews. <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_Rossi" title="Bernardo de Rossi">Bernardo de Rossi</a>, however, demonstrated that Hebrew scholars also referred to Rashi as Yarhi.<sup id="cite_ref-google2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1839, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Zunz" title="Leopold Zunz">Leopold Zunz</a><sup id="cite_ref-google3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that the Hebrew usage of Jarchi was an erroneous propagation of the error by Christian writers, instead he interpreted the abbreviation as: <b>R</b>abbi <b>Sh</b>lomo <b>Y</b>itzhaki. The evolution of this term has been thoroughly traced.<sup id="cite_ref-Gruber2007_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruber2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kitto1876_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitto1876-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_early_life">Birth and early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Birth and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rashi was an only child born at <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Champagne" title="County of Champagne">Champagne</a>, in northern France. His mother's brother was <a href="/wiki/Simeon_bar_Isaac" title="Simeon bar Isaac">Simeon bar Isaac</a>, rabbi of <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simon was a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Gershom_ben_Judah" title="Gershom ben Judah">Gershom ben Judah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who died that same year. On his father's side, Rashi has been claimed to be a 33rd-generation descendant of <a href="/wiki/Johanan_HaSandlar" title="Johanan HaSandlar">Johanan HaSandlar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-heilprin_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heilprin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was a fourth-generation descendant of <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a>, who was reputedly descended from the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-heilprin_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heilprin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his voluminous writings, Rashi himself made no such claim at all. The main early rabbinical source about his ancestry, Responsum No. 29 by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Luria" title="Solomon Luria">Solomon Luria</a>, makes no such claim either.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends">Legends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His fame later made him the subject of many legends. One tradition contends that his parents were childless for many years. Rashi's father, Yitzhak, a poor <a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">winemaker</a>, once found a precious jewel and was approached by non-Jews who wished to buy it to adorn their idol. Yitzhak agreed to travel with them to their land, but en route, he cast the gem into the sea. Afterwards he was visited by either the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_God" title="Voice of God">Voice of God</a> or the prophet <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>, who told him that he would be rewarded with the birth of a noble son "who would illuminate the world with his Torah knowledge."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another legend also states that Rashi's parents moved to <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms, Germany</a> while Rashi's mother was pregnant. As she walked down one of the narrow streets in the Jewish quarter, she was imperiled by two oncoming carriages. She turned and pressed herself against a wall, which opened to receive her. This miraculous niche is still visible in the wall of the <a href="/wiki/Worms_Synagogue" title="Worms Synagogue">Worms Synagogue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional legends, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> literature, postulate that Rashi's tremendous works and accomplishments were inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>, the <i>Shekhinah,</i> as no mere human could produce such immense works. One text goes so far as to claim that Rashi was beyond human; the author proposes that he never died a natural death, but rather ascended to Heaven alive like the immortal prophet <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yeshiva_studies">Yeshiva studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Yeshiva studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V10p325001_Rashi_Synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/V10p325001_Rashi_Synagogue.jpg/250px-V10p325001_Rashi_Synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/V10p325001_Rashi_Synagogue.jpg/260px-V10p325001_Rashi_Synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rashi_Shul" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashi Shul">Rashi Synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to tradition, Rashi was first brought to learn Torah by his father on <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> day at the age of five. His father was his main Torah teacher until his death when Rashi was still a youth. At the age of 17 he married and soon after went to learn in the <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_ben_Yakar" title="Yaakov ben Yakar">Yaakov ben Yakar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>, returning to his wife three times yearly, for the <a href="/wiki/Days_of_Awe" class="mw-redirect" title="Days of Awe">Days of Awe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>. When Yaakov died in 1064, Rashi continued learning in Worms for another year in the yeshiva of his relative, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Eliezer_Halevi" title="Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi">Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi</a>, who was also chief rabbi of Worms. Then he moved to <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, where he studied under another of his relatives, Isaac ben Judah, the rabbinic head of Mainz and one of the leading sages of the <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine (province)">Lorraine</a> region straddling France and Germany. </p><p>Rashi's teachers were students of <a href="/wiki/Rabbeinu_Gershom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbeinu Gershom">Rabbeinu Gershom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Hagadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliezer Hagadol">Eliezer Hagadol</a>, leading Talmudists of the previous generation. From his teachers, Rashi imbibed the oral traditions pertaining to the Talmud as they had been passed down for centuries, as well as an understanding of the Talmud's logic and forms of argument. Rashi took concise, copious notes from what he learned in yeshiva, incorporating this material in his commentaries. He was also greatly influenced by the exegetical principles of <a href="/wiki/Menahem_Kara" class="mw-redirect" title="Menahem Kara">Menahem Kara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He returned to Troyes at the age of 25, after which time his mother died, and he was asked to join the Troyes <i><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Beth din</a></i> (rabbinical court). He also began answering <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhic</a> questions. Upon the death of the head of the <i>Bet din</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zerach_ben_Abraham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zerach ben Abraham (page does not exist)">Zerach ben Abraham</a>, Rashi assumed the court's leadership and answered hundreds of halakhic queries. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anbau_des_vormaligen_Frauenbethauses_der_Synagoge_Worms_(a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Anbau_des_vormaligen_Frauenbethauses_der_Synagoge_Worms_%28a%29.jpg/250px-Anbau_des_vormaligen_Frauenbethauses_der_Synagoge_Worms_%28a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Anbau_des_vormaligen_Frauenbethauses_der_Synagoge_Worms_%28a%29.jpg/330px-Anbau_des_vormaligen_Frauenbethauses_der_Synagoge_Worms_%28a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Anbau_des_vormaligen_Frauenbethauses_der_Synagoge_Worms_%28a%29.jpg/500px-Anbau_des_vormaligen_Frauenbethauses_der_Synagoge_Worms_%28a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5392" data-file-height="3796" /></a><figcaption>Exterior of Rashi's Synagogue, Worms, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>At some time around 1070 he founded a yeshiva, which attracted many disciples. Jewish oral tradition contends that he was a vintner.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence for this, although Rashi shows an extensive knowledge of winemaking utensils and process.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One responsum from his school refers to a barrel of wine marked with Rashi's import seal.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soil around Troyes is not suited to growing grapes, but some vineyards are known to have existed anyway, due to the great local demand for wine.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there are many legends about his travels, Rashi likely never went further than from the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>; his furthest destinations were the yeshivas of Lorraine. </p><p>In 1096, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Crusade" title="People's Crusade">People's Crusade</a> swept through the Lorraine, murdering 12,000 Jews and uprooting whole communities. Among those murdered in Worms were the three sons of Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi, Rashi's teacher. Rashi wrote several <i><a href="/wiki/Selichot" title="Selichot">Selichot</a></i> (penitential poems) mourning the slaughter and the destruction of the region's great yeshivot. Seven of Rashi's <i>Selichot</i> still exist,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <i>Adonai Elohei Hatz'vaot</i>, which is recited on the eve of <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>, and <i>Az Terem Nimtehu</i>, which is recited on the <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Gedalia" title="Fast of Gedalia">Fast of Gedalia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_burial_site">Death and burial site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death and burial site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rashi died on July 13, 1105 (<a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)">Tammuz</a> 29, 4865) at the age of 65.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried in Troyes. The approximate location of the cemetery in which he was buried was recorded in <i><a href="/wiki/Seder_ha-Dorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder ha-Dorot">Seder ha-Dorot</a></i>, but over time the location of the cemetery was forgotten. A number of years ago, a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a> professor discovered an ancient map depicting the site of the cemetery, which lay under an open square in the city of Troyes. After this discovery, French Jews erected a large monument in the center of the square—a large, black and white globe featuring the three Hebrew letters of רשי artfully arranged counterclockwise in negative space, evoking the style of Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Micrography" title="Micrography">microcalligraphy</a>. The granite base of the monument is engraved: <i>Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki — Commentator and Guide</i>. </p><p>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Yisroel_Meir_Gabbai" title="Yisroel Meir Gabbai">Yisroel Meir Gabbai</a> erected an additional plaque at this site marking the square as a burial ground. The plaque reads: "<i>The place you are standing on is the cemetery of the town of Troyes. Many <a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a> are buried here, among them Rabbi Shlomo, known as Rashi the holy, may his merit protect us</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants">Descendants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rashi%27s_daughters" title="Rashi's daughters">Rashi's daughters</a></div> <p>Rashi had no sons. All of his <a href="/wiki/Rashi%27s_daughters" title="Rashi's daughters">three children</a> were girls, named Yocheved, Miriam and Rachel. He invested himself in their education; his writings and the legends which surround him suggest that his daughters were well-versed in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (at a time when women were not expected to study) and would help him when he was too weak to write. His daughters married his disciples; most present-day <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> rabbinical dynasties can trace their lineage back to his daughters Miriam or Yocheved.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A late-20th century legend claims that Rashi's daughters wore <a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">tefillin</a>. While a few women in medieval Ashkenaz did wear tefillin, there is no evidence that Rashi's daughters did.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Rashi's oldest daughter, Yocheved, married <a href="/wiki/Meir_ben_Samuel" title="Meir ben Samuel">Meir ben Samuel</a>; their four sons were Shmuel (<a href="/wiki/Rashbam" title="Rashbam">Rashbam</a>; born 1080), Yitzchak (<a href="/wiki/Rivam" title="Rivam">Rivam</a>; born 1090), Jacob (<a href="/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam" title="Rabbeinu Tam">Rabbeinu Tam</a>; born 1100), and Shlomo the Grammarian, all of whom were among the most prolific <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tosafists" title="List of Tosafists">Tosafists</a>. Yocheved's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Hannah_bat_Meir" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannah bat Meir">Channah</a>, is reputed to have instructed the local women to recite the blessing after <a href="/wiki/Shabbat_candles" title="Shabbat candles">candle lighting</a> (instead of before).</li> <li>Rashi's middle daughter, Miriam, married <a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Nathan" title="Judah ben Nathan">Judah ben Nathan</a>, who completed the commentary on the Talmud <a href="/wiki/Makkot" title="Makkot">Makkot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their daughter Alvina was a learned woman whose customs served as the basis for later halakhic decisions. Their son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yom_Tov_ben_Judah_of_Falaise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yom Tov ben Judah of Falaise (page does not exist)">Yom Tov</a> later moved to Paris and headed a yeshiva there, together with his brothers Shimshon and Eliezer.</li> <li>Rashi's youngest daughter, Rachel, married (and divorced) Eliezer ben Shemiah. Little else is known about her.