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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Syrian campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Syrian_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Syrian_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>First Syrian campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Syrian_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Syrian_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Syrian_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Second Syrian campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Syrian_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Syrian_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Syrian_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Third Syrian campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Syrian_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Syrian_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Syrian_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Later Syrian campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Syrian_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_treaty_with_the_Hittites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_treaty_with_the_Hittites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Peace treaty with the Hittites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_treaty_with_the_Hittites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nubian_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nubian_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Nubian campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nubian_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libyan_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libyan_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Libyan campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libyan_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sed_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sed_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sed festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sed_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_projects_and_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_projects_and_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Building projects and monuments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Building_projects_and_monuments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Building projects and monuments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Building_projects_and_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pi-Ramesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pi-Ramesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pi-Ramesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pi-Ramesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramesseum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramesseum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ramesseum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramesseum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abu_Simbel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abu_Simbel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Abu Simbel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abu_Simbel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Nubian_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Nubian_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Other Nubian monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Nubian_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_archeological_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_archeological_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Other archeological discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_archeological_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death and burial</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death and burial subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mummy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mummy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mummy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mummy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial_of_wives_and_relatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_of_wives_and_relatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Burial of wives and relatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_of_wives_and_relatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tomb_of_Nefertari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb_of_Nefertari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Tomb of Nefertari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb_of_Nefertari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tomb_KV5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb_KV5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Tomb KV5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb_KV5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature_and_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature_and_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In literature and the arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_literature_and_the_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In literature and the arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_literature_and_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_the_pharaoh_in_the_Bible's_Book_of_Exodus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_the_pharaoh_in_the_Bible's_Book_of_Exodus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>As the pharaoh in the Bible's Book of Exodus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_the_pharaoh_in_the_Bible's_Book_of_Exodus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ramesses II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II" title="Ramses II – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ramses II" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II" title="Ramses II – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ramses II" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="رمسيس الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رمسيس الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D4%B2." title="Ռամսիս Բ. – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռամսիս Բ." data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rams%C3%A9s_II" title="Ramsés II – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ramsés II" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81_II" title="Рамсес II – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Рамсес II" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Ramzes" title="II Ramzes – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Ramzes" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="দ্বিতীয় রামসেস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিতীয় রামসেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_2-s%C3%A8" title="Ramesses 2-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ramesses 2-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81_II" title="Рамсес II – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рамсес II" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%81_II" title="Рамсэс II – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рамсэс II" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%81_II" title="Рамзес II – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рамзес II" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramzes_II" title="Ramzes II – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ramzes II" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II" title="Ramses II – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ramses II" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rams%C3%A8s_II" title="Ramsès II – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ramsès II" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81_II" title="Рамсес II – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рамсес II" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesse_II." title="Ramesse II. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ramesse II." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ramesses II" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_2." title="Ramses 2. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ramses 2." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II." title="Ramses II. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ramses II." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II" title="Ramses II – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ramses II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%83%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84" title="Ραμσής Β΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραμσής Β΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rams%C3%A9s_II" title="Ramsés II – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ramsés II" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramseso_la_2-a" title="Ramseso la 2-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ramseso la 2-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II.a" title="Ramses II.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ramses II.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="رامسس دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رامسس دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rams%C3%A8s_II" title="Ramsès II – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ramsès II" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramasaes_II" title="Ramasaes II – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ramasaes II" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rams%C3%A9s_II" title="Ramsés II – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ramsés II" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%8C%EC%84%B8%EC%8A%A4_2%EC%84%B8" title="람세스 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="람세스 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%BD_II_(%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE)" title="Ռամզես II (Մեծ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռամզես II (Մեծ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="रामेसेस द्वितीय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रामेसेस द्वितीय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramzes_II." title="Ramzes II. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ramzes II." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_la_2ma" title="Ramses la 2ma – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ramses la 2ma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II" title="Ramses II – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ramses II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_2." title="Ramses 2. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ramses 2." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II" title="Ramses II – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ramses II" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99" title="רעמסס השני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רעמסס השני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rams%C3%A8s_2" title="Ramsès 2 – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ramsès 2" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ramesses II" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_II" title="რამსეს II – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რამსეს II" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%86%D0%86" title="Рамсес ІІ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рамсес ІІ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II" title="Ramses II – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ramses II" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rams%C3%A8s_II" title="Ramsès II – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ramsès II" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rams%C3%A8s_II" title="Ramsès II – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ramsès II" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II" title="Ramses II – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ramses II" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II_%22Le_Gran%22" title="Ramses II "Le Gran" – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ramses II "Le Gran"" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhamses_II" title="Rhamses II – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rhamses II" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramzess_Lielais" title="Ramzess Lielais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ramzess Lielais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramzis_II" title="Ramzis II – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ramzis II" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Ramszesz" title="II. Ramszesz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Ramszesz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%81_II" title="Рамзес II – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рамзес II" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsesy_II" title="Ramsesy II – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ramsesy II" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="റാംസെസ്സ് രണ്ടാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റാംസെസ്സ് രണ്ടാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_II" title="რამსეს II – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რამსეს II" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="رمسيس التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رمسيس التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ramesses II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%81%82" title="ရမ်စစ်၂ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရမ်စစ်၂" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II" title="Ramses II – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ramses II" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="रामसिज द्वितीय – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रामसिज द्वितीय" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B92%E4%B8%96" title="ラムセス2世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラムセス2世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II" title="Ramses II – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ramses II" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II" title="Ramses II – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ramses II" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II" title="Ramses II – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ramses II" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_(%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85)" title="رامسیس (دویم) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رامسیس (دویم)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramzes_II" title="Ramzes II – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ramzes II" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramess%C3%A9s_II" title="Ramessés II – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ramessés II" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_al_II-lea" title="Ramses al II-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ramses al II-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81_II" title="Рамсес II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рамсес II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ramesses II" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsesi_II" title="Ramsesi II – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ramsesi II" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2" title="දෙවන රැම්සීස් රජ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෙවන රැම්සීස් රජ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ramesses II" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesse_II." title="Ramesse II. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ramesse II." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramzes_II." title="Ramzes II. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ramzes II." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85" title="ڕەمسیسی دووەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەمسیسی دووەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%81_II" title="Рамзес II – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рамзес II" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramzes_II" title="Ramzes II – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ramzes II" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II" title="Ramses II – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ramses II" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II" title="Ramses II – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ramses II" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ramesses II" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="இரண்டாம் ராமேசஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரண்டாம் ராமேசஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsses_wis_sin" title="Ramsses wis sin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ramsses wis sin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2" title="ฟาโรห์แรเมซีสที่ 2 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟาโรห์แรเมซีสที่ 2" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Ramses" title="II. Ramses – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Ramses" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%81_II" title="Рамзес II – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рамзес II" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="رمسيس ثانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رمسيس ثانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ramesses II" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramses_II" title="Ramses II – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ramses II" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ramesses II" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%BE%8E%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="拉美西斯二世 – Wu" lang="wuu" 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For the heavily modified Soviet T-55 main battle tank of the Egyptian military, see <a href="/wiki/Ramses_II_tank" title="Ramses II tank">Ramses II tank</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87;font-size:125%;">Ramesses II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname">Ramesses the Great, Ozymandias</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramses_II_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Younger Memnon (c. 1250 BC), a statue depicting Ramesses II, from the Ramesseum in Luxor (Thebes). Currently on display at the British Museum in London."><img alt="The Younger Memnon (c. 1250 BC), a statue depicting Ramesses II, from the Ramesseum in Luxor (Thebes). Currently on display at the British Museum in London." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ramses_II_British_Museum.jpg/220px-Ramses_II_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ramses_II_British_Museum.jpg/330px-Ramses_II_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ramses_II_British_Museum.jpg/440px-Ramses_II_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="2005" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Younger_Memnon" title="Younger Memnon">Younger Memnon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250 BC</span>), a statue depicting Ramesses II, from the <a href="/wiki/Ramesseum" title="Ramesseum">Ramesseum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>). Currently on display at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Reign</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1279–1213 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style="width:100%;margin:0;border:0;padding:0;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Royal titulary</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:2px solid #decd87;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Horus_name" title="Horus name">Horus name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><i>Ka nakht, Mery maat</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013114–115_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013114–115-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />The strong bull, beloved of right (truth)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2001xxiv_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley2001xxiv-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="48px" width="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="46" style="padding:0 5px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E1.png?4dcff" height="25" title="E1" alt="E1" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D44.png?a9b56" height="14" title="D44" alt="D44" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_C10.png?7f60a" height="38" title="C10" alt="C10" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U6.png?4f117" height="37" title="U6 [mr]" alt="mr" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/50px-Srxtail2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/75px-Srxtail2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/100px-Srxtail2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Nebty_name" title="Nebty name">Nebty name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><i>Mek kemet, waf khasut</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013114–115_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013114–115-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Protector of Egypt who curbs foreign lands<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2001xxiv_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley2001xxiv-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:6px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G16.png?dbf15" height="38" title="G16" alt="G16" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G20.png?e92e4" height="38" title="G20" alt="G20" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V31.png?70ebb" height="11" title="V31" alt="V31" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I6.png?19fec" height="17" title="I6" alt="I6" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O49.png?dd778" height="18" title="O49" alt="O49" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G45.png?5f773" height="38" title="G45" alt="G45" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I9.png?fe540" height="12" title="I9 [f]" alt="f" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z7.png?fc6fb" height="17" title="Z7" alt="Z7" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D44.png?a9b56" height="18" title="D44" alt="D44" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N25.png?6f14c" height="16" title="N25" alt="N25" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z2.png?805ea" height="11" title="Z2" alt="Z2" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Horus_of_Gold" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Golden Horus</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><i>User renput, aa nakhtu</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013114–115_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013114–115-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Rich in years – great in victories<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2001xxiv_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley2001xxiv-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:6px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G8.png?a8843" height="38" title="G8" alt="G8" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F12.png?0fd6a" height="38" title="F12 [wsr]" alt="wsr" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S29.png?58979" height="38" title="S29 [s]" alt="s" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M4.png?2dc98" height="38" title="M4" alt="M4" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M4.png?2dc98" height="38" title="M4" alt="M4" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M4.png?2dc98" height="38" title="M4" alt="M4" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O29.png?3e0b0" height="7" title="O29" alt="O29" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D44.png?a9b56" height="18" title="D44" alt="D44" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z2.png?805ea" height="11" title="Z2" alt="Z2" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)">Praenomen</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><i>User maat Re, setep en Re</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013114–115_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013114–115-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />The justice of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Rê">Rê</a> is powerful – chosen of Rê<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton1994146_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton1994146-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="{{{align}}}" style="padding:5px;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="38" title="M23" alt="M23" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_L2.png?ff0ae" height="38" title="L2" alt="L2" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/17px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/26px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/34px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F12.png?0fd6a" height="38" title="F12 [wsr]" alt="wsr" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_C10.png?7f60a" height="38" title="C10 [mAat]" alt="mAat" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U21.png?9f20b" height="22" title="U21 [stp]" alt="stp" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/21px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/32px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/42px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(ancient_Egypt)" title="Nomen (ancient Egypt)">Nomen</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><i>Ra mes su, mery Amun</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013114–115_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013114–115-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Rê is the one who bore him, beloved of <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton1994146_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton1994146-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="{{{align}}}" style="padding:5px;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G39.png?eb053" height="38" title="G39" alt="G39" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /><br /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/17px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/26px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/34px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Y5.png?381eb" height="13" title="Y5 [mn]" alt="mn" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N36.png?d5dbf" height="9" title="N36" alt="N36" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z1.png?4dc06" height="16" title="Z1" alt="Z1" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F31.png?4e74e" height="37" title="F31 [ms]" alt="ms" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S29.png?58979" height="38" title="S29 [s]" alt="s" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="38" title="M23 [sw]" alt="sw" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/21px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/32px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/42px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nefertari" title="Nefertari">Nefertari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isetnofret" title="Isetnofret">Isetnofret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maathorneferure" title="Maathorneferure">Maathorneferure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meritamen" title="Meritamen">Meritamen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bintanath" title="Bintanath">Bintanath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebettawy" title="Nebettawy">Nebettawy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henutmire" title="Henutmire">Henutmire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">88–103 (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_children_of_Ramesses_II" title="List of children of Ramesses II">List of children of Ramesses II</a></i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tuya_(queen)" title="Tuya (queen)">Tuya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1303 BC</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1213 BC</span> (aged 90–91)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/KV7" title="KV7">KV7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Monuments</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ramesseum" title="Ramesseum">Ramesseum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bart_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bart_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bart-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Dynasty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">19th Dynasty</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ramesses II</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a>: <i lang="egy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/r%EA%9C%A5-ms-sw" class="extiw" title="wikt:rꜥ-ms-sw">rꜥ-ms-sw</a></i>, <span title="Ancient Egyptian-language romanization"><i lang="egy-Latn">Rīꜥa-masē-sə</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Ancient Egyptian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="egy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɾiːʕamaˈseːsə]</a></span>; <span class="nowrap"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1303 BC – 1213 BC</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly known as <b>Ramesses the Great</b>, was an <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Egyptian pharaoh</a>. He was the third ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a>, he is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>, which itself was the most powerful period of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also widely considered one of ancient Egypt's most successful warrior pharaohs, conducting no fewer than 15 military campaigns, all resulting in victories, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a>, generally considered a stalemate.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">ancient Greek sources</a>, he is called <b>Ozymandias</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derived from the first part of his Egyptian-language regnal name: <span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><i lang="egy-Latn">Usermaatre <a href="/wiki/Setepenre" title="Setepenre">Setepenre</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pdsOzymandias_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdsOzymandias-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramesses was also referred to as the "Great Ancestor" by successor pharaohs and the Egyptian people. </p><p>For the early part of his reign, he focused on building cities, temples, and monuments. After establishing the city of <a href="/wiki/Pi-Ramesses" title="Pi-Ramesses">Pi-Ramesses</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>, he designated it as Egypt's new capital and used it as the main staging point for his campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>. Ramesses led several military expeditions into the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, where he reasserted Egyptian control over <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>; he also led a number of expeditions into <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, all commemorated in inscriptions at <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Beit_el-Wali" title="Temple of Beit el-Wali">Beit el-Wali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Gerf_Hussein" title="Temple of Gerf Hussein">Gerf Hussein</a>. He celebrated an unprecedented thirteen or fourteen <a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festivals</a>—more than any other pharaoh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorCline199816_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorCline199816-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimates of his age at death vary, although 90 or 91 is considered to be the most likely figure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997108,_190_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997108,_190-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrand2000302–305_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrand2000302–305-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his death, he was buried in a tomb (<a href="/wiki/KV7" title="KV7">KV7</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings" title="Valley of the Kings">Valley of the Kings</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his body was later moved to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Cache" title="Royal Cache">Royal Cache</a>, where it was discovered by archaeologists in 1881. Ramesses' <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummy</a> is now on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Egyptian_Civilization" title="National Museum of Egyptian Civilization">National Museum of Egyptian Civilization</a>, located in the city of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parisse_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parisse-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <p>Ramesses II was not born a prince. His grandfather <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a> was a vizier and military officer during the reign of pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a>, who appointed Ramesses I as his successor; at that time, Ramesses II was about eleven years old.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramesses_II_as_child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ramesses_II_as_child.jpg/250px-Ramesses_II_as_child.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ramesses_II_as_child.jpg/330px-Ramesses_II_as_child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ramesses_II_as_child.jpg/500px-Ramesses_II_as_child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Ramesses II as a child embraced by <a href="/wiki/Hauron" title="Hauron">Hauron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum,_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Museum, Cairo">Egyptian Museum, Cairo</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>After Ramesses I died, his son, <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> became king, and designated his son Ramesses II as prince regent at about the age of fourteen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign_length">Reign length</h2></div> <p>Ramesses date of accession to the throne is recorded as III <a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Harvest" title="Season of the Harvest">Shemu</a>, day 27, which most <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptologists</a> believe to be 31 May 1279 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997108,_190_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997108,_190-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrand2000302–305_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrand2000302–305-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Contra_Apionem" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra Apionem">Contra Apionem</a></i> which included material from <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a>'s <i>Aegyptiaca</i>, assigned Ramesses II ("Armesses Miamun") a reign of 66 years, 2 months.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is essentially confirmed by the calendar of Papyrus <a href="/wiki/Gurob" title="Gurob">Gurob</a> fragment L, where Year 67, I <a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Inundation" title="Season of the Inundation">Akhet</a> day 18 of Ramesses II is immediately followed by Year 1, II <a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Inundation" title="Season of the Inundation">Akhet</a> day 19 of <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> (Ramesses II's son), meaning Ramesses II died about 2 months into his 67th Regnal year.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, A. J. Peden proposed that Ramesses II died between II Akhet day 3 and II Akhet day 13 on the basis of Theban graffito 854+855, equated to Merneptah's Year 1 II Akhet day 2.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The workman's village of <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Medina" title="Deir el-Medina">Deir el-Medina</a> preserves a fragment of a mid-20th dynasty necropolis journal (P. Turin prov. nr. 8538 recto I, 5; unpublished) which records that the date II Akhet day 6 was a Free feast day for the "Sailing of UsimaRe-Setepenre." (for Ramesses II).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Egyptologist Robert J. Demarée notes in a 2016 paper: </p> <dl><dd>The feast called ẖnw – ‘Sailing’ – was clearly observed in Thebes or at <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Medina" title="Deir el-Medina">Deir el-Medina</a> during the Ramesside Period in remembrance of the passing of deified royals. The ‘Sailing’ of <a href="/wiki/Ahmose-Nefertari" title="Ahmose-Nefertari">Ahmose-Nefertari</a> was celebrated on II Shemu 15; the ‘Sailing’ of Seti I on III Shemu 24; and the ‘Sailing’ of Ramesses II on II Akhet 6.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The date of Ramesses II's recorded death on II Akhet day 6 falls perfectly within A. J. Peden's estimated timeline for the king's death in the interval between II Akhet day 3 and II Akhet day 13. This means that Ramesses II died on Year 67, II <a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Inundation" title="Season of the Inundation">Akhet</a> day 6 of his reign after ruling Egypt for 66 years 2 months and 9 days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_campaigns">Military campaigns</h2></div> <p>Early in his life, Ramesses II embarked on numerous campaigns to restore possession of previously held territories lost to the <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> and to secure Egypt's borders. He was also responsible for suppressing some Nubian revolts and carrying out a campaign in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>. Though the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a> often dominates the scholarly view of Ramesses II's military prowess and power, he nevertheless enjoyed more than a few outright victories over Egypt's enemies. During his reign, the Egyptian army is estimated to have totaled some 100,000 men: a formidable force that he used to strengthen Egyptian influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabriel6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabriel6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_against_Sherden_pirates">Battle against Sherden pirates</h3></div> <p>In his second year, Ramesses II decisively defeated the <a href="/wiki/Sherden" title="Sherden">Sherden</a> sea pirates who were wreaking havoc along Egypt's Mediterranean coast by attacking cargo-laden vessels travelling the sea routes to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992250–253_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992250–253-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sherden people probably came from the coast of <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, from southwest <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> or perhaps, also from the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorCline1998112–113_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorCline1998112–113-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramesses posted troops and ships at strategic points along the coast and patiently allowed the pirates to attack their perceived prey before skillfully catching them by surprise in a sea battle and capturing them all in a single action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley200053_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley200053-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tanis,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanis, Egypt">Tanis</a> speaks of their having come "in their war-ships from the midst of the sea, and none were able to stand before them". There probably was a naval battle somewhere near the mouth of the Nile, as shortly afterward, many Sherden are seen among the pharaoh's body-guard where they are conspicuous by their horned helmets having a ball projecting from the middle, their round shields, and the great <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_sword#Naue_II" title="Bronze Age sword">Naue II swords</a> with which they are depicted in inscriptions of the Battle of Kadesh.