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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Side effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pharmacology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First-generation_(unselective)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First-generation_(unselective)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>First-generation (unselective)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First-generation_(unselective)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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antagonist</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonisti_H1_receptora" title="Antagonisti H1 receptora – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antagonisti H1 receptora" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonista_H1" title="Antagonista H1 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antagonista H1" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_H1" title="آنتاگونیست H1 – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتاگونیست H1" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1_%EC%88%98%EC%9A%A9%EC%B2%B4_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%AD%EC%A0%9C" title="H1 수용체 대항제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="H1 수용체 대항제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonista_dei_recettori_H1" title="Antagonista dei recettori H1 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antagonista dei recettori H1" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagir%C3%AAn_H1-wergir%C3%AAn_h%C3%AEstam%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Dagirên H1-wergirên hîstamînê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dagirên H1-wergirên hîstamînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonisty_receptora_H1" title="Antagonisty receptora H1 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antagonisty receptora H1" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_H1-%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Блокаторы H1-гистаминовых рецепторов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Блокаторы H1-гистаминовых рецепторов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaviralec_histaminskega_receptorja_H1" title="Zaviralec histaminskega receptorja H1 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zaviralec histaminskega receptorja H1" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1_antagonist" title="H1 antagonist – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="H1 antagonist" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1_antagonist" title="H1 antagonist – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="H1 antagonist" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_kh%C3%A1ng_histamin_H1" title="Thuốc kháng histamin H1 – 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<b>H<sub>1</sub> blockers</b>, are a class of <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">medications</a> that block the action of <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor" title="Histamine H1 receptor">H<sub>1</sub> receptor</a>, helping to relieve <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic reactions</a>. Agents where the main therapeutic effect is mediated by negative modulation of histamine receptors are termed <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamines</a>; other agents may have antihistaminergic action but are not true antihistamines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In common use, the term "antihistamine" refers only to H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamines. Virtually all H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamines function as <a href="/wiki/Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">inverse agonists</a> at the histamine H<sub>1</sub>-receptor, as opposed to neutral <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a>, as was previously believed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H1_antagonist&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamines are clinically used in the treatment of histamine-mediated allergic conditions. These indications may include:<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">Allergic rhinitis</a></li> <li>Allergic <a href="/wiki/Conjunctivitis" title="Conjunctivitis">conjunctivitis</a></li> <li>Allergic <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">dermatological</a> conditions (<a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinorrhea" title="Rhinorrhea">Rhinorrhea</a> (runny nose)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">Urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a></li> <li>Diarrhea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruritus">Pruritus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">atopic dermatitis</a>, insect bites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylactic</a> or anaphylactoid reactions—adjunct only</li> <li>Nausea and vomiting</li> <li>Sedation (first-generation H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamines)</li></ul> <p>H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamines can be administered topically (through the <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eyes</a>) or systemically, based on the nature of the allergic condition. </p><p>The authors of the American College of Chest Physicians Updates on Cough Guidelines (2006) recommend that, for cough associated with the common cold, first-generation antihistamine-decongestants are more effective than newer, non-sedating antihistamines. First-generation antihistamines include <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a> (Benadryl), <a href="/wiki/Carbinoxamine" title="Carbinoxamine">carbinoxamine</a> (Clistin), <a href="/wiki/Clemastine" title="Clemastine">clemastine</a> (Tavist), <a href="/wiki/Chlorpheniramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorpheniramine">chlorpheniramine</a> (Chlor-Trimeton), and <a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">brompheniramine</a> (Dimetane). However, a 1955 study of "antihistaminic drugs for colds," carried out by the U.S. Army Medical Corps, reported that "there was no significant difference in the proportion of cures reported by patients receiving oral antihistaminic drugs and those receiving oral placebos. Furthermore, essentially the same proportion of patients reported no benefit from either type of treatment."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects"><span class="anchor" id="Adverse_drug_reactions"></span> Side effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H1_antagonist&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Side effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">Adverse drug reactions</a> are most commonly associated with the first-generation H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamines. This is due to their relative lack of selectivity for the H<sub>1</sub>-receptor and their ability to cross the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>. </p><p>The most common adverse effect is sedation; this "side-effect" is utilized in many <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_substance" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-counter substance">OTC</a> sleeping-aid preparations. Other common adverse effects in first-generation H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamines include dizziness, <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a>, blurred vision, <a href="/wiki/Euphoria_(emotion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoria (emotion)">euphoria</a>, incoordination, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, increased appetite leading to <a href="/wiki/Weight_gain" title="Weight gain">weight gain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, tremor, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> and vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, dry mouth, and dry cough. Infrequent adverse effects include urinary retention, <a href="/wiki/Palpitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Palpitation">palpitations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The newer, second-generation H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamines are far more selective for peripheral histamine H<sub>1</sub>-receptors and have a better tolerability profile compared to the first-generation agents. The most common adverse effects noted for second-generation agents include drowsiness, fatigue, headache, nausea and dry mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Continuous and/or cumulative use of <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergic</a> medications, including first-generation antihistamines, is associated with higher risk for cognitive decline and dementia in older people.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H1_antagonist&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pharmacology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In type I hypersensitivity allergic reactions, an <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergen</a> (a type of <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a>) interacts with and cross-links surface IgE <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">mast cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basophil" title="Basophil">basophils</a>. Once the allergen cross-links <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">Immunoglobulin E</a>, tyrosine kinases rapidly signal into the cell, leading to cell <a href="/wiki/Degranulation" title="Degranulation">degranulation</a> and the release of histamine (and other chemical mediators) from the mast cell or basophil. Once released, the histamine can react with local or widespread tissues through <a href="/wiki/Histamine_receptor" title="Histamine receptor">histamine receptors</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Histamine, acting on H<sub>1</sub>-receptors, produces <a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">pruritus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flushing_(physiology)" title="Flushing (physiology)">flushing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchoconstriction" title="Bronchoconstriction">bronchoconstriction</a>, increase in <a href="/wiki/Vascular_permeability" title="Vascular permeability">vascular permeability</a> and potentiation of pain.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamines help against these effects, they work only if taken before contact with the allergen. In severe allergies, such as <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angioedema</a>, these effects may be of life-threatening severity. Additional administration of <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a>, often in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Autoinjector" title="Autoinjector">autoinjector</a>, is required by people with such hypersensitivities.