</li></ul> <p>It is reputed that the famous Polish Talmudist <a href="/wiki/Moses_Isserles" title="Moses Isserles">Moses Isserles</a> (1530–1572) was a descendant of Rashi.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Hatzarfati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Hatzarfati (page does not exist)">Isaac Hatzarfati</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" 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style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_(relative_of_Rashi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel (relative of Rashi) (page does not exist)">Samuel</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" 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colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" 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style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Meir_ben_Samuel" title="Meir ben Samuel">Meir</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rashi%27s_daughters#Yocheved_and_family" title="Rashi's daughters">Jochebed</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rashi%27s_daughters#Rachel_and_another_daughter" title="Rashi's daughters">Rachel</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Eliezer</td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Rashi%27s_daughters#Miriam_and_family" title="Rashi's daughters">Miriam</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Nathan" title="Judah ben Nathan">Judah ben Nathan</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td 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style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Meir" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel ben Meir">Samuel ben Meir</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Meir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob ben Meir">Rabbeinu Tam</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Miriam</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samson_ben_Yosef_of_Falaise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samson ben Yosef of Falaise (page does not exist)">Samson ben Yosef</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Meir" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac ben Meir">Rivam</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ben_Meir" title="Solomon ben Meir">Solomon ben Meir</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Miriam</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_of_Vitry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel of Vitry (page does not exist)">Samuel of Vitry</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_of_Falaise" title="Yom Tov of Falaise">Yom Tov</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Eliezer?</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Isaac</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Joseph</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Solomon</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_of_Sens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham of Sens (page does not exist)">Abraham of Sens</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Yom_Tov" title="Judah ben Yom Tov">Judah ben Yom Tov</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Joseph</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Samuel" title="Isaac ben Samuel">Isaac ben Samuel</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Abraham_of_Dampierre" title="Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre">Isaac of Dampierre</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Samson_ben_Abraham_of_Sens" title="Samson ben Abraham of Sens">Samson ben Abraham</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Isaac</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Elhanan_ben_Isaac_of_Dampierre" title="Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre">Rabbeinu Elhanan</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Rabbi Jacob</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Isaac_Messer_Leon" title="Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon">Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Samuel ben Elhanan</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Samuel of Acre</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><b>Notes:</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rashisdaughters.com/pedigree.html">Rashi's daughters</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentary_on_the_Tanakh">Commentary on the Tanakh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Commentary on the Tanakh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sapirstein_Rashi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sapirstein_Rashi.jpg/250px-Sapirstein_Rashi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sapirstein_Rashi.jpg/330px-Sapirstein_Rashi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sapirstein_Rashi.jpg/500px-Sapirstein_Rashi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A modern translation of Rashi's commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Chumash</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/Artscroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscroll">Artscroll</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rashi's commentary on the Tanakh—and especially his commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Chumash</a>—is the essential companion for any study of the Bible among <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jews">Orthodox Jews</a>. Drawing on the breadth of Midrashic, Talmudic and <a href="/wiki/Aggadata" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggadata">Aggadic</a> literature (including literature that is no longer extant), as well as his knowledge of Hebrew grammar and <a href="/wiki/Halakhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhah">halakhah</a>, Rashi clarifies the "simple" meaning of the text so that a bright child of five could understand it.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, his commentary forms the foundation for some of the most profound legal analysis and mystical discourses that came after it. Scholars debate why Rashi chose a particular Midrash to illustrate a point, or why he used certain words and phrases and not others. <a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a> wrote that "Rashi's commentary on Torah is the 'wine of Torah'. It opens the heart and uncovers one's essential love and fear of G-d."<sup id="cite_ref-chabad2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chabad2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars believe that Rashi's commentary on the Torah grew out of the lectures he gave to his students in his yeshiva, and evolved with the questions and answers they raised on it. Rashi completed this commentary only in the last years of his life. It was immediately accepted as authoritative by all Jewish communities, <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi</a> alike.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2022)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Rashi#Dubious" title="Talk:Rashi">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first dated Hebrew printed book was Rashi's commentary on the Chumash, printed by Abraham ben Garton in <a href="/wiki/Reggio_di_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggio di Calabria">Reggio di Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, 18 February 1475. (This version did not include the text of the Chumash itself.)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rashi wrote commentaries on all the books of Tanakh<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles I & II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His commentary to <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a> is incomplete, ending at 40:25.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A main characteristic of Rashi's writing was his focus on grammar and syntax. His primary focus was on word choice, and "essentially [he acts] as a dictionary where he defines unusual Hebrew words." He searches for things that may not be clear to the reader and offers clarification on the inconsistency that may be present. Rashi does so by "filling in missing information that [helps] lead to a more complete understanding" of the Torah.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A portion of his writing is dedicated to making distinctions between the <i><a href="/wiki/Peshat" title="Peshat">peshat</a></i>, or plain and literal meaning of the text, and the <i>aggadah</i> or rabbinic interpretation. <a href="/wiki/Rashbam" title="Rashbam">Rashbam</a>, one of Rashi's grandchildren, heavily critiqued his response on his "commentary on the Torah [being] based primarily on the classic midrashim (rabbinic homilies)."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rashi himself explained his method as utilizing both <i>peshat</i> and <i>derash</i>: "I, however, am only concerned with the plain sense of Scripture (<i>peshuto shel mikra</i>) and with such Agadoth that explain the words of Scripture in a manner that fits in with them."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one place, he quotes a midrash and then states "But this midrash cannot be reconciled with Scripture for several reasons... Therefore I say: let scripture be reconciled according to its simple meaning, clearly, and the midrash may also be expounded, as is said: 'Is not My word... like a hammer which shatters the rock?'<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - it is divided into many fragments."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentary_on_the_Talmud">Commentary on the Talmud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Commentary on the Talmud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rashi%27s_Talmud_Commentary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rashi%27s_Talmud_Commentary.jpg/250px-Rashi%27s_Talmud_Commentary.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rashi%27s_Talmud_Commentary.jpg/500px-Rashi%27s_Talmud_Commentary.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>An early printing of the Talmud (<a href="/wiki/Ta%27anit" title="Ta'anit">Ta'anit</a> 9b); Rashi's commentary is at the bottom of the right column, continuing for a few lines into the left column. [Note: According to <a href="/wiki/Zvi_Hirsch_Chajes" title="Zvi Hirsch Chajes">R' Zvi Chajes</a>, the "Rashi" commentary on Ta'anit was not written by Rashi]</figcaption></figure> <p>Rashi wrote the first comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Talmud#Commentaries" title="Talmud">commentary on the Talmud</a>, covering nearly all of the Babylonian Talmud (a total of 30 out of 39 <a href="/wiki/Masekhet" title="Masekhet">tractates</a>, due to his death). The commentary, drawing on his knowledge of the entire contents of the Talmud, attempts to provide a full explanation of the words and of the logical structure of each Talmudic passage. Unlike other commentators, Rashi does not paraphrase or exclude any part of the text, but elucidates phrase by phrase. Often he provides punctuation in the unpunctuated text, explaining, for example, "This is a question"; "He says this in surprise", "He repeats this in agreement", etc. </p><p>As in his commentary on the Tanakh, Rashi frequently illustrates the meaning of the text using analogies to the professions, crafts, and sports of his day. He also translates difficult Hebrew or <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> words into the spoken <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> of his day, giving latter-day scholars a window into the vocabulary and pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>. </p><p>Rashi's Talmud commentary spread quickly, reaching Jews as far as <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> by mid-12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been included in every version of the Talmud since its first printing in the fifteenth century. It is always situated towards the middle of the opened book display; i.e., on the side of the page closest to the binding. </p><p>Some of the other printed commentaries which are attributed to Rashi were composed by others, primarily his students. <a href="/wiki/Akiva_Eger" class="mw-redirect" title="Akiva Eger">Akiva Eger</a> stated that the commentary on Nazir was not in fact by Rashi, while <a href="/wiki/Zvi_Hirsch_Chajes" title="Zvi Hirsch Chajes">Zvi Hirsch Chajes</a> stated that the commentary on Taanit was not by Rashi.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some editions of the Talmud, the text indicates that Rashi died before completing the tractate, and that it was completed by a student. This is true of <a href="/wiki/Makkot" title="Makkot">Makkot</a> (the end of which was composed by his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Nathan" title="Judah ben Nathan">Judah ben Nathan</a>), and of <a href="/wiki/Bava_Batra" title="Bava Batra">Bava Batra</a> (finished, in a more detailed style, by his grandson the <a href="/wiki/Rashbam" title="Rashbam">Rashbam</a>). The commentary attributed to Rashi on <a href="/wiki/Horayot" title="Horayot">Horayot</a> was thought by some<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to have been written by Judah ben Nathan, but evidence was uncovered indicating that the commentary on Horayot was from the school of <a href="/wiki/Gershom_ben_Judah" title="Gershom ben Judah">Gershom ben Judah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a legend that the commentary on Nedarim, which is clearly not his, was actually composed by his daughters. Another legend states that Rashi died while writing a commentary on Talmud, and that the very last word he wrote was 'tahor,' which means pure in Hebrew - indicating that his soul was pure as it left his body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responsa">Responsa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Responsa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 300 of Rashi's <a href="/wiki/Responsa" title="Responsa">responsa</a> and halakhic decisions are extant. Although some may find contradictory to Rashi's intended purpose for his writings, these responsa were copied, preserved, and published by his students, grandchildren, and other future scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Grossman,_Avraham_2012_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman,_Avraham_2012-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Siddur_Rashi" title="Siddur Rashi">Siddur Rashi</a></i>, compiled by an unknown student, also contains Rashi's responsa on prayer. Many other rulings and responsa are recorded in <a href="/wiki/Mahzor_Vitry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahzor Vitry">Mahzor Vitry</a>. Other compilations include <i>Sefer Hapardes</i>, probably edited by Shemaiah of Troyes,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rashi's student, and <i>Sefer Haorah</i>, prepared by Nathan Hamachiri. </p><p>Rashi's writing is placed under the category of post-Talmudic, for its explanation and elaboration on the Talmud; however, he not only wrote about the meaning of Biblical and Talmudic passages, but also on liturgical texts, syntax rules, and cases regarding new religions emerging.