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that sea battle, together with the Sherden, the pharaoh also defeated the <a href="/wiki/Lukka" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukka">Lukka</a> (L'kkw, possibly the people later known as the <a href="/wiki/Lycians" title="Lycians">Lycians</a>), and the Šqrsšw (<a href="/wiki/Shekelesh" title="Shekelesh">Shekelesh</a>) peoples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_campaigns">Syrian campaigns</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Syrian_campaign">First Syrian campaign</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramses-ii-relief-from-memphis2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ramses-ii-relief-from-memphis2.png/250px-Ramses-ii-relief-from-memphis2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ramses-ii-relief-from-memphis2.png/330px-Ramses-ii-relief-from-memphis2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ramses-ii-relief-from-memphis2.png/500px-Ramses-ii-relief-from-memphis2.png 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>A relief of Ramesses II from <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> showing him capturing enemies: a Nubian, a Libyan and a Syrian, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250 BC</span>. <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Museum">Cairo Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The immediate antecedents to the Battle of Kadesh were the early campaigns of Ramesses II into <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>. His first campaign seems to have taken place in the fourth year of his reign and was commemorated by the erection of what became the first of the <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stelae_of_Nahr_el-Kalb" class="mw-redirect" title="Commemorative stelae of Nahr el-Kalb">Commemorative stelae of Nahr el-Kalb</a> near what is now <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>. The inscription is almost totally illegible due to weathering. </p><p>In the fourth year of his reign, he captured the Hittite vassal state of the Amurru during his campaign in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992253_ff_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992253_ff-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Syrian_campaign">Second Syrian campaign</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a></div><p>The Battle of Kadesh in his fifth regnal year was the climactic engagement in a campaign that Ramesses fought in Syria, against the resurgent Hittite forces of <a href="/wiki/Muwatalli_II" title="Muwatalli II">Muwatalli II</a>. The pharaoh wanted a victory at <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Kadesh</a> both to expand Egypt's frontiers into Syria, and to emulate his father Seti I's triumphal entry into the city just a decade or so earlier. </p><p>He also constructed his new capital, <a href="/wiki/Pi-Ramesses" title="Pi-Ramesses">Pi-Ramesses</a>. There he built factories to manufacture weapons, chariots, and shields, supposedly producing some 1,000 weapons in a week, about 250 chariots in two weeks, and 1,000 shields in a week and a half. After these preparations, Ramesses moved to attack territory in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, which belonged to a more substantial enemy than any he had ever faced in war: the <a href="/wiki/Hittites#Geography" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley200068_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley200068-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After advancing through <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> for exactly a month, according to the Egyptian sources, Ramesses arrived at Kadesh on 1 May 1274 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, Ramesses' troops were caught in a Hittite ambush and were initially outnumbered by the enemy, whose chariotry smashed through the second division of Ramesses' forces and attacked his camp. Receiving reinforcements from other Egyptian divisions arriving on the battlefield, the Egyptians counterattacked and routed the Hittites, whose survivors abandoned their chariots and swam the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a> to reach the safe city walls.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Was sourced to the unreliable History Channel: https://web.archive.org/web/20080416015854/http://www.history.com/shows.do?action=detail&episodeId=211104 (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although left in possession of the battlefield, Ramesses, logistically unable to sustain a long siege, returned to Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-hittites.info_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hittites.info-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dougherty_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dougherty-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Ramesses claimed a great victory, and this was technically true in terms of the actual battle, it is generally considered that the Hittites were the ultimate victors as far as the overall campaign was concerned, since the Egyptians retreated after the battle, and Hittite forces invaded and briefly occupied the Egyptian possessions in the region of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_Syrian_campaign">Third Syrian campaign</h4></div> <p>Egypt's sphere of influence was now restricted to Canaan while <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> fell into Hittite hands. Canaanite princes, seemingly encouraged by the Egyptian incapacity to impose their will and goaded on by the Hittites, began revolts against Egypt. Ramesses II was not willing to let this stand, and prepared to contest the Hittite advance with new military campaigns. Because they are recorded on his monuments with few indications of precise dates or the regnal year, the precise chronology of the subsequent campaigns is not clear.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in the seventh year of his reign (April/May 1272 BC <sup id="cite_ref-Obsomer_2012:_530_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obsomer_2012:_530-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Ramesses II returned to Syria again. This time he proved more successful against his Hittite foes. During this campaign he split his army into two forces. One force was led by his son, <a href="/wiki/Amun-her-khepeshef" title="Amun-her-khepeshef">Amun-her-khepeshef</a>, and it chased warriors of the <a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Šhasu</a> tribes across the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> as far as the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, capturing <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mount_Seir" title="Mount Seir">Seir</a>. It then marched on to capture <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>. The other force, led by Ramesses himself, attacked <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>. He, too, then entered Moab, where he rejoined his son. The reunited army then marched on <a href="/wiki/Heshbon" title="Heshbon">Hesbon</a>, Damascus, on to <a href="/wiki/Kumidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumidi">Kumidi</a>, and finally, recaptured Upi (the land around Damascus), reestablishing Egypt's former sphere of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992256_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992256-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_Syrian_campaigns">Later Syrian campaigns</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dapur" title="Siege of Dapur">Siege of Dapur</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramses_II_besieging_the_Cheta_people_in_Dapur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ramses_II_besieging_the_Cheta_people_in_Dapur.jpg/330px-Ramses_II_besieging_the_Cheta_people_in_Dapur.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ramses_II_besieging_the_Cheta_people_in_Dapur.jpg/495px-Ramses_II_besieging_the_Cheta_people_in_Dapur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ramses_II_besieging_the_Cheta_people_in_Dapur.jpg/660px-Ramses_II_besieging_the_Cheta_people_in_Dapur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1846" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Color reproduction of the relief depicting Ramesses II storming the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> fortress of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dapur" title="Siege of Dapur">Dapur</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ramesses extended his military successes in his eighth and ninth years. He crossed the Dog River (<a href="/wiki/Nahr_al-Kalb" title="Nahr al-Kalb">Nahr al-Kalb</a>) and pushed north into <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a>. His armies managed to march as far north as Dapur,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen199626_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen199626-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he had a statue of himself erected. The Egyptian pharaoh thus found himself in northern Amurru, well past Kadesh, in <a href="/wiki/Tunip" title="Tunip">Tunip</a>, where no Egyptian soldier had been seen since the time of <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a>, almost 120 years earlier. He laid siege to Dapur before capturing it, and returning to Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By November 1272 BC, Ramesses was back in Egypt, at <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient_Egypt)" title="Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Obsomer_2012:_530_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obsomer_2012:_530-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His victory in the north proved ephemeral. After having reasserted his power over Canaan, Ramesses led his army north. A mostly illegible stele at the Dog River near <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, (Lebanon), which appears to be dated to the king's second year, was probably set up there in his tenth year (1269 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen1979223–224_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen1979223–224-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thin strip of territory pinched between Amurru and Kadesh did not make for a stable possession. Within a year, they had returned to the Hittite fold, so that Ramesses had to march against Dapur once more in his tenth year. This time he claimed to have fought the battle without even bothering to put on his <a href="/wiki/Corslet" title="Corslet">corslet</a>, until two hours after the fighting began. Six of Ramesses's youthful sons, still wearing their <a href="/wiki/Youth_side_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth side lock">side locks</a>, took part in this conquest. He took towns in <a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen199633_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen199633-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tunip in <a href="/wiki/Naharin" title="Naharin">Naharin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen199647_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen199647-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later recorded on the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Ramesseum" title="Ramesseum">Ramesseum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen199646_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen199646-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This second success at the location was equally as meaningless as his first, as neither power could decisively defeat the other in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen198268_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen198268-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In year eighteen, Ramesses erected a stele at <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beth Shean</a>, on 19 January 1261 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_treaty_with_the_Hittites">Peace treaty with the Hittites</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Hittite_peace_treaty" title="Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty">Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg/150px-Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg/225px-Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg/300px-Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="3617" /></a><figcaption>Tablet of <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> between <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAattu%C5%A1ili_III" title="Ḫattušili III">Ḫattušili III</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hatti</a> and Ramesses II of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Archaeology_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul Archaeology Museums">İstanbul Archaeology Museums</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Year 21 of Ramesses's reign, he concluded a peace treaty with the Hittites known to modern scholars as the <i>Treaty of Kadesh</i>. Though this treaty settled the disputes over Canaan, its immediate impetus seems to have been a diplomatic crisis that occurred following <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAattu%C5%A1ili_III" title="Ḫattušili III">Ḫattušili III</a>'s accession to the Hittite throne. Ḫattušili had come to power by deposing his nephew <a href="/wiki/Mur%C5%A1ili_III" title="Muršili III">Muršili III</a> in the brief and bitter <a href="/wiki/Hattusili%27s_Civil_War" title="Hattusili's Civil War">Hittite Civil War</a>. Though the deposed king was initially sent into exile in Syria, he subsequently attempted to regain power and fled to Egypt once these attempts were discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryce183195_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryce183195-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Ḫattušili demanded his extradition, Ramesses II denied any knowledge of his whereabouts. When Ḫattušili insisted that Muršili was in Egypt, Ramesses's response suggested that Ḫattušili was being deceived by his subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryce183195_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryce183195-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen198274_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen198274-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This demand precipitated a crisis, and the two empires came close to war. Eventually, in the twenty-first year of his reign (1259 BC <sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Ramesses concluded an agreement at Kadesh to end the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992256_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992256-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The peace treaty was recorded in two versions, one in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>, the other in Hittite, using <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform script</a>; both versions survive. Such dual-language recording is common to many subsequent treaties. This treaty differs from others, in that the two language versions are worded differently. While the majority of the text is identical, the Hittite version says the Egyptians came suing for peace and the Egyptian version says the reverse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen198262–64,_73–79_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen198262–64,_73–79-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty was given to the Egyptians in the form of a silver plaque, and this "pocket-book" version was taken back to Egypt and carved into the temple at <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a>. The Egyptian account records Ramesses II's receipt of the Hittite peace treaty tablets on I Peret 21 of Year 21, corresponding to 10 November 1259 BC, according to the standard "Low Chronology" used by Egyptologists.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The treaty was concluded between Ramesses II and Ḫattušili III in year 21 of Ramesses's reign (c. 1259 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992257_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992257-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its 18 articles call for peace between Egypt and Hatti and then proceeds to maintain that their respective deities also demand peace. The frontiers are not laid down in this treaty, but may be inferred from other documents. The Anastasy A <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> describes Canaan during the latter part of the reign of Ramesses II and enumerates and names the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> coastal towns under Egyptian control. The harbour town of <a href="/wiki/Sumur_(Levant)" title="Sumur (Levant)">Sumur</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>, is mentioned as the northernmost town belonging to Egypt, suggesting it contained an Egyptian garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStieglitz199145_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieglitz199145-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No further Egyptian campaigns in Canaan are mentioned after the conclusion of the peace treaty. The northern border seems to have been safe and quiet, so the rule of the pharaoh was strong until Ramesses II's death, and the subsequent waning of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen1982215_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen1982215-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the King of Mira attempted to involve Ramesses in a hostile act against the Hittites, the Egyptian responded that the times of intrigue in support of Mursili III, had passed. Ḫattušili III wrote to <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Kardunia%C5%A1" title="Karduniaš">Karduniaš</a> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>) in the same spirit, reminding him of the time when his father, <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a>, had offered to fight Ramesses II, the king of Egypt. The Hittite king encouraged the Babylonian to oppose another enemy, which must have been the king of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, whose allies had killed the messenger of the Egyptian king. Ḫattušili encouraged Kadashman-Enlil to come to his aid and prevent the Assyrians from cutting the link between the Canaanite province of Egypt and Mursili III, the ally of Ramesses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nubian_campaigns">Nubian campaigns</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerf_Hussein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gerf_Hussein.jpg/250px-Gerf_Hussein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gerf_Hussein.jpg/330px-Gerf_Hussein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gerf_Hussein.jpg/500px-Gerf_Hussein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Part of <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Gerf_Hussein" title="Temple of Gerf Hussein">Gerf Hussein</a> temple, originally in Nubia</figcaption></figure> <p>Ramesses II also campaigned south of the <a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">first cataract of the Nile</a> into <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>. When Ramesses was about 22 years old, two of his own sons, including <a href="/wiki/Amun-her-khepeshef" title="Amun-her-khepeshef">Amun-her-khepeshef</a>, accompanied him in at least one of those campaigns. By the time of