<sup id="cite_ref-u761_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u761-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of selected sedating antihistamines </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Antihistamine </th> <th>Dose<sup>a</sup> </th> <th>Time to peak </th> <th>Half-life<sup>b</sup> </th> <th>Metabolism </th> <th>Anticholinergic </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a> </td> <td>50 mg </td> <td>2–3 hours </td> <td>2–9 hours </td> <td>CYP2D6, others </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Doxylamine" title="Doxylamine">Doxylamine</a> </td> <td>25 mg </td> <td>2–3 hours </td> <td>10–12 hours </td> <td>CYP2D6, others </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a> </td> <td>25–100 mg </td> <td>2 hours </td> <td>20 hours </td> <td>ADH, CYP3A4, others </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a> </td> <td>3–6 mg </td> <td>2–3 hours </td> <td>17 hours<sup>c</sup> </td> <td>CYP2D6, others </td> <td>No (at low doses) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a> </td> <td>7.5–15 mg </td> <td>2 hours </td> <td>20–40 hours </td> <td>CYP2D6, others </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a><sup>e</sup> </td> <td>25–200 mg </td> <td>1.5 hours </td> <td>7 hours<sup>d</sup> </td> <td>CYP3A4 </td> <td>No (at low doses) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0;"><b>Footnotes:</b> <sup>a</sup> = For sleep/sedation. <sup>b</sup> = In adults. <sup>c</sup> Active metabolite nordoxepin half-life is 31 hours. <sup>d</sup> Active metabolite norquetiapine half-life is 9–12 hours. <sup>e</sup> Not recommended per literature reviews. <b>Sources:</b> See individual articles for references. See also selected reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23229983_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23229983-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid28671376_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28671376-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26609210_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26609210-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First-generation_(unselective)"><span id="First-generation_.28unselective.29"></span>First-generation (unselective)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H1_antagonist&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First-generation (unselective)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are the oldest H<sub>1</sub>-antihistaminergic drugs and are relatively inexpensive and widely available. They are effective in the relief of allergic symptoms, but are typically moderately to highly potent muscarinic <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine_receptor" title="Acetylcholine receptor">acetylcholine receptor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergic</a>) antagonists as well. These agents also commonly have action at <a href="/wiki/Alpha_adrenergic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha adrenergic receptor">α-adrenergic receptors</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/5-HT_receptor" title="5-HT receptor">5-HT receptors</a>. This lack of receptor selectivity is the basis of the poor tolerability profile of some of these agents, especially when compared with the second-generation H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamines. Patient response and occurrence of adverse drug reactions vary greatly between classes and between agents within classes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classes">Classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H1_antagonist&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamine discovered was <a href="/wiki/Piperoxan" title="Piperoxan">piperoxan</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Fourneau" title="Ernest Fourneau">Ernest Fourneau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a> (1933) in their efforts to develop a <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pig</a> animal model for <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute" title="Pasteur Institute">Pasteur Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bovet went on to win the 1957 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> for his contribution. Following their discovery, the first-generation H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamines were developed in the following decades. They can be classified on the basis of chemical structure, and agents within these groups have similar properties. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Class</b></th> <th><b>Description</b></th> <th><b>Examples</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylenediamines">Ethylenediamines</a></td> <td>Ethylenediamines were the first group of clinically effective H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamines developed.</td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mepyramine" title="Mepyramine">Mepyramine</a> (pyrilamine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropyramine" title="Chloropyramine">Chloropyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antazoline" title="Antazoline">Antazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">Tripelennamine</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethanolamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethanolamines">Ethanolamines</a></td> <td>Diphenhydramine was the prototypical agent in this group. Significant <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergic</a> adverse effects, as well as sedation, are observed in this group but the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse effects is relatively low.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbinoxamine" title="Carbinoxamine">Carbinoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxylamine" title="Doxylamine">Doxylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromazine" title="Bromazine">Bromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemastine" title="Clemastine">Clemastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amine#Drugs" title="Amine">Alkylamines</a></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomerism</a> is a significant factor in the activity of the agents in this group. <i>E</i>-triprolidine, for example, is 1000-fold more potent than <i>Z</i>-triprolidine. This difference relates to the positioning and fit of the molecules in the histamine H<sub>1</sub>-receptor binding site.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alkylamines are considered to have relatively fewer sedative and gastrointestinal adverse effects, but relatively greater incidence of paradoxical <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS) stimulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">Pheniramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">Chlorphenamine</a> (chlorpheniramine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexchlorpheniramine" title="Dexchlorpheniramine">Dexchlorpheniramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexbrompheniramine" title="Dexbrompheniramine">Dexbrompheniramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">Brompheniramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triprolidine" title="Triprolidine">Triprolidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimetindene" title="Dimetindene">Dimetindene</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piperazines" class="mw-redirect" title="Piperazines">Piperazines</a></td> <td>These compounds are structurally related to the ethylenediamines and the ethanolamines, and produce significant <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergic</a> adverse effects with the exception of hydroxyzine, which has low to no affinity for <a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">muscarinic acetylcholine receptors</a> and therefore produces negligible anticholinergic side-effects.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compounds from this group are often used for motion sickness, vertigo, nausea, and vomiting. The second-generation H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamine <a href="/wiki/Cetirizine" title="Cetirizine">cetirizine</a> also belongs to this chemical group.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclizine" title="Cyclizine">Cyclizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorcyclizine" title="Chlorcyclizine">Chlorcyclizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclizine" title="Meclizine">Meclizine</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tricyclics" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclics">Tricyclics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclics</a></td> <td>These compounds differ from the <a href="/wiki/Phenothiazine" title="Phenothiazine">phenothiazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a> in the ring-substitution and chain characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also structurally related to the <a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">tricyclic antidepressants</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">tetracyclics</a>), explaining the H<sub>1</sub>-antihistaminergic adverse effects of those three drug classes and also the poor tolerability profile of tricyclic H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamines. The second-generation H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamine loratadine was derived from compounds in this group.</td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alimemazine" title="Alimemazine">Alimemazine</a> (trimeprazine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_structural_features">Common structural features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H1_antagonist&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Common structural features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Two aromatic rings, connected to a central carbon, nitrogen or CO</li> <li>Spacer between the central X and the amine, usually 2–3 carbons in length, linear, ring, branched, saturated or unsaturated</li> <li>Amine is substituted with small alkyl groups, e.g., CH<sub>3</sub></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antihistamine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Antihistamine.svg/200px-Antihistamine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Antihistamine.svg/300px-Antihistamine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Antihistamine.svg/400px-Antihistamine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="265" /></a></span><br /> <b>X = N, R1 = R2 = small alkyl groups</b><br /> <b>X = C</b><br /> <b>X = CO</b> </p> <ul><li>Chirality at X can increase both the potency and selectivity for H1-receptors</li> <li>For maximum potency, the two aromatic rings should be orientated in different planes <ul><li>for example, tricyclic ring system is slightly puckered and the two aromatic rings lie in different geometrical planes, giving the drug a very high potency.