<sup id="cite_ref-Liber,_Maurice_1906_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liber,_Maurice_1906-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some say that his responsa allows people to obtain "clear pictures of his personality," and shows Rashi as a kind, gentle, humble, and liberal man.<sup id="cite_ref-Rashi_1988,_pp._8_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashi_1988,_pp._8-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also illustrate his intelligence and common sense. </p><p>Rashi's responsa not only addressed some of the different cases and questions regarding Jewish life and law, but it shed light into the historical and social conditions which the Jews were under during the First Crusade.<sup id="cite_ref-Rashi_1988,_pp._8_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashi_1988,_pp._8-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He covered the following topics and themes in his responsa: linguistic focus on texts, law related to prayer, food, and the Sabbath, wine produced by non-Jews, oaths and excommunications, sales, partnerships, loans and interest, bails, communal affairs, and civil law. Rashi's responsa can be broken down into three genres: questions by contemporary sages and students regarding the Torah, the law, and other compilations.<sup id="cite_ref-Grossman,_Avraham_2012_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman,_Avraham_2012-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, in his writing regarding relations with the Christians, he provides a guide for how one should behave when dealing with martyrs and converts, as well as the "insults and terms of [disgrace] aimed at the Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-Grossman,_Avraham_2012_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman,_Avraham_2012-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stemming from the aftermath of the Crusades, Rashi wrote concerning those who were forced to convert, and the rights women had when their husbands were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Liber,_Maurice_1906_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liber,_Maurice_1906-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rashi focused the majority of his responsa, if not all, on a "meticulous analysis of the language of the text".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rashi wrote several <a href="/wiki/Selichot" title="Selichot">selichot</a> (penitential prayers), some of which are still recited today as part of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_liturgy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish liturgy">Jewish liturgy</a>. These include: </p> <ul><li><i>Nora va'Elyonim</i>, which is recited by <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> on the eve of <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically it was also recited on the eve of <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ophan Echad ba'Aretz</i></li> <li><i>Az Terem Nimtechu</i>, which is recited by Ashkenazim on the <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Gedaliah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast of Gedaliah">Fast of Gedaliah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Akh Leilohim Nafshi Domi</i></li> <li><i>Apekha Hashev</i></li> <li><i>Torah haTemimah</i>, apparently about the Rhineland massacres.</li> <li><i>Tefillah l'Kademkha</i>, which was included in the 1613 prayerbook of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Synagogue_(Prague)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Synagogue (Prague)">Old Synagogue of Prague</a>.</li></ul> <p>Other poems are sometimes falsely attributed to Rashi. The above list is probably not exhaustive, but no evidence exists to connect Rashi to other poems.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_and_legacy">Assessment and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Assessment and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rashi was one of the first authors to write in <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> (the language he spoke in everyday life,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he used alongside Hebrew), as most contemporary French authors instead wrote in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. As a consequence, besides its religious value, his work is valued for the insight it gives into the language and culture of Northern France in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagège_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagège-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His commentaries on the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>—especially his commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Chumash</a> (the "Five Books of Moses")—serves as the basis of more than 300 "supercommentaries" which analyze Rashi's choice of language and citations, penned by some of the greatest names in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chabad_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chabad-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentary_on_the_Tanakh_2">Commentary on the Tanakh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Commentary on the Tanakh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rashi_Pentateuch_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rashi_Pentateuch_English.jpg/200px-Rashi_Pentateuch_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rashi_Pentateuch_English.jpg/300px-Rashi_Pentateuch_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rashi_Pentateuch_English.jpg/400px-Rashi_Pentateuch_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="2396" /></a><figcaption>Title page of an English translation of Rashi's Commentary on the Pentateuch.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tens of thousands of men, women and children study "Chumash with Rashi" as they review the Torah portion to be read in synagogue on the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>, a man may even fulfill of the requirement of <a href="/wiki/Shnayim_mikra_ve-echad_targum" title="Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum">Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum</a> by reading Rashi's commentary rather than the standard <a href="/wiki/Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its publication, Rashi's commentary on the Torah is standard in almost all Chumashim produced within the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jewish</a> community. Many people who study Rashi along with Tanakh use the term "Chumash with Rashi".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_of_Nadvorna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordechai of Nadvorna">Mordechai Leifer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nadvorna_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Nadvorna (Hasidic dynasty)">Nadvorna</a> said that anyone who learns the weekly <a href="/wiki/Parsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsha">Parsha</a> together with the commentary by Rashi every week is guaranteed to sit in the <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a> (school) of Rashi in the Afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voluminous supercommentaries have been published on Rashi's Bible commentaries, including <i>Gur Aryeh</i> by <a href="/wiki/Judah_Loew" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah Loew">Judah Loew</a> (the Maharal), <i>Sefer ha-Mizrachi</i> by <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Mizrachi" title="Elijah Mizrachi">Elijah Mizrachi</a> (the Re'em), and <i>Yeri'ot Shlomo</i> by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Luria" title="Solomon Luria">Solomon Luria</a> (the Maharshal). <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Likkutei_Sichos#"Rashi_Sichos"" title="Likkutei Sichos"><i>Rashi Sichos</i></a>, often addresses several of these commentaries at once. </p><p>Rashi's influence grew the most in the 15th century; from the 17th century onwards, his commentaries were translated into many other languages. Rashi's commentary on the Pentateuch was known as the first printed Hebrew work. English translations include those of <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch_with_Rashi%27s_Commentary_Translated_into_English" title="Pentateuch with Rashi's Commentary Translated into English">Rosenbaum and Silbermann</a> and <a href="/wiki/ArtScroll" title="ArtScroll">ArtScroll</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentary_on_the_Talmud_2">Commentary on the Talmud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Commentary on the Talmud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raschihaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Raschihaus.jpg/200px-Raschihaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Raschihaus.jpg/300px-Raschihaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Raschihaus.jpg/400px-Raschihaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><i>Raschihaus</i>, Jewish Museum, Worms, Germany.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rashi's commentary on the Talmud continues to be a key basis for contemporary rabbinic scholarship and interpretation. Without Rashi's commentary, the Talmud would have remained a closed book.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rashi's commentary had a profound influence on subsequent Talmud study and scholarship: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The commentaries of Rashi democratized talmudic scholarship. Prior to his work, the only way to master a tractate was to travel to a talmudic academy and study at the feet of a master. No written work could systematically convey with any degree of sustained accuracy the precise line of a talmudic argument... With the appearance of Rashi’s work, anyone, regardless of means, could by dint of talent and effort master any talmudic topic. It further expanded the range of knowledge of most scholars. Previously, one knew accurately only what one had been fortunate to study at an academy... The lifelong study of Talmud, the constant conquest of new tractates, and the unlimited personal acquisition of knowledge was in many ways the consequence of Rashi’s inimitable work of exposition.<sup id="cite_ref-haym_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haym-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The presence of Rashi's commentary also changed the nature of subsequent Talmud commentaries: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This is not to say that Rashi’s explanations were definitive. Far from it. For some three hundred years scholars scrutinized his commentary, criticized innumerable passages, and demanded their reinterpretation. Yet, all realized that the problem that had confronted scholars for close to half a millennium—how to turn the abrupt and sometimes gnomic formulations of the Talmud into a coherent and smoothly flowing text—had been solved definitively by Rashi. The subsequent task of scholars, therefore, was to emend and add to his interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-haym_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haym-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In general, Rashi's commentary provides the <i><a href="/wiki/Peshat" title="Peshat">peshat</a></i> or literal meaning of the Talmud, while subsequent commentaries such as the <a href="/wiki/Tosafot" title="Tosafot">Tosafot</a> often go beyond the passage itself in terms of arguments, parallels, and distinctions that could be drawn out.<sup id="cite_ref-Rashab_2_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashab_2-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This addition to Jewish texts was seen as causing a "major cultural product"<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg,_Jon_2004_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg,_Jon_2004-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became an important part of Torah study.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg,_Jon_2004_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg,_Jon_2004-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the standard printed Talmud, the Tosafot's commentaries can be found in the Talmud opposite Rashi's commentary. The Tosafot also added comments and criticism in places where Rashi had not added comments. </p><p>Rashi also exerted a decisive influence on establishing the correct text of the Talmud. Up to and including his age, texts of each Talmudic tractate were copied by hand and circulated in yeshivas. Errors often crept in: sometimes a copyist would switch words around, and other times incorporate a student's marginal notes into the main text. Because of the large number of merchant-scholars who came from throughout the Jewish world to attend the great fairs in Troyes, Rashi was able to compare different manuscripts and readings in <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a>, and the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a>, and determine which readings should be preferred. However, in his humility, he deferred to scholars who disagreed with him. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Kodashim" title="Kodashim">Chulin</a> 4a, he comments about a phrase, "We do not read this. But as for those who do, this is the explanation..." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_in_non-Jewish_circles">Influence in non-Jewish circles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Influence in non-Jewish circles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rashi's commentaries on the Bible, especially those on the Pentateuch, circulated in many different communities. In the 12th–17th centuries, Rashi's influence spread from <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_France" title="Provinces of France">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Germany">German</a> provinces to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">the east</a>. He had a tremendous influence on <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> scholars. The French monk <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_de_Lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas de Lyra">Nicholas de Lyra</a>, who was known as the "ape of Rashi",<sup id="cite_ref-Skolnik,_Fred_2007_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skolnik,_Fred_2007-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> relied on Rashi's commentary when writing his <i>Postillae Perpetuate</i>, one of the primary sources used in <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther's translation of the Bible</a>. He believed that Rashi's commentaries were the "official repository of Rabbinical tradition"<sup id="cite_ref-solomon_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solomon-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and significant to understanding the Bible. Rashi's commentaries became significant to <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanists</a> at this time who studied grammar and exegesis. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Hebraist" title="Christian Hebraist">Christian Hebraists</a> studied Rashi's commentaries as important interpretations "authorized by the Synagogue".<sup id="cite_ref-solomon_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solomon-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Rashi had an influence on communities outside of Judaism, his lack of connection to science prevented him from entering the general domain, and he remained more popular among the Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-Skolnik,_Fred_2007_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skolnik,_Fred_2007-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-solomon_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solomon-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i><a href="/wiki/Demystifying_Islam" title="Demystifying Islam">Demystifying Islam</a></i>, Muslim <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologist</a> Harris Zafar cites Rashi for the view that the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> is not an <a href="/wiki/Erotic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotic poetry">erotic poem</a> narrated by a man about a woman, but is instead a poem narrated by God about the people of Israel, a point of importance to Muslims because of their belief, which Zafar summarizes, that the Song of Songs, at Chapter 5, Verse 16, mentions Muhammad by name, a supposition that might be problematic if the mention were in an erotic context.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Rashi_script""><span id=".22Rashi_script.22"></span>"Rashi script"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: "Rashi script""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi script</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rashiscript.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rashiscript.PNG/250px-Rashiscript.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rashiscript.PNG/330px-Rashiscript.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Rashiscript.PNG 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="87" /></a><figcaption>The complete Hebrew alphabet in Rashi script [right to left].</figcaption></figure> <p>The semi-cursive typeface in which Rashi's commentaries are printed both in the Talmud and Tanakh is often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi script</a>." Despite the name, Rashi himself did not use such a script: the typeface is based on a 15th-century Sephardic semi-cursive hand, postdating Rashi's death by several hundred years. Early Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Typographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographers">typographers</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Soncino_family" title="Soncino family">Soncino family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bomberg" title="Daniel Bomberg">Daniel Bomberg</a> employed in their editions of commented texts (such as the <a href="/wiki/Mikraot_Gedolot" title="Mikraot Gedolot">Mikraot Gedolot</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, in which Rashi's commentaries prominently figure) what would become called "Rashi script" to distinguish the rabbinic commentary from the primary text proper, for which they used a square typeface. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzfuchs2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schwarzfuchs, Simon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albin-michel.fr/rachi-de-troyes-9782226158994"><i>Rashi de Troyes</i></a> [<i>Rashi of Troyes</i>] (in French). Albin Michel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-226-15899-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-226-15899-4"><bdi>978-2-226-15899-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rashi+de+Troyes&rft.pub=Albin+Michel&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-226-15899-4&rft.aulast=Schwarzfuchs&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.albin-michel.fr%2Frachi-de-troyes-9782226158994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaCohen-KernerSchweitzerMughaz2011" class="citation journal cs1">HaCohen-Kerner, Yaakov; Schweitzer, Nadav; Mughaz, Dror (2011). "Automatically Identifying Citations in Hebrew-Aramaic Documents". <i>Cybernetics and Systems</i>. <b>42</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">180–</span>197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01969722.2011.567893">10.1080/01969722.2011.567893</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40235689">40235689</a>. <q>For example, the Pardes book written by Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki, known by the abbreviation Rashi, can be cited using the following patterns: (1) "Shlomo son of Rabbi Yitzhak", (2) "Shlomo son of Yitzhak", (3) "Shlomo Yitzhaki", (4) "In the name of Rashi who wrote in the Pardes</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cybernetics+and+Systems&rft.atitle=Automatically+Identifying+Citations+in+Hebrew-Aramaic+Documents&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01969722.2011.567893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40235689%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=HaCohen-Kerner&rft.aufirst=Yaakov&rft.au=Schweitzer%2C+Nadav&rft.au=Mughaz%2C+Dror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOckley1707" class="citation book cs1">Ockley, Simon (1707). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpc9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA74"><i>History of the Present Jews Throughout the World</i></a>. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Present+Jews+Throughout+the+World&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1707&rft.aulast=Ockley&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxpc9AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbraham1879" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Philip (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curiositiesjuda00abragoog"><i>Curiosities of Judaism</i></a>. By and for the author. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curiositiesjuda00abragoog/page/n57">2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curiosities+of+Judaism&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=By+and+for+the+author&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcuriositiesjuda00abragoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gc4FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA286"><i>The Literary Churchman</i></a>. 1857. p. 286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Churchman&rft.pages=286&rft.date=1857&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgc4FAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimon,_R.1685" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Simon, R. (1685). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AjVF5yTpfCQC"><i>Histoire critique du Vieux Testament</i></a> (in French). chez Reinier Leers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AjVF5yTpfCQC/page/n588">545</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+critique+du+Vieux+Testament&rft.pages=545&rft.pub=chez+Reinier+Leers&rft.date=1685&rft.au=Simon%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_AjVF5yTpfCQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolf1715" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wolf, Johann Christoph (1715). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQIVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1057">"R. Schelomo ben Isaac"</a>. <i>Bibliotheca Hebræa</i> (in Latin). Vol. 1. Hamburg & Leipzig. pp. <span class="nowrap">1057–</span>1058. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/01010257">01010257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=R.+Schelomo+ben+Isaac&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+Hebr%C3%A6a&rft.place=Hamburg+%26+Leipzig&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1057-%3C%2Fspan%3E1058&rft.date=1715&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F01010257&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Johann+Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQIVAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA1057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenedictinos._Congregación_de_Santo_Mauro_(Francia)Académie_des_inscriptions_et_belles-lettres_(Francia)Treuttel_et_Wü_rtz_(Estrasburgo)1824" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benedictinos. Congregación de Santo Mauro (Francia); Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (Francia); Treuttel et Wü rtz (Estrasburgo) (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CQBbc1vhiysC&pg=PA337"><i>Histoire littéraire de la France: Treizième siècle</i></a> (in French). Vol. 16. Firmin Didot. p. 337<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+litt%C3%A9raire+de+la+France%3A+Treizi%C3%A8me+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Firmin+Didot&rft.date=1824&rft.au=Benedictinos.+Congregaci%C3%B3n+de+Santo+Mauro+%28Francia%29&rft.au=Acad%C3%A9mie+des+inscriptions+et+belles-lettres+%28Francia%29&rft.au=Treuttel+et+W%C3%BC+rtz+%28Estrasburgo%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCQBbc1vhiysC%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google3_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b6EXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA328"><i>Israelitische Annalen</i></a> (in German). J.D. Sauerländer. 1839. p. 328<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israelitische+Annalen&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=J.D.+Sauerl%C3%A4nder&rft.date=1839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db6EXAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gruber2007-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gruber2007_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMayer_I._Gruber2007" class="citation book cs1">Mayer I. Gruber (10 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nsl2NrA6v6gC&pg=PA1"><i>Rashi's Commentary on Psalms</i></a>. Jewish Publication Society. pp. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0872-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0872-6"><bdi>978-0-8276-0872-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rashi%27s+Commentary+on+Psalms&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2007-10-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0872-6&rft.au=Mayer+I.+Gruber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsl2NrA6v6gC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitto1876-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kitto1876_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Kitto1876" class="citation book cs1">John Kitto (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cyclopaediaofbib03kitt"><i>A Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature</i></a>. Black. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cyclopaediaofbib03kitt/page/643">643</a>–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.pages=643-&rft.pub=Black&rft.date=1876&rft.au=John+Kitto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcyclopaediaofbib03kitt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/rabbinic/infofiles/avotaynu.htm">"Index to Articles on Rabbinic Genealogy in <i>Avotaynu: The International Review of Jewish Genealogy</i>"</a>. <i>Avotaynu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603103922/https://www.jewishgen.org/Rabbinic/infofiles/avotaynu.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Avotaynu&rft.atitle=Index+to+Articles+on+Rabbinic+Genealogy+in+Avotaynu%3A+The+International+Review+of+Jewish+Genealogy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishgen.org%2Frabbinic%2Finfofiles%2Favotaynu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%91#רש"י" class="extiw" title="s:he:שבת פה ב">Shabbat 85b</a>: "And I found support on the foundation of Rabbi Simon the Elder, my mother's brother."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Rashi's comments in <i><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat</a></i> 85b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heilprin-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heilprin_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heilprin_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/112344/jewish/Rabbi-Yehiel-Ben-Shlomo-Heilprin.htm">"Rabbi Yehiel Ben Shlomo Heilprin - (Circa 5420-5506; 1660-1746)"</a>. <i>www.chabad.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200628203224/https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/112344/jewish/Rabbi-Yehiel-Ben-Shlomo-Heilprin.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chabad.org&rft.atitle=Rabbi+Yehiel+Ben+Shlomo+Heilprin+-+%28Circa+5420-5506%3B+1660-1746%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F112344%2Fjewish%2FRabbi-Yehiel-Ben-Shlomo-Heilprin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurwitz1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Luria" title="Solomon Luria">Hurwitz, Simon</a> (1938). <i>The Responsa of Solomon Luria</i>. New York, New York. pp. <span class="nowrap">146–</span>151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Responsa+of+Solomon+Luria&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Hurwitz&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEinsiedler1992" class="citation journal cs1">Einsiedler, David (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/Rabbinic/journal/descent.htm">"Can We Prove Descent from King David?"</a>. <i>Avotaynu</i>. <b>VIII</b> (3(Fall)): 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203172425/https://www.jewishgen.org/Rabbinic/journal/descent.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Avotaynu&rft.atitle=Can+We+Prove+Descent+from+King+David%3F&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=3%28Fall%29&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Einsiedler&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishgen.org%2FRabbinic%2Fjournal%2Fdescent.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://torahdownloads.com/shiur-19191.html">"Shiur 08 - Rashi, Tosfos, And The Development Of Ashkenazi Jewry - Rabbi Menachem Levine - TD19191"</a>. <i>torahdownloads.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181217154640/http://torahdownloads.com/shiur-19191.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=torahdownloads.com&rft.atitle=Shiur+08+-+Rashi%2C+Tosfos%2C+And+The+Development+Of+Ashkenazi+Jewry+-+Rabbi+Menachem+Levine+-+TD19191&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftorahdownloads.com%2Fshiur-19191.