Ramesses, Nubia had been a colony for 200 years, but its conquest was recalled in decoration from the temples Ramesses II built at <a href="/wiki/New_Kalabsha#Beit_al-Wali" title="New Kalabsha">Beit el-Wali</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which was the subject of epigraphic work by the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Institute_(Chicago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Institute (Chicago)">Oriental Institute</a> during the Nubian salvage campaign of the 1960s),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERickeHughesWente1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERickeHughesWente1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Kalabsha#Gerf_Hussein" title="New Kalabsha">Gerf Hussein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalabsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalabsha">Kalabsha</a> in northern Nubia. On the south wall of the Beit el-Wali temple, Ramesses II is depicted charging into battle against tribes south of Egypt in a war chariot, while his two young sons, <a href="/wiki/Amun-her-khepeshef" title="Amun-her-khepeshef">Amun-her-khepsef</a> and Khaemwaset, are shown behind him, also in war chariots. A wall in one of Ramesses's temples says he had to fight one battle with those tribes without help from his soldiers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_Painting_of_Temple_of_Beit_El-Wali_(Plaster_Cast),_which_Ramses_II_Constructed_in_Nubia_-_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wall_Painting_of_Temple_of_Beit_El-Wali_%28Plaster_Cast%29%2C_which_Ramses_II_Constructed_in_Nubia_-_British_Museum.jpg/960px-Wall_Painting_of_Temple_of_Beit_El-Wali_%28Plaster_Cast%29%2C_which_Ramses_II_Constructed_in_Nubia_-_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="880" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wall_Painting_of_Temple_of_Beit_El-Wali_%28Plaster_Cast%29%2C_which_Ramses_II_Constructed_in_Nubia_-_British_Museum.jpg/1320px-Wall_Painting_of_Temple_of_Beit_El-Wali_%28Plaster_Cast%29%2C_which_Ramses_II_Constructed_in_Nubia_-_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wall_Painting_of_Temple_of_Beit_El-Wali_%28Plaster_Cast%29%2C_which_Ramses_II_Constructed_in_Nubia_-_British_Museum.jpg/1760px-Wall_Painting_of_Temple_of_Beit_El-Wali_%28Plaster_Cast%29%2C_which_Ramses_II_Constructed_in_Nubia_-_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6392" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption>Wall Painting of the Temple of Beit El-Wali, which Ramses II constructed in Nubia now in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libyan_campaigns">Libyan campaigns</h3></div> <p>During the reign of Ramesses II, the Egyptians were evidently active on a 300-kilometre (190 mi) stretch along the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> coast, at least as far as <a href="/wiki/Zawyet_Umm_El_Rakham" title="Zawyet Umm El Rakham">Zawyet Umm El Rakham</a>, where remains of a fortress described by its texts as built on Libyans land have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the exact events surrounding the foundation of the coastal forts and fortresses is not clear, some degree of political and military control must have been held over the region to allow their construction. </p><p>There are no detailed accounts of Ramesses II's undertaking large military actions against the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libyans</a>, only generalised records of his conquering and crushing them, which may or may not refer to specific events that were otherwise unrecorded. It may be that some of the records, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a> Stele of his year 2, are harking back to Ramesses's presence on his father's Libyan campaigns. Perhaps it was <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> who achieved this supposed control over the region, and who planned to establish the defensive system, in a manner similar to how he rebuilt those to the east, the Ways of Horus across Northern <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sed_festivals">Sed festivals</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Brazier_or_Oven_of_Ramesses_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bronze_Brazier_or_Oven_of_Ramesses_II.jpg/250px-Bronze_Brazier_or_Oven_of_Ramesses_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bronze_Brazier_or_Oven_of_Ramesses_II.jpg/330px-Bronze_Brazier_or_Oven_of_Ramesses_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bronze_Brazier_or_Oven_of_Ramesses_II.jpg/500px-Bronze_Brazier_or_Oven_of_Ramesses_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3267" data-file-height="2451" /></a><figcaption>Bronze brazier of Ramesses II used for burning incense.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duck_Bracelet_of_Ramesses_II_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Duck_Bracelet_of_Ramesses_II_2018.jpg/220px-Duck_Bracelet_of_Ramesses_II_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Duck_Bracelet_of_Ramesses_II_2018.jpg/330px-Duck_Bracelet_of_Ramesses_II_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Duck_Bracelet_of_Ramesses_II_2018.jpg/440px-Duck_Bracelet_of_Ramesses_II_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> duck-shaped bracelet of Ramesses II.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a></div> <p>As of Year 28 of his reign, Ramesses II favored the god <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> above all other divinities, as evidenced in the texts of two separate <a href="/wiki/Ostraca" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostraca">ostraca</a> discovered at Deir el-Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-t696_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t696-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By tradition, in the 30th year of his reign, Ramesses celebrated a jubilee called the <a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a>. These were held to honour and rejuvenate the pharaoh's strength.<sup id="cite_ref-GEMHedSed_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GEMHedSed-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only halfway through what would be a 66-year reign, Ramesses had already eclipsed all but a few of his greatest predecessors in his achievements. He had brought peace, maintained Egyptian borders, and built numerous monuments across the empire. His country was more prosperous and powerful than it had been in nearly a century. </p><p>Sed festivals traditionally were held again every three years after the 30th year; Ramesses II, who sometimes held them after two years, eventually celebrated an unprecedented thirteen or fourteen.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Building_projects_and_monuments">Building projects and monuments</h2></div> <p>In the third year of his reign, Ramesses started the most ambitious building project after the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramids</a>, which were built almost 1,500 years earlier. Ramesses built extensively from the <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">Delta</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, "covering the land with buildings in a way no monarch before him had."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestendorf1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestendorf1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxor_Temple_-_panoramio_(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Luxor_Temple_-_panoramio_%2810%29.jpg/180px-Luxor_Temple_-_panoramio_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Luxor_Temple_-_panoramio_%2810%29.jpg/270px-Luxor_Temple_-_panoramio_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Luxor_Temple_-_panoramio_%2810%29.jpg/360px-Luxor_Temple_-_panoramio_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="3432" /></a><figcaption>Colossal Statue of Ramesses II in the first peristyle court at <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the activities undertaken were focused on remodeling or usurping existing works, improving masonry techniques, and using art as propaganda. </p> <ul><li>In Thebes, the ancient <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">temples</a> were transformed, so that each of them reflected honour to Ramesses as a symbol of his putative divine nature and power.</li> <li>The elegant but shallow reliefs of previous pharaohs were easily transformed, and so their images and words could easily be obliterated by their successors. Ramesses insisted that his carvings be deeply engraved into the stone, which made them not only less susceptible to later alteration, but also made them more prominent in the Egyptian sun, reflecting his relationship with the sun deity, <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>.</li> <li>Ramesses used art as a means of propaganda for his victories over foreigners, which are depicted on numerous temple reliefs.</li> <li>His <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouches</a> are prominently displayed even in buildings that he did not construct.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He founded a new capital city in the Delta during his reign, called <a href="/wiki/Pi-Ramesses" title="Pi-Ramesses">Pi-Ramesses</a>. It previously had served as a summer palace during Seti I's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen1982119_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen1982119-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ramesses II expanded gold mining operations in Akuyati (modern day Wadi Allaqi).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Ramesses also undertook many new construction projects. Two of his biggest works, besides <a href="/wiki/Pi-Ramesses" title="Pi-Ramesses">Pi-Ramesses</a>, were the temple complex of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ramesseum" title="Ramesseum">Ramesseum</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple" title="Mortuary temple">mortuary temple</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pi-Ramesses">Pi-Ramesses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pi-Ramesses" title="Pi-Ramesses">Pi-Ramesses</a></div> <p>Ramesses II moved the capital of his kingdom from Thebes in the Nile valley to a new site in the eastern Delta. His motives are uncertain, although he possibly wished to be closer to his territories in Canaan and Syria. The new city of Pi-Ramesses (or to give the full name, <i><a href="/wiki/Per_(hieroglyph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Per (hieroglyph)">Pi</a>-Ramesses Aa-nakhtu</i>, meaning "Domain of Ramesses, Great in Victory")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2003255_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2003255-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was dominated by huge temples and his vast residential palace, complete with its own zoo. In the 10th century AD, the Bible exegete Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a> believed that the biblical site of Ramesses had to be identified with <a href="/wiki/Ain_Shams" title="Ain Shams">Ain Shams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a time, during the early 20th century, the site was misidentified as that of <a href="/wiki/Tanis,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanis, Egypt">Tanis</a>, due to the amount of statuary and other material from Pi-Ramesses found there, but it now is recognized that the Ramesside remains at Tanis were brought there from elsewhere, and the real Pi-Ramesses lies about 30 km (18.6 mi) south, near modern <a href="/wiki/Qantir" title="Qantir">Qantir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colossal feet of the statue of Ramesses are almost all that remains above ground today. The rest is buried in the fields.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2003255_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2003255-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramesseum">Ramesseum</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ramesseum" title="Ramesseum">Ramesseum</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SFEC_AEH_-ThebesNecropolis-2010-RamsesII-021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SFEC_AEH_-ThebesNecropolis-2010-RamsesII-021.jpg/250px-SFEC_AEH_-ThebesNecropolis-2010-RamsesII-021.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SFEC_AEH_-ThebesNecropolis-2010-RamsesII-021.jpg/375px-SFEC_AEH_-ThebesNecropolis-2010-RamsesII-021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SFEC_AEH_-ThebesNecropolis-2010-RamsesII-021.jpg/500px-SFEC_AEH_-ThebesNecropolis-2010-RamsesII-021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The remains of the Ramesseum in aerial view</figcaption></figure> <p>The temple complex built by Ramesses II between <a href="/wiki/Kurna" title="Kurna">Qurna</a> and the desert has been known as the <a href="/wiki/Ramesseum" title="Ramesseum">Ramesseum</a> since the 19th century. The Greek <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> marveled at the gigantic temple, now no more than a few ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oriented northwest and southeast, the temple was preceded by two courts. An enormous pylon stood before the first court, with the royal palace at the left and the gigantic statue of the king at the back. Only fragments of the base and torso remain of the <a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">syenite</a> statue of the enthroned pharaoh, 17 metres (56 ft) high and weighing more than 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (980 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>; 1,100 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>). Scenes of the pharaoh and his army triumphing over the Hittite forces fleeing before Kadesh are represented on the pylon. Remains of the second court include part of the internal facade of the pylon and a portion of the Osiride portico on the right. Scenes of war and the alleged rout of the Hittites at Kadesh are repeated on the walls. In the upper <a href="/wiki/Register_(sculpture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Register (sculpture)">registers</a>, feast and honour of the phallic deity <a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a>, god of fertility. </p><p>On the opposite side of the court, the few Osiride pillars and columns still remaining may furnish an idea of the original grandeur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkliar2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkliar2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scattered remains of the two statues of the seated king also may be seen, one in pink granite and the other in black granite, which once flanked the entrance to the temple. Thirty-nine out of the forty-eight columns in the great <a href="/wiki/Hypostyle_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypostyle hall">hypostyle hall</a> (41 × 31 m) still stand in the central rows. They are decorated with the usual scenes of the king before various deities.<sup id="cite_ref-ramesseum-2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramesseum-2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the ceiling, decorated with gold stars on a blue ground, also has been preserved. Ramesses's children appear in the procession on the few walls left. The sanctuary was composed of three consecutive rooms, with eight columns and the <a href="/wiki/Tetrastyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrastyle">tetrastyle</a> cell. Part of the first room, with the ceiling decorated with astral scenes, and few remains of the second room are all that is left. Vast storerooms built of mud bricks stretched out around the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkliar2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkliar2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traces of a school for scribes were found among the ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A temple of <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a>, of which nothing remains beside the foundations, once stood to the right of the hypostyle hall.<sup id="cite_ref-ramesseum-2_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramesseum-2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abu_Simbel">Abu Simbel</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Simbel temples">Abu Simbel temples</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_d%27Abu_Simbel_-_panoramio_-_youssef_alam_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Temple_d%27Abu_Simbel_-_panoramio_-_youssef_alam_%282%29.jpg/250px-Temple_d%27Abu_Simbel_-_panoramio_-_youssef_alam_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Temple_d%27Abu_Simbel_-_panoramio_-_youssef_alam_%282%29.jpg/330px-Temple_d%27Abu_Simbel_-_panoramio_-_youssef_alam_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Temple_d%27Abu_Simbel_-_panoramio_-_youssef_alam_%282%29.jpg/500px-Temple_d%27Abu_Simbel_-_panoramio_-_youssef_alam_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Facade of the Great Temple at <a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1255 BC, Ramesses and his queen <a href="/wiki/Nefertari" title="Nefertari">Nefertari</a> had traveled into <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> to inaugurate a new temple, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel</a>. It is said to be ego cast into stone; the man who built it intended not only to become Egypt's greatest pharaoh, but also one of its deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen198264–65_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen198264–65-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The temple at Abu Simbel was discovered in 1813 by the Swiss Orientalist and traveler <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Burckhardt" title="Johann Ludwig Burckhardt">Johann Ludwig Burckhardt</a>. An enormous pile of sand almost completely covered the facade and its colossal statues, blocking the entrance for four more years. The <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Paduan</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Belzoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Battista Belzoni">Giovanni Battista Belzoni</a> reached the interior on 4 August 1817.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiliotti1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiliotti1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Nubian_monuments">Other Nubian monuments</h3></div> <p>As well as the temples of Abu Simbel, Ramesses left other monuments to himself in Nubia. His early campaigns are illustrated on the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Beit_el-Wali" title="Temple of Beit el-Wali">Temple of Beit el-Wali</a> (now relocated to <a href="/wiki/New_Kalabsha" title="New Kalabsha">New Kalabsha</a>). Other temples dedicated to Ramesses are <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Derr" title="Temple of Derr">Derr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerf_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerf Hussein">Gerf Hussein</a> (also relocated to New Kalabsha). For the temple of Amun at <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Barkal" title="Jebel Barkal">Jebel Barkal</a>, the temple's foundation probably dates during the reign of Thutmose III, while the temple was shaped during his reign and that of Ramesses II.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_archeological_discoveries">Other archeological discoveries</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_mus%C3%A9e_%C3%A9gyptien_(Turin)_(2866334984).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Le_mus%C3%A9e_%C3%A9gyptien_%28Turin%29_%282866334984%29.jpg/180px-Le_mus%C3%A9e_%C3%A9gyptien_%28Turin%29_%282866334984%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Le_mus%C3%A9e_%C3%A9gyptien_%28Turin%29_%282866334984%29.jpg/270px-Le_mus%C3%A9e_%C3%A9gyptien_%28Turin%29_%282866334984%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Le_mus%C3%A9e_%C3%A9gyptien_%28Turin%29_%282866334984%29.jpg/360px-Le_mus%C3%A9e_%C3%A9gyptien_%28Turin%29_%282866334984%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Granite statue of Ramesses II from Thebes; Currently on display at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Egizio" title="Museo Egizio">Museo Egizio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy.</figcaption></figure> <p>The colossal <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ramesses_II" title="Statue of Ramesses II">statue of Ramesses II</a> dates back 3,200 years, and was originally discovered in six pieces in a temple near <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>, Egypt. Weighing some 83-tonne (82-long-ton; 91-short-ton), it was transported, reconstructed, and erected in Ramesses Square in Cairo in 1955. In August 2006, contractors relocated it to save it from exhaust fumes that were causing it to deteriorate.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new site is near the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ColossalHawass_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColossalHawass-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, a group of archeologists in Cairo's Matariya neighborhood discovered pieces of a booth with a seat that, based on its structure and age, may have been used by Ramesses.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cairo_2018_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cairo_2018-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The royal compartment consists of four steps leading to a cubic platform, which is believed to be the base of the king's seat during celebrations or public gatherings," such as Ramesses' inauguration and Sed festivals. It may have also gone on to be used by others in the <a href="/wiki/Ramesside_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramesside Period">Ramesside Period</a>, according to the mission's head. The excavation mission also unearthed "a collection of <a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">scarabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a>, clay pots and blocks engraved with <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphic</a> text."<sup id="cite_ref-Cairo_2018_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cairo_2018-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2019, a red granite royal bust of Ramesses II was unearthed by an Egyptian archaeological mission in the village of Mit Rahina in Giza. The bust depicted Ramesses II wearing a wig with the symbol "Ka" on his head. Its measurements were 55 cm (21.65 in) wide, 45 cm (17.71 in) thick and 105 cm (41.33 in) long. Alongside the bust, limestone blocks appeared showing Ramesses II during the <a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Heb-Sed</a> religious ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "This discovery is considered one of the rarest archaeological discoveries. It is the first-ever Ka statue made of granite to be discovered. The only Ka statue that was previously found is made of wood and it belongs to one of the kings of the 13th dynasty of ancient Egypt which is displayed at the Egyptian Museum in <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a>," said archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Waziri" title="Mostafa Waziri">Mostafa Waziri</a>. </p><p>In September 2024, it was published that during an archaeological excavation of a 3,200 year old fort along the Nile, researches found a golden sword with Ramses II signature on it.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2></div> <p>The Egyptian scholar <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a> (third century BC) attributed Ramesses a reign of 66 years and 2 months.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of his death, aged about 90 years, Ramesses was suffering from severe dental problems and was plagued by <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">hardening of the arteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LMD_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMD-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had made Egypt rich from all the supplies and bounty he had collected from other empires. He had outlived many of his wives and children and left great memorials all over <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Nine more pharaohs took the name Ramesses in his honour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mummy">Mummy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/KV7" title="KV7">KV7</a></div> <p>Originally Ramesses II was buried in tomb <a href="/wiki/KV7" title="KV7">KV7</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings" title="Valley of the Kings">Valley of the Kings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but because of looting in the valley, priests later transferred the body to a holding area, re-wrapped it, and placed it inside the tomb of queen <a href="/wiki/Ahmose_Inhapy" title="Ahmose Inhapy">Ahmose Inhapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohl199572–73,_75_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohl199572–73,_75-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seventy-two hours later it was again moved, to the <a href="/wiki/DB320" class="mw-redirect" title="DB320">tomb</a> of the high priest <a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_II" title="Pinedjem II">Pinedjem II</a>. All of this is recorded in hieroglyphics on the linen covering the body of his coffin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohl199578–79_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohl199578–79-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummy</a> was eventually discovered in 1881 in <a href="/wiki/TT320" class="mw-redirect" title="TT320">TT320</a> inside an ordinary wooden coffin and is now in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Egyptian_Civilization" title="National Museum of Egyptian Civilization">National Museum of Egyptian Civilization</a> (until 3 April 2021 it was in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramses2_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ramses2_%282%29.jpg/170px-Ramses2_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ramses2_%282%29.jpg/255px-Ramses2_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ramses2_%282%29.jpg/340px-Ramses2_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Mummy of Ramesses II</figcaption></figure> <p>The pharaoh's mummy reveals an <a href="/wiki/Aquiline_nose" title="Aquiline nose">aquiline nose</a> and strong jaw. It stands at about 1.7 metres (5 ft 7 in).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley200014_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley200014-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Maspero" title="Gaston Maspero">Gaston Maspero</a>, who first unwrapped the mummy of Ramesses II, writes, "on the temples there are a few sparse hairs, but at the poll the hair is quite thick, forming smooth, straight locks about five centimeters in length. White at the time of death, and possibly auburn during life, they have been dyed a light red by the spices (henna) used in embalming ... the moustache and beard are thin. ... The hairs are white, like those of the head and eyebrows ... the skin is of earthy brown, splotched with black ... the face of the mummy gives a fair idea of the face of the living king."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bucaille" title="Maurice Bucaille">Maurice Bucaille</a>, a French doctor, examined the mummy at the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Cairo Museum</a> and found it in poor condition. French President <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> succeeded in convincing Egyptian authorities to send the mummy to France for treatment. In September 1976, it was greeted at <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Le_Bourget_Airport" title="Paris–Le Bourget Airport">Paris–Le Bourget Airport</a> with full military honours befitting a king, then taken to a laboratory at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Homme" title="Musée de l'Homme">Musée de l'Homme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persistent claims that the mummy was issued with a <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passport</a> for the journey are incorrect, but may be based on the French word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">passeport</i></span> being used to describe the extensive documentation required.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mummy was forensically tested in 1976 by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Fernand_Ceccaldi" title="Pierre-Fernand Ceccaldi">Pierre-Fernand Ceccaldi</a>, the chief <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensic</a> scientist at the Criminal Identification Laboratory of Paris. Ceccaldi observed that the mummy had slightly wavy, red hair; from this trait combined with cranial features, he concluded that Ramesses II was of a "Berber type" and hence – according to Ceccaldi's analysis – fair-skinned.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent microscopic inspection of the roots of Ramesses II's hair proved that the king's hair originally was red, which suggests that he came from a family of redheads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhzbRBN6Ugr0Cq22redhair22_??]_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhzbRBN6Ugr0Cq22redhair22_??]-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrier1994153_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrier1994153-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has more than just cosmetic significance: in ancient Egypt people with red hair were associated with the deity <a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a>, the slayer of <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, and the name of Ramesses II's father, Seti I, means "follower of Seth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrier1994200–201_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrier1994200–201-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Cheikh Anta Diop</a> disputed the results of the study, arguing that the structure of hair morphology cannot determine the ethnicity of a mummy and that a comparative study should have featured <a href="/wiki/Nubians" title="Nubians">Nubians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> before a conclusive judgement was reached.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, French police arrested a man who tried to sell several tufts of Ramesses' hair on the Internet. Jean-Michel Diebolt said he had got the relics from his late father, who had been on the analysis team in the 1970s. They were returned to Egypt the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mummy_of_Ramesses_II_-_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mummy_of_Ramesses_II_-_02.JPG/220px-Mummy_of_Ramesses_II_-_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mummy_of_Ramesses_II_-_02.JPG/330px-Mummy_of_Ramesses_II_-_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mummy_of_Ramesses_II_-_02.JPG/440px-Mummy_of_Ramesses_II_-_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3584" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>Profile and frontal views of mummy</figcaption></figure> <p>During the examination, scientific analysis revealed battle-wounds, old fractures, <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a> and poor circulation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ramesses II's arthritis is believed to have made him walk with a hunched back for the last decades of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrier1998153_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrier1998153-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2004 study excluded <a href="/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis" title="Ankylosing spondylitis">ankylosing spondylitis</a> as a possible cause and proposed <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_idiopathic_skeletal_hyperostosis" title="Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis">diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis</a> as a possible alternative,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was confirmed by more recent work.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant hole in the pharaoh's <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a> was detected. Researchers observed "an <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscess</a> by his teeth (which) was serious enough to have caused death by infection, although this cannot be determined with certainty".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrier1998153_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrier1998153-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After being irradiated in an attempt to eliminate fungi and insects, the mummy was returned from Paris to Egypt in May 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2021, his mummy was moved from the old <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a> to the new <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Egyptian_Civilization" title="National Museum of Egyptian Civilization">National Museum of Egyptian Civilization</a> along with those of 17 other kings and 4 queens in an event termed the <a href="/wiki/Pharaohs%27_Golden_Parade" title="Pharaohs' Golden Parade">Pharaohs' Golden Parade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parisse_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parisse-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial_of_wives_and_relatives">Burial of wives and relatives</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tomb_of_Nefertari">Tomb of Nefertari</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/QV66" class="mw-redirect" title="QV66">Tomb of Nefertari</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_004_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_004_retouched.jpg/220px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_004_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_004_retouched.jpg/330px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_004_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_004_retouched.jpg/440px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_der_Nefertari_004_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption>Tomb wall depicting <a href="/wiki/Nefertari" title="Nefertari">Nefertari</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram-headed_falcon_amulet-E_80-IMG_2503-with_reflection-gradient.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ram-headed_falcon_amulet-E_80-IMG_2503-with_reflection-gradient.jpg/220px-Ram-headed_falcon_amulet-E_80-IMG_2503-with_reflection-gradient.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ram-headed_falcon_amulet-E_80-IMG_2503-with_reflection-gradient.jpg/330px-Ram-headed_falcon_amulet-E_80-IMG_2503-with_reflection-gradient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ram-headed_falcon_amulet-E_80-IMG_2503-with_reflection-gradient.jpg/440px-Ram-headed_falcon_amulet-E_80-IMG_2503-with_reflection-gradient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>A ram headed amulet dating to c.1254 BC during the reign of Ramesses II found in the <a href="/wiki/Serapeum_of_Saqqara" title="Serapeum of Saqqara">Serapeum of Saqqara</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pectoral_Rameses_II_Louvre_E79.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pectoral_Rameses_II_Louvre_E79.jpg/220px-Pectoral_Rameses_II_Louvre_E79.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pectoral_Rameses_II_Louvre_E79.jpg/330px-Pectoral_Rameses_II_Louvre_E79.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pectoral_Rameses_II_Louvre_E79.jpg/440px-Pectoral_Rameses_II_Louvre_E79.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1915" /></a><figcaption>Gold, cloisonné, glass and turquoise pectoral bearing the <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouche</a> or royal name of Ramesses II.</figcaption></figure> <p>The tomb of the most important <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">consort</a> of Ramesses was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Schiaparelli" title="Ernesto Schiaparelli">Ernesto Schiaparelli</a> in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkliar2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkliar2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiliotti1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiliotti1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it had been looted in ancient times, the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Nefertari" title="Nefertari">Nefertari</a> is extremely important, because its magnificent wall-painting decoration is regarded as one of the greatest achievements of <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian art</a>. A flight of steps cut out of the rock gives access to the antechamber, which is decorated with paintings based on chapter seventeen of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a>. The astronomical ceiling represents the heavens and is painted in dark blue, with a myriad of golden five-pointed stars. The east wall of the antechamber is interrupted by a large opening flanked by representation of <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> at the left and <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a> at the right; this in turn leads to the side chamber, decorated with offering-scenes, preceded by a vestibule in which the paintings portray Nefertari presented to the deities, who welcome her. On the north wall of the antechamber is the stairway down to the burial-chamber, a vast quadrangular room covering a surface-area of about 90 square metres (970 sq ft), its astronomical ceiling supported by four pillars, entirely decorated. Originally, the queen's red granite <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> lay in the middle of this chamber. According to religious doctrines of the time, it was in this chamber, which the ancient Egyptians called the Golden Hall, that the regeneration of the deceased took place. This decorative pictogram of the walls in the burial-chamber drew inspiration from chapters 144 and 146 of the Book of the Dead: in the left half of the chamber, there are passages from chapter 144 concerning the gates and doors of the kingdom of Osiris, their guardians, and the magic formulas that had to be uttered by the deceased in order to go past the doors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiliotti1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiliotti1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tomb_KV5">Tomb KV5</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/KV5" title="KV5">KV5</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_children_of_Ramesses_II" title="List of children of Ramesses II">List of children of Ramesses II</a></div> <p>In 1995, Professor <a href="/wiki/Kent_Weeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent Weeks">Kent Weeks</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Theban_Mapping_Project" title="Theban Mapping Project">Theban Mapping Project</a>, rediscovered Tomb <a href="/wiki/KV5" title="KV5">KV5</a>. It has proven to be the largest tomb in the Valley of the Kings, and originally contained the mummified remains of some of this king's estimated 52 sons. Approximately 150 corridors and tomb chambers have been located in this tomb as of 2006 and the tomb may contain as many as 200 corridors and chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that at least four of Ramesses's sons, including <a href="/wiki/Meryatum" title="Meryatum">Meryatum</a>, Sety, <a href="/wiki/Amun-her-khepeshef" title="Amun-her-khepeshef">Amun-her-khepeshef</a> (Ramesses's first-born son) and "the King's Principal Son of His Body, the Generalissimo Ramesses, justified" (i.e., deceased) were buried there from inscriptions, <a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">ostraca</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">canopic jars</a> discovered in the tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2000161–162_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley2000161–162-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Tyldesley" title="Joyce Tyldesley">Joyce Tyldesley</a> writes that thus far </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>no intact burials have been discovered and there have been little substantial funeral debris: thousands of potsherds, faience <i>ushabti</i> figures, beads, amulets, fragments of Canopic jars, of wooden coffins ... but no intact sarcophagi, mummies or <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummy</a> cases, suggesting that much of the tomb may have been unused. Those burials which were made in KV5 were thoroughly looted in antiquity, leaving little or no remains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2000161–162_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley2000161–162-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature_and_the_arts">In literature and the arts</h2></div> <p>Ramesses is the basis for <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>'s poem "<a href="/wiki/Ozymandias" title="Ozymandias">Ozymandias</a>". <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> gives an inscription on the base of one of his sculptures as: "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a> am I, Osymandias. If anyone would know how great I am and where I lie, let him surpass one of my works."