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second-generation">Second-generation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H1_antagonist&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second-generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Second-generation H<sub>1</sub>-antihistamines are newer drugs that are much more selective for peripheral H<sub>1</sub> receptors as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> H<sub>1</sub> receptors and <a href="/wiki/Cholinergic_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholinergic receptors">cholinergic receptors</a>. This selectivity significantly reduces the occurrence of adverse drug reactions, such as sedation, while still providing effective relief of allergic conditions. The reason for their peripheral selectivity is that most of these compounds are <a href="/wiki/Zwitterion" title="Zwitterion">zwitterionic</a> at physiological pH (around pH 7.4). As such, they are very polar, meaning that they are less likely to cross the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> and act mainly outside the central nervous system. </p><p>Examples of systemic second-generation antihistamines include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrivastine" title="Acrivastine">Acrivastine</a> (Benadryl Allergy Relief (UK), Semprex-D (US))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astemizole" title="Astemizole">Astemizole</a> (Hismanal) – withdrawn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bepotastine" title="Bepotastine">Bepotastine</a> (Talion, Bepreve)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilastine" title="Bilastine">Bilastine</a> (Blexten, Fortecal, Lendin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetirizine" title="Cetirizine">Cetirizine</a> (Zyrtec, Benadryl Allergy One a Day Relief (UK))<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desloratadine" title="Desloratadine">Desloratadine</a> (Aerius)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16109168_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16109168-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebastine" title="Ebastine">Ebastine</a> (Evastin, Kestine, Ebastel, Aleva, Ebatrol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fexofenadine" title="Fexofenadine">Fexofenadine</a> (Allegra)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12575922_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12575922-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketotifen" title="Ketotifen">Ketotifen</a> (Zaditor) – also <a href="/wiki/Mast_cell_stabilizer" title="Mast cell stabilizer">mast cell stabilizer</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes classified as a first-generation antihistamine, see <a href="/wiki/Ketotifen#Classification" title="Ketotifen">Ketotifen § Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levocetirizine" title="Levocetirizine">Levocetirizine</a> (Xyzal)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16445787_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16445787-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loratadine" title="Loratadine">Loratadine</a> (Claritin)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizolastine" title="Mizolastine">Mizolastine</a> (Mizollen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quifenadine" title="Quifenadine">Quifenadine</a> (Phencarol, Фенкарол)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupatadine" title="Rupatadine">Rupatadine</a> (Rupafin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terfenadine" title="Terfenadine">Terfenadine</a> (Seldane (US), Triludan (UK), and Teldane (Australia)) – withdrawn</li></ul> </div> <p>Examples of topical second-generation antihistamines include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azelastine" title="Azelastine">Azelastine</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Al-Ahmad_Hassab_Al_Ansari_2020_pp._241–252_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Ahmad_Hassab_Al_Ansari_2020_pp._241–252-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levocabastine" title="Levocabastine">Levocabastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olopatadine" title="Olopatadine">Olopatadine</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H1_antagonist&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Over-the-counter">Over-the-counter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H1_antagonist&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Over-the-counter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>H<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonists that are approved for <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-counter">over-the-counter</a> sale in the United States, include the following.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First-generation">First-generation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H1_antagonist&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First-generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common/marketed: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">Brompheniramine</a> (Dimetapp, Dimetane)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpheniramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorpheniramine">Chlorpheniramine</a> (Chlor-Trimeton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a> (Dramamine, Gravol) – combination of <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a> and <a href="/wiki/8-chlorotheophylline" class="mw-redirect" title="8-chlorotheophylline">8-chlorotheophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a> (Benadryl)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxylamine" title="Doxylamine">Doxylamine</a> (Unisom)</li></ul> <p>Uncommon/discontinued: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorcyclizine" title="Chlorcyclizine">Chlorcyclizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexbrompheniramine" title="Dexbrompheniramine">Dexbrompheniramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexchlorpheniramine" title="Dexchlorpheniramine">Dexchlorpheniramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methapyrilene" title="Methapyrilene">Methapyrilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenindamine" title="Phenindamine">Phenindamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">Pheniramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenyltoloxamine" title="Phenyltoloxamine">Phenyltoloxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrilamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrilamine">Pyrilamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenyldiamine" title="Thenyldiamine">Thenyldiamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonzylamine" title="Thonzylamine">Thonzylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triprolidine" title="Triprolidine">Triprolidine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second-generation_2">Second-generation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H1_antagonist&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second-generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cetirizine" title="Cetirizine">Cetirizine</a> (Zyrtec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fexofenadine" title="Fexofenadine">Fexofenadine</a> (Allegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levocetirizine" title="Levocetirizine">Levocetirizine</a> (Xyzal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loratadine" title="Loratadine">Loratadine</a> (Alavert, Claritin)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H1_antagonist&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H2_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 antagonist">H<sub>2</sub>-receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H3_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H3 antagonist">H<sub>3</sub>-receptor antagonist</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H1_antagonist&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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"Levocetirizine in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study". <i>The British Journal of Dermatology</i>. <b>154</b> (3): 533–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.2005.07049.x">10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.07049.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16445787">16445787</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35041518">35041518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Levocetirizine+in+the+treatment+of+chronic+idiopathic+urticaria%3A+a+randomized%2C+double-blind%2C+placebo-controlled+study&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=533-8&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35041518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16445787&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.2005.07049.x&rft.aulast=Nettis&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Colanardi%2C+MC&rft.au=Barra%2C+L&rft.au=Ferrannini%2C+A&rft.au=Vacca%2C+A&rft.au=Tursi%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH1+antagonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/levocetirizine.html">"Levocetirizine Monograph for Professionals"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Levocetirizine+Monograph+for+Professionals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fmonograph%2Flevocetirizine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH1+antagonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/loratadine.html">"Loratadine Monograph for Professionals"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loratadine+Monograph+for+Professionals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fmonograph%2Floratadine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH1+antagonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/azelastine.html">"Azelastine Monograph for Professionals"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Azelastine+Monograph+for+Professionals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fmonograph%2Fazelastine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH1+antagonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Ahmad_Hassab_Al_Ansari_2020_pp._241–252-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Ahmad_Hassab_Al_Ansari_2020_pp._241–252_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-AhmadHassabAl_Ansari2020" class="citation book cs1">Al-Ahmad, Mona; Hassab, Mohammed; Al Ansari, Ali (21 December 2020). "Allergic and Non-allergic Rhinitis". <i>Textbook of Clinical Otolaryngology</i>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 241–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-54088-3_22">10.1007/978-3-030-54088-3_22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-54087-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-54087-6"><bdi>978-3-030-54087-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234142758">234142758</a>. <q>Intranasal H1 antihistamines such as azelastine are effective for controlling nasal symptoms. They need to be applied twice daily.