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liber, Maurice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KzG4TzOlaVQC&q=Rashi"><i>Rashi</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407220359/https://books.google.com/books?id=KzG4TzOlaVQC&q=Rashi">Archived</a> 2023-04-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Kessinger Publishing, 2004. pg. 18–19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-4396-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-4396-4">1-4191-4396-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiesel2009" class="citation book cs1">Wiesel, Elie (2009). <i>Rashi: A Portrait</i>. New York, NY: Schocken Books Inc. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805242546" title="Special:BookSources/9780805242546"><bdi>9780805242546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rashi%3A+A+Portrait&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Schocken+Books+Inc&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780805242546&rft.aulast=Wiesel&rft.aufirst=Elie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2000" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Grossman, Avraham (2000-11-12), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/abs/10.13109/9783666535079.331">"4. Menahem ben Helbo"</a>, <i>Hebrew Bible / Old Testament. I: From the Beginnings to the Middle Ages (Until 1300). Part 2: The Middle Ages</i>, Hebrew Bible / Old Testament, vol. Band 001, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, pp. <span class="nowrap">331–</span>332, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13109%2F9783666535079.331">10.13109/9783666535079.331</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-53507-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-53507-3"><bdi>978-3-525-53507-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808030739/https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/abs/10.13109/9783666535079.331">archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-17</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Bible+%2F+Old+Testament.+I%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+the+Middle+Ages+%28Until+1300%29.+Part+2%3A+The+Middle+Ages&rft.atitle=4.+Menahem+ben+Helbo&rft.volume=Band+001&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.date=2000-11-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13109%2F9783666535079.331&rft.isbn=978-3-525-53507-3&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vr-elibrary.de%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.13109%2F9783666535079.331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Liber, <i>Rashi</i>, trans. Adele Szold (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1906), p 56; Irving Agus, <i>The Heroic Age of Franco-German Jewry</i> (New York: Yeshiva University Press, 1969), 173; Israel S. Elfenbein, "Rashi in His Responsa", in <i>Rashi, His Teachings and Personality</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Simon_Federbusch" title="Simon Federbusch">Simon Federbusch</a> (New York: Cultural Division of the World Jewish Congress, 1958), p 67; Salo W. Baron, "Rashi and the Community of Troyes", in <i>Rashi Anniversary Volume</i>, ed. H. L. Ginsberg (New York: American Academy for Jewish Research, 1941), p 60. "Rashi was a vintner who grew grapes and sold wine."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMayer_I._Gruber2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer I. Gruber (13 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seforimblog.com/2007/08/mayer-i-gruber-how-did-rashi-make/">"How Did Rashi Make a Living?"</a>. the Seforim blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903172229/https://seforimblog.com/2007/08/mayer-i-gruber-how-did-rashi-make/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+Did+Rashi+Make+a+Living%3F&rft.date=2007-08-13&rft.au=Mayer+I.+Gruber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseforimblog.com%2F2007%2F08%2Fmayer-i-gruber-how-did-rashi-make%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford Bodleian Ms. Oppenheim 276, p. 35a, "פעם אחת באו ב' חביות חתומות חות' (=חותם) בתוך חות', ונאנסו סוסי העגלה ונשארו ביד גוי ח' ימים, האחת של ר' (=רבי, רש"י) היתה ובמקום מוצנע היתה מונחת וחותמיה קיימים, והשניה מונחת במקום התורפה. וניטל חותם העליון והדסקיא נקרעת ומקצת' נשתיירה מן הסולמות ולמטה, ועדין רושם האותיות נכר בפי הברזות ופי החבית שקו' בונדין סתום יפה ודחוק, אבל אין שם חותם. וצלעות החבית אין בהם נקב. והתירו זקן אחד על יד סימני' הללו. ומלא ר' דבריו והתיר... וברזא אחת הית' שם שלא נכר האות יפה בו... ואמ' ר' כי הכותב לא היה יכול לכוין ידו ולאמן ולחבר ידו והפך, שאילו הוציא הגוי הברזא בחודו של סכין וחזר והכניסה להפך, הלא הסכין פוגמה והיה נכר. ומתחלה לא רצה הר' לפתוח בהתר, אלא לאחר שהורה הזקן, וחס על ממון ישר'. וחזיתיה לדעתיה דאילו איתרמיא בדידיה הוה בדיל מיני'." Cited by <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Grossman" title="Avraham Grossman">Avraham Grossman</a>, <i>The Early Sages of France</i>, 132; 135, n. 45. See <a href="/wiki/Haym_Soloveitchik" title="Haym Soloveitchik">Haym Soloveitchik</a>, <i>Jews and the Wine Trade</i> pp. 50-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoloveitchik2024" class="citation book cs1">Soloveitchik, Haym (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Jews_and_the_Wine_Trade_in_Medieval_Euro/gvAGEQAAQBAJ"><i>Jews and the Wine Trade in Medieval Europe: Principles and Pressures</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80207-115-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80207-115-3"><bdi>978-1-80207-115-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+the+Wine+Trade+in+Medieval+Europe%3A+Principles+and+Pressures&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-80207-115-3&rft.aulast=Soloveitchik&rft.aufirst=Haym&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FJews_and_the_Wine_Trade_in_Medieval_Euro%2FgvAGEQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Halperin, <i>Rashi: Chayav u'Ferushav</i>, vol. 1 (Tel Aviv: Hekdesh Ruach Yaakov, 1997), 107-22. Referred to in Yonatan Kolatch, <i>Masters of the Word: Traditional Jewish Bible Commentary from the First Through Tenth Centuries</i> (Brooklyn NY: KTAV Publishing House, Inc., 2006), 18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/088125939X" title="Special:BookSources/088125939X">088125939X</a>, 9780881259391</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grossman, Avraham (2012). <i>Rashi</i>, p.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFY._Friedman2005" class="citation news cs1">Y. Friedman (2005-07-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chareidi.org/archives5765/mattos/MTS65features.htm">"The Discovery of the Resting Places of Rashi and the Baalei Hatosfos"</a>. Dei'ah Vedibur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326141413/http://www.chareidi.org/archives5765/mattos/MTS65features.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Resting+Places+of+Rashi+and+the+Baalei+Hatosfos&rft.date=2005-07-25&rft.au=Y.+Friedman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chareidi.org%2Farchives5765%2Fmattos%2FMTS65features.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShereshevsky1982" class="citation book cs1">Shereshevsky, Ezra (1982). <i>Rashi - the Man and His World</i>. Sepher-Hermon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rashi+-+the+Man+and+His+World&rft.pub=Sepher-Hermon&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Shereshevsky&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Grossman" title="Avraham Grossman">Avraham Grossman</a>. <i>Pious and Rebellious: Jewish Women in Medieval Europe</i>. Brandeis University Press, 2004.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%98_%D7%91#רש"י" class="extiw" title="s:he:מכות יט ב">Makkot 19b</a>: One printed edition of the Talmud states: "Our master's body was pure, and his soul departed in purity, and he did not explain any more; from here on is the language of his student Rabbi Yehudah ben Nathan."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobi Papers, Vol 4, p. 8, B.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMordechai_Menashe_Laufer" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mordechai Menashe Laufer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org.il/Magazines/Article.asp?ArticleID=3822&CategoryID=957">"רבן של ישראל (Hebrew)"</a> (in Hebrew). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528140628/http://www.chabad.org.il/Magazines/Article.asp?ArticleID=3822&CategoryID=957">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%28Hebrew%29&rft.au=Mordechai+Menashe+Laufer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org.il%2FMagazines%2FArticle.asp%3FArticleID%3D3822%26CategoryID%3D957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chabad2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chabad2_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/476620/jewish/Rashis-Method-of-Biblical-Commentary.htm">"Rashi's Method of Biblical Commentary - Rashi's Method of Biblical Commentary, and the Rebbe's approach to Rashi's works - Jewish History"</a>. chabad.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627032957/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/476620/jewish/Rashis-Method-of-Biblical-Commentary.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rashi%27s+Method+of+Biblical+Commentary+-+Rashi%27s+Method+of+Biblical+Commentary%2C+and+the+Rebbe%27s+approach+to+Rashi%27s+works+-+Jewish+History&rft.pub=chabad.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F476620%2Fjewish%2FRashis-Method-of-Biblical-Commentary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/guide/hs-books.html">"The Books of the People of the Book - Hebraic Collections: An Illustrated Guide (Library of Congress - African & Middle Eastern Division)"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110227093742/http://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/guide/hs-books.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.loc.gov&rft.atitle=The+Books+of+the+People+of+the+Book+-+Hebraic+Collections%3A+An+Illustrated+Guide+%28Library+of+Congress+-+African+%26+Middle+Eastern+Division%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Famed%2Fguide%2Fhs-books.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I.Gruber, Mayer. <i>Rashi's Commentary on Psalms</i>, Brill - The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0872-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0872-6">978-0-8276-0872-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eran Viezel, The Commentary on Chronicles Attributed to Rashi, Jerusalem: The Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPenkower2003" class="citation journal cs1">Penkower, Jordan S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40753321">"The End of Rashi's Commentary on Job. The Manuscripts and the Printed Editions (with three appendices)"</a>. <i>Jewish Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">18–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1628%2F0944570033029194">10.1628/0944570033029194</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0944-5706">0944-5706</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40753321">40753321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+End+of+Rashi%27s+Commentary+on+Job.+The+Manuscripts+and+the+Printed+Editions+%28with+three+appendices%29&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0944-5706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40753321%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1628%2F0944570033029194&rft.aulast=Penkower&rft.aufirst=Jordan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40753321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levy, Steven, and Sarah Levy. “Introduction.” The JPS Rashi Discussion Torah Commentary, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 2017, pp. xv-xx. JSTOR (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1wvwdqs.4">link</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viezel, Eran. "“The Anxiety of Influence”: Rashbam's Approach to Rashi's Commentary on the Torah." AJS Review 40.2 (2016): 279-303. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.alhatorah.org/Dual/Rashi/Bereshit/3.8#m7e3n7">Rashi, Genesis 3:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1123.htm#29">Jeremiah 23:29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.alhatorah.org/Dual/Rashi/Shemot/6.9#m7e3n7">Rashi, Exodus 6:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2014" class="citation news cs1">Hoffman, Yair (January 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.5tjt.com/interview-with-professor-haym-soloveitchik-by-rabbi-yair-hoffman/">"Interview with Professor Haym Soloveitchik by Rabbi Yair Hoffman"</a>. Five Towns Jewish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707173726/http://www.5tjt.com/interview-with-professor-haym-soloveitchik-by-rabbi-yair-hoffman/">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Professor+Haym+Soloveitchik+by+Rabbi+Yair+Hoffman&rft.date=2014-01-03&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Yair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.5tjt.com%2Finterview-with-professor-haym-soloveitchik-by-rabbi-yair-hoffman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traditionarchive.org/news/originals/Volume%2027/No.%202/The%20Role%20Of%20Manuscripts.pdf">"The role of manuscripts in halakhic decision-making: Hazon Ish, his precursors and contemporaries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+role+of+manuscripts+in+halakhic+decision-making%3A+Hazon+Ish%2C+his+precursors+and+contemporaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftraditionarchive.org%2Fnews%2Foriginals%2FVolume%252027%2FNo.%25202%2FThe%2520Role%2520Of%2520Manuscripts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span>, p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See "Nitzozei Or" [Hebrew] of Reuven Margoliot; notes on horayot p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Y N Epstein, The commentary on Horayot Attributed to Rashi," <i><a href="/wiki/Tarbi%E1%BA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarbiẕ">Tarbiẕ</a></i> 1942 pp.218-225 [in Hebrew]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grossman,_Avraham_2012-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grossman,_Avraham_2012_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grossman,_Avraham_2012_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grossman,_Avraham_2012_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grossman, Avraham, and Joel A. Linsider. Rashi. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2012. 152-161. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liber,_Maurice_1906-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liber,_Maurice_1906_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liber,_Maurice_1906_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liber, Maurice, and Adele Szold. Rashi ... Translated from the French by A. Szold. Jewish Publication Society of America, 1906. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rashi_1988,_pp._8-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rashi_1988,_pp._8_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rashi_1988,_pp._8_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">“The Life of Rashi .” Rashi, by Chaim Pearl, Peter Halban Publishers Ltd, 1988, pp. 8–23. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skolnik, Fred. “Rashi.” Encyclopedia Judaica. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2007.101-106. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Selichot_Nusach_Ashkenaz_Lita,_Erev_Rosh_Hashana.3.2?vhe=Selichot_Nusach_Lita_--_Wikisource&lang=bi">"Selichot Nusach Ashkenaz Lita, Erev Rosh Hashana 3:2"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Selichot+Nusach+Ashkenaz+Lita%2C+Erev+Rosh+Hashana+3%3A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FSelichot_Nusach_Ashkenaz_Lita%2C_Erev_Rosh_Hashana.3.2%3Fvhe%3DSelichot_Nusach_Lita_--_Wikisource%26lang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Selichot_Nusach_Polin,_Erev_Rosh_Hashana.3.2?vhe=Selichot_Nusach_Polin_--_Wikisource&lang=bi">"Selichot Nusach Polin, Erev Rosh Hashana 3:2"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Selichot+Nusach+Polin%2C+Erev+Rosh+Hashana+3%3A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FSelichot_Nusach_Polin%2C_Erev_Rosh_Hashana.3.2%3Fvhe%3DSelichot_Nusach_Polin_--_Wikisource%26lang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Seder_Troyes.9.3?vhe=Frankfurt_am_Main,_1905&lang=bi">"Seder Troyes 9:3"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Seder+Troyes+9%3A3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FSeder_Troyes.9.3%3Fvhe%3DFrankfurt_am_Main%2C_1905%26lang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Siddur_Ashkenaz,_Festivals,_Selichot,_Fast_of_Gedalia.163">"Siddur Ashkenaz, Festivals, Selichot, Fast of Gedalia 163"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Siddur+Ashkenaz%2C+Festivals%2C+Selichot%2C+Fast+of+Gedalia+163&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FSiddur_Ashkenaz%2C_Festivals%2C_Selichot%2C_Fast_of_Gedalia.163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrewbooks.org/39281">"HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail: פיוטי רשי (רש"י) -- שלמה בן יצחק (רש"י), 1040-1105"</a>. <i>hebrewbooks.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hebrewbooks.org&rft.atitle=HebrewBooks.org+Sefer+Detail%3A+%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99+%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%99+%28%D7%A8%D7%A9%22%D7%99%29+--+%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7+%28%D7%A8%D7%A9%22%D7%99%29%2C+1040-1105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2F39281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He referred to French as <i>leshonenu</i> "our language", in contrast with Hebrew, which was the Holy Language. More about this <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mvstconference.ace.fordham.edu/medievalfrenchwithoutborders/ruth-nisse-2/">here.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102224845/https://mvstconference.ace.fordham.edu/medievalfrenchwithoutborders/ruth-nisse-2/">Archived</a> 2022-11-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hagège-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hagège_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Hag%C3%A8ge" title="Claude Hagège">Claude Hagège</a>, dans <i>Héritages de Rachi</i>, ouvrage collectif, sous la direction de <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Samuel_Sirat" title="René-Samuel Sirat">René-Samuel Sirat</a>, Éditions de l’éclat</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chabad-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chabad_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Chaim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/476620/jewish/Rashis-Method-of-Biblical-Commentary.htm">"Rashi's Method of Biblical Commentary"</a>. chabad.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627032957/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/476620/jewish/Rashis-Method-of-Biblical-Commentary.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rashi%27s+Method+of+Biblical+Commentary&rft.pub=chabad.org&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Chaim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F476620%2Fjewish%2FRashis-Method-of-Biblical-Commentary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halachipedia.com/index.php?title=Shnayim_Mikra_V%27Echad_Targum&utm_source=chatgpt.com">"Shnayim Mikra V'Echad Targum"</a>. <i>Halachapedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Halachapedia.com&rft.atitle=Shnayim+Mikra+V%27Echad+Targum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalachipedia.com%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DShnayim_Mikra_V%2527Echad_Targum%26utm_source%3Dchatgpt.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teshuvot Vihanhagot 1:261: "vhiskamti" allow using an English translation of rashi if that is the best way for one to study and understand the parsha.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resource.download.wjec.co.uk/vtc/2020-21/ko20-21_1-23/wjec/theme-1c-rashi-and-maimonides-ap.pdf">Theme 1C Rashi and Maimonides</a> ". Most Jews who have studied biblical commentary will know the phrase ‘Chumash with Rashi’." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240000000000*/https://resource.download.wjec.co.uk/vtc/2020-21/ko20-21_1-23/wjec/theme-1c-rashi-and-maimonides-ap.pdf">Archived</a>). wjec.co.uk <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madlik.com/2014/06/01/rashi-women-and-wine/">rashi, women and wine</a>". <i>madlik</i>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/dailystudy/torahreading.htm">Daily Study Chumash with Rashi</a>". <a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thinkingtorah.com/tutoring/">Tutoring Take Your Learning to the Next Leve</a> l". thinkingtorah.com</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=27185&st=&pgnum=22">"Yiddeshe Licht Vol 31 Number 15 Page 14 (Hebrew Text)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142214/http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=27185&st=&pgnum=22">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yiddeshe+Licht+Vol+31+Number+15+Page+14+%28Hebrew+Text%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2Fpdfpager.aspx%3Freq%3D27185%26st%3D%26pgnum%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZeitlin1940" class="citation journal cs1">Zeitlin, Solomon (October 2, 1940). "RASHI Rabbi Solomon of France". <i>The American Jewish Year Book</i>. <b>41</b>: <span class="nowrap">111–</span>140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Jewish+Year+Book&rft.atitle=RASHI+Rabbi+Solomon+of+France&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=1940-10-02&rft.aulast=Zeitlin&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haym-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haym_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haym_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Haym_Soloveitchik" title="Haym Soloveitchik">Haym Soloveitchik</a>, "The Printed Page of the Talmud: The Commentaries and Their Authors", in <i>Printing The Talmud: From Bomberg to Schottenstein</i> (Yeshiva University Museum, 2006), (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090216172520/http://www.printingthetalmud.org/essays/4.html">link</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rashab_2-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rashab_2_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/144840/jewish/Chapter-XXVIII.htm"><i>Kuntres Eitz HaChayim</i> ch 28</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418072346/https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/144840/jewish/Chapter-XXVIII.htm">Archived</a> 2023-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for discussion of the interrelation between Rashi and Tosfot</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomberg,_Jon_2004-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg,_Jon_2004_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg,_Jon_2004_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloomberg, Jon. <i>The Jewish World in the Modern Age</i>. Jersey City, NJ: KTAV Pub. House, 2004. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14457-tosafot">"TOSAFOT - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.jewishencyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926163145/https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14457-tosafot">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=TOSAFOT+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F14457-tosafot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skolnik,_Fred_2007-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skolnik,_Fred_2007_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skolnik,_Fred_2007_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerenbaumSkolnik2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a>, eds. (2007). "Rashi". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rashi&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-solomon-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-solomon_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-solomon_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-solomon_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12585-rashi-solomon-bar-isaac">"Rashi (Solomon Bar Issac)"</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia.com. 27 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121001546/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12585-rashi-solomon-bar-isaac">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rashi+%28Solomon+Bar+Issac%29&rft.pub=Jewish+Encyclopedia.com.&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F12585-rashi-solomon-bar-isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris Zafar, <i>Demystifying Islam</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/demystifyingisla0000zafa_w3n8/page/24/mode/1up?view=theater">p.24</a>, Dev Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 2014.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also often attributed to Samuel of <a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a>; see H. L. Erenreich, <i>Sepher ha-Pardes</i> pg. 14.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abecassis, Deborah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0025/NQ50099.pdf">Reconstructing Rashi's Commentary on Genesis from Citations in the Torah Commentaries in the Tosafot</a> Dissertation 1999, Department of Jewish Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/internetresources/historyresources/medieval.htm#Rashi">Rashi</a> The Jewish History Resource Center – Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050720031234/http://www.rashi900.com/more.asp">Biography, the Legend, the Commentator and more</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot/Usurpations" title="Wikipedia:Link rot/Usurpations"><span title="The original domain has been hijacked for the purposes of spam, advertising, or or other fraudulent activity. The archive URL is encased in a usurped template mitigating against accidentally re-activating the usurped URL. See template documentation.">usurped</span></a></i>]</sup> rashi900.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loebtree.com/rashi.html#rashi">Family Tree</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031042539/http://www.rashi900.com/">In honor of the 900th anniversary of his passing</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot/Usurpations" title="Wikipedia:Link rot/Usurpations"><span title="The original domain has been hijacked for the purposes of spam, advertising, or or other fraudulent activity. The archive URL is encased in a usurped template mitigating against accidentally re-activating the usurped URL. See template documentation.">usurped</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thinktorah.org/rashi-tosfos-and-the-development-of-ashkenazi-jewry/">How Rashi, His Students, and His Descendants Molded Ashkenazi Jewry</a>, Menachem Levine, Thinktorah.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923203233/http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/mss/rashi/index.html">Rashi; an exhibition of his works, from the treasures of the Jewish National and University Library</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCantor,_Norman_F.1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cantor" title="Norman Cantor">Cantor, Norman F.</a> (1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalhistoryl00cantrich"><i>Medieval History</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Toronto, Canada: Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalhistoryl00cantrich/page/396">396</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-319070-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-319070-4"><bdi>978-0-02-319070-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+History&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pages=396&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-02-319070-4&rft.au=Cantor%2C+Norman+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedievalhistoryl00cantrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShulman1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaacov_Dovid_Shulman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaacov Dovid Shulman (page does not exist)">Shulman, Yaacov Dovid</a> (1993). <i>Rashi: The Story of rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki</i>. C.I.S. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56062-215-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56062-215-4"><bdi>978-1-56062-215-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rashi%3A+The+Story+of+rabbi+Shlomo+Yitzchaki&rft.pub=C.I.S.+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-56062-215-4&rft.aulast=Shulman&rft.aufirst=Yaacov+Dovid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiber1905" class="citation book cs1">Liber, Maurice (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3165"><i>Rashi</i></a>. Translated from French by Adele Szold. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Publication Society of America">Jewish Publication Society of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9766546-5-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9766546-5-0"><bdi>978-0-9766546-5-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rashi&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society+of+America&rft.date=1905&rft.isbn=978-0-9766546-5-0&rft.aulast=Liber&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F3165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiesel2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Wiesel, Elie</a> (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rashiportrait0000wies"><i>Rashi</i></a></span>. Translated from French by Catherine Temerson. <a href="/wiki/Schocken_Books" title="Schocken Books">Schocken Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4254-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-4254-6"><bdi>978-0-8052-4254-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rashi&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-4254-6&rft.aulast=Wiesel&rft.aufirst=Elie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frashiportrait0000wies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Grossman" title="Avraham Grossman">Grossman, Avraham</a> (2012). <i>Rashi</i>. Translated from Hebrew by Joel A. Linsider. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Littman_Library_of_Jewish_Civilization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Littman Library of Jewish Civilization (page does not exist)">Littman Library of Jewish Civilization</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904113898" title="Special:BookSources/9781904113898"><bdi>9781904113898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rashi&rft.pub=Littman+Library+of+Jewish+Civilization&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781904113898&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Eran Viezel, 'Targum Onkelos in Rashi's Exegetical Consciousness’, Review of Rabbinic Judaism 15 (2012), pp. 1–19</li> <li>Eran Viezel, ‘The Secret of the Popularity of Rashi’s Commentary on Torah’, Review of Rabbinic Judaism 17 (2014), pp. 207–217</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZeitlin1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Zeitlin" title="Solomon Zeitlin">Zeitlin, Solomon</a> (1940). <i>The American Jewish Year Book Vol. 41</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Jewish+Year+Book+Vol.+41&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Zeitlin&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenbaum1934" class="citation book cs1">Rosenbaum, Morris (1934). <i><a href="/wiki/Pentateuch_with_Rashi%27s_Commentary_Translated_into_English" title="Pentateuch with Rashi's Commentary Translated into English">Pentateuch with Rashi's Commentary Translated into English "Silberman's Rashi"</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pentateuch+with+Rashi%27s+Commentary+Translated+into+English+%22Silberman%27s+Rashi%22&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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<i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rashi" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Rashi">Rashi</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rashi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rashi">Rashi</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Rashi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Rashi%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Rashi%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Rashi%22%29%20OR%20%28%221040-1105%22%20AND%20Rashi%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Rashi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>Technique and methodology <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rashiyomi.com/">rashiyomi.com</a></li></ul></li> <li>Full text resources and translation <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rashi.alhatorah.org/Dual/Siftei_Chakhamim/Bereshit/1.1#m7e3nf">Rashi's commentary to Tanakh with translation and supercommentaries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?AID=63255">Complete Tanach with Rashi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/dailystudy/default.asp?AID=6207">Chumash with Rashi (Judaica Press translation)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnemotrix.com/chumash/pardate.html">Chumash with Rashi (Metsudah translation)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Summarized text resources and translation <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsummary.com">Illustrated Summary and Analysis of the Torah with selected Rashi commentary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Textual Search <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rashiyomi.com/query1.htm">Lookup Verses</a>, rashiyomi.com</li></ul></li> <li>Early manuscripts or printings of Rashi's <i>Perush 'al ha-Torah</i>/Commentary on the Torah (text or images, OCR'd or not): <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1887.1/item:2027720">The 13th c. Peirush Rashi, MS Or. 4718</a> at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden University Libraries">Leiden University Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mgketer.org/home/manuscripts">The 13t–14th c. Codex Parma 3204</a>, which is the "base version" at mgketer.org. Also lists several later versions, as well as early manuscripts of other commentaries e.g. Rashbam, Ramban etc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.nli.org.il/sites/NLI/Hebrew/digitallibrary/pages/viewer.aspx?&presentorid=MANUSCRIPTS&docid=PNX_MANUSCRIPTS000169210-1">13th–14th c. Cod. hebr. 12b, Cod. hebr. 220</a> at Austria National Library, Vienna</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.nli.org.il/sites/NLI/Hebrew/digitallibrary/pages/viewer.aspx?&presentorid=MANUSCRIPTS&docid=PNX_MANUSCRIPTS000182116-1">13th c. B. H. fol. 1</a> at Leipzig. U. Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.nli.org.il/sites/NLI/Hebrew/digitallibrary/pages/viewer.aspx?&presentorid=MANUSCRIPTS&docid=PNX_MANUSCRIPTS000128926-1">13th c. folio 255</a> at BNF, Paris.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/books/NNL_ALEPH002082396/NLI">c. 1470 Rome</a>, three links.</li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rashi" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rashi">Rashi</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rashi&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/R#Rashi" class="extiw" title="s:The Nuttall Encyclopædia/R">Rashi</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia" title="The Nuttall Encyclopædia">The Nuttall Encyclopædia</a></i>. 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rashi&rft.btitle=The+Nuttall+Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARashi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li>Uncategorized links: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060710040238/http://jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/mss/rashi/manuE.html">Images of manuscripts of Rashi's writings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thinktorah.org/rashi-tosfos-and-the-development-of-ashkenazi-jewry/">Rashi, Tosfos, and the Development of Ashkenazi Jewry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_Genesis?lang=bi">Public Domain Hebrew and CC-BY English of Rashi on Torah</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishhistorylectures.org/2012/11/18/rashi-teacher-of-all-israel/">"Rashi: Teacher of All Israel"</a>, video lecture by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Abramson" title="Henry Abramson">Dr. Henry Abramson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Touro_College_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Touro College South">Touro College South</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prdl.org/author_view.php?a_id=5060">Works by Rashi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Post-Reformation_Digital_Library" title="Post-Reformation Digital Library">Post-Reformation Digital Library</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table style="border:1px #aaa solid; width:692px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_oqmji3doxv6c9a26m3li57iml437uc6"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Acharonim" coords="552,19,651,43" title="Acharonim" alt="Acharonim" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Rishonim" coords="414,19,505,43" title="Rishonim" alt="Rishonim" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Geonim" coords="295,19,373,43" title="Geonim" alt="Geonim" /><area shape="rect" 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href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alfasi" title="Isaac Alfasi">Isaac Alfasi</a> (Rif)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chananel_ben_Chushiel" title="Chananel ben Chushiel">Chananel ben Chushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunash_ben_Labrat" title="Dunash ben Labrat">Dunash ben Labrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_Aghmati" title="Zechariah Aghmati">Zechariah Aghmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissim_ben_Jacob" title="Nissim ben Jacob">Nissim ben Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Jacob_ibn_Jam" title="Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam">Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemariah_ben_Elhanan" title="Shemariah ben Elhanan">Shemariah ben Elhanan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (except Catalonia)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_of_Seville" title="Yom Tov of Seville">Yom Tov Asevilli</a> (Ritva)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Migash" title="Joseph ibn Migash">Joseph ibn Migash</a> (Ri Migash)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Abulafia" title="Meir Abulafia">Meir Abulafia</a> (Ramah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda" title="Bahya ibn Paquda">Bahya ibn Paquda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ben_Asher" title="Bahya ben Asher">Bahya ben Asher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Abudarham" title="David Abudarham">David Abudirham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Moses_Arama" title="Isaac ben Moses Arama">Isaac ben Moses Arama</a> (Akeidat Yitzchak)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbenu_Yerucham" title="Rabbenu Yerucham">Rabbenu Yerucham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem_Tov_ben_Abraham_ibn_Gaon" title="Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon">Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon</a> (Migdal Oz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_ben_Solomon_Abi-Sahula" title="Meir ben Solomon Abi-Sahula">Meir ben Solomon Abi-Sahula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ibn_Ghiyyat" title="Isaac ibn Ghiyyat">Isaac ibn Ghiyyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimon_ben_Joseph" title="Maimon ben Joseph">Maimon ben Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Aboab_I" title="Isaac Aboab I">Isaac Aboab I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ibn_Ezra" title="Moses ibn Ezra">Moses ibn Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_ibn_Janah" title="Jonah ibn Janah">Jonah ibn Janah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Saba" title="Abraham Saba">Abraham Saba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Meiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachem Meiri">Menachem Meiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissim_of_Gerona" title="Nissim of Gerona">Nissim of Gerona</a> (Ran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_ibn_Aderet" title="Shlomo ibn Aderet">Shlomo ibn Aderet</a> (Rashba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonah_Gerondi" title="Yonah Gerondi">Yonah Gerondi</a> (Rabbeinu Yonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiah_ha-Levi_of_Girona" title="Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona">Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona</a> (Baal HaMaor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_HaLevi" title="Aharon HaLevi">Aharon HaLevi</a> (Ra'ah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Sheshet" title="Isaac ben Sheshet">Isaac ben Sheshet</a> (Rivash)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Zemah_Duran" title="Simeon ben Zemah Duran">Simeon ben Zemah Duran</a> (Tashbatz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidal_of_Tolosa" title="Vidal of Tolosa">Vidal of Tolosa</a> (Maggid Mishneh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Habib" title="Joseph ibn Habib">Joseph ibn Habib</a> (Nimmukei Yosef)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azriel_of_Gerona" title="Azriel of Gerona">Azriel of Gerona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Yakar" title="Judah ben Yakar">Judah ben Yakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Barzillai" title="Judah ben Barzillai">Judah ben Barzillai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hachmei_Provence" title="Hachmei Provence">Hachmei Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_David" title="Abraham ben David">Abraham ben David</a> (Raavad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a> (Ralbag)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kimhi" title="David Kimhi">David Kimhi</a> (Radak)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Mari" title="Abba Mari">Abba Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Abba_Mari" title="Isaac ben Abba Mari">Isaac ben Abba Mari</a> (HaIttur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Nathan" title="Abraham ben Nathan">Abraham ben Nathan</a> (HaManhig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_ben_Levi_of_Narbonne" title="David ben Levi of Narbonne">David ben Levi of Narbonne</a> (HaMichtam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Joseph_ben_Merwan_ha-Levi" title="Moses ben Joseph ben Merwan ha-Levi">Moses ben Joseph</a> (Rambi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Isaac_of_Narbonne" title="Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne">Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne</a> (Raavad II, HaEshkol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_ben_Abraham_ben_Hayyim" title="Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim">Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_ha-Darshan" title="Moshe ha-Darshan">Moshe ha-Darshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshullam_ben_Jacob" title="Meshullam ben Jacob">Meshullam ben Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Meshullam" title="Asher ben Meshullam">Asher ben Meshullam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Montpellier" title="Abraham of Montpellier">Abraham of Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caspi" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Caspi">Joseph Caspi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Blind" title="Isaac the Blind">Isaac the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Merwan_ha-Levi" title="Isaac ben Merwan ha-Levi">Isaac of Narbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_ben_Jacob_ha-Kohen" title="Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen">Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_ben_David_ha-Cohen" title="Jonathan ben David ha-Cohen">Jonathan of Lunel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (except Provence)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Abin_ha-Gadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Abin ha-Gadol">Rabbi Abin ha-Gadol</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tosafists" title="List of Tosafists">List of Tosafists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam" title="Rabbeinu Tam">Rabbeinu Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashbam" title="Rashbam">Rashbam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ben_Meir" title="Solomon