CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135b3ff1b019d10',cH: 'wI6nWQVnzCMkG6uXGJf24SMuUpZ7Hg6fDVTOz_x8Rwk-1739794529-1.2.1.1-4jv5SKDbeji05n3Jg6Q5hxE6yoQglyrEKorifphonvQP2h8_JKfQfDfSXgi4KCtv',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Foreign%20language%20learners&page=10&__cf_chl_tk=OsW.HND9yxPD4_ddzvRoR6.1FwVFsKuHQbH1q0z.NU0-1739794529-1.0.1.1-4riKHiGDvR8qelksXvgMAXnQRRZOY95yzHvZpyLtOqY",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739794529',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Foreign%20language%20learners&page=10&__cf_chl_f_tk=OsW.HND9yxPD4_ddzvRoR6.1FwVFsKuHQbH1q0z.NU0-1739794529-1.0.1.1-4riKHiGDvR8qelksXvgMAXnQRRZOY95yzHvZpyLtOqY",md: "ArfvA7x6sCOQsU0hG1_pFe.LRVUa23XVJDUCCBxIORc-1739794529-1.2.1.1-miAOj4eMV2f2J5v5eZfLrdgAyQGMYckPZAfmVNfBpIZmi281_IMlfaBUIwtF1GvNNs8WkbCmhrZ.1dziiTszqSsSyFOVJarspPf_WWcmRYRWgVmdJ6svNAS1iigD2u6el9eU9GMwkMeD4WVMeZBJU3ZTzS7pvLoofnkvjMhiilqxF10CSBu9kLYToPZi7TV0HTFV5XcgEx6LPDSjJOJbLiFS65GryBrg2IpuRZ587tPxTsF97WDi.ReZR4ZNs7eaBLO94_1uMBd4P2.u3BYDE8hP6uzUhuylkjzAfipfUNxlwyfhX97k7YJl._ejDw8BiXY8cii5EdnhD524ZZ0XibGSkrsIBSKtd0DEX81OakhoBRDxcC80n3CTJomn8PqPi.cV3NphhR5v1sJXPAKH4l2VhaNjomvnQCoVgvPbRpDNJPdj_JtU2vUGqzskeA9DAeHdCZ0smfLlxqJK4o8UDXrPDvjo5sWjUkHi8xSQG85xbhkfLWg.vVZDlU10cSgT7nwWjs7Wr97qkucqJcAS5Wi0AGyXSkvFR8mfnOBRZBqtzfDC3I5Fz.Dfth104m2ibItYJ2NsQZraLH6TilP0zirIksPpKywvqE49fmI8cNmDwhBlOWpvjj.NzYL2SKZ4F6tEmtPzzoL4BZdGB05MR7sUCI.GShzx0K_uCOI_oFkH7k_Y346.pJmm.XGUgFri6u58nMBCaAtTyreWhn2vPQPY9nPpwDr0teZAJno3YLzm6vD5IyZddiZFr.fvYAKpHmBP2cBNQqBFXJtiPlVgJbiOVMjz4Ut2Ax6dEBxZooZemSXvrnA65SYKrQX8gJghpZFpvd4kLs.RitJuxmOLotSGW6DYQrt4KBQtYVqc2O2Bg6KGgddBBlKL53SLD5z4YRgh.KN5clb5vi980xoL8vB9mxNQb8Koe0db3YBkpczVUV.iQ_406zn3oPB5CAtkKDWFCdwwzC_ZPkgC6NYb5QvCvB.ZZznYQGXGK_umPkuvKerFNoTL50Xmpeg6pXDT8gQRilyM4WyGicVa2Eha9GNptfgJW.lZmXpEkLjRvjuxFAXkFGmOrZiEPsQiIZ.lBJo7Ttxc77Yp_F1V4AxxWXlaothHhZ.b_GZVNxLJ0mFzojg2h5i5EqkKSXbx7se08S02iA77nDMp_iDrB6GIS.0aWV9l1ny1ilsaAyAWE1LePaERvxXySNpKJXEUbk4_z5IoWfcbeXHSjkL.QcfKAhmq_sUFLotxe_lHnO1v02g5If5pSNh6_zPmEpai9qOkx6qlOw19p4m1PIwc0zsSs4E2TNtuTRydAframz.YigGd_CaAf1ecQcbnP2pps9UYDi.0a5hSa48OS8rW9gVZSOGlyeZo4ieg8He2aUYb1Uv6vjf7qd9QYxNgBuOAV9fyH9Lew3nbdVmjSSz7VX0JX.bYvWl2roUEXc6abJKlpABtH4S14w2dK.aukTmlCWFEl3Nxp3KdGLDpFJzTr906oD_7iTBu2IjzjX5TOsoVFJt7u6JGdIoKyfuSV9Kb9yEVs05H133D.ghLW0V4eBJChsD0csIIYW6t.SZ6cm2eUYXu_Fsykrl8rmnw58PT8MssANK8cV.pROgBCS.eFG5vj9JSKsTQ7xWmaZ0FYFq03N_72H6vbVC30Teuo3NNP.x2uVmb0aLY5x_nBRdix0dAMBFquRaeguCpT_XgmZ3x5JjwUwfNE6gxt9HNqCUxkS7skpZG.Gdlc9RwEHNbmvMmkAMHF4zmow0SVrjNqW_DtryAzyN3wh.pnrtybkDVtGKhPGiVXwvy6JYRYMaJ3ac9JOEzeEuXEtBhErH4mGDkPxLtAfi1gAgzYfWV77Ey2Nv5i.0E_b_U.10BJFbtmL_5jVE1g_9458wzhZmV6Ik6BLrYVb3X9_GqbpovS1s0Q0bZ.WEWVMIPs.fyf3BmGWcrxmvbNBE4gMkp0leezudRk9361M_2_HfMPZmVMaCuxxFyf9pW121IWQf5A3uRDkoBx2kzO1OgGSz3hkDjY.Ut.CM",mdrd: "IZUMKUQFEIrXEKj7R0nkmPhTOtrkSVLqfckDDvekNf4-1739794529-1.2.1.1-MpJzYKp_kyhKPsjwvkbnzs1mDGt3jPfPJfrk.hAqfv7ncJoboqNIUgGQeofRPVianq2529vhvWa.k6brLLEIEbAFNQIojEnN.6JL1psB2n9JhDCQa4hbeC7ibhDbvfpFoWOoj4TgHh6vf5UpKmlhgjcYPVvCoeTdzFdffYbCLVbPk2mh3AxauKE3hdvKD1izS0mPk4NvuhZxffzsETsTzCdSDkRuMMrQTBiUFPYXO0yltIC3Ic781H0jledhsf80nLpM7mFre0V558CKdpu_Oz4mH_3lMCGdlPdnQ1KlgBQTCx9L._sw.otEvPraaUShaCShg0ulxUISNPYy7uhwrHZZPp_Aui3AgoKYv0aicJNv3sdBgrXy8Xgb3DIbI3jjVCoI2_D5q8x.2877U1d42N_vgDnHNQCGqmYjK0d7HK7r2KpB6qK5wRtOvrbVYs88ZOPSY25IORN32aP60mET.hU8uBT.iOBM_D4N8Xq9KMICtscniiu8qaxZubUNQVls7DrxtDDgbl6d2ZUs.YkDNQWLzvn8sH26APIsyz4lCWlqh3VUQmo5o0kkEvPhgnz0WcZJPvgklpRru1GLZB8_aoFNyN32RiNF.aVp2mV4d.401uO1bFgRK92GI6eNSri7prTVJUSGdiEcP9nQVR4l9EahlNqHFoNjzMp.GdzXkv6RHoVYtLBHGxiNBYRbejtQFdhPlQfHfyzVXdLVDzy46oQpqccBYo1yElqSDL9qOXXN7wpU34EM3D1QbrY2SPkUdY9c.NgnvgLnyiUcuTpRgCyvmcYvTXDVkTE3dssHc7cXDac1xXj.DWUiY_SLl1ipXnzh_UWwM9XKUumOJ3Z9CB8gTNMR7GO3JHrISWNrHuj1L30G_1v9doRH.jqTtqFrXAlz7apw0hWpz31rY7LsgZjdv33mtBz5gCSF3ikXs_4taZd8gFxNQ_uS_8xhq5Ead4TtZFSGNjmFplaDzKQ03FWOUQZ8MRZW1iT.G8._HGQ73O9L_zgNeDVFo7NgfGDYP9j1XQmMI6ponYIdMnnDwAQjCaXEyGB6Cn1VXU0RR.UsEKxZKWZZ4a_IeUMfDfAsWw4y9HgNqoJWnG9DVaHLGKSqNNH63sgNKRLLtalTb4yhQ6aJEcetrMlyZ9HloKk0AOY8m.QOPrINP9Trv7k1euR2wxmMZ6tGOspZFESeiObHstd7WFpUkSlU_L71jdmo2E6Z973SGsnduQlPD7D7RjNeMkE0gjISeTNHZRbnwrdTxuYBGlEfhnCKLMkeLfSAh8AJE_Lkna9dqX4ZsDRqLZ9C29_r9VZTbKC5NmjC_preNb0hbeHo4ezdMdYCnA4BLx2KomJ_GluvD84l9GzeD8U1ZawzjABSNUKmwi._II_cUrZVOhQyJJkUFbzh66Wsv89uRMmzqZ8zI9Ze9mcNYsm.KLLSTQONd7ntuTIK0pptX4AvteIaB90I8SaXOQLY._UKhtDoW0BkdpLUNJS80YNymp4OOPF4ncZHulfYWwQwt.7xxFhoQVbjhFwLV8zyZbfiTGYV26wYcKa5ViSWz0mnPqL38KhPDYria_vq98YNna1yG3UgwzNDzssRj_luYXQ.G8xHR_D4p_yP0gy7c5sxLDfJqgAoQZFw.KuVLqAg1y9jgxRa.g4us2toH4Z.maqjIGGIHp3xyyhoIA_EVou.SeV9YB6OBS_7Xbt5goHa2NV8u7cux2kRG.EYMFq7cjSDDrvF3FbzWeKF1cEeCBIypqARtzmAQ_0EvmWuqDIWo066eDkhczmPDrUTb5qWD.ygywqUexW8RiFZ8UdPO6V17aR3_jBS_FqYzFTJ4LhBg6TkitYyphliNvOwJESPaFPBRlY8Dt8YheU1Tyg9AXjKRCQcS.z7zE44rOs2xvXzC2ZIju1CtOk98IrTOhVd_r2bx_n6gxdzbvg5z88rcyBg8fiqYCK2hGFzt.rALGq8XTVVb530fMV0.qDrztpAQSv42FIQsZh_dv__npL1Mg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135b3ff1b019d10';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Foreign%20language%20learners&page=10&__cf_chl_rt_tk=OsW.HND9yxPD4_ddzvRoR6.1FwVFsKuHQbH1q0z.NU0-1739794529-1.0.1.1-4riKHiGDvR8qelksXvgMAXnQRRZOY95yzHvZpyLtOqY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>