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allergic+and+Non-allergic+Rhinitis&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Clinical+Otolaryngology&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=241-252&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234142758%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-54088-3_22&rft.isbn=978-3-030-54087-6&rft.aulast=Al-Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Mona&rft.au=Hassab%2C+Mohammed&rft.au=Al+Ansari%2C+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH1+antagonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/olopatadine.html">"Olopatadine Monograph for Professionals"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olopatadine+Monograph+for+Professionals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fmonograph%2Folopatadine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH1+antagonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDA_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/CDER/UCM135688.pdf">"OTC Active Ingredients"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Food and Drug Administration. 7 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OTC+Active+Ingredients&rft.pub=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=2010-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fdownloads%2FAboutFDA%2FCentersOffices%2FCDER%2FUCM135688.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AH1+antagonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H1_antagonist&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Antihistaminics%2C+H1">Antihistaminics,+H1</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a 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href="/wiki/ATC_code_R06" title="ATC code R06">R06</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Benzimidazole" title="Benzimidazole">Benzimidazoles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="(and similar)">*</abbr>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astemizole" title="Astemizole">Astemizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azelastine" title="Azelastine">Azelastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilastine" title="Bilastine">Bilastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emedastine" title="Emedastine">Emedastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizolastine" title="Mizolastine">Mizolastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talastine" title="Talastine">Talastine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Diphenylmethane" title="Diphenylmethane">Diarylmethanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Diarylmethoxyalkylamines:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bromazine" title="Bromazine">Bromazine (bromodiphenhydramine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbinoxamine" title="Carbinoxamine">Carbinoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenoxamine" title="Chlorphenoxamine">Chlorphenoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemastine" title="Clemastine">Clemastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naproxen/diphenhydramine" title="Naproxen/diphenhydramine">+naproxen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylpyraline" title="Diphenylpyraline">Diphenylpyraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxylamine" title="Doxylamine">Doxylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebastine" title="Ebastine">Ebastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diphenylmethanolpiperidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphenylmethanolpiperidine">Diphenylmethanolpiperidines</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Fexofenadine" title="Fexofenadine">Fexofenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terfenadine" title="Terfenadine">Terfenadine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diphenylmethylpiperazine" title="Diphenylmethylpiperazine">Diphenylmethylpiperazines</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Buclizine" title="Buclizine">Buclizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetirizine" title="Cetirizine">Cetirizine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levocetirizine" title="Levocetirizine">Levocetirizine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorcyclizine" title="Chlorcyclizine">Chlorcyclizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnarizine" title="Cinnarizine">Cinnarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclizine" title="Cyclizine">Cyclizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etodroxizine" title="Etodroxizine">Etodroxizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclizine" title="Meclizine">Meclizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxatomide" title="Oxatomide">Oxatomide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Phenylpyridinylpropanamines:</i> <a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">Brompheniramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">Chlorphenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexbrompheniramine" title="Dexbrompheniramine">Dexbrompheniramine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dexbrompheniramine/pseudoephedrine" title="Dexbrompheniramine/pseudoephedrine">+pseudoephedrine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexchlorpheniramine" title="Dexchlorpheniramine">Dexchlorpheniramine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Betamethasone/dexchlorpheniramine" title="Betamethasone/dexchlorpheniramine">+betamethasone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">Pheniramine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Acrivastine" title="Acrivastine">Acrivastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamipine" title="Bamipine">Bamipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimetindene" title="Dimetindene">Dimetindene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenyltoloxamine" title="Phenyltoloxamine">Phenyltoloxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrobutamine" title="Pyrrobutamine">Pyrrobutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quifenadine" title="Quifenadine">Quifenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triprolidine" title="Triprolidine">Triprolidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediamine" title="Ethylenediamine">Ethylenediamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antazoline" title="Antazoline">Antazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropyramine" title="Chloropyramine">Chloropyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histapyrrodine" title="Histapyrrodine">Histapyrrodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepyramine" title="Mepyramine">Mepyramine (pyrilamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methapyrilene" title="Methapyrilene">Methapyrilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenbenzamine" title="Phenbenzamine">Phenbenzamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenalidine" title="Thenalidine">Thenalidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">Tripelennamine (pyribenzamine)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic compound">Tricyclics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dibenzocycloheptene" title="Dibenzocycloheptene">Dibenzocycloheptenes</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azatadine" title="Azatadine">Azatadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptropine" title="Deptropine">Deptropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desloratadine" title="Desloratadine">Desloratadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketotifen" title="Ketotifen">Ketotifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loratadine" title="Loratadine">Loratadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupatadine" title="Rupatadine">Rupatadine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phenothiazine" title="Phenothiazine">Phenothiazines</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Alimemazine" title="Alimemazine">Alimemazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenethazine" title="Fenethazine">Fenethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyethylpromethazine" title="Hydroxyethylpromethazine">Hydroxyethylpromethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothipendyl" title="Isothipendyl">Isothipendyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mequitazine" title="Mequitazine">Mequitazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methdilazine" title="Methdilazine">Methdilazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxomemazine" title="Oxomemazine">Oxomemazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">doxepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">trimipramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinastine" title="Epinastine">Epinastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrepirdine" title="Latrepirdine">Latrepirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebhydrolin" title="Mebhydrolin">Mebhydrolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olopatadine" title="Olopatadine">Olopatadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlapine" title="Perlapine">Perlapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenindamine" title="Phenindamine">Phenindamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimethixene" title="Pimethixene">Pimethixene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Phenylpiperazines</i>: <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenbenzamine" title="Phenbenzamine">Phenbenzamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">For <a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">topical</a> use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamipine" title="Bamipine">Bamipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropyramine" title="Chloropyramine">Chloropyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenoxamine" title="Chlorphenoxamine">Chlorphenoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemastine" title="Clemastine">Clemastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimetindene" title="Dimetindene">Dimetindene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothipendyl" title="Isothipendyl">Isothipendyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepyramine" title="Mepyramine">Mepyramine (pyrilamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Histamine_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Histamine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Histamine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Histamine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Histamine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Histamine_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Histamine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Histamine_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Histamine_receptor" title="Histamine receptor">Histamine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor" title="Histamine H1 receptor">H<sub>1</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Pyridylethylamine" title="2-Pyridylethylamine">2-Pyridylethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betahistine" title="Betahistine">Betahistine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide" title="Histamine trifluoromethyl toluidide">HTMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Histidine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Histidine"><span style="font-size:85%;">L</span>-Histidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UR-AK49" title="UR-AK49">UR-AK49</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>First-generation:</i> <a