<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is paraphrased in Shelley's poem. </p><p>The life of Ramesses II has inspired many fictional representations, including the <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novels</a> of the French writer <a href="/wiki/Christian_Jacq" title="Christian Jacq">Christian Jacq</a>, the <i>Ramsès</i> series; the graphic novel <i><a href="/wiki/Watchmen" title="Watchmen">Watchmen</a></i>, in which the character of Adrian Veidt uses Ramesses II to form part of the inspiration for his alter-ego, <a href="/wiki/Ozymandias_(Watchmen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozymandias (Watchmen)">Ozymandias</a>; <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Evenings" title="Ancient Evenings">Ancient Evenings</a></i>, which is largely concerned with the life of Ramesses II, though from the perspective of Egyptians living during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Anne_Rice" title="Anne Rice">Anne Rice</a> book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy,_or_Ramses_the_Damned" title="The Mummy, or Ramses the Damned">The Mummy, or Ramses the Damned</a></i> (1989), in which Ramesses was the main character. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kane_Chronicles" title="The Kane Chronicles">The Kane Chronicles</a></i> Ramesses is an ancestor of the main characters Sadie and Carter Kane. Ramesses II is one of the characters in the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_V" title="Civilization V">Civilization V</a></i>, as well as in additional <a href="/wiki/Downloadable_content" title="Downloadable content">downloadable content</a> for its sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_VI" title="Civilization VI">Civilization VI</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan" title="East Village, Manhattan">East Village</a> underground rock band <a href="/wiki/The_Fugs" title="The Fugs">The Fugs</a> released their song "Ramses II Is Dead, My Love" on their 1968 album <i><a href="/wiki/It_Crawled_into_My_Hand,_Honest" title="It Crawled into My Hand, Honest">It Crawled into My Hand, Honest</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ramesses II is a main character in the fiction book <i>The Heretic Queen</i> by <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Moran" title="Michelle Moran">Michelle Moran</a>, published in 2008. It is a novel about the love story and beginning years of the marriage of Pharaoh Ramesses and Queen <a href="/wiki/Nefertari" title="Nefertari">Nefertari</a>, during the time Ramesses is trying to decide who will be queen between his two wives, Nefertari and Iset. Nefertari is the daughter and orphan of Queen <a href="/wiki/Mutnodjmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutnodjmet">Mutnodjmet</a> and General Nakhtmin, niece of Queen <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a> and Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Ankhenaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankhenaten">Ankhenaten</a>. The book is told from the perspective of Nefertari and is fiction, but deals with many historical events during the beginning of Ramesses' reign and many historical people, giving readers a view of what life and these historical figures may have been like. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_the_pharaoh_in_the_Bible's_Book_of_Exodus"><span id="As_the_pharaoh_in_the_Bible.27s_Book_of_Exodus"></span>As the pharaoh in the Bible's Book of Exodus</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yul_Brynner_in_The_Ten_Commandments_film_trailer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yul_Brynner_in_The_Ten_Commandments_film_trailer.jpg/220px-Yul_Brynner_in_The_Ten_Commandments_film_trailer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yul_Brynner_in_The_Ten_Commandments_film_trailer.jpg/330px-Yul_Brynner_in_The_Ten_Commandments_film_trailer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Yul_Brynner_in_The_Ten_Commandments_film_trailer.jpg/440px-Yul_Brynner_in_The_Ten_Commandments_film_trailer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1956_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (1956 film)">The Ten Commandments</a></i>, 1956</figcaption></figure> <p>Though scholars generally do not recognize the biblical portrayal of the Exodus as an actual historical event,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> various historical pharaohs have been proposed as the corresponding ruler at the time the story takes place, with Ramesses II as the most popular candidate for <a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Pharaoh of the Exodus</a>. He is cast in this role in the 1944 novella <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tables_of_the_Law" title="The Tables of the Law">The Tables of the Law</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>. Although not a major character, Ramesses appears in <a href="/wiki/Joan_Grant" title="Joan Grant">Joan Grant</a>'s <i>So Moses Was Born</i>, a first-person account from Nebunefer, the brother of Ramose, which paints a picture of the life of Ramose from the death of Seti, replete with the power play, intrigue, and assassination plots of the historical record, and depicting the relationships with <a href="/wiki/Bintanath" title="Bintanath">Bintanath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuya_(queen)" title="Tuya (queen)">Tuya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nefertari" title="Nefertari">Nefertari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>. </p><p>In film, Ramesses is played by <a href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a>'s classic <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1956_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (1956 film)">The Ten Commandments</a></i> (1956). Here Ramesses is portrayed as a vengeful tyrant as well as the main antagonist of the film, ever scornful of his father's preference for Moses over "the son of [his] body".<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animated film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_of_Egypt" title="The Prince of Egypt">The Prince of Egypt</a></i> (1998) also features a depiction of Ramesses (voiced by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Fiennes" title="Ralph Fiennes">Ralph Fiennes</a>, for both the speaking and the singing), portrayed as Moses' adoptive brother, and ultimately as the film's villain with essentially the same motivations as in the earlier 1956 film. <a href="/wiki/Joel_Edgerton" title="Joel Edgerton">Joel Edgerton</a> played Ramesses in the 2014 film <i><a href="/wiki/Exodus:_Gods_and_Kings" title="Exodus: Gods and Kings">Exodus: Gods and Kings</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Marone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sérgio Marone">Sérgio Marone</a> plays Ramesses in the 2015–2016 Brazilian telenovela series <i><a href="/wiki/Os_Dez_Mandamentos" title="Os Dez Mandamentos">Os Dez Mandamentos</a></i> (English: <span lang="en">'The Ten Commandments'</span>). </p><p>In the 2013 miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_(miniseries)" title="The Bible (miniseries)">The Bible</a></i>, he is portrayed by Stewart Scudamore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other <a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Ancient_Egyptian" title="Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian">Egyptian transliterations</a> include <b>Rameses</b> and <b>Ramses</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ῥαμέσσης</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Rhaméssēs</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meaning "<a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> is the one who bore him" in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ὀσυμανδύας</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Osymandýas</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The <a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> is powerful—chosen of Ra."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013114–115-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013114–115_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013114–115_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013114–115_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013114–115_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeprohon2013114–115_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeprohon2013">Leprohon (2013)</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley2001xxiv-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2001xxiv_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2001xxiv_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2001xxiv_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTyldesley2001">Tyldesley (2001)</a>, p. xxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton1994146-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton1994146_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton1994146_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClayton1994">Clayton (1994)</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222024716/http://www.philae.nu/akhet/ARamsTempl.html">"Mortuary temple of Ramesses II at Abydos"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philae.nu/akhet/ARamsTempl.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mortuary+temple+of+Ramesses+II+at+Abydos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philae.nu%2Fakhet%2FARamsTempl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bart-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bart_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bart_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnneke_Bart" class="citation web cs1">Anneke Bart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080428001908/http://euler.slu.edu/Dept/Faculty/bart/egyptianhtml/kings%20and%20Queens/Temples_of_Ramesses_II.html">"Temples of Ramesses II"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euler.slu.edu/Dept/Faculty/bart/egyptianhtml/kings%20and%20Queens/Temples_of_Ramesses_II.html">the original</a> on 28 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Ramesses+II&rft.au=Anneke+Bart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuler.slu.edu%2FDept%2FFaculty%2Fbart%2Fegyptianhtml%2Fkings%2520and%2520Queens%2FTemples_of_Ramesses_II.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourdictionary.com/Rameses">"Rameses"</a>. <i>Webster's New World College Dictionary</i>. Wiley Publishing. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002183650/http://www.yourdictionary.com/Rameses">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rameses&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+New+World+College+Dictionary&rft.pub=Wiley+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourdictionary.com%2FRameses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourdictionary.com/Ramses">"Ramses"</a>. <i>Webster's New World College Dictionary</i>. Wiley Publishing. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120124063401/http://www.yourdictionary.com/ramses">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ramses&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+New+World+College+Dictionary&rft.pub=Wiley+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourdictionary.com%2FRamses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPutnam1990">Putnam (1990)</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kulkarni, P., Ji, Z., Xu, Y., Neskovic, M., & Nolan, K. (2023). <i>Exploring Semantic Perturbations on Grover</i>. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.00509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiodorus_Siculus" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0540%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D47%3Asection%3D4">"Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Books I-V, book 1, chapter 47, section 4"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110506022136/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0540%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D47%3Asection%3D4">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Diodorus+Siculus%2C+Bibliotheca+Historica%2C+Books+I-V%2C+book+1%2C+chapter+47%2C+section+4&rft.au=Diodorus+Siculus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2008.01.0540%253Abook%253D1%253Achapter%253D47%253Asection%253D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pdsOzymandias-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pdsOzymandias_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/explore/ramses.html">"Ozymandias"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213185559/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/egypt/explore/ramses.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Ozymandias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fegypt%2Fexplore%2Framses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorCline199816-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorCline199816_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'ConnorCline1998">O'Connor & Cline (1998)</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997108,_190-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997108,_190_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1997108,_190_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Beckerath1997">von Beckerath (1997)</a>, pp. 108, 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrand2000302–305-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrand2000302–305_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrand2000302–305_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrand2000">Brand (2000)</a>, pp. 302–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeblanc" class="citation web cs1">Leblanc, Christian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071204180741/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Gerard_Flament/ramstomb.htm">"Gerard"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Gerard_Flament/ramstomb.htm">the original</a> on 4 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gerard&rft.aulast=Leblanc&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fourworld.compuserve.com%2Fhomepages%2FGerard_Flament%2Framstomb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parisse-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parisse_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parisse_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParisse2021" class="citation news cs1">Parisse, Emmanuel (5 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencealert.com/22-ancient-pharaohs-have-been-carried-across-cairo-in-an-epic-golden-parade">"22 Ancient Pharaohs Have Been Carried Across Cairo in an Epic 'Golden Parade'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>ScienceAlert</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327201021/https://www.sciencealert.com/22-ancient-pharaohs-have-been-carried-across-cairo-in-an-epic-golden-parade">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ScienceAlert&rft.atitle=22+Ancient+Pharaohs+Have+Been+Carried+Across+Cairo+in+an+Epic+%27Golden+Parade%27&rft.date=2021-04-05&rft.aulast=Parisse&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencealert.com%2F22-ancient-pharaohs-have-been-carried-across-cairo-in-an-epic-golden-parade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darnell, J. C., & Manassa, C. (2007). <i>Tutankhamun's Armies: Battle and Conquest During Ancient Egypt's Late Eighteenth Dynasty</i>. John Wiley & Sons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pharaoh.se/josephus-king-list">Josephus</a> © 2011–2023 by Peter Lundström—Some Rights Reserved—V. 4.0.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. H. Gardiner, Ramesside Administrative Documents, (Oxford, 1948), 30, 10, and 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. J. Peden, A Note on the Accession Date of Merenptah, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. J. Demarée, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41692064/ANNOUNCEMENT_OF_THE_PASSING_OF_RAMESSES_II">Announcement of the Passing of Ramesses II</a>, JEOL 46 (2016), p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabriel6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gabriel6_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGabriel2002" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1ngxn_xTOIC"><i>The Great Armies of Antiquity</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275978099" title="Special:BookSources/9780275978099"><bdi>9780275978099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Armies+of+Antiquity&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780275978099&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1ngxn_xTOIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992250–253-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992250–253_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1992">Grimal (1992)</a>, pp. 250–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrews1993">Drews (1993)</a>, p. 54: "Already in the 1840s Egyptologists had debated the identity of the "northerners, coming from all lands," who assisted the Libyan King Meryre in his attack upon Merneptah. Some scholars believed that Meryre's auxiliaries were merely his neighbors on the Libyan coast, while others identified them as Indo-Europeans from north of the Caucasus. It was one of Maspero's most illustrious predecessors, Emmanuel de Rougé, who proposed that the names reflected the lands of the northern Mediterranean: the Lukka, Ekwesh, Tursha, Shekelesh, and Shardana were men from <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrsenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrsenia">Tyrsenia</a> (western Italy), <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>." De Rougé and others regarded Meryre's auxiliaries—these "peoples de la mer Méditerranée"—as mercenary bands, since the <a href="/wiki/Sardinians" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a>, at least, were known to have served as mercenaries already in the early years of Ramesses the Great. Thus the only "migration" that the Karnak Inscription seemed to suggest was an attempted encroachment by Libyans upon neighboring territory."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGale2011" class="citation book cs1">Gale, N. H. (2011). "Source of the Lead Metal used to make a Repair Clamp on a <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a> Vase recently excavated at Pyla-Kokkinokremos on Cyprus". In Karageorghis, V.; O. Kouka (eds.). <i>On Cooking Pots, Drinking Cups, Loomweights and Ethnicity in Bronze Age Cyprus and Neighbouring Regions</i>. Nicosia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Source+of+the+Lead+Metal+used+to+make+a+Repair+Clamp+on+a+Nuragic+Vase+recently+excavated+at+Pyla-Kokkinokremos+on+Cyprus&rft.btitle=On+Cooking+Pots%2C+Drinking+Cups%2C+Loomweights+and+Ethnicity+in+Bronze+Age+Cyprus+and+Neighbouring+Regions&rft.place=Nicosia&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Gale&rft.aufirst=N.