ben Meir">Solomon ben Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_ben_Joseph_of_Falaise" title="Samson ben Joseph of Falaise">Samson ben Joseph of Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_of_Falaise" title="Yom Tov of Falaise">Yom Tov of Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Samuel" title="Eliezer ben Samuel">Eliezer ben Samuel</a> (Yereim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Samuel" title="Isaac ben Samuel">Isaac ben Samuel</a> (Ri HaZaken)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Jacob_of_Coucy" title="Moses ben Jacob of Coucy">Moses ben Jacob of Coucy</a> (Semag)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Nathan" title="Judah ben Nathan">Judah ben Nathan</a> (Rivan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Isaac_Bekhor_Shor" title="Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor">Bechor Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Joseph_of_Orleans" title="Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans">Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_of_Paris" title="Elijah of Paris">Elijah of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Yom_Tov" title="Judah ben Yom Tov">Judah ben Yom Tov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_ben_Hananel_HaCohen_(Tosafist)" title="Haim ben Hananel HaCohen (Tosafist)">Haim ben Hananel HaCohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yechiel_of_Paris" title="Yechiel of Paris">Yechiel of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivam" title="Rivam">Rivam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peretz_ben_Elijah" title="Peretz ben Elijah">Peretz ben Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_of_Toul" title="Eliezer of Toul">Eliezer of Toul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Paltiel" title="Chaim Paltiel">Chaim Paltiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Jacob of Orléans">Jacob of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Chinon" title="Samson of Chinon">Samson of Chinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Chinon" title="Jacob of Chinon">Jacob of Chinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_of_Touques" title="Eliezer of Touques">Eliezer of Touques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Abraham_of_Dampierre" title="Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre">Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elhanan_ben_Isaac_of_Dampierre" title="Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre">Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Isaac" title="Baruch ben Isaac">Baruch ben Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_ben_Abraham_of_Sens" title="Samson ben Abraham of Sens">Samson ben Abraham of Sens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Eliezer_Halevi" title="Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi">Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_ben_Samuel" title="Meir ben Samuel">Meir ben Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Moses of Évreux">Moses of Évreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Samuel of Évreux">Samuel of Évreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Solomon_of_Falaise" title="Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise">Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Isaac_Messer_Leon" title="Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon">Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Samuel_Bonfils" title="Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils">Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Helbo" title="Menahem ben Helbo">Menahem ben Helbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Kara" title="Simeon Kara">Simeon Kara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemaiah_of_Soissons" title="Shemaiah of Soissons">Shemaiah of Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_ben_Menahem_HaZaken" title="Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken">Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_ben_Samson" title="Ephraim ben Samson">Ephraim ben Samson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshullam_ben_Kalonymus" title="Meshullam ben Kalonymus">Meshullam ben Kalonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershom_ben_Judah" title="Gershom ben Judah">Gershom ben Judah</a> (Rabbeinu Gershom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_bar_Isaac" title="Simeon bar Isaac">Simeon bar Isaac</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Jehiel" title="Asher ben Jehiel">Asher ben Jehiel</a> (Rosh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Asher" title="Jacob ben Asher">Jacob ben Asher</a> (Baal HaTurim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_ben_Hillel" title="Mordechai ben Hillel">Mordechai ben Hillel</a> (Mordechai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_of_Rothenburg" title="Meir of Rothenburg">Meir of Rothenburg</a> (Maharam MeRotenberg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_ben_Moshe_Levi_Moelin" title="Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin">Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin</a> (Maharil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Nathan" title="Eliezer ben Nathan">Eliezer ben Nathan</a> (Ra'aven)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Joel_HaLevi" title="Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi">Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi</a> (Raavyah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Worms" title="Eleazar of Worms">Eleazar of Worms</a> (Rokeach)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_HaKohen" title="Meir HaKohen">Meir HaKohen</a> (Hagahot Maimuniot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Samuel_of_Regensburg" title="Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg">Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg</a> (Yehudah haHasid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_ben_Yakar" title="Yaakov ben Yakar">Yaakov ben Yakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Mordecai_of_Regensburg" title="Isaac ben Mordecai of Regensburg">Isaac ben Mordecai of Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_ben_Isaac_of_Regensburg" title="Ephraim ben Isaac of Regensburg">Ephraim ben Isaac of Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_ben_Eliezer" title="Samson ben Eliezer">Samson ben Eliezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Isaac_ha-Gadol" title="Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol">Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Kalonymus" title="Judah ben Kalonymus">Judah ben Kalonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_HaKohen_ben_Meir" title="Yehuda HaKohen ben Meir">Yehuda HaKohen ben Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_ben_Baruch_Halevi" title="Meir ben Baruch Halevi">Meir ben Baruch Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Bruna" title="Israel Bruna">Israel Bruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_of_Bamberg" title="Israel of Bamberg">Israel of Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_of_Bonn" title="Ephraim of Bonn">Ephraim of Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Asher" title="Judah ben Asher">Judah ben Asher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_ben_Isaac_ha-Levi" title="Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi">Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Judah_Landau" title="Jacob ben Judah Landau">Jacob ben Judah Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Natronai" title="Samuel ben Natronai">Samuel ben Natronai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suslin" title="Alexander Suslin">Alexander Suslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Weil" title="Jacob Weil">Jacob Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Asher_ha-Levi" title="Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi">Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simha_of_Speyer" title="Simha of Speyer">Simha of Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asir_HaTikvah" title="Isaac Asir HaTikvah">Isaac Asir HaTikvah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_of_Canterbury" title="Aaron of Canterbury">Aaron of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_of_York" title="Aaron of York">Aaron of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_of_London" title="Elias of London">Elias of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Menachem_of_London" title="Eliyahu Menachem of London">Eliyahu Menachem of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagin_Deulacres" title="Hagin Deulacres">Hagin Deulacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Judah_of_London" title="Jacob ben Judah of London">Jacob ben Judah of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josce_of_London" title="Josce of London">Josce of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Isaac_ben_ha-Nessiah" title="Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah">Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_London" title="Moses of London">Moses of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_of_Joigny" title="Yom Tov of Joigny">Yom Tov of Joigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berechiah_de_Nicole" title="Berechiah de Nicole">Berechiah de Nicole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Isserlein" title="Israel Isserlein">Israel Isserlein</a> (Terumat HaDeshen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Moses_of_Vienna" title="Isaac ben Moses of Vienna">Isaac of Vienna</a> (Or Zarua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Cohen_of_Vienna" title="Avigdor Cohen of Vienna">Avigdor Cohen of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Tyrnau" title="Isaac Tyrnau">Isaac Tyrnau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_ben_Jehiel" title="Nathan ben Jehiel">Nathan ben Jehiel</a> (the Aruch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_di_Trani" title="Isaiah di Trani">Isaiah di Trani</a> (Rid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_di_Trani_the_Younger" title="Isaiah di Trani the Younger">Isaiah di Trani the Younger</a> (Riaz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_of_Bertinoro" title="Obadiah of Bertinoro">Obadiah of Bertinoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Recanati" title="Menahem Recanati">Menahem Recanati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah_ben_Abraham_Anaw" title="Zedekiah ben Abraham Anaw">Zedekiah Anaw</a> (Shibbolei HaLeket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_ben_Abraham_Anaw" title="Benjamin ben Abraham Anaw">Benjamin Anaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Benjamin_Anav" title="Judah ben Benjamin Anav">Judah Anav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Meir_of_Ferrara" title="Moses ben Meir of Ferrara">Moses ben Meir of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Samuel_of_Verona" title="Eliezer ben Samuel of Verona">Eliezer ben Samuel of Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillel_ben_Samuel" title="Hillel ben Samuel">Hillel ben Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Colon_Trabotto" title="Joseph Colon Trabotto">Joseph Colon Trabotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Melchizedek" title="Isaac ben Melchizedek">Isaac ben Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Messer_Leon" title="Judah Messer Leon">Judah Messer Leon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Isaac Abarbanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Mizrachi" title="Elijah Mizrachi">Elijah Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiah_ben_Eliezer" title="Tobiah ben Eliezer">Tobiah ben Eliezer</a> (Lekach Tov)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerahiah_the_Greek" title="Zerahiah the Greek">Zerahiah the Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Dorbolo" title="Isaac ben Dorbolo">Isaac ben Dorbolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Samuel_of_Acre" title="Isaac ben Samuel of Acre">Isaac ben Samuel of Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Taku" title="Moses Taku">Moses Taku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Jacob_ha-Lavan" title="Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan">Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_ben_Abraham_I" title="Nathan ben Abraham I">Nathan ben Abraham I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillel_ben_Eliakim" title="Hillel ben Eliakim">Hillel ben Eliakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Leon_ben_Moses_Mosconi" title="Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi">Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nethanel_ben_Isaiah" title="Nethanel ben Isaiah">Nethanel ben Isaiah‎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26456#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2880" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26456#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2880" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26456#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121229697">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/19684048">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19837/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx4v9jXGXVJGGRvTbxkXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118598325">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50082616">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11923509g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11923509g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36576044">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0005335&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX830833">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1536756">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074592432">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/97006835">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/53hklk9p2t4qbnv">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810554436605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/37011">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007266790705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058611731506706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05879729?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1301559">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118598325.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118598325">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Salomon ben Isaac (1040-1105)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027120449">IdRef</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pc36w3">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rashi&oldid=1284175723">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rashi&oldid=1284175723</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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