href="/wiki/4-Methyldiphenhydramine" title="4-Methyldiphenhydramine">4-Methyldiphenhydramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alimemazine" title="Alimemazine">Alimemazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antazoline" title="Antazoline">Antazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azatadine" title="Azatadine">Azatadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamipine" title="Bamipine">Bamipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzatropine" title="Benzatropine">Benzatropine (benztropine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bepotastine" title="Bepotastine">Bepotastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromazine" title="Bromazine">Bromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">Brompheniramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buclizine" title="Buclizine">Buclizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captodiame" title="Captodiame">Captodiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbinoxamine" title="Carbinoxamine">Carbinoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorcyclizine" title="Chlorcyclizine">Chlorcyclizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropyramine" title="Chloropyramine">Chloropyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorothen" title="Chlorothen">Chlorothen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">Chlorphenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenoxamine" title="Chlorphenoxamine">Chlorphenoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnarizine" title="Cinnarizine">Cinnarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemastine" title="Clemastine">Clemastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobenzepam" title="Clobenzepam">Clobenzepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocinizine" title="Clocinizine">Clocinizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloperastine" title="Cloperastine">Cloperastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclizine" title="Cyclizine">Cyclizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacemazine" title="Dacemazine">Dacemazine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decloxizine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decloxizine (page does not exist)">Decloxizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptropine" title="Deptropine">Deptropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexbrompheniramine" title="Dexbrompheniramine">Dexbrompheniramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexchlorpheniramine" title="Dexchlorpheniramine">Dexchlorpheniramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimetindene" title="Dimetindene">Dimetindene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylpyraline" title="Diphenylpyraline">Diphenylpyraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxylamine" title="Doxylamine">Doxylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embramine" title="Embramine">Embramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etodroxizine" title="Etodroxizine">Etodroxizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etybenzatropine" title="Etybenzatropine">Etybenzatropine (ethylbenztropine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymemazine" title="Etymemazine">Etymemazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenethazine" title="Fenethazine">Fenethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunarizine" title="Flunarizine">Flunarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histapyrrodine" title="Histapyrrodine">Histapyrrodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochlorcyclizine" title="Homochlorcyclizine">Homochlorcyclizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyethylpromethazine" title="Hydroxyethylpromethazine">Hydroxyethylpromethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopromethazine" title="Isopromethazine">Isopromethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothipendyl" title="Isothipendyl">Isothipendyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclozine" class="mw-redirect" title="Meclozine">Meclozine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrylamine" title="Medrylamine">Medrylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepyramine" title="Mepyramine">Mepyramine (pyrilamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mequitazine" title="Mequitazine">Mequitazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methafurylene" title="Methafurylene">Methafurylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methapyrilene" title="Methapyrilene">Methapyrilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methdilazine" title="Methdilazine">Methdilazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxastine" title="Moxastine">Moxastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxatomide" title="Oxatomide">Oxatomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxomemazine" title="Oxomemazine">Oxomemazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlapine" title="Perlapine">Perlapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenindamine" title="Phenindamine">Phenindamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">Pheniramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenyltoloxamine" title="Phenyltoloxamine">Phenyltoloxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimethixene" title="Pimethixene">Pimethixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperoxan" title="Piperoxan">Piperoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipoxizine" title="Pipoxizine">Pipoxizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiomazine" title="Propiomazine">Propiomazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrobutamine" title="Pyrrobutamine">Pyrrobutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talastine" title="Talastine">Talastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenalidine" title="Thenalidine">Thenalidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenyldiamine" title="Thenyldiamine">Thenyldiamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiazinamium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiazinamium">Thiazinamium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonzylamine" title="Thonzylamine">Thonzylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolpropamine" title="Tolpropamine">Tolpropamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">Tripelennamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triprolidine" title="Triprolidine">Triprolidine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Second/third-generation:</i> <a href="/wiki/Acrivastine" title="Acrivastine">Acrivastine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alinastine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alinastine (page does not exist)">Alinastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astemizole" title="Astemizole">Astemizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azelastine" title="Azelastine">Azelastine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamirastine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bamirastine (page does not exist)">Bamirastine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barmastine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barmastine (page does not exist)">Barmastine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bepiastine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bepiastine (page does not exist)">Bepiastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bepotastine" title="Bepotastine">Bepotastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilastine" title="Bilastine">Bilastine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabastinen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabastinen (page does not exist)">Cabastinen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carebastine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carebastine (page does not exist)">Carebastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetirizine" title="Cetirizine">Cetirizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemastine" title="Clemastine">Clemastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemizole" title="Clemizole">Clemizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobenztropine" title="Clobenztropine">Clobenztropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desloratadine" title="Desloratadine">Desloratadine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorastine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorastine (page does not exist)">Dorastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebastine" title="Ebastine">Ebastine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efletirizine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efletirizine (page does not exist)">Efletirizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emedastine" title="Emedastine">Emedastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinastine" title="Epinastine">Epinastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fexofenadine" title="Fexofenadine">Fexofenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flezelastine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flezelastine (page does not exist)">Flezelastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketotifen" title="Ketotifen">Ketotifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrepirdine" title="Latrepirdine">Latrepirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levocabastine" title="Levocabastine">Levocabastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levocetirizine" title="Levocetirizine">Levocetirizine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linetastine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linetastine (page does not exist)">Linetastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loratadine" title="Loratadine">Loratadine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapinastine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mapinastine (page does not exist)">Mapinastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebhydrolin" title="Mebhydrolin">Mebhydrolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizolastine" title="Mizolastine">Mizolastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxastine" title="Moxastine">Moxastine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noberastine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noberastine (page does not exist)">Noberastine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octastine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octastine (page does not exist)">Octastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olopatadine" title="Olopatadine">Olopatadine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perastine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perastine (page does not exist)">Perastine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pibaxizine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pibaxizine (page does not exist)">Pibaxizine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piclopastine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piclopastine (page does not exist)">Piclopastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quifenadine" title="Quifenadine">Quifenadine (phencarol)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocastine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rocastine (page does not exist)">Rocastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupatadine" title="Rupatadine">Rupatadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setastine" title="Setastine">Setastine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequifenadine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sequifenadine (page does not exist)">Sequifenadine (bicarphen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talastine" title="Talastine">Talastine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temelastine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temelastine (page does not exist)">Temelastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terfenadine" title="Terfenadine">Terfenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapitadine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vapitadine (page does not exist)">Vapitadine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zepastine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zepastine (page does not exist)">Zepastine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brilaroxazine" title="Brilaroxazine">brilaroxazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">iloperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">paliperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">zotepine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiperazine" title="Phenylpiperazine">Phenylpiperazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hydroxynefazodone" title="Hydroxynefazodone">hydroxynefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">nefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triazoledione" title="Triazoledione">triazoledione</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">maprotiline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxaprotiline" title="Oxaprotiline">oxaprotiline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butriptyline" title="Butriptyline">butriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">desipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosulepin" title="Dosulepin">dosulepin (dothiepin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">doxepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iprindole" title="Iprindole">iprindole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lofepramine" title="Lofepramine">lofepramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protriptyline" title="Protriptyline">protriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">trimipramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flupenthixol" class="mw-redirect" title="Flupenthixol">flupenthixol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">fluphenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">perphenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prochlorperazine" title="Prochlorperazine">prochlorperazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">thioridazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiothixene" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiothixene">thiothixene</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azanator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azanator (page does not exist)">Azanator</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belarizine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belarizine (page does not exist)">Belarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elbanizine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elbanizine (page does not exist)">Elbanizine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flotrenizine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flotrenizine (page does not exist)">Flotrenizine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK1004723&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK1004723 (page does not exist)">GSK1004723</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napactadine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napactadine (page does not exist)">Napactadine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagorizine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagorizine (page does not exist)">Tagorizine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trelnarizine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trelnarizine (page does not exist)">Trelnarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trenizine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trenizine (page does not exist)">Trenizine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H2_receptor" title="Histamine H2 receptor">H<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amthamine" title="Amthamine">Amthamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betazole" title="Betazole">Betazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimaprit" title="Dimaprit">Dimaprit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_trifluoromethyl_toluidide" title="Histamine trifluoromethyl toluidide">HTMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impromidine" title="Impromidine">Impromidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Histidine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Histidine"><span style="font-size:85%;">L</span>-Histidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UR-AK49" title="UR-AK49">UR-AK49</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisfentidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisfentidine (page does not exist)">Bisfentidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burimamide" title="Burimamide">Burimamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">Cimetidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalcotidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalcotidine (page does not exist)">Dalcotidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donetidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donetidine (page does not exist)">Donetidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrotidine" title="Ebrotidine">Ebrotidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etintidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etintidine (page does not exist)">Etintidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famotidine" title="Famotidine">Famotidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isolamtidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isolamtidine (page does not exist)">Isolamtidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafutidine" title="Lafutidine">Lafutidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamtidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamtidine (page does not exist)">Lamtidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavoltidine" title="Lavoltidine">Lavoltidine (loxtidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupitidine" title="Lupitidine">Lupitidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metiamide" title="Metiamide">Metiamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mifentidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mifentidine (page does not exist)">Mifentidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niperotidine" title="Niperotidine">Niperotidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizatidine" title="Nizatidine">Nizatidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osutidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osutidine (page does not exist)">Osutidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxmetidine" title="Oxmetidine">Oxmetidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pibutidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pibutidine (page does not exist)">Pibutidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quisultazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quisultazine (page does not exist)">Quisultazine (quisultidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramixotidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramixotidine (page does not exist)">Ramixotidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranitidine" title="Ranitidine">Ranitidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxatidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Roxatidine">Roxatidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufotidine" title="Sufotidine">Sufotidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiotidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiotidine (page does not exist)">Tiotidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvatidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuvatidine (page does not exist)">Tuvatidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venritidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venritidine (page does not exist)">Venritidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xaltidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xaltidine (page does not exist)">Xaltidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolantidine" title="Zolantidine">Zolantidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H3_receptor" title="Histamine H3 receptor">H<sub>3</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methylhistamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methylhistamine">α-Methylhistamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipralisant" title="Cipralisant">Cipralisant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imetit" title="Imetit">Imetit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immepip" title="Immepip">Immepip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immethridine" title="Immethridine">Immethridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Histidine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Histidine"><span style="font-size:85%;">L</span>-Histidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methimepip" title="Methimepip">Methimepip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxyfan" title="Proxyfan">Proxyfan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-349821" title="A-349821">A-349821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-423579" title="A-423579">A-423579</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-239" title="ABT-239">ABT-239</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-652&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-652 (page does not exist)">ABT-652</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD5213&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD5213 (page does not exist)">AZD5213</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavisant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bavisant (page does not exist)">Bavisant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betahistine" title="Betahistine">Betahistine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burimamide" title="Burimamide">Burimamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciproxifan" title="Ciproxifan">Ciproxifan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobenpropit" title="Clobenpropit">Clobenpropit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conessine" title="Conessine">Conessine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enerisant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enerisant (page does not exist)">Enerisant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK-189254" title="GSK-189254">GSK-189254</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impentamine" title="Impentamine">Impentamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodophenpropit" title="Iodophenpropit">Iodophenpropit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irdabisant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irdabisant (page does not exist)">Irdabisant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-5207852" title="JNJ-5207852">JNJ-5207852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNC_38-1049" title="NNC 38-1049">NNC 38-1049</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-03654746" title="PF-03654746">PF-03654746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitolisant" title="Pitolisant">Pitolisant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-79687" title="SCH-79687">SCH-79687</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioperamide" title="Thioperamide">Thioperamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VUF-5681" title="VUF-5681">VUF-5681</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H4_receptor" title="Histamine H4 receptor">H<sub>4</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylhistamine" title="4-Methylhistamine">4-Methylhistamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methylhistamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methylhistamine">α-Methylhistamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Histidine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Histidine"><span style="font-size:85%;">L</span>-Histidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OUP-16" title="OUP-16">OUP-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VUF-8430" title="VUF-8430">VUF-8430</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-7777120" title="JNJ-7777120">JNJ-7777120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seliforant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seliforant (page does not exist)">Seliforant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioperamide" title="Thioperamide">Thioperamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toreforant" title="Toreforant">Toreforant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VUF-6002" title="VUF-6002">VUF-6002</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators">Monoamine metabolism modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_drug_groups" title="Template:Major drug groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_drug_groups" title="Template talk:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_drug_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major chemical drug groups – based upon the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a><br />/ <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A" title="ATC code A">A</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>stomach acid</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">Antacids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 antagonist">H<sub>2</sub> antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor" title="Proton-pump inhibitor">Proton-pump inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">Antiemetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">Laxatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidiarrhoeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiarrhoeal">Antidiarrhoeals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antipropulsive" title="Antipropulsive">Antipropulsives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication" title="Anti-obesity medication">Anti-obesity drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">Diabetes medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Dietary minerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and blood<br />forming organs (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_B" title="ATC code B">B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">Antithrombotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">Antiplatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihemorrhagic" title="Antihemorrhagic">Antihemorrhagics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">Coagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifibrinolytic" title="Antifibrinolytic">Antifibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C" title="ATC code C">C</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>cardiac therapy / <a href="/wiki/Antianginal" title="Antianginal">antianginals</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">Cardiac glycosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">Antiarrhythmics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stimulant" title="Cardiac stimulant">Cardiac stimulants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">Antihypertensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">Diuretics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium channel blockers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">Angiotensin II receptor antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin_inhibitor" title="Renin inhibitor">Renin inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypolipidemic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypolipidemic agent">Antihyperlipidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">Statins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrate" title="Fibrate">Fibrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_sequestrant" title="Bile acid sequestrant">Bile acid sequestrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D" title="ATC code D">D</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emollient" class="mw-redirect" title="Emollient">Emollients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatrizant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatrizant">Cicatrizants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipruritic" title="Antipruritic">Antipruritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsoriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsoriatic">Antipsoriatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D09" title="ATC code D09">Medicated dressings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">genitourinary<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G" title="ATC code G">G</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">Fertility agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">Selective estrogen receptor modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_H" title="ATC code H">H</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">Thyroid hormones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antithyroid_agent" title="Antithyroid agent">Antithyroid agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a> and<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infestation" class="extiw" title="wikt:infestation">infestations</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J" title="ATC code J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_P" title="ATC code P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATCvet_code_QI" title="ATCvet code QI">QI</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobials</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">Antibacterials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimycobacterial" title="Antimycobacterial">Antimycobacterials</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifungal_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal drug">Antifungals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antivirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparasitic" title="Antiparasitic">Antiparasitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiprotozoal_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiprotozoal agent">Antiprotozoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">Anthelmintics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoparasiticide" title="Ectoparasiticide">Ectoparasiticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous immunoglobulin">Intravenous immunoglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L01–L02</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Anticancer agents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">Antimetabolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent" title="Alkylating antineoplastic agent">Alkylating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_poison" title="Spindle poison">Spindle poisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineoplastic">Antineoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoisomerase_inhibitor" title="Topoisomerase inhibitor">Topoisomerase inhibitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L03–L04</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">Immunomodulators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunostimulant" title="Immunostimulant">Immunostimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M" title="ATC code M">M</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">Anti-inflammatories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease-modifying_antirheumatic_drug" title="Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug">Antirheumatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Muscle relaxants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">Bisphosphonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N" title="ATC code N">N</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">Anesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">Anorectics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihyperkinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihyperkinetic">Anti-ADHD agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Antiaddictives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidementia_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidementia drug">Antidementia agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimigraine_drug" title="Antimigraine drug">Antimigraine agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_Parkinson%27s_disease#Medication" title="Management of Parkinson's disease">Antiparkinson agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">Aphrodisiacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Entactogen">Entactogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoriants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelics,_dissociatives_and_deliriants" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants">Hallucinogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">Mood stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivation-enhancing_drug" title="Motivation-enhancing drug">Motivation-enhancing drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprotective" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroprotective">Neuroprotectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexigenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexigenic">Orexigenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenic" title="Serenic">Serenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefulness-promoting_agent" title="Wakefulness-promoting