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorCline1998112–113-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorCline1998112–113_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'ConnorCline1998">O'Connor & Cline (1998)</a>, pp. 112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley200053-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley200053_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTyldesley2000">Tyldesley (2000)</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720183900/http://www.eclectichistorian.net/Griffzungenschwert/">"The Naue Type II Sword"</a>. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Naue+Type+II+Sword&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eclectichistorian.net%2FGriffzungenschwert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2013" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Dan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VgtCeNKcs-IC&pg=PT14"><i>Cairo and the Pyramids (Rough Guides Snapshot Egypt)</i></a>. Rough Guides UK. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-3544-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-3544-3"><bdi>978-1-4093-3544-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708230914/https://books.google.com/books?id=VgtCeNKcs-IC&pg=PT14">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo+and+the+Pyramids+%28Rough+Guides+Snapshot+Egypt%29&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+UK&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4093-3544-3&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVgtCeNKcs-IC%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992253_ff-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992253_ff_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1992">Grimal (1992)</a>, pp. 253 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley200068-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley200068_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTyldesley2000">Tyldesley (2000)</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obsomer 2012: 134; the date is Gregorian, equivalent to the Julian 12 May.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Detailed analysis of the Egyptian sources in Obsomer 2012: 127–171; see also Bryce 2005: 234–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hittites.info-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hittites.info_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hittites.info/history.aspx?text=history%2fMiddle+Late+Empire.htm">The Battle of Kadesh in the context of Hittite history</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014163832/http://www.hittites.info/history.aspx?text=history%2FMiddle+Late+Empire.htm">Archived</a> 14 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dougherty-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dougherty_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">100 Battles, <i>Decisive Battles that Shaped the World</i>, Dougherty, Martin, J., Parragon, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryce 2005. pp. 238–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obsomer 2012: 188, within a detailed discussion on 173-192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obsomer_2012:_530-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obsomer_2012:_530_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obsomer_2012:_530_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Obsomer 2012: 530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992256-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992256_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992256_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1992">Grimal (1992)</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kitchen 1982: 67; Obsomer 2012: 189–190 doubts the dating of the Moabite campaign to Year 7–8 by Kitchen, on the grounds that Amun-her-khepshef might have been too young to carry out such an independent role.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen199626-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen199626_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitchen1996">Kitchen (1996)</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kitchen 1982: 68–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen1979223–224-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen1979223–224_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitchen1979">Kitchen (1979)</a>, pp. 223–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obsomer 2012: 531.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen199633-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen199633_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitchen1996">Kitchen (1996)</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen199647-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen199647_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitchen1996">Kitchen (1996)</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen199646-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen199646_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitchen1996">Kitchen (1996)</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen198268-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen198268_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitchen1982">Kitchen (1982)</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obsomer 2012: 190–192, 531.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryce183195-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bryce183195_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryce183195_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Bryce" class="mw-redirect" title="Trevor Bryce">Bryce, Trevor</a> (2023). <i>Warriors of Anatolia: A Concise history of the Hittites</i>. Bloomsbury. pp. <span class="nowrap">183–</span>195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3503-4885-1"><bdi>978-1-3503-4885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+Anatolia%3A+A+Concise+history+of+the+Hittites&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-3503-4885-1&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen198274-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen198274_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitchen1982">Kitchen (1982)</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kitchen 1982: 75; Obsomer 2012: 195, 531.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen198262–64,_73–79-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen198262–64,_73–79_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitchen1982">Kitchen (1982)</a>, pp. 62–64, 73–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obsomer 2012: 195, 531.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992257-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992257_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimal1992">Grimal (1992)</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStieglitz199145-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStieglitz199145_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStieglitz1991">Stieglitz (1991)</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen1982215-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen1982215_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitchen1982">Kitchen (1982)</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/gallery/pa_egypt_bees_beit_el-wali/">"Beit el-Wali"</a>. University of Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906200351/http://oi.uchicago.edu/gallery/pa_egypt_bees_beit_el-wali/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beit+el-Wali&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fgallery%2Fpa_egypt_bees_beit_el-wali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERickeHughesWente1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERickeHughesWente1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRickeHughesWente1967">Ricke, Hughes & Wente (1967)</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEyre1998" class="citation book cs1">Eyre, Christopher (1998). <i>Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists, Cambridge, 3-9 September 1995</i>. Leuven: Peeters. p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seventh+International+Congress+of+Egyptologists%2C+Cambridge%2C+3-9+September+1995&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Leuven%3A+Peeters&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Eyre&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-t696-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-t696_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTreasure2021" class="citation web cs1">Treasure, Matthew (1 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/49077937/Four_Faces_on_One_Neck_The_Tetracephalic_Ram_as_an_Iconographic_Form_in_New_Kingdom_Egypt">"Four Faces on One Neck: The Tetracephalic Ram as an Iconographic Form in New Kingdom Egypt"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Four+Faces+on+One+Neck%3A+The+Tetracephalic+Ram+as+an+Iconographic+Form+in+New+Kingdom+Egypt&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.aulast=Treasure&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F49077937%2FFour_Faces_on_One_Neck_The_Tetracephalic_Ram_as_an_Iconographic_Form_in_New_Kingdom_Egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GEMHedSed-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GEMHedSed_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/glossary.aspx?id=334">"Sed festival"</a>. The Global Egyptian Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906154922/http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/glossary.aspx?id=334">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sed+festival&rft.pub=The+Global+Egyptian+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalegyptianmuseum.org%2Fglossary.aspx%3Fid%3D334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabworldbooks.com/egyptomania/sameh_arab_sed_heb.htm">"Renewal of the kings' Reign : The Sed Heb of Ancient Egypt"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161106064130/http://www.arabworldbooks.com/egyptomania/sameh_arab_sed_heb.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renewal+of+the+kings%27+Reign+%3A+The+Sed+Heb+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabworldbooks.com%2Fegyptomania%2Fsameh_arab_sed_heb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestendorf1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestendorf1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestendorf1969">Westendorf (1969)</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Amelia Ann Blandford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/nile/nile-XV.html">"Chapter XV: Rameses the Great"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513112609/http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/nile/nile-XV.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+XV%3A+Rameses+the+Great&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Amelia+Ann+Blandford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.upenn.edu%2Fwomen%2Fedwards%2Fnile%2Fnile-XV.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen1982119-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen1982119_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitchen1982">Kitchen (1982)</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitchen1985" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen (30 April 1985). <i>Pharaoh Triumphant</i>. Aris & Phillips. pp. <span class="nowrap">49–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85668-215-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85668-215-2"><bdi>0-85668-215-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharaoh+Triumphant&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Aris+%26+Phillips&rft.date=1985-04-30&rft.isbn=0-85668-215-2&rft.au=Kitchen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2003255-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2003255_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2003255_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitchen2003">Kitchen (2003)</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saadia Gaon, <i>Judeo-Arabic Translation of Pentateuch</i> (<i>Tafsir</i>), s.v. Exodus 21:37 and Numbers 33:3 ("רעמסס: "עין שמס); <i>Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Commentaries on the Torah</i> (ed. <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Yosef Qafih</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mossad_Harav_Kook" title="Mossad Harav Kook">Mossad Harav Kook</a>: Jerusalem, Israel, 1984, p. 164 (Numbers 33:3) (in Hebrew).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Seters2001" class="citation book cs1">Van Seters, John (2001). "The Geography of the Exodus". In Dearman, John Andrew; Graham, Matt Patrick; Miller, James Maxwell (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQe_4Waz34C"><i>The Land that I Will Show You: Essays on the History and Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honour of J. Maxwell Miller</i></a>. Sheffield Academic Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-257-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-257-3"><bdi>978-1-84127-257-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Geography+of+the+Exodus&rft.btitle=The+Land+that+I+Will+Show+You%3A+Essays+on+the+History+and+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East+in+Honour+of+J.+Maxwell+Miller&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84127-257-3&rft.aulast=Van+Seters&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYzQe_4Waz34C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiculus1814" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Siculus, Diodorus</a> (1814). 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Davis. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Library+of+Diodorus+the+Sicilian&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Printed+by+W.+M%CA%BBDowall+for+J.+Davis&rft.date=1814&rft.aulast=Siculus&rft.aufirst=Diodorus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_agd-eLVNRMMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkliar2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkliar2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkliar2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkliar2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkliar2005">Skliar (2005)</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ramesseum-2-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ramesseum-2_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramesseum-2_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuy_Lecuyot" class="citation web cs1">Guy Lecuyot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529191601/http://www.archeo.ens.fr/IMG/pdf/RAMESSEUM-2.pdf">"The Ramesseum (Egypt), Recent Archaeological Research"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archeo.ens.fr/IMG/pdf/RAMESSEUM-2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ramesseum+%28Egypt%29%2C+Recent+Archaeological+Research&rft.au=Guy+Lecuyot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archeo.ens.fr%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FRAMESSEUM-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/journal/3436.htm">"À l'école des Scribes"</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423223745/http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/journal/3436.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTörök2001" class="citation book cs1">Török, László (2001). <i>The Image of the Ordered World in Ancient Nubian Art: The Construction of the Kushite Mind, 800 Bc-300 Ad</i>. Brill. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Image+of+the+Ordered+World+in+Ancient+Nubian+Art%3A+The+Construction+of+the+Kushite+Mind%2C+800+Bc-300+Ad&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5282414.stm">"Giant Ramses statue gets new home"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 25 August 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720194419/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5282414.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Giant+Ramses+statue+gets+new+home&rft.date=2006-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F5282414.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColossalHawass-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ColossalHawass_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHawass" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zahi_Hawass" title="Zahi Hawass">Hawass, Zahi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guardians.net/hawass/news/removal_of_ramses_ii_statue.htm">"The removal of Ramses II Statue"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312235259/http://guardians.net/hawass/news/removal_of_ramses_ii_statue.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egyptian+archeologists+unearth+pharaoh%27s+celebration+compartment+in+Cairo&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DITOF%26u%3Dwikipedia%26id%3DGALE%257CA559724763%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26sid%3Dbookmark-ITOF%26asid%3D7c8857fc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeology.org/news/8288-191213-egypt-giza-sculptures">"Red Granite Bust of Ramesses II Unearthed in Giza"</a>. <i>Archaeology Magazine</i>. 13 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814231047/https://www.archaeology.org/news/8288-191213-egypt-giza-sculptures">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+Magazine&rft.atitle=Red+Granite+Bust+of+Ramesses+II+Unearthed+in+Giza&rft.date=2019-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2Fnews%2F8288-191213-egypt-giza-sculptures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSands2024" class="citation news cs1">Sands, Leo (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2024/09/19/ancient-egypt-military-sword-archaeology-fort/">"Sword with pharaoh's mark found in Egypt, still shimmering 3,000 years later"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sword+with+pharaoh%27s+mark+found+in+Egypt%2C+still+shimmering+3%2C000+years+later&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Sands&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2024%2F09%2F19%2Fancient-egypt-military-sword-archaeology-fort%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames2020" class="citation book cs1">James, Peter (2020). <i>Manetho, with an English translation by W.G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+the+great+Pharaoh+Ramesses+II+a+true+redhead%3F&rft.pub=The+University+of+Manchester&rft.date=2010-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchester.ac.uk%2Fdiscover%2Fnews%2Fwas-the-great-pharaoh-ramesses-ii-a-true-redhead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factcheck.afp.com/image-was-digitally-created-representative-purposes">"This image was digitally created for representative purposes | Fact Check"</a>. <i>AFP Fact Check</i>. 20 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2019</span>. <q>CAIRO (AP)—The 3,212-year-old mummy of Pharaoh Ramses II was returned from Paris Tuesday, hopefully cured by radiation of 60 types of fungi and two strains of insects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=%27Cleaned-Up%27+Mummy+Flown+Home+to+Egypt&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1977-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F383571018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.narmer.pl/kv/kv05en.htm">"Tomb of Ramses II sons"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227193526/http://www.narmer.pl/kv/kv05en.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tomb+of+Ramses+II+sons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.narmer.pl%2Fkv%2Fkv05en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley2000161–162-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2000161–162_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyldesley2000161–162_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTyldesley2000">Tyldesley (2000)</a>, pp. 161–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShelley" class="citation web cs1">Shelley, Percy Bysshe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010122400/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/1904.html">"Ozymandias"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poem/1904.html">the original</a> on 10 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2006</span> – via Representative Poetry Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ozymandias&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Percy+Bysshe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frpo.library.utoronto.ca%2Fpoem%2F1904.