agent">Wakefulness-promoting agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_R" title="ATC code R">R</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">Decongestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchodilator" title="Bronchodilator">Bronchodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cough_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough medicine">Cough medicines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H<sub>1</sub> antagonists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory organs</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S" title="ATC code S">S</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmologicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otology" title="Otology">Otologicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V" title="ATC code V">V</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">Antidotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast medium">Contrast media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">Radiopharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressing_(medicine)" title="Dressing (medicine)">Dressings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senotherapeutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Senotherapeutics">Senotherapeutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs" title="Category:Drugs">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pharmacological_classification_systems" title="Category:Pharmacological classification systems">Pharmacological classification systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:ATC_codes" title="Category:ATC codes">ATC codes</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharmacomodulation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharmacomodulation" title="Template:Pharmacomodulation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharmacomodulation" title="Template talk:Pharmacomodulation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacomodulation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacomodulation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharmacomodulation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacomodulation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>♦ <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a>: <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inducer" title="Enzyme inducer">Inducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Inhibitor</a></li></ul> <ul><li>♦ <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">Ion channel</a>: <a href="/wiki/Channel_opener" title="Channel opener">Opener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_blocker" title="Channel blocker">Blocker</a></li></ul> <ul><li>♦ <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">Agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">Partial agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">Inverse agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulator">Positive allosteric modulator</a> (PAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative allosteric modulator">Negative allosteric modulator</a> (NAM)</li></ul> <ul><li>♦ <a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">Transporter</a> [<a href="/wiki/Reuptake" title="Reuptake">Reuptake</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transport" title="Reverse transport">Efflux</a>]: <a href="/wiki/Reuptake_enhancer" title="Reuptake enhancer">Enhancer</a> (RE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor" title="Reuptake inhibitor">Inhibitor</a> (RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Releasing_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Releasing agent">Releaser</a> (RA)</li></ul> <ul><li>♦ Miscellaneous: <a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">see <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Enzyme_inhibition" title="Template:Enzyme inhibition">Enzyme inhibition</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">Ion channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">See <a href="/wiki/Template:Channel_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Channel blockers">Ion channel modulators</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">transporter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biogenic_amine" title="Biogenic amine">BA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitter" title="Monoamine neurotransmitter">M</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Adrenergic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic" title="Adrenergic">Adrenergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist">Adrenergic receptor agonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist" title="Alpha-adrenergic agonist">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-adrenergic_agonist" title="Beta-adrenergic agonist">β</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beta1-adrenergic_agonist" title="Beta1-adrenergic agonist">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta2-adrenergic_agonist" title="Beta2-adrenergic agonist">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_antagonist" title="Adrenergic antagonist">Adrenergic receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha_blocker" title="Alpha blocker">α</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_blocker" title="Alpha-2 blocker">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">β</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> (NRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic" title="Dopaminergic">Dopaminergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_agonist" title="Dopamine agonist">Dopamine receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist" title="Dopamine antagonist">Dopamine receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a> (DRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Histaminergic" title="Histaminergic">Histaminergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_agonist" title="Histamine agonist">Histamine receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Histamine antagonist">Histamine receptor antagonist</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">H<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 antagonist">H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H3_receptor_antagonist" title="H3 receptor antagonist">H<sub>3</sub></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor_agonist" title="Serotonin receptor agonist">Serotonin receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin antagonist">Serotonin receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT3_antagonist" title="5-HT3 antagonist">5-HT<sub>3</sub></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin reuptake inhibitor</a> (SRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">AA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GABA_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA agonist">GABA receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA antagonist">GABA receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_reuptake_inhibitor" title="GABA reuptake inhibitor">GABA reuptake inhibitor</a> (GRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glutamatergic" title="Glutamatergic">Glutamatergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excitatory_amino_acid_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitatory amino acid agonist">Glutamate receptor agonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ampakine" title="Ampakine">AMPA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excitatory_amino_acid_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitatory amino acid antagonist">Glutamate receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excitatory_amino_acid_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Excitatory amino acid reuptake inhibitor">Glutamate reuptake inhibitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cholinergic" title="Cholinergic">Cholinergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parasympathomimetic_drug" title="Parasympathomimetic drug">Acetylcholine receptor agonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_agonist" title="Muscarinic agonist">Muscarinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_agonist" title="Nicotinic agonist">Nicotinic</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Cholinesterase inhibitor">Cholinesterase inhibitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">Acetylcholine receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_antagonist" title="Muscarinic antagonist">Muscarinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_antagonist" title="Nicotinic antagonist">Nicotinic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ganglionic_blocker" title="Ganglionic blocker">Ganglionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular-blocking_drug" title="Neuromuscular-blocking drug">Muscular</a>))</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">Cannabinoidergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoid receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_antagonist" title="Cannabinoid receptor antagonist">Cannabinoid receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_enhancer" title="Endocannabinoid enhancer">Endocannabinoid enhancer</a> (eCBE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor">Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor</a> (eCBRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioidergic" title="Opioidergic">Opioidergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_modulator" title="Opioid modulator">Opioid modulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioid receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">Opioid receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enkephalinase_inhibitor" title="Enkephalinase inhibitor">Enkephalinase inhibitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Adenosine reuptake inhibitor">Adenosine reuptake inhibitor</a> (AdoRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">Angiotensin II receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor_antagonist" title="Endothelin receptor antagonist">Endothelin receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NK1_receptor_antagonist" title="NK1 receptor antagonist">NK<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_antagonist" title="Vasopressin receptor antagonist">Vasopressin receptor antagonist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Enzyme_cofactors" title="Template:Enzyme cofactors">Enzyme cofactors</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursor</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Amino acids">Amino acids</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H1_antagonist&oldid=1253826801#First-generation_(unselective)">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H1_antagonist&oldid=1253826801#First-generation_(unselective)</a>"</div></div> <div 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