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span> First publication: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShelley1818" class="citation magazine cs1">— (11 January 1818). "Ozymandias". <i>The Examiner</i>. No. 524.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Examiner&rft.atitle=Ozymandias&rft.issue=524&rft.date=1818-01-11&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Percy+Bysshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanders1997" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Ed (1997). <i>1968: A History in Verse</i>. Black Sparrow Press. p. 255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1968%3A+A+History+in+Verse&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Black+Sparrow+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2014" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TmGeBQAAQBAJ&q=%22primarily+Amos+and+Hosea%22%22middle+of+the+eighth+century%22&pg=PA61">"Exodus and History"</a>. In Dozeman, Thomas; Evans, Craig A.; Lohr, Joel N. (eds.). <i>The Book of Exodus: Composition, Reception, and Interpretation</i>. BRILL. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004282667" title="Special:BookSources/9789004282667"><bdi>9789004282667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exodus+and+History&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Exodus%3A+Composition%2C+Reception%2C+and+Interpretation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004282667&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTmGeBQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522primarily%2BAmos%2Band%2BHosea%2522%2522middle%2Bof%2Bthe%2Beighth%2Bcentury%2522%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRay" class="citation web cs1">Ray, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/ramesses_01.shtml">"Ramesses the Great"</a>. BBC history. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016070535/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/ramesses_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ramesses+the+Great&rft.pub=BBC+history&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fegyptians%2Framesses_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Beckerath1997" class="citation book cs1">von Beckerath, Jürgen (1997). <i>Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten</i>. 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NV Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11770-9"><bdi>978-90-04-11770-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monuments+of+Seti+I%3A+Epigraphic%2C+Historical+and+Art+Historical+Analysis&rft.place=NV+Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11770-9&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40610263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrier1994" class="citation book cs1">Brier, Bob (1994). <i>Egyptian Mummies: Unravelling the Secrets of an Ancient Art</i>. 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Checkmark Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Mummies&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Brier&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClayton1994" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Peter (1994). <i>Chronology of the Pharaohs</i>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+the+Pharaohs&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrews1993" class="citation book cs1">Drews, Robert (1993). <i>The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 B.C</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691209975" title="Special:BookSources/9780691209975"><bdi>9780691209975</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Bronze+Age%3A+Changes+in+Warfare+and+the+Catastrophe+Ca.+1200+B.C.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780691209975&rft.aulast=Drews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrimal1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grimal" title="Nicolas Grimal">Grimal, Nicolas-Christophe</a> (1992). <i>A History of Ancient Egypt</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17472-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17472-1"><bdi>978-0-631-17472-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-631-17472-1&rft.aulast=Grimal&rft.aufirst=Nicolas-Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitchen1982" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Kenneth (1982). <i>Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt</i>. London: Aris & Phillips. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-215-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-215-5"><bdi>978-0-85668-215-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharaoh+Triumphant%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Ramesses+II%2C+King+of+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Aris+%26+Phillips&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-85668-215-5&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitchen1996" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson (1996). <i>Ramesside Inscriptions Translated and Annotated: Translations. Volume 2: Ramesses II; Royal Inscriptions</i>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18427-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18427-0"><bdi>978-0-631-18427-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramesside+Inscriptions+Translated+and+Annotated%3A+Translations.+Volume+2%3A+Ramesses+II%3B+Royal+Inscriptions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18427-0&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span> Translations and (in the 1999 volume below) notes on all contemporary royal inscriptions naming the king.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitchen1979" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/KennethA.KitchenRamessideInscriptionsVol2/page/n223/mode/1up"><i>Ramesside Inscriptions Translated and Annotated: Notes and Comments. Volume 2: Ramesses II; Royal Inscriptions</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramesside+Inscriptions+Translated+and+Annotated%3A+Notes+and+Comments.+Volume+2%3A+Ramesses+II%3B+Royal+Inscriptions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FKennethA.KitchenRamessideInscriptionsVol2%2Fpage%2Fn223%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2003" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson (2003). <i>On the Reliability of the Old Testament</i>. Michigan: William B. <a href="/wiki/Eerdmans_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Eerdmans Publishing">Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4960-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4960-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-4960-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Reliability+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Michigan&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4960-1&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeprohon2013" class="citation book cs1">Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). <i>The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary</i>. SBL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-736-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-736-2"><bdi>978-1-58983-736-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Name%3A+Ancient+Egyptian+Royal+Titulary&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-736-2&rft.aulast=Leprohon&rft.aufirst=Ronald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorCline1998" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, David; Cline, Eric, eds. (1998). <i>Amenhotep III: Perspectives on his reign</i>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472088331" title="Special:BookSources/9780472088331"><bdi>9780472088331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amenhotep+III%3A+Perspectives+on+his+reign&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780472088331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Obsomer, Claude, <i>Ramsès II</i>, Paris, 2012.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPutnam1990" class="citation book cs1">Putnam, James (1990). <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology"><i>An introduction to Egyptology</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Egyptology&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRickeHughesWente1967" class="citation book cs1">Ricke, Herbert; Hughes, George R.; Wente, Edward F. (1967). <i>The Beit el-Wali Temple of Ramesses II</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beit+el-Wali+Temple+of+Ramesses+II&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Ricke&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Hughes%2C+George+R.&rft.au=Wente%2C+Edward+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRohl1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Rohl" class="mw-redirect" title="David M. Rohl">Rohl, David M.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aeKCAAAAIAAJ"><i>Pharaohs and Kings: A Biblical Quest</i></a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-70315-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-70315-1"><bdi>978-0-517-70315-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314052821/https://books.google.com/books?id=aeKCAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharaohs+and+Kings%3A+A+Biblical+Quest&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-517-70315-1&rft.aulast=Rohl&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaeKCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiliotti1994" class="citation book cs1">Siliotti, Alberto (1994). <i>Egypt: temples, people, gods</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%3A+temples%2C+people%2C+gods&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Siliotti&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkliar2005" class="citation book cs1">Skliar, Ania (2005). <i>Grosse kulturen der welt-Ägypten</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grosse+kulturen+der+welt-%C3%84gypten&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Skliar&rft.aufirst=Ania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStieglitz1991" class="citation journal cs1">Stieglitz, Robert R. (1991). "The City of Amurru". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>50</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F373464">10.1086/373464</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161341256">161341256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+City+of+Amurru&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F373464&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161341256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stieglitz&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTyldesley2000" class="citation book cs1">Tyldesley, Joyce (2000). <i>Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh</i>. London: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670884872" title="Special:BookSources/9780670884872"><bdi>9780670884872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramesses%3A+Egypt%27s+Greatest+Pharaoh&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780670884872&rft.aulast=Tyldesley&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTyldesley2001" class="citation book cs1">Tyldesley, Joyce (26 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hzbRBN6Ugr0C"><i>Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh</i></a>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141949789" title="Special:BookSources/9780141949789"><bdi>9780141949789</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramesses%3A+Egypt%27s+Greatest+Pharaoh&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001-04-26&rft.isbn=9780141949789&rft.aulast=Tyldesley&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhzbRBN6Ugr0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestendorf1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Westendorf, Wolfhart (1969). <i>Das alte Ägypten</i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+alte+%C3%84gypten&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Westendorf&rft.aufirst=Wolfhart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaloutRoubetDesroches-Noblecourt1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Balout, L.; Roubet, C.; Desroches-Noblecourt, C. (1985). <i>La Momie de Ramsès II: Contribution Scientifique à l'Égyptologie</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Momie+de+Rams%C3%A8s+II%3A+Contribution+Scientifique+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%89gyptologie&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Balout&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Roubet%2C+C.&rft.au=Desroches-Noblecourt%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBietak1995" class="citation book cs1">Bietak, Manfred (1995). <i>Avaris: Capital of the Hyksos – Recent Excavations</i>. London, England: British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-0968-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-0968-8"><bdi>978-0-7141-0968-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avaris%3A+Capital+of+the+Hyksos+%E2%80%93+Recent+Excavations&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-0968-8&rft.aulast=Bietak&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Brand, Peter J. (2023). <i>Ramesses II, Egypt's Ultimate Pharaoh</i>. Lockwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-948488-49-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-948488-49-5"><bdi>978-1-948488-49-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramesses+II%2C+Egypt%27s+Ultimate+Pharaoh&rft.pub=Lockwood+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-948488-49-5&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDodsonDyan_Hilton2004" class="citation book cs1">Dodson, Aidan; Dyan Hilton (2004). <i>The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05128-3"><bdi>978-0-500-05128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Royal+Families+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05128-3&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft.au=Dyan+Hilton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrajetzki2005" class="citation book cs1">Grajetzki, Wolfram (2005). <i>Ancient Egyptian Queens – a hieroglyphic dictionary</i>. London, England: Golden House Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9547218-9-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9547218-9-3"><bdi>978-0-9547218-9-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Queens+%E2%80%93+a+hieroglyphic+dictionary&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Golden+House+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9547218-9-3&rft.aulast=Grajetzki&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasel1994" class="citation journal cs1">Hasel, Michael G. (1994). "<i>Israel</i> in the Merneptah Stela". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>296</b> (296): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357179">10.2307/1357179</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357179">1357179</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164052192">164052192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Israel+in+the+Merneptah+Stela&rft.volume=296&rft.issue=296&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164052192%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357179%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357179&rft.aulast=Hasel&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuhrt1995" class="citation book cs1">Kuhrt, Amelie (1995). <i>The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC</i>. Vol. 1. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East+c.+3000%E2%80%93330+BC&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Amelie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRice1999" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Michael (1999). <i>Who's Who in Ancient Egypt</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15448-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15448-2"><bdi>978-0-415-15448-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15448-2&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hasel, Michael G. 1998. <i>Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, 1300–1185 BC.</i> Probleme der Ägyptologie 11. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10984-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10984-6">90-04-10984-6</a></li> <li>Hasel, Michael G. 2003. "Merenptah's Inscription and Reliefs and the Origin of Israel" in Beth Alpert Nakhai (ed.), <i>The Near East in the Southwest: Essays in Honor of William G. Dever</i>, pp. 19–44. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 58. Boston, Massachusetts: American Schools of Oriental Research. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89757-065-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89757-065-0">0-89757-065-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasel2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hasel, Michael G. (2004). "The Structure of the Final Hymnic-Poetic Unit on the Merenptah Stela". <i>Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft</i>. <b>116</b>: <span class="nowrap">75–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzatw.2004.005">10.1515/zatw.2004.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+alttestamentliche+Wissenschaft&rft.atitle=The+Structure+of+the+Final+Hymnic-Poetic+Unit+on+the+Merenptah+Stela&rft.volume=116&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzatw.2004.005&rft.aulast=Hasel&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARamesses+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>James, T. G. H. 2000. <i>Ramesses II</i>. New York: Friedman/Fairfax Publishers. A large-format volume by the former Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, filled with colour illustrations of buildings, art, etc. related to Ramesses II.</li> <li>The Epigraphic Survey, Reliefs and Inscriptions at Karnak III: The Bubastite Portal, Oriental Institute Publications, vol. 74 (Chicago, Illinois): <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 1954.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(pre-3150 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(3150–2686 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2686–2181 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2181–2040 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2040–1802 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1802–1550 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (1550–664 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(male</span></li><li><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1550–1070 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausret" title="Tausret">Tausret</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1069–664 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(664 BC–313 AD)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(664–332 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(332–30 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(30 BC–313 AD)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li>2<sup>nd</sup></li> <li>3<sup>rd</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1523#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2050" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1523#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2050" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1523#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjvWkhGhDXXFCwgjRHQWH3">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjtYfT8jmX7G8mKg94jhRC">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118598171">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50054443">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952902j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952902j">BnF 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